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Lopes PKF, Costa SDO, Simino LADP, Chaves WF, Silva FA, Costa CL, Milanski M, Ignacio-Souza LM, Torsoni AS, Torsoni MA. Hypothalamic inflammation and the development of an obese phenotype induced by high-fat diet consumption is exacerbated in alpha7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor knockout mice. Food Res Int 2024; 176:113808. [PMID: 38163714 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Hypothalamic inflammation and metabolic changes resulting from the consumption of high-fat diets have been linked to low grade inflammation and obesity. Inflammation impairs the hypothalamic expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). The α7nAChR is described as the main component of the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway in different inflammation models. To assess whether the reduction in α7nAChR expression exacerbates hypothalamic inflammation induced by a high-fat diet (HFD), were used male and female global α7nAChR knockout mouse line in normal or high-fat diet for 4 weeks. Body weight gain, adiposity, glucose homeostasis, hypothalamic inflammation, food intake, and energy expenditure were evaluated. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated in neuronal cell culture. Consumption of an HFD for 4 weeks resulted in body weight gain and adiposity in male Chrna7-/- mice and the hypothalamus of male Chrna7-/- mice showed neuroinflammatory markers, with increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and dysregulation in the nuclear factor kappa B pathway. Moreover, male Chrna7-/- mice consuming an HFD showed alterations in glucose homeostasis and serum of Chrna7-/- mice that consumed an HFD impaired insulin signalling in neuronal cell culture experiments. In general, female Chrna7-/- mice that consumed an HFD did not show the phenotypic and molecular changes found in male mice, indicating that there is sexual dimorphism in the analysed parameters. Thus, receptor deletion resulted in increased susceptibility to hypothalamic inflammation and metabolic damage associated with HFD consumption in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suleyma de Oliveira Costa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (Labdime), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Laís A de Paula Simino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (Labdime), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Wenicios Ferreira Chaves
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (Labdime), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Franciely Alves Silva
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (Labdime), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Caroline Lobo Costa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (Labdime), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (Labdime), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Leticia Martins Ignacio-Souza
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (Labdime), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (Labdime), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (Labdime), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.
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Severi I, Perugini J, Ruocco C, Coppi L, Pedretti S, Di Mercurio E, Senzacqua M, Ragni M, Imperato G, Valerio A, Mitro N, Crestani M, Nisoli E, Giordano A. Activation of a non-neuronal cholinergic system in visceral white adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101862. [PMID: 38141849 PMCID: PMC10792749 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Since white adipose tissue (WAT) lacks parasympathetic cholinergic innervation, the source of the acetylcholine (ACh) acting on white adipocyte cholinergic receptors is unknown. This study was designed to identify ACh-producing cells in mouse and human visceral WAT and to determine whether a non-neuronal cholinergic system becomes activated in obese inflamed WAT. METHODS Mouse epididymal WAT (eWAT) and human omental fat were studied in normal and obese subjects. The expression of the key molecules involved in cholinergic signaling was evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting whereas their tissue distribution and cellular localization were investigated by immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy and in situ hybridization. ACh levels were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The cellular effects of ACh were assessed in cultured human multipotent adipose-derived stem cell (hMADS) adipocytes. RESULTS In mouse eWAT, diet-induced obesity modulated the expression of key cholinergic molecular components and, especially, raised the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the ACh-synthesizing enzyme, which was chiefly detected in interstitial macrophages, in macrophages forming crown-like structures (CLSs), and in multinucleated giant cells (MGCs). The stromal vascular fraction of obese mouse eWAT contained significantly higher ACh and choline levels than that of control mice. ChAT was undetectable in omental fat from healthy subjects, whereas it was expressed in a number of interstitial macrophages, CLSs, and MGCs from some obese individuals. In hMADS adipocytes stressed with tumor necrosis factor α, ACh, alone or combined with rivastigmine, significantly blunted monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and interleukin 6 expression, it partially but significantly, restored adiponectin and GLUT4 expression, and promoted glucose uptake. CONCLUSIONS In mouse and human visceral WAT, obesity induces activation of a macrophage-dependent non-neuronal cholinergic system that is capable of exerting anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects on white adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Lara Coppi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Pedretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Mercurio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Martina Senzacqua
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ragni
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Imperato
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University-United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy.
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Keever KR, Yakubenko VP, Hoover DB. Neuroimmune nexus in the pathophysiology and therapy of inflammatory disorders: role of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106758. [PMID: 37028776 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is a key protein in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) that links the nervous and immune systems. Initially, the pathway was discovered based on the observation that vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) reduced the systemic inflammatory response in septic animals. Subsequent studies form a foundation for the leading hypothesis about the central role of the spleen in CAP activation. VNS evokes noradrenergic stimulation of ACh release from T cells in the spleen, which in turn activates α7nAChRs on the surface of macrophages. α7nAChR-mediated signaling in macrophages reduces inflammatory cytokine secretion and modifies apoptosis, proliferation, and macrophage polarization, eventually reducing the systemic inflammatory response. A protective role of the CAP has been demonstrated in preclinical studies for multiple diseases including sepsis, metabolic disease, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, endometriosis, and potentially COVID-19, sparking interest in using bioelectronic and pharmacological approaches to target α7nAChRs for treating inflammatory conditions in patients. Despite a keen interest, many aspects of the cholinergic pathway are still unknown. α7nAChRs are expressed on many other subsets of immune cells that can affect the development of inflammation differently. There are also other sources of ACh that modify immune cell functions. How the interplay of ACh and α7nAChR on different cells and in various tissues contributes to the anti-inflammatory responses requires additional study. This review provides an update on basic and translational studies of the CAP in inflammatory diseases, the relevant pharmacology of α7nAChR-activated drugs and raises some questions that require further investigation.
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Effects of Different Exercise Types on Chrna7 and Chrfam7a Expression in Healthy Normal Weight and Overweight Type 2 Diabetic Adults. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020565. [PMID: 36831101 PMCID: PMC9953734 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Considering that the CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A genes can be modulated by acute or chronic inflammation, and exercise modulates inflammatory responses, the question that arises is whether physical exercise could exert any effect on the expression of these genes. Thus, the aim of this work is to identify the effects of different types of exercises on the expression of the CHRNA7, CHRFAM7A and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in leukocytes of healthy normal weight (HNW), and overweight with type 2 diabetes (OT2D) individuals. Methods: 15 OT2D and 13 HNW participants (men and women, from 40 to 60 years old) performed in a randomized crossover design three exercise sessions: aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE) and combined exercise (CE). Blood samples were collected at rest and post-60-min of the exercise sessions. The leukocytes were the analysis of the CHRNA7, CHRFAM7A and (TNF-α) gene expression. Results: At baseline, OT2D had higher CHRFAM7A and TNF-α expression compared to HNW. No statistical differences were observed between groups for CHRNA7; however, the HNW group presented almost twice as many subjects with the expression of this gene (24% vs. 49%). Post exercise, the CHRFAM7A increased in AE, RE and CE for HNW, and in AE and CE for OT2D. There was no significant difference for TNF-α and CHRNA7 expression between any type of exercise and group. Conclusions: Our study shows that OT2D individuals presented higher baseline expression of TNF-α and CHRFAM7A, besides evidence of decreased CHRNA7A expression in leukocytes when compared with HNW. On the other hand, acutely physical exercise induces increased CHRFAM7A expression, especially when the aerobic component is present.
