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Caine RS, Khan MS, Brench RA, Walker HJ, Croft HL. Inside-out: Synergising leaf biochemical traits with stomatal-regulated water fluxes to enhance transpiration modelling during abiotic stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3494-3513. [PMID: 38533601 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
As the global climate continues to change, plants will increasingly experience abiotic stress(es). Stomata on leaf surfaces are the gatekeepers to plant interiors, regulating gaseous exchanges that are crucial for both photosynthesis and outward water release. To optimise future crop productivity, accurate modelling of how stomata govern plant-environment interactions will be crucial. Here, we synergise optical and thermal imaging data to improve modelled transpiration estimates during water and/or nutrient stress (where leaf N is reduced). By utilising hyperspectral data and partial least squares regression analysis of six plant traits and fluxes in wheat (Triticum aestivum), we develop a new spectral vegetation index; the Combined Nitrogen and Drought Index (CNDI), which can be used to detect both water stress and/or nitrogen deficiency. Upon full stomatal closure during drought, CNDI shows a strong relationship with leaf water content (r2 = 0.70), with confounding changes in leaf biochemistry. By incorporating CNDI transformed with a sigmoid function into thermal-based transpiration modelling, we have increased the accuracy of modelling water fluxes during abiotic stress. These findings demonstrate the potential of using combined optical and thermal remote sensing-based modelling approaches to dynamically model water fluxes to improve both agricultural water usage and yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Caine
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Robert A Brench
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Heather J Walker
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
- biOMICS Mass Spectrometry Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Holly L Croft
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
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2
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Prout JN, Williams A, Wanke A, Schornack S, Ton J, Field KJ. Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophytes': a new molecular model for plant-fungal mutualisms? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:650-661. [PMID: 38102045 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The most studied plant-fungal symbioses to date are the interactions between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi of the Glomeromycotina clade. Advancements in phylogenetics and microbial community profiling have distinguished a group of symbiosis-forming fungi that resemble AM fungi as belonging instead to the Mucoromycotina. These enigmatic fungi are now known as Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophytes' and could provide a means to understand the origins of plant-fungal symbioses. Most of our knowledge of the mechanisms of fungal symbiosis comes from investigations using AM fungi. Here, we argue that inclusion of Mucoromycotina fine root endophytes in future studies will expand our understanding of the mechanisms, evolution, and ecology of plant-fungal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Prout
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Alex Williams
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alan Wanke
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | | | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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3
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Williams A, Sinanaj B, Hoysted GA. Plant-microbe interactions through a lens: tales from the mycorrhizosphere. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:399-412. [PMID: 38085925 PMCID: PMC11006548 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The soil microbiome plays a pivotal role in maintaining ecological balance, supporting food production, preserving water quality and safeguarding human health. Understanding the intricate dynamics within the soil microbiome necessitates unravelling complex bacterial-fungal interactions (BFIs). BFIs occur in diverse habitats, such as the phyllosphere, rhizosphere and bulk soil, where they exert substantial influence on plant-microbe associations, nutrient cycling and overall ecosystem functions. In various symbiotic associations, fungi form mycorrhizal connections with plant roots, enhancing nutrient uptake through the root and mycorrhizal pathways. Concurrently, specific soil bacteria, including mycorrhiza helper bacteria, play a pivotal role in nutrient acquisition and promoting plant growth. Chemical communication and biofilm formation further shape plant-microbial interactions, affecting plant growth, disease resistance and nutrient acquisition processes. SCOPE Promoting synergistic interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and soil microbes holds immense potential for advancing ecological knowledge and conservation. However, despite the significant progress, gaps remain in our understanding of the evolutionary significance, perception, functional traits and ecological relevance of BFIs. Here we review recent findings obtained with respect to complex microbial communities - particularly in the mycorrhizosphere - and include the latest advances in the field, outlining their profound impacts on our understanding of ecosystem dynamics and plant physiology and function. CONCLUSIONS Deepening our understanding of plant BFIs can help assess their capabilities with regard to ecological and agricultural safe-guarding, in particular buffering soil stresses, and ensuring sustainable land management practices. Preserving and enhancing soil biodiversity emerge as critical imperatives in sustaining life on Earth amidst pressures of anthropogenic climate change. A holistic approach integrates scientific knowledge on bacteria and fungi, which includes their potential to foster resilient soil ecosystems for present and future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Williams
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Besiana Sinanaj
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Grace A Hoysted
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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4
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Liu Z, Fang J, He Y, Bending GD, Song B, Guo Y, Wang X, Fang Z, Adams JM. Distinct biogeographic patterns in Glomeromycotinian and Mucoromycotinian arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across China: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168907. [PMID: 38061652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Fine root endophytes, recently reclassified as Mucoromycotinian arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (M-AMF), are now recognized as functionally important as Glomeromycotinian AMF (G-AMF). However, little is known about the biogeography and ecology of M-AMF and G-AMF communities, particularly on a large scale, preventing a systematic assessment of ecosystem diversity and functioning. Here, we investigated the biogeographic assemblies and ecological diversity patterns of both G-AMF and M-AMF, using published 18S rDNA amplicon datasets and associated metadata from 575 soil samples in six ecosystems across China. Contrasting with G-AMF, putative M-AMF were rare in natural/semi-natural sites, where their communities were a subset of those in agricultural sites characterized by intensive disturbances, suggesting different ecological niches that they could occupy. Spatial and environmental factors (e.g., vegetation type) significantly influenced both fungal communities, with soil total‑nitrogen and mean-annual-precipitation being the strongest predictors for G-AMF and M-AMF richness, respectively. Both groups exhibited a strong spatial distance-decay relationship, shaped more by environmental filtering than spatial effects for M-AMF, and the opposite for G-AMF, presumably because stochasticity (e.g., drift) dominantly structured G-AMF communities; while the narrower niche breadth (at community-level) of M-AMF compared to G-AMF suggested its more susceptibility to environmental differences. Furthermore, co-occurrence network links between G-AMF and M-AMF were prevalent across ecosystems, and were predicted to play a key role in stabilizing overall communities harboring both fungi. Based on the macroecological spatial scale datasets, this study provides solid evidence that the two AMF groups have distinct ecological preferences at the continental scale in China, and also highlights the potential impacts of anthropogenic activities on distributions of AMF. These results advance our knowledge of the ecological differences between the two fungal groups in terrestrial ecosystems, suggesting the need for further field-based investigation that may lead to a more sophisticated understanding of ecosystem function and sustainable management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Liu
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jie Fang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yucheng He
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Gary D Bending
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Bin Song
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Yaping Guo
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jonathan M Adams