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Oral administration of Blautia wexlerae ameliorates obesity and type 2 diabetes via metabolic remodeling of the gut microbiota. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4477. [PMID: 35982037 PMCID: PMC9388534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is an important determinant in various diseases. Here we perform a cross-sectional study of Japanese adults and identify the Blautia genus, especially B. wexlerae, as a commensal bacterium that is inversely correlated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oral administration of B. wexlerae to mice induce metabolic changes and anti-inflammatory effects that decrease both high-fat diet–induced obesity and diabetes. The beneficial effects of B. wexlerae are correlated with unique amino-acid metabolism to produce S-adenosylmethionine, acetylcholine, and l-ornithine and carbohydrate metabolism resulting in the accumulation of amylopectin and production of succinate, lactate, and acetate, with simultaneous modification of the gut bacterial composition. These findings reveal unique regulatory pathways of host and microbial metabolism that may provide novel strategies in preventive and therapeutic approaches for metabolic disorders. Here, the authors inversely associate Blautia wexlerae with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans and further show that administration of B. wexlerae to mice decrease both high-fat diet–induced obesity and diabetes via modulating gut microbial metabolism.
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Meng Q, Chepurny OG, Leech CA, Pruekprasert N, Molnar ME, Collier JJ, Cooney RN, Holz GG. The alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS-21 engages the glucagon-like peptide-1 incretin hormone axis to lower levels of blood glucose in db/db mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:1255-1266. [PMID: 35293666 PMCID: PMC9177741 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To establish if alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) agonist GTS-21 exerts a blood glucose-lowering action in db/db mice, and to test if this action requires coordinate α7nAChR and GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) stimulation by GTS-21 and endogenous GLP-1, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood glucose levels were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) using db/db mice administered intraperitoneal GTS-21. Plasma GLP-1, peptide tyrosine tyrosine 1-36 (PYY1-36), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucagon, and insulin levels were measured by ELISA. A GLP-1R-mediated action of GTS-21 that is secondary to α7nAChR stimulation was evaluated using α7nAChR and GLP-1R knockout (KO) mice, or by co-administration of GTS-21 with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, or the GLP-1R antagonist, exendin (9-39). Insulin sensitivity was assessed in an insulin tolerance test. RESULTS Single or multiple dose GTS-21 (0.5-8.0 mg/kg) acted in a dose-dependent manner to lower levels of blood glucose in the OGTT using 10-14 week-old male and female db/db mice. This action of GTS-21 was reproduced by the α7nAChR agonist, PNU-282987, was enhanced by sitagliptin, was counteracted by exendin (9-39), and was absent in α7nAChR and GLP-1R KO mice. Plasma GLP-1, PYY1-36, GIP, glucagon, and insulin levels increased in response to GTS-21, but insulin sensitivity, body weight, and food intake were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS α7nAChR agonists improve oral glucose tolerance in db/db mice. This action is contingent to coordinate α7nAChR and GLP-1R stimulation. Thus α7nAChR agonists administered in combination with sitagliptin might serve as a new treatment for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Meng
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Oleg G. Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Colin A. Leech
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Napat Pruekprasert
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Megan E. Molnar
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - J. Jason Collier
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Robert N. Cooney
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Co-corresponding Authors: Robert N. Cooney, M.D., Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA, Tel. +1 315-464-5549, Fax +1 315-464-6250, , George G. Holz, Ph.D., Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Avenue, IHP4310, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA, Tel. +1 315-464-9841,
| | - George G. Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Co-corresponding Authors: Robert N. Cooney, M.D., Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA, Tel. +1 315-464-5549, Fax +1 315-464-6250, , George G. Holz, Ph.D., Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Avenue, IHP4310, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA, Tel. +1 315-464-9841,
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Invited Response on: Smoking and Physical Activity Significantly Influence Stromal Vascular Fraction Cell Yield and Viability. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 46:575-576. [PMID: 34142193 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Xiao Y, Tan C, Nie X, Li B, You M, Lan Y, Tang L. Rise in Postprandial GLP-1 Levels After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Involvement of the Vagus Nerve-Spleen Anti-inflammatory Axis in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Obes Surg 2022; 32:1077-1085. [PMID: 35044600 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanism underlying postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) changes after metabolic surgery remains mostly unclarified. This investigation aimed to address whether the vagus nerve-spleen anti-inflammatory axis is involved in the rise in postprandial GLP-1 levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats following metabolic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS T2DM rat model was established with a high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin and subjected to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and splenic denervation. A mixed-meal tolerance test for postprandial GLP-1 response was performed. TNF-α in the plasma, spleen, and ileum was measured by ELISA, and alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) expression in the spleen was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Postprandial GLP-1 improvement by RYGB was accompanied by the reduction of TNF-α levels in spleen and ileum and up-regulation of splenic α7nAChR in T2DM rats. Splenic denervation abrogates a rise in postprandial GLP-1 levels in response to the mixed-meal challenge, along with higher TNF-α levels in spleen and ileum and down-regulation of splenicα7nAChR, compared with denervated sham rats. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that the vagus nerve-spleen anti-inflammatory axis mediates the rise of postprandial GLP-1 response after RYGB through lowering TNF-α contents in the intestinal tissue in T2DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- Department of Day Surgery Center, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Chang Tan
- Department of Gynecology, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Xiaoya Nie
- Department of General Medicine, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, No. 116 Changjiang Road, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Baifeng Li
- Department of Day Surgery Center, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Miao You
- Department of Day Surgery Center, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Yunyun Lan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, No.116 Changjiang Road, Zhuzhou, 412000, China.
| | - Liang Tang
- Department of General Medicine, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, No. 116 Changjiang Road, Zhuzhou, 412000, China.
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Anatabine, Nornicotine, and Anabasine Reduce Weight Gain and Body Fat through Decreases in Food Intake and Increases in Physical Activity. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030481. [PMID: 35159932 PMCID: PMC8837150 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Currently approved pharmacotherapies for the treatment of obesity are associated with rebound weight gain, negative side effects, and the potential for abuse. There is a need for new treatments with fewer side effects. Minor tobacco alkaloids (MTAs) are potential candidates for novel obesity pharmacotherapies. These alkaloids are structurally related to nicotine, which can help reduce body weight, but without the same addictive potential. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of three MTAs (nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine) and nicotine on weight gain, body composition, chow intake, and physical activity. We hypothesized that the MTAs and nicotine would reduce weight gain through reductions in chow intake and increases in physical activity. To test this, male Sprague Dawley rats were housed in metabolic phenotyping chambers. Following acclimation to these chambers and to (subcutaneous (sc)) injections of saline, animals received daily injections (sc) of nornicotine, anabasine, anatabine, or nicotine for one week. Compared to saline-injected animals that gained body weight and body fat during the treatment phase, injections of nornicotine and anatabine prevented additional weight gain, alongside reductions in body fat. Rats receiving anabasine and nicotine gained body weight at a slower rate relative to rats receiving saline injections, and body fat remained unchanged. All compounds reduced the intake of chow pellets. Nornicotine and nicotine produced consistent increases in physical activity 6 h post-injection, whereas anabasine’s and anatabine’s effects on physical activity were more transient. These results show that short-term, daily administration of nornicotine, anabasine, and anatabine has positive effects on weight loss, through reductions in body fat and food intake and increases in physical activity. Together, these findings suggest that MTAs are worthy of further investigations as anti-obesity pharmacotherapies.