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Mitchell RL, Kenrick P, Pressel S, Duckett J, Strullu-Derrien C, Davies N, McMahon WJ, Summerfield R. Terrestrial surface stabilisation by modern analogues of the earliest land plants: A multi-dimensional imaging study. GEOBIOLOGY 2023; 21:454-473. [PMID: 36779552 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the first plant-based terrestrial ecosystems in the early Palaeozoic had a profound effect on the development of soils, the architecture of sedimentary systems, and shifts in global biogeochemical cycles. In part, this was due to the evolution of complex below-ground (root-like) anchorage systems in plants, which expanded and promoted plant-mineral interactions, weathering, and resulting surface sediment stabilisation. However, little is understood about how these micro-scale processes occurred, because of a lack of in situ plant fossils in sedimentary rocks/palaeosols that exhibit these interactions. Some modern plants (e.g., liverworts, mosses, lycophytes) share key features with the earliest land plants; these include uni- or multicellular rhizoid-like anchorage systems or simple roots, and the ability to develop below-ground networks through prostrate axes, and intimate associations with fungi, making them suitable analogues. Here, we investigated cryptogamic ground covers in Iceland and New Zealand to better understand these interactions, and how they initiate the sediment stabilisation process. We employed multi-dimensional and multi-scale imaging, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Computed Tomography (μCT) of non-vascular liverworts (Haplomitriopsida and complex thalloids) and mosses, with additional imaging of vascular lycopods. We find that plants interact with their substrate in multiple ways, including: (1) through the development of extensive surface coverings as mats; (2) entrapment of sediment grains within and between networks of rhizoids; (3) grain entwining and adherence by rhizoids, through mucilage secretions, biofilm-like envelopment of thalli on surface grains; and (4) through grain entrapment within upright 'leafy' structures. Significantly, μCT imaging allows us to ascertain that rhizoids are the main method for entrapment and stabilisation of soil grains in the thalloid liverworts. This information provides us with details of how the earliest land plants may have significantly influenced early Palaeozoic sedimentary system architectures, promoted in situ weathering and proto-soil development, and how these interactions diversified over time with the evolution of new plant organ systems. Further, this study highlights the importance of cryptogamic organisms in the early stages of sediment stabilisation and soil formation today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria L Mitchell
- Science Group, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Sheffield Tomography Centre (STC), Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul Kenrick
- Science Group, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Jeff Duckett
- Science Group, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Christine Strullu-Derrien
- Science Group, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR7205, Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Neil Davies
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William J McMahon
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Hawkins HJ, Cargill RIM, Van Nuland ME, Hagen SC, Field KJ, Sheldrake M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Kiers ET. Mycorrhizal mycelium as a global carbon pool. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R560-R573. [PMID: 37279689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For more than 400 million years, mycorrhizal fungi and plants have formed partnerships that are crucial to the emergence and functioning of global ecosystems. The importance of these symbiotic fungi for plant nutrition is well established. However, the role of mycorrhizal fungi in transporting carbon into soil systems on a global scale remains under-explored. This is surprising given that ∼75% of terrestrial carbon is stored belowground and mycorrhizal fungi are stationed at a key entry point of carbon into soil food webs. Here, we analyze nearly 200 datasets to provide the first global quantitative estimates of carbon allocation from plants to the mycelium of mycorrhizal fungi. We estimate that global plant communities allocate 3.93 Gt CO2e per year to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 9.07 Gt CO2e per year to ectomycorrhizal fungi, and 0.12 Gt CO2e per year to ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. Based on this estimate, 13.12 Gt of CO2e fixed by terrestrial plants is, at least temporarily, allocated to the underground mycelium of mycorrhizal fungi per year, equating to ∼36% of current annual CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. We explore the mechanisms by which mycorrhizal fungi affect soil carbon pools and identify approaches to increase our understanding of global carbon fluxes via plant-fungal pathways. Our estimates, although based on the best available evidence, are imperfect and should be interpreted with caution. Nonetheless, our estimations are conservative, and we argue that this work confirms the significant contribution made by mycorrhizal associations to global carbon dynamics. Our findings should motivate their inclusion both within global climate and carbon cycling models, and within conservation policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi-Jayne Hawkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Conservation International, Forrest House, Belmont Park, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Rachael I M Cargill
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; AMOLF, Science Park 102, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael E Van Nuland
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Society for the Protection of Underground Networks, SPUN, 3500 South DuPont Highway, Dover, DE 19901, USA
| | | | - Katie J Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Merlin Sheldrake
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Society for the Protection of Underground Networks, SPUN, 3500 South DuPont Highway, Dover, DE 19901, USA
| | | | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Society for the Protection of Underground Networks, SPUN, 3500 South DuPont Highway, Dover, DE 19901, USA
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7
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Mansfield TM, Albornoz FE, Ryan MH, Bending GD, Standish RJ. Niche differentiation of Mucoromycotinian and Glomeromycotinian arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi along a 2-million-year soil chronosequence. MYCORRHIZA 2023:10.1007/s00572-023-01111-x. [PMID: 37165145 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Current literature suggests ecological niche differentiation between co-occurring Mucoromycotinian arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (M-AMF) and Glomeromycotinian AMF (G-AMF), but experimental evidence is limited. We investigated the influence of soil age, water availability (wet and dry), and plant species (native Microlaena stipoides and exotic Trifolium subterraneum) on anatomical root colonisation and DNA profiles of M-AMF and G-AMF under glasshouse conditions. We grew seedlings of each species in soils collected from the four stages of a soil chronosequence, where pH decreases from the youngest to oldest stages, and phosphorus (P) is low in the youngest and oldest, but high in the intermediate stages. We scored the percentage of root length colonised and used DNA metabarcoding to profile fungal richness and community composition associated with treatment combinations. Soil age, water availability, and plant species were important influencers of root colonisation, although no M-AMF were visible following staining of M. stipoides roots. Soil age and host plant influenced fungal richness and community composition. However, response to soil age, potential host species, and water availability differed between M-AMF and G-AMF. Root colonisation of T. subterraneum by M-AMF and G-AMF was inversely correlated with soil P level. Community composition of M-AMF and G-AMF was structured by soil age and, to a lesser extent, plant species. Richness of M-AMF and G-AMF was negatively, and positively, correlated with available P, respectively. These findings are experimental evidence of ecological niche differentiation of M-AMF and G-AMF and invite further exploration into interactive effects of abiotic and biotic factors on their communities along successional trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Mansfield
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
| | - Felipe E Albornoz
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Wembley, WA, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, UWA, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Megan H Ryan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, UWA, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Gary D Bending
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Rachel J Standish
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
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8
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Hoysted GA, Field KJ, Sinanaj B, Bell CA, Bidartondo MI, Pressel S. Direct nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon exchanges between Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophyte' fungi and a flowering plant in novel monoxenic cultures. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:70-79. [PMID: 36739554 PMCID: PMC10952891 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Most plants form mycorrhizal associations with mutualistic soil fungi. Through these partnerships, resources are exchanged including photosynthetically fixed carbon for fungal-acquired nutrients. Recently, it was shown that the diversity of associated fungi is greater than previously assumed, extending to Mucoromycotina fungi. These Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophytes' (MFRE) are widespread and generally co-colonise plant roots together with Glomeromycotina 'coarse' arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Until now, this co-occurrence has hindered the determination of the direct function of MFRE symbiosis. To overcome this major barrier, we developed new techniques for fungal isolation and culture and established the first monoxenic in vitro cultures of MFRE colonising a flowering plant, clover. Using radio- and stable-isotope tracers in these in vitro systems, we measured the transfer of 33 P, 15 N and 14 C between MFRE hyphae and the host plant. Our results provide the first unequivocal evidence that MFRE fungi are nutritional mutualists with a flowering plant by showing that clover gained both 15 N and 33 P tracers directly from fungus in exchange for plant-fixed C in the absence of other micro-organisms. Our findings and methods pave the way for a new era in mycorrhizal research, firmly establishing MFRE as both mycorrhizal and functionally important in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A. Hoysted
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BioscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Katie J. Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BioscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Besiana Sinanaj
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BioscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | | | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
- Department of Ecosystem StewardshipRoyal Botanic Gardens, KewRichmondTW9 3DSUK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonSW7 5BDUK
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9
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Suárez JP, Herrera P, Kalinhoff C, Vivanco-Galván O, Thangaswamy S. Generalist arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi dominated heavy metal polluted soils at two artisanal and small - scale gold mining sites in southeastern Ecuador. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:42. [PMID: 36792979 PMCID: PMC9930361 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artisanal and small-scale gold mining activities are producing contamination with heavy metals and metalloids (HMM) into soils and water worldwide. The HMM are considered as one of the major abiotic stresses due to their long-term persistence in soil. In this context, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) confer resistance to a variety of abiotic plant stressors including HMM. However, little is known regarding the diversity and composition of AMF communities in heavy metal polluted sites in Ecuador. METHODS In order to investigate the AMF diversity, root samples and associated soil of six plant species were collected from two sites polluted by heavy metals, located in Zamora-Chinchipe province, Ecuador. The AMF 18S nrDNA genetic region was analyzed and sequenced, and fungal OTUs were defined based on 99% sequence similarity. Results were contrasted with AMF communities from a natural forest and from reforestation sites located in the same province and with available sequences in GenBank. RESULTS The main pollutants in soils were Pb, Zn, Hg, Cd and Cu with concentrations exceeding the soil reference value for agricultural use. Molecular phylogeny and OTU delimitation showed 19 OTUs, the family Glomeraceae was the most OTU-rich followed by Archaeosporaceae, Acaulosporaceae, Ambisporaceae and Paraglomeraceae. Most of the OTUs (11 of 19) have been found at other locations worldwide, 14 OTUs were proven from nearby non-contaminated sites in Zamora-Chinchipe. CONCLUSION Our study showed that there are no specialized OTUs at the studied HMM polluted sites, but rather generalists adapted to a wide variety of habitats. Their potential role in phytoremediation approaches remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Suárez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, UTPL, Loja, Ecuador.
| | - Paulo Herrera
- grid.440860.e0000 0004 0485 6148Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, UTPL, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Kalinhoff
- grid.440860.e0000 0004 0485 6148Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, UTPL, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Oscar Vivanco-Galván
- grid.440860.e0000 0004 0485 6148Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, UTPL, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Selvaraj Thangaswamy
- grid.440860.e0000 0004 0485 6148Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, UTPL, Loja, Ecuador ,PROMETEO Project, Loja, Ecuador
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10
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Puginier C, Keller J, Delaux PM. Plant-microbe interactions that have impacted plant terrestrializations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:72-84. [PMID: 35642902 PMCID: PMC9434271 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plants display a tremendous diversity of developmental and physiological features, resulting from gains and losses of functional innovations across the plant phylogeny. Among those, the most impactful have been undoubtedly the ones that allowed plant terrestrializations, the transitions from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. Although the embryophyte terrestrialization has been particularly scrutinized, others occurred across the plant phylogeny with the involvement of mutualistic symbioses as a common theme. Here, we review the current pieces of evidence supporting that the repeated colonization of land by plants has been facilitated by interactions with mutualistic symbionts. In that context, we detail two of these mutualistic symbioses: the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in embryophytes and the lichen symbiosis in chlorophyte algae. We suggest that associations with bacteria should be revisited in that context, and we propose that overlooked symbioses might have facilitated the emergence of other land plant clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Puginier
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Jean Keller
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
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11
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Perez-Lamarque B, Petrolli R, Strullu-Derrien C, Strasberg D, Morlon H, Selosse MA, Martos F. Structure and specialization of mycorrhizal networks in phylogenetically diverse tropical communities. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2022; 17:38. [PMID: 35859141 PMCID: PMC9297633 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-022-00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root mycobiome plays a fundamental role in plant nutrition and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. In temperate forests or meadows dominated by angiosperms, the numerous fungi involved in root symbioses are often shared between neighboring plants, thus forming complex plant-fungus interaction networks of weak specialization. Whether this weak specialization also holds in rich tropical communities with more phylogenetically diverse sets of plant lineages remains unknown. We collected roots of 30 plant species in semi-natural tropical communities including angiosperms, ferns, and lycophytes, in three different habitat types on La Réunion island: a recent lava flow, a wet thicket, and an ericoid shrubland. We identified root-inhabiting fungi by sequencing both the 18S rRNA and the ITS2 variable regions. We assessed the diversity of mycorrhizal fungal taxa according to plant species and lineages, as well as the structure and specialization of the resulting plant-fungus networks. RESULTS The 18S and ITS2 datasets are highly complementary at revealing the root mycobiota. According to 18S, Glomeromycotina colonize all plant groups in all habitats forming the least specialized interactions, resulting in nested network structures, while Mucoromycotina (Endogonales) are more abundant in the wetland and show higher specialization and modularity compared to the former. According to ITS2, mycorrhizal fungi of Ericaceae and Orchidaceae, namely Helotiales, Sebacinales, and Cantharellales, also colonize the roots of most plant lineages, confirming that they are frequent endophytes. While Helotiales and Sebacinales present intermediate levels of specialization, Cantharellales are more specialized and more sporadic in their interactions with plants, resulting in highly modular networks. CONCLUSIONS This study of the root mycobiome in tropical environments reinforces the idea that mycorrhizal fungal taxa are locally shared between co-occurring plants, including phylogenetically distant plants (e.g. lycophytes and angiosperms), where they may form functional mycorrhizae or establish endophytic colonization. Yet, we demonstrate that, irrespectively of the environmental variations, the level of specialization significantly varies according to the fungal lineages, probably reflecting the different evolutionary origins of these plant-fungus symbioses. Frequent fungal sharing between plants questions the roles of the different fungi in community functioning and highlights the importance of considering networks of interactions rather than isolated hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Perez-Lamarque
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75 005, Paris, France.