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Omega-3 Supplementation Prevents Short-Term High-Fat Diet Effects on the α7 Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor Expression and Inflammatory Response. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:5526940. [PMID: 34421366 PMCID: PMC8371655 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5526940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The study is aimed at investigating if PUFA supplementation could prevent the effects of a short-term HFD on α7nAChR expression and on the severity of sepsis. Swiss mice were used for the in vivo experiments. For the in vitro experiments, we used a microglia cell line (BV-2) and a hepatoma cell line (Hepa-1c1c7) derived from mice. The animals were either fed standard chow, fed a short-term HFD (60%), or given supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid (2 g/kg or 4 g/kg bw) for 17 days, followed by a short-term HFD. Endotoxemia was induced with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) lipopolysaccharide injection (LPS, 5 or 12 mg/kg), and sepsis was induced by subjecting the animals to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). BV-2 and Hepa-1c1c7 cells were treated with LPS (100 and 500 ng/mL, respectively) for 3 hours. RT-PCR or Western blotting was used to evaluate α7nAChR expression, inflammatory markers, DNMT1, and overall ubiquitination. LPS and HFD reduced the expression of α7nAChR and increased the expression of inflammatory markers. Omega-3 partially prevented the damage caused by the HFD to the expression of α7nAChR in the bone marrow and hypothalamus, decreased the inflammatory markers, and reduced susceptibility to sepsis-induced death. Exposing the BV-2 cells to LPS increased the protein content of DNMT1 and the overall ubiquitination and reduced the expression of α7nAChR. The inflammation induced by LPS in the BV-2 cell decreased α7nAChR expression and concomitantly increased DNMT1 expression and the ubiquitinated protein levels, indicating the participation of pre- and posttranscriptional mechanisms.
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Malhab LJB, Saber-Ayad MM, Al-Hakm R, Nair VA, Paliogiannis P, Pintus G, Abdel-Rahman WM. Chronic Inflammation and Cancer: The Role of Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Inflammation. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:2156-2169. [PMID: 33655853 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210303143442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Long-lasting subclinical inflammation is associated with a wide range of human diseases, particularly at a middle and older age. Recent reports showed that there is a direct causal link between inflammation and cancer development, as several cancers were found to be associated with chronic inflammatory conditions. In patients with cancer, healthy endothelial cells regulate vascular homeostasis, and it is believed that they can limit tumor growth, invasiveness, and metastasis. Conversely, dysfunctional endothelial cells that have been exposed to the inflammatory tumor microenvironment can support cancer progression and metastasis. Dysfunctional endothelial cells can exert these effects via diverse mechanisms, including dysregulated adhesion, permeability, and activation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling. In this review, we highlight the role of vascular inflammation in predisposition to cancer within the context of two common disease risk factors: obesity and smoking. In addition, we discuss the molecular triggers, pathophysiological mechanisms, and the biological consequences of vascular inflammation during cancer development and metastasis. Finally, we summarize the current therapies and pharmacological agents that target vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara J Bou Malhab
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maha M Saber-Ayad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ranyah Al-Hakm
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vidhya A Nair
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Surgery, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43,07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wael M Abdel-Rahman
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Pavlov VA. The evolving obesity challenge: targeting the vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex in the response. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 222:107794. [PMID: 33310156 PMCID: PMC8027699 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which have reached pandemic proportions significantly increase the risk for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other serious conditions. Recent data with COVID-19 patients indicate that obesity also is a significant risk factor for this novel viral disease and poor outcome of associated critical illness. These findings considerably change the view of obesity as a driver of serious, but slowly-progressing chronic diseases, and emphasize the urgency to explore new therapeutic approaches. Inflammation is a recognized driver of metabolic derangements in obesity and MetS, and a core feature of COVID-19 pathobiology. Recent advances in our understanding of inflammatory regulation have highlighted the role of the nervous system and the vagus nerve-based inflammatory reflex. Current bioelectronic and pharmacological therapeutic explorations centered on the inflammatory reflex offer new approaches for conditions characterized by immune and metabolic dysregulation and for ameliorating the escalating burden of obesity, MetS, and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A Pavlov
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA.
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Natural Polyhydroxy Flavonoids, Curcuminoids, and Synthetic Curcumin Analogs as α7 nAChRs Positive Allosteric Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020973. [PMID: 33478095 PMCID: PMC7835927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) is a ligand-gated ion channel that is involved in cognition disorders, schizophrenia, pain, and inflammation. Allosteric modulation of this receptor might be advantageous to reduce the toxicity in comparison with full agonists. Our previous results obtained with some hydroxy-chalcones, which were identified as positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of α7 nAChR, prompted us to evaluate the potential of some structurally related naturally occurring flavonoids and curcuminoids and some synthetic curcumin analogues, with the aim of identifying new allosteric modulators of the α7 nAChR. Biological evaluation showed that phloretin, demethoxycurcumin, and bis-demethoxicurcuming behave as PAMs of α7 nAChR. In addition, some new curcumin derivatives were able to enhance the signal evoked by ACh; the activity values found for the tetrahydrocurcuminoid analog 23 were especially promising.
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Youssef ME, Abdelrazek HM, Moustafa YM. Cardioprotective role of GTS-21 by attenuating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in streptozotocin-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:11-31. [PMID: 32776158 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) was investigated in a variety of inflammatory conditions and constitutes a valuable line in their treatment. In the current study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of GTS-21 (GTS) as a partial selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAchR) agonist in diabetic cardiomyopathy model in rats. This mechanism was elaborated to study whether it could alleviate the electrocardiographic, histopathological, and molecular levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway proteins. Diabetes was induced by the injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were treated with GTS (1 or 2 mg/kg/day), methyllycaconitine (MLA), a selective α7-nAchR antagonist (2 mg/kg/day) plus GTS (2 mg/kg/day), or the vehicle. All treatments were given by the intraperitoneal route. Ventricular rate and different electrocardiograph (ECG) anomalies were detected. Plasma levels of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) were measured by ELISA. Additionally, we elucidated the levels of several proteins involved in the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Cardiac levels of TLR4 and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) were detected by ELISA. The cardiac expression of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), NF-κB, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and active caspase-1 were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Finally, the cardiac levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were determined by ELISA. Diabetic rats showed (i) ECG signs of cardiomyopathy such as significant ST segment elevations, prolonged QRS, QT intervals, and ventricular tachycardia; (ii) increased plasma levels of cTnT and CK-MB; (iii) increased expression of cardiac TLR4; (iv) elevated immunohistochemical expression of cardiac, Myd88, TRAF6, and NF-κB; (v) diminution in the cardiac expression of p-Akt; and (vi) adaptive increases in cardiac expression of TNF-α and IL-6. These effects were ameliorated in diabetic rats treated with both doses of GTS. Pretreatment with MLA did not completely reverse the ameliorative effect of GTS on cTnT, TRAF6, TNF-α, and IL-6, thereby reinforcing the presence of possible α7-nAchR-independent mechanisms. The activation of α7-nAchR with GTS offers a promising prophylactic strategy for diabetic cardiomyopathy by attenuating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud E Youssef
- Department of pharmacology and biochemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Heba M Abdelrazek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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15