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75 005, Paris, France.
| | - Rémi Petrolli
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75 005, Paris, France
| | - Christine Strullu-Derrien
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75 005, Paris, France
- Science Group, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Dominique Strasberg
- Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, UMR PVBMT, Université de La Réunion, 97 400, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75 005, Paris, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75 005, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Florent Martos
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75 005, Paris, France
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12
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Kowal J, Arrigoni E, Jarvis S, Zappala S, Forbes E, Bidartondo MI, Suz LM. Atmospheric pollution, soil nutrients and climate effects on Mucoromycota arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3390-3404. [PMID: 35641308 PMCID: PMC9544493 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fine root endophyte mycorrhizal fungi in the Endogonales (Mucoromycota arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, M‐AMF) are now recognized as at least as important globally as Glomeromycota AMF (G‐AMF), yet little is known about the environmental factors which influence M‐AMF diversity and colonization, partly because they typically only co‐colonize plants with G‐AMF. Wild populations of Lycopodiella inundata predominantly form mycorrhizas with M‐AMF and therefore allow focussed study of M‐AMF environmental drivers. Using microscopic examination and DNA sequencing we measured M‐AMF colonization and diversity over three consecutive seasons and modelled interactions between these response variables and environmental data. Significant relationships were found between M‐AMF colonization and soil S, P, C:N ratio, electrical conductivity, and the previously overlooked micronutrient Mn. Estimated N deposition was negatively related to M‐AMF colonization. Thirty‐nine Endogonales Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were identified in L. inundata roots, a greater diversity than previously recognized in this plant. Endogonales OTU richness correlated negatively with soil C:N while community composition was mostly influenced by soil P. This study provides first evidence that M‐AMF have distinct ecological preferences in response to edaphic variables also related to air pollution. Future studies require site‐level atmospheric pollution monitoring to guide critical load policy for mycorrhizal fungi in heathlands and grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kowal
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - E Arrigoni
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - S Jarvis
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, UK
| | - S Zappala
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK
| | - E Forbes
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK
| | - M I Bidartondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L M Suz
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
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13
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Howard N, Pressel S, Kaye RS, Daniell TJ, Field KJ. The potential role of Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophytes' in plant nitrogen nutrition. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13715. [PMID: 35560043 PMCID: PMC9328347 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal associations between fungi and plant roots have globally significant impacts on nutrient cycling. Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophytes' (MFRE) are a distinct and recently characterised group of mycorrhiza-forming fungi that associate with the roots of a range of host plant species. Given their previous misidentification and assignment as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of the Glomeromycotina, it is now important to untangle the specific form and function of MFRE symbioses. In particular, relatively little is known about the nature of MFRE colonisation and its role in N uptake and transfer to host plants. Even less is known about the mechanisms by which MFRE access and assimilate N, and how this N is processed and subsequently exchanged with host plants for photosynthates. Here, we summarise and contrast the structures formed by MFRE and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in host plants as well as compare the N source preference of each mycorrhizal fungal group with what is currently known for MFRE N uptake. We compare the mechanisms of N assimilation and transfer to host plants utilised by the main groups of mycorrhizal fungi and hypothesise potential mechanisms for MFRE N assimilation and transfer, outlining directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Howard
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - Ryan S. Kaye
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Tim J. Daniell
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Katie J. Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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14
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Perez-Lamarque B, Öpik M, Maliet O, Afonso Silva AC, Selosse MA, Martos F, Morlon H. Analyzing diversification dynamics using barcoding data: the case of an obligate mycorrhizal symbiont. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3496-3512. [PMID: 35451535 PMCID: PMC9321572 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analysing diversification dynamics is key to understanding the past evolutionary history of clades that led to present‐day biodiversity patterns. While such analyses are widespread in well‐characterized groups of species, they are much more challenging in groups for which diversity is mostly known through molecular techniques. Here, we use the largest global database on the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of Glomeromycotina, a subphylum of microscopic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that provide mineral nutrients to most land plants by forming one of the oldest terrestrial symbioses, to analyse the diversification dynamics of this clade in the past 500 million years. We perform a range of sensitivity analyses and simulations to control for potential biases linked to the nature of the data. We find that Glomeromycotina tend to have low speciation rates compared to other eukaryotes. After a peak of speciations between 200 and 100 million years ago, they experienced an important decline in speciation rates toward the present. Such a decline could be at least partially related to a shrinking of their mycorrhizal niches and to their limited ability to colonize new niches. Our analyses identify patterns of diversification in a group of obligate symbionts of major ecological and evolutionary importance and illustrate that short molecular markers combined with intensive sensitivity analyses can be useful for studying diversification dynamics in microbial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Perez-Lamarque
- Institut de biologie de l'École normale supérieure (IBENS), École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75 005, Paris, France.,Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier 75 005, Paris, France
| | - Maarja Öpik
- University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51 005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Odile Maliet
- Institut de biologie de l'École normale supérieure (IBENS), École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75 005, Paris, France
| | - Ana C Afonso Silva
- Institut de biologie de l'École normale supérieure (IBENS), École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75 005, Paris, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier 75 005, Paris, France.,Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Florent Martos
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39, 57 rue Cuvier 75 005, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de biologie de l'École normale supérieure (IBENS), École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75 005, Paris, France
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15
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Bell CA, Magkourilou E, Urwin PE, Field KJ. Disruption of carbon for nutrient exchange between potato and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced cyst nematode fitness and host pest tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:269-279. [PMID: 35020195 PMCID: PMC9304131 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants simultaneously interact with a range of biotrophic symbionts, ranging from mutualists such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), to parasites such as the potato cyst nematode (PCN). The exchange of mycorrhizal-acquired nutrients for plant-fixed carbon (C) is well studied; however, the impact of competing symbionts remains underexplored. In this study, we examined mycorrhizal nutrient and host resource allocation in potato with and without AMF and PCN using radioisotope tracing, whilst determining the consequences of such allocation. The presence of PCN disrupted C for nutrient exchange between plants and AMF, with plant C overwhelmingly obtained by the nematodes. Despite this, AMF maintained transfer of nutrients on PCN-infected potato, ultimately losing out in their C for nutrient exchange with the host. Whilst PCN exploited the greater nutrient reserves to drive population growth on AMF-potato, the fungus imparted tolerance to allow the host to bear the parasitic burden. Our findings provide important insights into the belowground dynamics of plant-AMF symbioses, where simultaneous nutritional and nonnutritional benefits conferred by AMF to hosts and their parasites are seldom considered in plant community dynamics. Our findings suggest this may be a critical oversight, particularly in the consideration of C and nutrient flows in plant and soil communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Bell
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Emily Magkourilou
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- Plants, Photosynthesis and SoilSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - P. E. Urwin
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Katie J. Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and SoilSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
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16
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Sinanaj B, Hoysted GA, Pressel S, Bidartondo MI, Field KJ. Critical research challenges facing Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophytes'. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1528-1534. [PMID: 34411307 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Besiana Sinanaj
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Grace A Hoysted
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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17
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Physcomitrium patens Infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: Understanding the Fungal-Bryophyte Interaction by Microscopy, Phenomics and RNA Sequencing. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080677. [PMID: 34436216 PMCID: PMC8401727 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by the hemibiotroph fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a devastating plant disease with an extensive impact on plant productivity. The process of colonization and disease progression of C. gloeosporioides has been studied in a number of angiosperm crops. To better understand the evolution of the plant response to pathogens, the study of this complex interaction has been extended to bryophytes. The model moss Physcomitrium patens Hedw. B&S (former Physcomitrella patens) is sensitive to known bacterial and fungal phytopathogens, including C. gloeosporioides, which cause infection and cell death. P. patens responses to these microorganisms resemble that of the angiosperms. However, the molecular events during the interaction of P. patens and C. gloeosporioides have not been explored. In this work, we present a comprehensive approach using microscopy, phenomics and RNA-seq analysis to explore the defense response of P. patens to C. gloeosporioides. Microscopy analysis showed that appressoria are already formed at 24 h after inoculation (hai) and tissue colonization and cell death occur at 24 hai and is massive at 48 hai. Consequently, the phenomics analysis showed progressing browning of moss tissues and impaired photosynthesis from 24 to 48 hai. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that more than 1200 P. patens genes were differentially expressed in response to Colletotrichum infection. The analysis of differentially expressed gene function showed that the C. gloeosporioides infection led to a transcription reprogramming in P. patens that upregulated the genes related to pathogen recognition, secondary metabolism, cell wall reinforcement and regulation of gene expression. In accordance with the observed phenomics results, some photosynthesis and chloroplast-related genes were repressed, indicating that, under attack, P. patens changes its transcription from primary metabolism to defend itself from the pathogen.
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18
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Hoysted GA, Kowal J, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Bidartondo MI, Field KJ. Carbon for nutrient exchange between Lycopodiella inundata and Mucoromycotina fine root endophytes is unresponsive to high atmospheric CO 2. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:431-440. [PMID: 33884466 PMCID: PMC8266774 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-vascular plants associating with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) and Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophyte' (MFRE) fungi derive greater benefits from their fungal associates under higher atmospheric [CO2] (a[CO2]) than ambient; however, nothing is known about how changes in a[CO2] affect MFRE function in vascular plants. We measured movement of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) between the lycophyte Lycopodiella inundata and Mucoromycotina fine root endophyte fungi using 33P-orthophosphate, 15 N-ammonium chloride and 14CO2 isotope tracers under ambient and elevated a[CO2] concentrations of 440 and 800 ppm, respectively. Transfers of 33P and 15 N from MFRE to plants were unaffected by changes in a[CO2]. There was a slight increase in C transfer from plants to MFRE under elevated a[CO2]. Our results demonstrate that the exchange of C-for-nutrients between a vascular plant and Mucoromycotina FRE is largely unaffected by changes in a[CO2]. Unravelling the role of MFRE in host plant nutrition and potential C-for-N trade changes between symbionts under different abiotic conditions is imperative to further our understanding of the past, present and future roles of plant-fungal symbioses in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Hoysted
- Deparment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Jill Kowal
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Deparment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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19
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Mitchell RL, Davies P, Kenrick P, Volkenandt T, Pleydell-Pearce C, Johnston R. Correlative Microscopy: a tool for understanding soil weathering in modern analogues of early terrestrial biospheres. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12736. [PMID: 34140576 PMCID: PMC8211647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlative imaging provides a method of investigating complex systems by combining analytical (chemistry) and imaging (tomography) information across dimensions (2D-3D) and scales (centimetres-nanometres). We studied weathering processes in a modern cryptogamic ground cover from Iceland, containing early colonizing, and evolutionary ancient, communities of mosses, lichens, fungi, and bacteria. Targeted multi-scale X-ray Microscopy of a grain in-situ within a soil core revealed networks of surficial and internal features (tunnels) originating from organic-rich surface holes. Further targeted 2D grain characterisation by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), following an intermediate manual correlative preparation step, revealed Fe-rich nodules within the tunnels. Finally, nanotomographic imaging by focussed ion beam microscopy (FIB-SEM) revealed coccoid and filamentous-like structures within subsurface tunnels, as well as accumulations of Fe and S in grain surface crusts, which may represent a biological rock varnish/glaze. We attribute these features to biological processes. This work highlights the advantages and novelty of the correlative imaging approach, across scales, dimensions, and modes, to investigate biological weathering processes. Further, we demonstrate correlative microscopy as a means of identifying fingerprints of biological communities, which could be used in the geologic rock record and on extra-terrestrial bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Mitchell
- grid.4827.90000 0001 0658 8800Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN UK ,grid.35937.3b0000 0001 2270 9879Earth Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK ,grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262Sheffield Tomography Centre (STC), The University of Sheffield, North Campus, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ UK
| | - P. Davies
- grid.4827.90000 0001 0658 8800Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN UK
| | - P. Kenrick
- grid.35937.3b0000 0001 2270 9879Earth Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - T. Volkenandt
- grid.424549.a0000 0004 0379 7801Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 22, 73447 Oberkochen, Germany
| | - C. Pleydell-Pearce
- grid.4827.90000 0001 0658 8800Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN UK
| | - R. Johnston
- grid.4827.90000 0001 0658 8800Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN UK
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20