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Xie H, Yepuri N, Meng Q, Dhawan R, Leech CA, Chepurny OG, Holz GG, Cooney RN. Therapeutic potential of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists to combat obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:431-447. [PMID: 32851581 PMCID: PMC7572644 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex (CAIR) represents an important homeostatic regulatory mechanism for sensing and controlling the body's response to inflammatory stimuli. Vagovagal reflexes are an integral component of CAIR whose anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) acting at α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) located on cells of the immune system. Recently, it is appreciated that CAIR and α7nAChR also participate in the control of metabolic homeostasis. This has led to the understanding that defective vagovagal reflex circuitry underlying CAIR might explain the coexistence of obesity, diabetes, and inflammation in the metabolic syndrome. Thus, there is renewed interest in the α7nAChR that mediates CAIR, particularly from the standpoint of therapeutics. Of special note is the recent finding that α7nAChR agonist GTS-21 acts at L-cells of the distal intestine to stimulate the release of two glucoregulatory and anorexigenic hormones: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). Furthermore, α7nAChR agonist PNU 282987 exerts trophic factor-like actions to support pancreatic β-cell survival under conditions of stress resembling diabetes. This review provides an overview of α7nAChR function as it pertains to CAIR, vagovagal reflexes, and metabolic homeostasis. We also consider the possible usefulness of α7nAChR agonists for treatment of obesity, diabetes, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xie
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Natesh Yepuri
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Ravi Dhawan
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Colin A Leech
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Robert N Cooney
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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Cancello R, Micheletto G, Meta D, Lavagno R, Bevilacqua E, Panizzo V, Invitti C. Expanding the role of bitter taste receptor in extra oral tissues: TAS2R38 is expressed in human adipocytes. Adipocyte 2020; 9:7-15. [PMID: 31900035 PMCID: PMC6959282 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2019.1709253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that taste receptors mediate a variety of functions in extra-oral tissues. The present study investigated the expression of bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 in human adipocytes, the possible link with genetic background and the role of TAS2R38 in cell delipidation and lipid accumulation rate in vitro. Subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissues were collected in 32 obese and 18 lean subjects. The TAS2R38 gene expression and protein content were examined in whole tissues, differentiated adipocytes and stroma-vascular fraction cells (SVF). The P49A SNP of TAS2R38 gene was determined in each collected sample. The effect of two bitter agonists (6-n-propylthiouracil and quinine) was tested. TAS2R38 mRNA was more expressed in SAT and VAT of obese than lean subjects and the expression/protein content was greater in mature adipocytes. The expression levels were not linked to P49A variants. In in vitro differentiated adipocytes, bitter agonists induced a significant delipidation. Incubation with 6-n-propylthiouracil induced an inhibition of lipid accumulation rate together with an increase in TAS2R38 and a decrease in genes involved in adipocyte differentiation. In conclusion, TAS2R38 is more expressed in adipocytes of obese than lean subjects and is involved in differentiation and delipidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Cancello
- Laboratorio di ricerche sull’Obesità, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Micheletto
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale, Istituto Clinico Sant’Ambrogio, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia medico-chirurgica e dei trapianti (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dorela Meta
- Laboratorio di ricerche sull’Obesità, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosalia Lavagno
- Laboratorio di ricerche sull’Obesità, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bevilacqua
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale, Istituto Clinico Sant’Ambrogio, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia medico-chirurgica e dei trapianti (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Panizzo
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale, Istituto Clinico Sant’Ambrogio, Milano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Invitti
- Laboratorio di ricerche sull’Obesità, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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High-fat diet-induced obesity affects alpha 7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor expressions in mouse lung myeloid cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18368. [PMID: 33110180 PMCID: PMC7592050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence indicates that obesity causes dysfunctions in the lung. Previous studies also show that cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways play crucial roles in obesity-induced chronic inflammation via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) signaling. However, it remains unclear whether and how obesity affects the expressions of α7nAChR in myeloid cells in the lung. To address this question, we treated regular chow diet-fed mice or high-fat diet induced obese mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle via endotracheal injections. By using a multicolor flow cytometry approach to analyze and characterize differential cell subpopulations and α7nAChR expressions, we find no detectable α7nAChR in granulocytes, monocytes and alveolar macrophages, and low expression levels of α7nAChR were detected in interstitial macrophages. Interestingly, we find that a challenge with LPS treatment significantly increased expression levels of α7nAChR in monocytes, alveolar and interstitial macrophages. Meanwhile, we observed that the expression levels of α7nAChR in alveolar and interstitial macrophages in high-fat diet induced obese mice were lower than regular chow diet-fed mice challenged by the LPS. Together, our findings indicate that obesity alters the expressions of α7nAChR in differential lung myeloid cells.
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18
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Seoane-Collazo P, Diéguez C, Nogueiras R, Rahmouni K, Fernández-Real JM, López M. Nicotine' actions on energy balance: Friend or foe? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107693. [PMID: 32987056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached pandemic proportions and is associated with severe comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancer types. However, the therapeutic options to treat obesity are limited. Extensive epidemiological studies have shown a strong relationship between smoking and body weight, with non-smokers weighing more than smokers at any age. Increased body weight after smoking cessation is a major factor that interferes with their attempts to quit smoking. Numerous controlled studies in both humans and rodents have reported that nicotine, the main bioactive component of tobacco, exerts a marked anorectic action. Furthermore, nicotine is also known to modulate energy expenditure, by regulating the thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), as well as glucose homeostasis. Many of these actions occur at central level, by controlling the activity of hypothalamic neuropeptide systems such as proopiomelanocortin (POMC), or energy sensors such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, direct impact of nicotine on metabolic tissues, such as BAT, WAT, liver and pancreas has also been described. Here, we review the actions of nicotine on energy balance. The relevance of this interaction is interesting, because considering the restricted efficiency of obesity treatments, a possible complementary approach may focus on compounds with known pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacological actions, such as nicotine or nicotinic acetylcholine receptors signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Seoane-Collazo
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition (UDEN), Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta" and Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain.
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The Constitutive Lack of α7 Nicotinic Receptor Leads to Metabolic Disorders in Mouse. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071057. [PMID: 32708537 PMCID: PMC7408520 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) occurs by deterioration in pancreatic β-cell function and/or progressive loss of pancreatic β-cell mass under the context of insulin resistance. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) may contribute to insulin sensitivity but its role in the pathogenesis of T2D remains undefined. We investigated whether the systemic lack of α7 nAChR was sufficient to impair glucose homeostasis. Methods: We used an α7 nAChR knock-out (α7−/−) mouse model fed a standard chow diet. The effects of the lack of α7 nAChR on islet mass, insulin secretion, glucose and insulin tolerance, body composition, and food behaviour were assessed in vivo and ex vivo experiments. Results: Young α7−/− mice display a chronic mild high glycemia combined with an impaired glucose tolerance and a marked deficit in β-cell mass. In addition to these metabolic disorders, old mice developed adipose tissue inflammation, elevated plasma free fatty acid concentrations and presented glycolytic muscle insulin resistance in old mice. Finally, α7−/− mice, fed a chow diet, exhibited a late-onset excessive gain in body weight through increased fat mass associated with higher food intake. Conclusion: Our work highlights the important role of α7 nAChR in glucose homeostasis. The constitutive lack of α7 nAChR suggests a novel pathway influencing the pathogenesis of T2D.