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Mitchell RL, Strullu-Derrien C, Sykes D, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Kenrick P. Cryptogamic ground covers as analogues for early terrestrial biospheres: Initiation and evolution of biologically mediated proto-soils. GEOBIOLOGY 2021; 19:292-306. [PMID: 33569915 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Modern cryptogamic ground covers (CGCs), comprising assemblages of bryophytes (hornworts, liverworts, mosses), fungi, bacteria, lichens and algae, are thought to resemble early divergent terrestrial communities. However, limited in situ plant and other fossils in the rock record, and a lack of CGC-like soils reported in the pre-Silurian sedimentological record, have hindered understanding of the structure, composition and interactions within the earliest CGCs. A key question is how the earliest CGC-like organisms drove weathering on primordial terrestrial surfaces (regolith), leading to the early stages of soil development as proto-soils, and subsequently contributing to large-scale biogeochemical shifts in the Earth System. Here, we employed a novel qualitative, quantitative and multi-dimensional imaging approach through X-ray micro-computed tomography, scanning electron, and optical microscopy to investigate whether different combinations of modern CGC organisms from primordial-like settings in Iceland develop organism-specific soil forming features at the macro- and micro-scales. Additionally, we analysed CGCs growing on hard rocky substrates to investigate the initiation of weathering processes non-destructively in 3D. We show that thalloid CGC organisms (liverworts, hornworts) develop thin organic layers at the surface (<1 cm) with limited subsurface structural development, whereas leafy mosses and communities of mixed organisms form profiles that are thicker (up to ~ 7 cm), structurally more complex, and more organic-rich. We term these thin layers and profiles proto-soils. Component analyses from X-ray micro-computed tomography data show that thickness and structure of these proto-soils are determined by the type of colonising organism(s), suggesting that the evolution of more complex soils through the Palaeozoic may have been driven by a shift in body plan of CGC-like organisms from flattened and appressed to upright and leafy. Our results provide a framework for identifying CGC-like proto-soils in the rock record and a new proxy for understanding organism-soil interactions in ancient terrestrial biospheres and their contribution to the early stages of soil formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria L Mitchell
- Earth Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Sheffield Tomography Centre (STC), Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Christine Strullu-Derrien
- Earth Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR7205, Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Dan Sykes
- Imaging and Analysis Centre (IAC), The Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, School of Materials, The Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Paul Kenrick
- Earth Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
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21
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Albornoz FE, Orchard S, Standish RJ, Dickie IA, Bending GD, Hilton S, Lardner T, Foster KJ, Gleeson DB, Bougoure J, Barbetti MJ, You MP, Ryan MH. Evidence for Niche Differentiation in the Environmental Responses of Co-occurring Mucoromycotinian Fine Root Endophytes and Glomeromycotinian Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 81:864-873. [PMID: 33145650 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fine root endophytes (FRE) were traditionally considered a morphotype of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), but recent genetic studies demonstrate that FRE belong within the subphylum Mucoromycotina, rather than in the subphylum Glomeromycotina with the AMF. These findings prompt enquiry into the fundamental ecology of FRE and AMF. We sampled FRE and AMF in roots of Trifolium subterraneum from 58 sites across temperate southern Australia. We investigated the environmental drivers of composition, richness, and root colonization of FRE and AMF by using structural equation modelling and canonical correspondence analyses. Root colonization by FRE increased with increasing temperature and rainfall but decreased with increasing phosphorus (P). Root colonization by AMF increased with increasing soil organic carbon but decreased with increasing P. Richness of FRE decreased with increasing temperature and soil pH. Richness of AMF increased with increasing temperature and rainfall but decreased with increasing soil aluminium (Al) and pH. Aluminium, soil pH, and rainfall were, in decreasing order, the strongest drivers of community composition of FRE; they were also important drivers of community composition of AMF, along with temperature, in decreasing order: rainfall, Al, temperature, and soil pH. Thus, FRE and AMF showed the same responses to some (e.g. soil P, soil pH) and different responses to other (e.g. temperature) key environmental factors. Overall, our data are evidence for niche differentiation among these co-occurring mycorrhizal associates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe E Albornoz
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Suzanne Orchard
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Rachel J Standish
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Ian A Dickie
- School of Biological Science, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gary D Bending
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sally Hilton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Tim Lardner
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Kevin J Foster
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Deirdre B Gleeson
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jeremy Bougoure
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Martin J Barbetti
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ming Pei You
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Megan H Ryan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
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22
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Liu S, Liu M, Liao QG, Lü FB, Zhao XL. Effects of inoculated mycorrhizal fungi and non-mycorrhizal beneficial micro-organisms on plant traits, nutrient uptake and root-associated fungal community composition of the Cymbidium hybridum in greenhouse. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:413-424. [PMID: 33320986 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to assess the effects of beneficial micro-organisms on the growth, nutrient accumulation and root-associated fungal species composition of pot orchids grown in the greenhouse. METHODS AND RESULTS A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the beneficial effects of a mycorrhizal fungus, Epulorhiza repens isolate ML01, an endophytic fungus, Umbelopsis nana isolate ZH3A-3 and a mixed commercial inoculum Rem, alone or in combination. Nested PCR assays showed that both isolates ML01 and ZH3A-3 can successfully establish in inoculated soil. All the inoculants significantly increased the plant total dry weight of Cymbidium hybridum 'Golden Boy', whereas only co-inoculation with the endophytic fungus ZH3A-3 and the Rem enhanced the fresh weight and height of host plants. The mycorrhizal fungus positively affected P, K, Ca, Mg content in shoots and Zn content in roots, while the endophytic fungus improved N, P, Ca accumulation in shoots and roots. Co-inoculation with the Rem and ML01 improved root to shoot translocation of Fe and Zn. In addition, inoculation with ZH3A-3, ML01+Rem and ZH3A-3+Rem decreased the relative frequency of Fusarium sp. on orchid roots. Trichoderma sp. were isolated from the roots treated with ML01, ML01+Rem and ZH3A-3+Rem. CONCLUSIONS Both mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi had the potential to create favourable microflora in the orchid roots and stimulate the growth of transplanted plantlets under greenhouse condition. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The newly isolated endophytic strain ZH3A-3 showed significant application value in orchid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Huizhou University, Huizhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - M Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Crop research institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Q-G Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - F-B Lü
- Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - X-L Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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23
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Molecular Evidence of Mucoromycotina “Fine Root Endophyte” Fungi in Agricultural Crops. BIOLOGY AND LIFE SCIENCES FORUM 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/iecps2020-08728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over 85% of land plants engage in symbiotic relationships with mycorrhiza-forming soil fungi that colonise their roots. These mycorrhizal symbioses, which involve the exchange of fungal-acquired nutrients and water for photosynthetically fixed plant carbon, are considered a promising nature-based solution to making agricultural practices more sustainable. In order to implement the widespread use of mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture, a more complete awareness of mycorrhizal fungal diversity and range of plant hosts is needed. Mucoromycotina Fine Root Endophytes (MFRE) are a group of mycorrhiza-forming fungi that have recently been shown to be phylogenetically and functionally distinct from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Here, we provide the first molecular evidence of MFRE colonisation of winter wheat, winter barley, spring wheat and strawberry roots. Fungal symbionts were identified from partial DNA sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, obtained through a workflow involving molecular cloning and Sanger sequencing. Our findings shed light on the true distribution of plant-MFRE associations and give rise to new questions regarding their functional significance within agricultural plants.