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Scabia G, Cancello R, Dallanoce C, Berger S, Matera C, Dattilo A, Zulian A, Barone I, Ceccarini G, Santini F, De Amici M, Di Blasio AM, Maffei M. ICH3, a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, modulates adipocyte inflammation associated with obesity. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:983-993. [PMID: 31965518 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), involved in the modulation of inflammation and insulin sensitivity, is downregulated in white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese patients. This study aims to test the ability of a selective synthetic α7nAChR agonist, the spirocyclic Δ2-isoxazoline derivative (R)-(-)-ICH3 (ICH3), to counteract acute inflammation and obesity-associated modifications in WAT. METHODS We employed the LPS-septic shock murine model, human primary adipocytes and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Inflammatory factor expression was assessed by ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR. Flow cytometry was employed to define WAT inflammatory infiltrate. Insulin signaling was monitored by quantification of AKT phosphorylation. RESULTS In the septic shock model, ICH3 revealed antipyretic action and reduced the surge of circulating cytokines. In vitro, ICH3 stimulation (10 µM) preserved viability of human adipocytes, decreased IL-6 mRNA (P < 0.05) and blunted LPS-induced peak of TNFα (P < 0.05) and IL-6 (P < 0.01). Chronic administration of ICH3 to DIO mice was associated with lower numbers of CD8+ T cells (P < 0.05) and to changed WAT expression of inflammatory factors (Hp, P < 0.05; CD301/MGL1, P < 0.01; Arg-1, P < 0.05). As compared to untreated, ICH3 DIO mice exhibited improved insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle (P < 0.01) mirrored by an improved response to glucose load (ipGTT: P < 0.05 at 120 min). CONCLUSIONS We proved that ICH3 is an anti-inflammatory drug, able to reduce inflammatory cytokines in human adipocytes and to blunt the effects of obesity on WAT inflammatory profile, on glucose tolerance and on tissue insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Scabia
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Cancello
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Sull'Obesità, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - C Dallanoce
- Department of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Berger
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Matera
- Department of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Dattilo
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Zulian
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Sull'Obesità, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - I Barone
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Ceccarini
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Santini
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M De Amici
- Department of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A M Di Blasio
- Laboratorio di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - M Maffei
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center at Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Ivanov DO, Evsyukova II, Mazzoccoli G, Anderson G, Polyakova VO, Kvetnoy IM, Carbone A, Nasyrov RA. The Role of Prenatal Melatonin in the Regulation of Childhood Obesity. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9040072. [PMID: 32260529 PMCID: PMC7235795 DOI: 10.3390/biology9040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness that pregnancy can set the foundations for an array of diverse medical conditions in the offspring, including obesity. A wide assortment of factors, including genetic, epigenetic, lifestyle, and diet can influence foetal outcomes. This article reviews the role of melatonin in the prenatal modulation of offspring obesity. A growing number of studies show that many prenatal risk factors for poor foetal metabolic outcomes, including gestational diabetes and night-shift work, are associated with a decrease in pineal gland-derived melatonin and associated alterations in the circadian rhythm. An important aspect of circadian melatonin’s effects is mediated via the circadian gene, BMAL1, including in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and the mitochondrial melatoninergic pathway. Alterations in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolic shifts between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in immune and glia cells seem crucial to a host of human medical conditions, including in the development of obesity and the association of obesity with the risk of other medical conditions. The gut microbiome is another important hub in the pathoetiology and pathophysiology of many medical conditions, with negative consequences mediated by a decrease in the short-chain fatty acid, butyrate. The effects of butyrate are partly mediated via an increase in the melatoninergic pathway, indicating interactions of the gut microbiome with melatonin. Some of the effects of melatonin seem mediated via the alpha 7 nicotinic receptor, whilst both melatonin and butyrate may regulate obesity through the opioidergic system. Oxytocin, a recently recognized inhibitor of obesity, may also be acting via the opioidergic system. The early developmental regulation of these processes and factors by melatonin are crucial to the development of obesity and many diverse comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry O. Ivanov
- Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.O.I.); (V.O.P.); (R.A.N.)
| | - Inna I. Evsyukova
- Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +039-0882-410255
| | | | - Victoria O. Polyakova
- Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.O.I.); (V.O.P.); (R.A.N.)
| | - Igor M. Kvetnoy
- Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Annalucia Carbone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
| | - Ruslan A. Nasyrov
- Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.O.I.); (V.O.P.); (R.A.N.)
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Zagoriti Z, El Mubarak MA, Farsalinos K, Topouzis S. Effects of Exposure to Tobacco Cigarette, Electronic Cigarette and Heated Tobacco Product on Adipocyte Survival and Differentiation In Vitro. TOXICS 2020; 8:E9. [PMID: 32033401 PMCID: PMC7151757 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) causes significant morbidity worldwide, attributed to the numerous toxicants generated by tobacco combustion. Electronic cigarettes (ECIG) and heated tobacco products (HTP) are considered alternative smoking/vaping products that deliver nicotine through an inhaled aerosol and emit fewer harmful constituents than CS. However, their long-term impacts on human health are not well established. Nicotine exposure has been linked to lipolysis and body weight loss, while smoking has been associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Enhanced function of beige (thermogenic) adipocytes has been proposed as a means to reduce obesity and metabolic disorders. In this study, we compared the effect of extract-enriched media via exposure of culture medium to CS, HTP aerosol, and ECIG aerosol on the viability and the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes to beige adipocytes. Only CS extract caused a decrease in cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, relative lipid accumulation and expression levels of the adipocyte markers Pgc-1α, Ppar-γ and Resistin were significantly decreased in cells exposed to CS extract. Our results demonstrate that CS extract, in contrast to HTP and ECIG extracts, significantly impairs differentiation of pre-adipocytes to beige adipocytes and may therefore impact significantly adipose tissue metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Zagoriti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (Z.Z.); (K.F.)
| | - Mohamed A. El Mubarak
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Farsalinos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (Z.Z.); (K.F.)
| | - Stavros Topouzis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Abu Zeid O, Abdel-Aziz A, Rashed LA, Said ER. Role of the cutaneous extraneuronal cholinergic system in the pathogenesis of psoriasis: a case-control study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2019; 45:432-437. [PMID: 31614011 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although during recent years there have been considerable advances in elucidating the mechanisms of psoriasis pathogenesis, its full understanding is still distant. A cholinergic dysfunction has been proposed in the pathophysiology of some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis. AIM To determine tissue levels of acetylcholine (ACh) and its muscarinic and nicotinic receptors (mAChR and nAChR) in psoriasis vulgaris lesions in comparison with normal control skin. METHODS This case-control study included 30 patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 30 controls. A 4-mm punch skin biopsy was taken from the psoriatic plaques of patients and normal skin of controls. ACh level was measured in tissues using the colorimetric method, while mAChR and nAChR gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS The level of ACh was significantly higher in patients (mean ± SD: 5.95 ± 2.69) than in controls (1.12 ± 0.34) (P < 0.001). mAChR and nAChR expressions were significantly higher in patients compared with the controls (P < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was detected between the expression of nAChR in patients and the duration of psoriasis (r = 0.46, P = 0.01), and the body mass index of the patients correlated positively with both nAChR (r = 0.40, P = 0.027) and mAChR expression (r = 0.448, P = 0.013). CONCLUSION Abnormalities in the cutaneous extraneuronal cholinergic system could be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The high expression of nAChRs in patients with longer disease durations might represent an attempt by the body to regulate the inflammatory cascade in psoriatic lesions. The high expression of mAChR in psoriatic lesions may provide a link between psoriasis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Abu Zeid
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - L A Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - E R Said
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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24
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Chang EH, Chavan SS, Pavlov VA. Cholinergic Control of Inflammation, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Obesity-Associated Disorders: Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:263. [PMID: 31024226 PMCID: PMC6460483 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and obesity-associated disorders have become world-wide epidemics, substantially increasing the risk of debilitating morbidity and mortality. A characteristic feature of these disorders, which include the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes, is chronic low-grade inflammation stemming from metabolic and immune dysregulation. Inflammation in the CNS (neuroinflammation) and cognitive impairment have also been associated with obesity-driven disorders. The nervous system has a documented role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and immune function, and recent studies have indicated the important role of vagus nerve and brain cholinergic signaling in this context. In this review, we outline relevant aspects of this regulation with a specific focus on obesity-associated conditions. We outline accumulating preclinical evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of cholinergic stimulation in alleviating obesity-associated inflammation, neuroinflammation, and metabolic derangements. Recently demonstrated beneficial effects of galantamine, a centrally acting cholinergic drug and cognitive enhancer, in patients with MetS are also summarized. These studies provide a rationale for further therapeutic developments using pharmacological and bioelectronic cholinergic modulation for clinical benefit in obesity-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H. Chang
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Sangeeta S. Chavan
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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25
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Metz CN, Pavlov VA. Vagus nerve cholinergic circuitry to the liver and the gastrointestinal tract in the neuroimmune communicatome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G651-G658. [PMID: 30001146 PMCID: PMC6293249 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00195.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Improved understanding of neuroimmune communication and the neural regulation of immunity and inflammation has recently led to proposing the concept of the "neuroimmune communicatome." This advance is based on experimental evidence for an organized and brain-integrated reflex-like relationship and dialogue between the nervous and the immune systems. A key circuitry in this communicatome is provided by efferent vagus nerve fibers and cholinergic signaling. Inflammation and metabolic alterations coexist in many disorders affecting the liver and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, fatty liver disease, liver injury, and liver failure, as well as inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we outline mechanistic insights regarding the role of the vagus nerve and cholinergic signaling in the regulation of inflammation linked to metabolic derangements and the pathogenesis of these disorders in preclinical settings. Recent clinical advances using this knowledge in novel therapeutic neuromodulatory approaches within the field of bioelectronic medicine are also briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N. Metz
- 1Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York,2Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- 1Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York,2Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
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Hu T, Yang Z, Li MD. Pharmacological Effects and Regulatory Mechanisms of Tobacco Smoking Effects on Food Intake and Weight Control. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:453-466. [PMID: 30054897 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Beyond promoting smoking initiation and preventing smokers from quitting, nicotine can reduce food intake and body weight and thus is viewed as desirable by some smokers, especially many women. During the last several decades, the molecular mechanisms underlying the inverse correlation between smoking and body weight have been investigated extensively in both animals and humans. Nicotine's weight effects appear to result especially from the drug's stimulation of α3β4 nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are located on pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), leading to activation of the melanocortin circuit, which is associated with body weight. Further, α7- and α4β2-containing nAChRs have been implicated in weight control by nicotine. This review summarizes current understanding of the regulatory effects of nicotine on food intake and body weight according to the findings from pharmacological, molecular genetic, electrophysiological, and feeding studies on these appetite-regulating molecules, such as α3β4, α7, and α4β2 nAChRs; neuropeptide Y (NPY); POMC; melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R); agouti-related peptide (AgRP); leptin, ghrelin, and protein YY (PYY).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA.
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Cigarette Smoking and Adipose Tissue: The Emerging Role in Progression of Atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3102737. [PMID: 29445255 PMCID: PMC5763059 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is an established risk factor for atherosclerosis through several underlying pathways. Moreover, in the development of atherosclerotic plaque formation, obesity, defined as excess fat mass accumulation, also plays a vital role in dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Substantial evidence shows that cigarette smoking induces multiple pathological effects in adipose tissue, such as differentiation of adipocytes, lipolysis, and secretion properties in adipose tissue. Therefore, there is an emerging speculation in which adipose tissue abnormality induced by smoking or nicotine is likely to accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis. Herein, this review aims to investigate the possible interplay between smoking and adipose tissue dysfunction in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Stojakovic A, Espinosa EP, Farhad OT, Lutfy K. Effects of nicotine on homeostatic and hedonic components of food intake. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:R13-R31. [PMID: 28814527 PMCID: PMC5578410 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic tobacco use leads to nicotine addiction that is characterized by exaggerated urges to use the drug despite the accompanying negative health and socioeconomic burdens. Interestingly, nicotine users are found to be leaner than the general population. Review of the existing literature revealed that nicotine affects energy homeostasis and food consumption via altering the activity of neurons containing orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides in the brain. Hypothalamus is one of the critical brain areas that regulates energy balance via the action of these neuropeptides. The equilibrium between these two groups of peptides can be shifted by nicotine leading to decreased food intake and weight loss. The aim of this article is to review the existing literature on the effect of nicotine on food intake and energy homeostasis and report on the changes that nicotine brings about in the level of these peptides and their receptors that may explain changes in food intake and body weight induced by nicotine. Furthermore, we review the effect of nicotine on the hedonic aspect of food intake. Finally, we discuss the involvement of different subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the regulatory action of nicotine on food intake and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stojakovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
- Mitochondrial Neurobiology and Therapeutics LaboratoryMayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Enma P Espinosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Clinica Biochemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador (PUCE), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Osman T Farhad
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Kabirullah Lutfy
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
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29
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Wu J, Jiao ZY, Li RZ, Lu HL, Zhang HH, Cianflone K. Cholinergic activation suppresses palmitate-induced macrophage activation and improves acylation stimulating protein resistance in co-cultured adipocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:961-973. [PMID: 28440734 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217700522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acylation-stimulating protein (ASP), produced through activation of the alternative complement immune system, modulates lipid metabolism. Using a trans-well co-culture cell model, the mitigating role of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR)-mediated cholinergic pathway on ASP resistance was evaluated. ASP signaling in adipocytes via its receptor C5L2 and signaling intermediates Gαq, Gβ, phosphorylated protein kinase C-α, and protein kinase C-ζ were markedly suppressed in the presence of TNFα or medium from palmitate-treated RAW264.7 macrophages, indicating ASP resistance. There was no direct effect of α7nAChR activation in 3T3-L1 cell culture. However, α7nAChR activation almost completely reversed the ASP resistance in adipocytes co-cultured with palmitate-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. Further, α7nAChR activation could suppress the production of pro-inflammatory molecules TNFα and interleukin-6 produced from palmitate-treated co-cultured macrophages. These results suggest that macrophages play a significant role in the pathogenesis of ASP resistance and α7nAChR activation secondarily improves adipose ASP resistance through suppression of inflammation in macrophages. Impact statement 1. Adipocyte-macrophage interaction in acylation-stimulating protein (ASP) resistance 2. Lipotoxicity induced inflammatory response in ASP resistance 3. A vicious circle between lipotoxicity and inflammatory response in ASP resistance 4. Cholinergic modulation of inflammatory response in adipocyte and macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhou-Yang Jiao
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Rui-Zhen Li
- 3 Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Wuhan Medical and Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan 430016, China
| | - Hui-Ling Lu
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hao-Hao Zhang
- 5 Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Katherine Cianflone
- 6 Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie and Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Ville de Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
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30
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Fluegge K. Neurodevelopmental disorders and obesity: Potential links. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:496. [PMID: 28158926 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Fluegge
- Institute of Health and Environmental Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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31
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Meydan C, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Soreq H. MicroRNA Regulators of Anxiety and Metabolic Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:798-812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jiao ZY, Wu J, Liu C, Wen B, Zhao WZ, Du XL. Nicotinic α7 receptor inhibits the acylation stimulating protein‑induced production of monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 and keratinocyte‑derived chemokine in adipocytes by modulating the p38 kinase and nuclear factor‑κB signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2959-66. [PMID: 27572255 PMCID: PMC5042795 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which is characterized by increased infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue. Acylation stimulating protein (ASP) is an adipokine derived from the immune complement system, which constitutes a link between adipocytes and macrophages, and is involved in energy homeostasis and inflammation. The purpose of the present study was to preliminarily investigate in vitro, whether functional α7nAChR in adipocytes may suppress ASP-induced inflammation and determine the possible signaling mechanism. Studies have reported associations between the expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. Additionally, α7nAChRs are important peripheral mediators of chronic inflammation, which is a key contributor to health problems in obesity. The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of exogenous ASP and α7nAChR on macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue and to examine the potential underlying molecular mechanism. Western blot analysis revealed that recombinant ASP increased the expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) by 3T3-L1 adipocytes. However, nicotine significantly inhibited the production of ASP-induced cytokines via the stimulation of α7nAChR. It was also found that α7nAChR inhibited the ASP-induced activation of p38 kinase and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and the production of MCP-1 and KC. These data indicated that α7nAChR caused the inhibition of ASP-induced activation of p38 kinase and NF-κB to inhibit the production of MCP-1 and KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Yang Jiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Zeng Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ling Du
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiehe Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Kalkman HO, Feuerbach D. Modulatory effects of α7 nAChRs on the immune system and its relevance for CNS disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2511-30. [PMID: 26979166 PMCID: PMC4894934 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The clinical development of selective alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) agonists has hitherto been focused on disorders characterized by cognitive deficits (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia). However, α7 nAChRs are also widely expressed by cells of the immune system and by cells with a secondary role in pathogen defense. Activation of α7 nAChRs leads to an anti-inflammatory effect. Since sterile inflammation is a frequently observed phenomenon in both psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, melancholic and bipolar depression) and neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis), α7 nAChR agonists might show beneficial effects in these central nervous system disorders. In the current review, we summarize information on receptor expression, the intracellular signaling pathways they modulate and reasons for receptor dysfunction. Information from tobacco smoking, vagus nerve stimulation, and cholinesterase inhibition is used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of selective α7 nAChR agonists in these inflammation-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Kalkman
- Neuroscience Research, NIBR, Fabrikstrasse 22-3.001.02, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
- , Gänsbühlgartenweg 7, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland.