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24
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Genomic and fossil windows into the secret lives of the most ancient fungi. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:717-730. [PMID: 32908302 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungi have crucial roles in modern ecosystems as decomposers and pathogens, and they engage in various mutualistic associations with other organisms, especially plants. They have a lengthy geological history, and there is an emerging understanding of their impact on the evolution of Earth systems on a large scale. In this Review, we focus on the roles of fungi in the establishment and early evolution of land and freshwater ecosystems. Today, questions of evolution over deep time are informed by discoveries of new fossils and evolutionary analysis of new genomes. Inferences can be drawn from evolutionary analysis by comparing the genes and genomes of fungi with the biochemistry and development of their plant and algal hosts. We then contrast this emerging picture against evidence from the fossil record to develop a new, integrated perspective on the origin and early evolution of fungi.
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25
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Albornoz FE, Hayes PE, Orchard S, Clode PL, Nazeri NK, Standish RJ, Bending GD, Hilton S, Ryan MH. First Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy Images and X-Ray Microanalyses of Mucoromycotinian Fine Root Endophytes in Vascular Plants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2018. [PMID: 33013744 PMCID: PMC7509483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Arbuscule-producing fine root endophytes (FRE) (previously incorrectly Glomus tenue) were recently placed within subphylum Mucoromycotina; the first report of arbuscules outside subphylum Glomeromycotina. Here, we aimed to estimate nutrient concentrations in plant and fungal structures of FRE and to test the utility of cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryoSEM) for studying these fungi. METHODS We used replicated cryoSEM and X-ray microanalysis of heavily colonized roots of Trifolium subterraneum. RESULTS Intercellular hyphae and hyphae in developed arbuscules were consistently very thin; 1.35 ± 0.03 μm and 0.99 ± 0.03 μm in diameter, respectively (mean ± SE). Several intercellular hyphae were often adjacent to each other forming "hyphal ropes." Developed arbuscules showed higher phosphorus concentrations than senesced arbuscules and non-colonized structures. Senesced arbuscules showed greatly elevated concentrations of calcium and magnesium. CONCLUSION While uniformly thin hyphae and hyphal ropes are distinct features of FRE, the morphology of fully developed arbuscules, elevated phosphorus in fungal structures, and accumulation of calcium with loss of structural integrity in senesced arbuscules are similar to glomeromycotinian fungi. Thus, we provide evidence that FRE may respond to similar host-plant signals or that the host plant may employ a similar mechanism of association with FRE and AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe E. Albornoz
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Patrick E. Hayes
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Suzanne Orchard
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peta L. Clode
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nazanin K. Nazeri
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rachel J. Standish
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Gary D. Bending
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Hilton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Megan H. Ryan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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26
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27
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Li C, Zhang Z, Li X, Wu J, Wang Z. Vertical distribution of liverwort communities and their relationship with environmental factors in a karst sinkhole in south-western China. J NAT HIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1759723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Li
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environmental of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environmental of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environmental of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environmental of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
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28
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Matsui H, Iwakawa H, Hyon GS, Yotsui I, Katou S, Monte I, Nishihama R, Franzen R, Solano R, Nakagami H. Isolation of Natural Fungal Pathogens from Marchantia polymorpha Reveals Antagonism between Salicylic Acid and Jasmonate during Liverwort-Fungus Interactions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:265-275. [PMID: 31560390 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of adaptive interactions with beneficial, neutral and detrimental microbes was one of the key features enabling plant terrestrialization. Extensive studies have revealed conserved and unique molecular mechanisms underlying plant-microbe interactions across different plant species; however, most insights gleaned to date have been limited to seed plants. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, a descendant of early diverging land plants, is gaining in popularity as an advantageous model system to understand land plant evolution. However, studying evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions in this model is hampered by the small number of pathogens known to infect M. polymorpha. Here, we describe four pathogenic fungal strains, Irpex lacteus Marchantia-infectious (MI)1, Phaeophlebiopsis peniophoroides MI2, Bjerkandera adusta MI3 and B. adusta MI4, isolated from diseased M. polymorpha. We demonstrate that salicylic acid (SA) treatment of M. polymorpha promotes infection of the I. lacteus MI1 that is likely to adopt a necrotrophic lifestyle, while this effect is suppressed by co-treatment with the bioactive jasmonate in M. polymorpha, dinor-cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (dn-OPDA), suggesting that antagonistic interactions between SA and oxylipin pathways during plant-fungus interactions are ancient and were established already in liverworts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsui
- Plant Proteomics Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Hidekazu Iwakawa
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gang-Su Hyon
- Plant Proteomics Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Izumi Yotsui
- Plant Proteomics Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Shinpei Katou
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano, 399-4598 Japan
| | - Isabel Monte
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Rainer Franzen
- Central Microscopy, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Roberto Solano
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Plant Proteomics Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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29
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Yamamoto K, Degawa Y, Yamada A. Taxonomic study of Endogonaceae in the Japanese islands: New species of Endogone, Jimgerdemannia, and Vinositunica, gen. nov. Mycologia 2020; 112:309-328. [PMID: 31967533 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1689092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Species of Endogonaceae (Endogonales, Mucoromycotina) are characterized by the formation of relatively large sporocarps and zygosporangia. Numerous species in this family remain undescribed or have unclear phylogenetic positions. In Asia specifically, the species diversity of this family is almost completely unknown. However, many mycobionts of bryophytes belonging to several novel clades in Endogonaceae have recently been identified phylogenetically. Therefore, establishing a robust taxonomic system for this family is essential. We obtained numerous sporocarps of undescribed Endogonaceae-like species from the Japanese islands. Morphological observation and multilocus phylogenetic analysis of nuc 18S rDNA (18S), nuc 28S rDNA (28S), and portions of two nuclear protein-coding regions-translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and RNA polymerase II large subunit (rpb1)-from these species resulted in the description of one new species each of Endogone and Jimgerdemannia and two new species of Vinositunica, gen. nov. Because Vinositunica is characterized by purplish sporocarps and red-wine-colored chlamydospores up to 700 μm in diameter, we emended the definition of Endogonaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304, Minami-minowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Yousuke Degawa
- Sugadaira Research Station, Montane Science Center, University of Tsukuba, 1278-294, Sugadaira, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yamada
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304, Minami-minowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304, Minami-minowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.,Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, 8304, Minami-minowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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30