| | - Dominik Feuerbach
- Neuroscience Research, NIBR, Fabrikstrasse 22-3.001.02, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Vasconcelos LHC, Souza ILL, Pinheiro LS, Silva BA. Ion Channels in Obesity: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:58. [PMID: 27065858 PMCID: PMC4811910 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease related to metabolic disorders and associated with genetic determinants. Currently, ion channels activity has been linked to many of these disorders, in addition to the central regulation of food intake, energetic balance, hormone release and response, as well as the adipocyte cell proliferation. Therefore, the objective of this work is to review the current knowledge about the influence of ion channels in obesity development. This review used different sources of literature (Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to assess the role of ion channels in the pathophysiology of obesity. Ion channels present diverse key functions, such as the maintenance of physiological homeostasis and cell proliferation. Cell biology and pharmacological experimental evidences demonstrate that proliferating cells exhibit ion channel expression, conductance, and electrical properties different from the resting cells. Thereby, a large variety of ion channels has been identified in the pathogenesis of obesity such as potassium, sodium, calcium and chloride channels, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and transient receptor potential channels. The fundamental involvement of these channels on the generation of obesity leads to the progress in the knowledge about the mechanisms responsible for the obesity pathophysiology, consequently emerging as new targets for pharmacological modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H C Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Funcional Prof. George Thomas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Iara L L Souza
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Funcional Prof. George Thomas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Lílian S Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Funcional Prof. George Thomas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Bagnólia A Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Funcional Prof. George Thomas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão Pessoa, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão Pessoa, Brazil
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Payolla TB, Lemes SF, de Fante T, Reginato A, Mendes da Silva C, de Oliveira Micheletti T, Rodrigues HG, Torsoni AS, Milanski M, Torsoni MA. High-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation impairs the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the liver and white adipose tissue of mouse offspring. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422:192-202. [PMID: 26687064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) prevents inflammatory cytokines production. The main was to evaluate the effect of maternal obesity on cholinergic pathway in the offspring. Female mice were subjected to either standard chow (SC) or high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy and the lactation period. After weaning, only male offspring from HFD dams (HFD-O) and from SC dams (SC-O) were fed the SC diet. Key proteins of the CAP were downregulated and serum TNF-α was elevated in the HFD-O mice. STAT3 and NF-κB activation in HFD-O mice ICV injected with nicotine (agonist) were lower than SC-O mice. Basal cholinesterase activity was upregulated in HFD-O mice in both investigated tissues. Lipopolysaccharide increased TNF-α and IL-1β expression in the liver and WAT of SC-O mice, but this effect was greater in HFD-O mice. In conclusion these changes exacerbated cytokine production in response to LPS and contributed to the reduced sensitivity of the CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thaís de Fante
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiano Mendes da Silva
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Brazil.
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Chobanyan-Jürgens K, Jordan J. Autonomic nervous system activity and inflammation: good ideas, good treatments, or both? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1999-2001. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00826.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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37
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Zablotni A, Dakischew O, Trinkaus K, Hartmann S, Szalay G, Heiss C, Lips KS. Regulation of acetylcholine receptors during differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells harvested from human reaming debris. Int Immunopharmacol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Sotorník R, Baillargeon JP, Gagnon-Auger M, Ménard J, Brassard P, Ardilouze JL. Regulation of blood flow in adipose tissue: involvement of the cholinergic system. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E55-62. [PMID: 25968573 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00016.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (Ach) has vasodilatory actions. However, data are conflicting about the role of Ach in regulating blood flow in subcutaneous adipose tissue (ATBF). This may be related to inaccurate ATBF recording or to the responder/nonresponder (R/NR) phenomenon. We showed previously that healthy individuals are R (ATBF increases postprandially by >50% of baseline BF) or NR (ATBF increases ≤50% postprandially). Our objective was to assess the role of the cholinergic system on ATBF in R and NR subjects. ATBF was manipulated by in situ microinfusion of vasoactive agents (VA) in AT and monitored by the (133)Xenon washout technique (both recognized methods) at the VA site and at the control site. We tested incrementally increasing doses of Ach (10(-5), 10(-3), and 10(-1) mol/l; n = 15) and Ach receptor antagonists (Ra) before and after oral administration of 75-g glucose using atropine (muscarinic Ra; 10(-4) mol/l, n = 13; 10(-5) mol/l, n = 22) and mecamylamine (nicotinic Ra; 10(-3) mol/l, n = 15; 10(-4) mol/l, n = 10). Compared with baseline [2.41 (1.36-2.83) ml·100 g(-1)·min(-1)], Ach increased ATBF dose dependently [3.32 (2.80-5.09), 6.46 (4.36-9.51), and 10.31 (7.98-11.52), P < 0.0001], with no difference between R and NR. Compared with control side, atropine (both concentrations) had no effect on fasting ATBF; only atropine 10(-4) mol/l decreased post-glucose ATBF [iAUC: 1.25 (0.32-2.91) vs. 1.98 (0.64-2.94); P = 0.04]. This effect was further apparent in R. Mecamylamine had no impact on fasting and postglucose ATBF in R and NR. Our results suggest that the cholinergic system is implicated in ATBF regulation, although it has no role in the blunting of ATBF response in NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sotorník
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Center of Sherbrooke, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Jean-Patrice Baillargeon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Center of Sherbrooke, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and Clinical Research Center, University Hospital Center of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maude Gagnon-Auger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Center of Sherbrooke, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Julie Ménard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Center of Sherbrooke, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and Clinical Research Center, University Hospital Center of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascal Brassard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Center of Sherbrooke, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and Clinical Research Center, University Hospital Center of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Ardilouze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Center of Sherbrooke, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and Clinical Research Center, University Hospital Center of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Ren YP, Xiong Y, Liu XP, Bai AP. Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and gastrointestinal diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:2854-2859. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i18.2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon stimulation, vagus nerves release acetylcholine in local tissues, which can regulate immunecell function and inflammatory responses, operationally through alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. This process is termed cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). It has been shown that CAP exhibits physical functions, and also contributes to the progression of a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, esophagitis, allergic intestine inflammation, peptic ulcer, colitis, and hepatitis. This review discusses the physical function of CAP, as well as its pivotal role in the development of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Wu J, Jiao ZY, Zhang Z, Tang ZH, Zhang HH, Lu HL, Cianflone K. Cross-talk between α7 nAChR-mediated cholinergic pathway and acylation stimulating protein signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: role of NFκB and STAT3. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 93:335-42. [PMID: 25985797 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key feature in adipose tissue, especially in association with obesity comorbidies. The novel adipokine acylation stimulating protein (ASP) is one factor implicated in the inflammatory response. The disruption of the α7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), an important component of the endogenous non-neural cholinergic defense system, may exacerbate sustained inflammatory phenotype. We examined cholinergic regulation of ASP-initiated inflammatory response in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results show that preincubation of 3T3-L1 cells with α7nAChR agonist GTS-21 significantly reduces ASP-mediated chemokine MCP-1 secretion, which is regulated though nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with GTS-21 significantly reduced NFκB activation by DNA binding and STAT3 activation by disturbing post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- a Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhou-yang Jiao
- b Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- c Department of Histology & Embryology, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhi-hui Tang
- a Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hao-hao Zhang
- d Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hui-ling Lu
- e Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Katherine Cianflone
- f Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
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Baillot A, Romain AJ, Boisvert-Vigneault K, Audet M, Baillargeon JP, Dionne IJ, Valiquette L, Chakra CNA, Avignon A, Langlois MF. Effects of lifestyle interventions that include a physical activity component in class II and III obese individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119017. [PMID: 25830342 PMCID: PMC4382170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In class II and III obese individuals, lifestyle intervention is the first step to achieve weight loss and treat obesity-related comorbidities before considering bariatric surgery. A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression were performed to assess the impact of lifestyle interventions incorporating a physical activity (PA) component on health outcomes of class II and III obese individuals. METHODS An electronic search was conducted in 4 databases (Medline, Scopus, CINAHL and Sportdiscus). Two independent investigators selected original studies assessing the impact of lifestyle interventions with PA components on anthropometric parameters, cardiometabolic risk factors (fat mass, blood pressure, lipid and glucose metabolism), behaviour modification (PA and nutritional changes), and quality of life in adults with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m2. Estimates were pooled using a random-effect model (DerSimonian and Laird method). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by the Cochran's chi-square test and quantified through an estimation of the I². RESULTS Of the 3,170 identified articles, 56 met our eligibility criteria, with a large majority of uncontrolled studies (80%). The meta-analysis based on uncontrolled studies showed significant heterogeneity among all included studies. The pooled mean difference in weight loss was 8.9 kg (95% CI, 10.2-7.7; p < 0.01) and 2.8 kg/m² in BMI loss (95% CI, 3.4-2.2; p < 0.01). Long-term interventions produced superior weight loss (11.3 kg) compared to short-term (7.2 kg) and intermediate-term (8.0 kg) interventions. A significant global effect of lifestyle intervention on fat mass, waist circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides and fasting insulin was found (p<0.01), without significant effect on HDL-C and fasting blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle interventions incorporating a PA component can improve weight and various cardiometabolic risk factors in class II and III obese individuals. However, further high quality trials are needed to confirm this evidence, especially beyond weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Baillot
- Research Center of the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ahmed J. Romain
- Unit of Nutrition and Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology-Nutrition and Diabetes, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Katherine Boisvert-Vigneault
- Research Centre on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre, Institute of Geriatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélisa Audet
- Research Centre on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre, Institute of Geriatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean Patrice Baillargeon
- Research Center of the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle J. Dionne
- Research Centre on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre, Institute of Geriatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Valiquette
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claire Nour Abou Chakra
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antoine Avignon
- Unit of Nutrition and Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology-Nutrition and Diabetes, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U1046, Physiology and experimental medicine of heart and muscles, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-France Langlois
- Research Center of the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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McFadden KL, Cornier MA, Tregellas JR. The role of alpha-7 nicotinic receptors in food intake behaviors. Front Psychol 2014; 5:553. [PMID: 24936193 PMCID: PMC4047526 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine alters appetite and energy expenditure, leading to changes in body weight. While the exact mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully established, both central and peripheral involvement of the alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) has been suggested. Centrally, the α7nAChR modulates activity of hypothalamic neurons involved in food intake regulation, including proopiomelanocortin and neuropeptide Y. α7nAChRs also modulate glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems controlling reward processes that affect food intake. Additionally, α7nAChRs are important peripheral mediators of chronic inflammation, a key contributor to health problems in obesity. This review focuses on nicotinic cholinergic effects on eating behaviors, specifically those involving the α7nAChR, with the hypothesis that α7nAChR agonism leads to appetite suppression. Recent studies are highlighted that identify links between α7nAChR expression and obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes and describe early findings showing an α7nAChR agonist to be associated with reduced weight gain in a mouse model of diabetes. Given these effects, the α7nAChR may be a useful therapeutic target for strategies to treat and manage obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina L McFadden
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jason R Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA ; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Denver, CO, USA
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Somm E, Guérardel A, Maouche K, Toulotte A, Veyrat-Durebex C, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Maskos U, Hüppi PS, Schwitzgebel VM. Concomitant alpha7 and beta2 nicotinic AChR subunit deficiency leads to impaired energy homeostasis and increased physical activity in mice. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 112:64-72. [PMID: 24685552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated cation channels well characterized in neuronal signal transmission. Moreover, recent studies have revealed nAChR expression in nonneuronal cell types throughout the body, including tissues involved in metabolism. In the present study, we screen gene expression of nAChR subunits in pancreatic islets and adipose tissues. Mice pancreatic islets present predominant expression of α7 and β2 nAChR subunits but at a lower level than in central structures. Characterization of glucose and energy homeostasis in α7β2nAChR(-/-) mice revealed no major defect in insulin secretion and sensitivity but decreased glycemia apparently unrelated to gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis. α7β2nAChR(-/-) mice presented an increase in lean and bone body mass and a decrease in fat storage with normal body weight. These observations were associated with elevated spontaneous physical activity in α7β2nAChR(-/-) mice, mainly due to elevation in fine vertical (rearing) activity while their horizontal (ambulatory) activity remained unchanged. In contrast to α7nAChR(-/-) mice presenting glucose intolerance and insulin resistance associated to excessive inflammation of adipose tissue, the present metabolic phenotyping of α7β2nAChR(-/-) mice revealed a metabolic improvement possibly linked to the increase in spontaneous physical activity related to central β2nAChR deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Audrey Guérardel
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kamel Maouche
- Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Laboratoire B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative), CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Toulotte
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Veyrat-Durebex
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Maskos
- Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Unité Neurobiologie intégrative des systèmes cholinergiques, Paris, France
| | - Petra S Hüppi
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie M Schwitzgebel
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Taly A, Hénin J, Changeux JP, Cecchini M. Allosteric regulation of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels: an emerging mechanistic perspective. Channels (Austin) 2014; 8:350-60. [PMID: 25478624 PMCID: PMC4203737 DOI: 10.4161/chan.29444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) play a central role in intercellular communications in the nervous system by converting the binding of a chemical messenger—a neurotransmitter—into an ion flux through the postsynaptic membrane. They are oligomeric assemblies that provide prototypical examples of allosterically regulated integral membrane proteins. Here, we present an overview of the most recent advances on the signal transduction mechanism based on the X-ray structures of both prokaryotic and invertebrate eukaryotic pLGICs and atomistic Molecular Dynamics simulations. The present results suggest that ion gating involves a large structural reorganization of the molecule mediated by two distinct quaternary transitions, a global twisting and the blooming of the extracellular domain, which can be modulated by ligand binding at the topographically distinct orthosteric and allosteric sites. The emerging model of gating is consistent with a wealth of functional studies and will boost the development of novel pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Taly
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique; IBPC; CNRS and Université Paris Diderot; Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Hénin
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique; IBPC; CNRS and Université Paris Diderot; Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Changeux
- CNRS; URA 2182; F-75015 & Collège de France; Paris, France
- Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind University of California; San Diego La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Marco Cecchini
- ISIS; UMR 7006 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Nicotinic Cholinergic Signaling in Adipose Tissue and Pancreatic Islets Biology: Revisited Function and Therapeutic Perspectives. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 62:87-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: From basic science to therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 137:22-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
The vagus nerve has an important role in regulation of metabolic homeostasis, and efferent vagus nerve-mediated cholinergic signalling controls immune function and proinflammatory responses via the inflammatory reflex. Dysregulation of metabolism and immune function in obesity are associated with chronic inflammation, a critical step in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cholinergic mechanisms within the inflammatory reflex have, in the past 2 years, been implicated in attenuating obesity-related inflammation and metabolic complications. This knowledge has led to the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A Pavlov
- Center for Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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