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Benucci GMN, Burnard D, Shepherd LD, Bonito G, Munkacsi AB. Evidence for Co-evolutionary History of Early Diverging Lycopodiaceae Plants With Fungi. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2944. [PMID: 32010072 PMCID: PMC6974469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopods are tracheophytes in the Kingdom Plantae and represent one of the oldest lineages of living vascular plants. Symbiotic interactions between these plants with fungi and bacteria, including fine root endophytes in Endogonales, have been hypothesized to have helped early diverging plant lineages colonize land. However, attempts to study the lycopod rhizobiome in its natural environment are still limited. In this study, we used Illumina amplicon sequencing to characterize fungal and bacterial diversity in nine Lycopodiaceae (club moss) species collected in New Zealand. This was done with generic fungal ITS rDNA primers, as well as Endogonales- and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-selective primer sets targeting the 18S rDNA, and generic bacterial primers targeting the V4 region of the 16S rDNA. We found that the Lycopodiaceae rhizobiome was comprised of an unexpected high frequency of Basidiomycota and Ascomycota coincident with a low abundance of Endogonales and Glomerales. The distribution and abundance of Endogonales varied with host lycopod, and included a novel taxon as well as a single operational taxonomic unit (OTU) that was detected across all plant species. The Lycopodiaceae species with the greatest number and also most unique OTUs was Phlegmariurus varius, while the plant species that shared the most fungal OTUs were Lycopodiella fastigiatum and Lycopodium scariosum. The bacterial OTU distribution was generally not consistent with fungal OTU distribution. For example, community dissimilarity analysis revealed strong concordance between the evolutionary histories of host plants with the fungal community but not with the bacterial community, indicating that Lycopodiaceae have evolved specific relationships with their fungal symbionts. Notably, nearly 16% of the ITS rDNA fungal diversity detected in the Lycopodiaceae rhizobiome remained poorly classified, indicating there is much plant-associated fungal diversity left to describe in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Delaney Burnard
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lara D Shepherd
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Andrew B Munkacsi
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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31
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Rimington WR, Duckett JG, Field KJ, Bidartondo MI, Pressel S. The distribution and evolution of fungal symbioses in ancient lineages of land plants. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:23-49. [PMID: 32130512 PMCID: PMC7062687 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An accurate understanding of the diversity and distribution of fungal symbioses in land plants is essential for mycorrhizal research. Here we update the seminal work of Wang and Qiu (Mycorrhiza 16:299-363, 2006) with a long-overdue focus on early-diverging land plant lineages, which were considerably under-represented in their survey, by examining the published literature to compile data on the status of fungal symbioses in liverworts, hornworts and lycophytes. Our survey combines data from 84 publications, including recent, post-2006, reports of Mucoromycotina associations in these lineages, to produce a list of at least 591 species with known fungal symbiosis status, 180 of which were included in Wang and Qiu (Mycorrhiza 16:299-363, 2006). Using this up-to-date compilation, we estimate that fewer than 30% of liverwort species engage in symbiosis with fungi belonging to all three mycorrhizal phyla, Mucoromycota, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, with the last being the most widespread (17%). Fungal symbioses in hornworts (78%) and lycophytes (up to 100%) appear to be more common but involve only members of the two Mucoromycota subphyla Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina, with Glomeromycotina prevailing in both plant groups. Our fungal symbiosis occurrence estimates are considerably more conservative than those published previously, but they too may represent overestimates due to currently unavoidable assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
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32
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Fabiańska I, Sosa-Lopez E, Bucher M. The role of nutrient balance in shaping plant root-fungal interactions: facts and speculation. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 49:90-96. [PMID: 31733616 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota colonizing plant roots and their vicinity were shown not to be just random associations, but compose, at least to some extent, host-selected microbial consortia. The plant physiological status, especially the nutrient status, prompts changes in plant morphology and metabolism, which successively imposes a selective pressure on microbial communities. It is well established that a low phosphate status of the host plant activates the molecular machinery underlying the development of mutualistic associations in the host root with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We hypothesize that the plant´s response to changing nutrient stoichiometry affects processes at the root-mycosphere interface which promote or repress also root interactions with microbial taxa other than AMF. As a consequence, fundamental mechanisms underlying these interactions would be shared in AM host and non-host plants. A detailed understanding of the processes involved in maintenance of plant nutrient homeostasis could contribute to novel strategies in tailoring predominantly parasitic or commensalistic plant-microbe interactions towards beneficial associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fabiańska
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Esperanza Sosa-Lopez
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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33
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Yamamoto K, Shimamura M, Degawa Y, Yamada A. Dual colonization of Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina fungi in the basal liverwort, Haplomitrium mnioides (Haplomitriopsida). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:777-788. [PMID: 31617040 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In general, Glomeromycotina was thought to be the earliest fungi forming mycorrhiza-like structure (MLS) in land plant evolution. In contrast, because the earliest divergent lineage of extant land plants, i.e. Haplomitriopsida liverworts, associates only with Mucoromycotina mycobionts, recent studies suggested that those fungi are novel candidates for the earliest mycobionts. Therefore, Mucoromycotina-Haplomitriopsida association currently attracts attention as an ancient mycorrhiza-like association. However, mycobionts were identified in only 7 of 16 Haplomitriopsida species and the mycobionts diversity of this lineage is largely unclarified. To clarify the taxonomic composition of mycobionts in Haplomitriopsida, we observed MLSs in the rhizome of Haplomitrium mnioides (Haplomitriopsida), the Asian representative Haplomitriopsida species, and conducted molecular identification of mycobionts. It was recorded for the first time that Glomeromycotina and Mucoromycotina co-occur in Haplomitriopsida as mycobionts. Significantly, the arbuscule-like branching (ALB) of Glomeromycotina was newly described. As the Mucoromycotina fungi forming MLSs in H. mnioides, Endogonaceae and Densosporaceae were detected, in which size differences of hyphal swelling (HS) were found between the fungal families. This study provides a novel evidence in the MLS of Haplomitriopsida, i.e. the existence of Glomeromycotina association as well as the dominant Mucoromycotina association. In addition, since hyphal characteristics of the HS-type MLS were quite similar to those of fine endophytes (FE) of Endogonales in other bryophytes and vascular plants previously described, this MLS is suggested to be included in FE. These results suggest that Glomeromycotina and Mucoromycotina were acquired concurrently as the mycobionts by the earliest land plants evolved into arbuscular mycorrhizae and FE. Therefore, dual association of Haplomitriopsida, with Endogonales and Glomeromycotina will provide us novel insight on how the earliest land plants adapted to terrestrial habitats with fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Masaki Shimamura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yousuke Degawa
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, 1278-294 Sugadaira, Ueda, Nagano, 386-2204, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yamada
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
- Research Center for Fungal and Microbial Dynamism, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
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Rimington WR, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Field KJ, Bidartondo MI. Evolution and networks in ancient and widespread symbioses between Mucoromycotina and liverworts. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:551-565. [PMID: 31720838 PMCID: PMC6890582 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Like the majority of land plants, liverworts regularly form intimate symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycotina). Recent phylogenetic and physiological studies report that they also form intimate symbioses with Mucoromycotina fungi and that some of these, like those involving Glomeromycotina, represent nutritional mutualisms. To compare these symbioses, we carried out a global analysis of Mucoromycotina fungi in liverworts and other plants using species delimitation, ancestral reconstruction, and network analyses. We found that Mucoromycotina are more common and diverse symbionts of liverworts than previously thought, globally distributed, ancestral, and often co-occur with Glomeromycotina within plants. However, our results also suggest that the associations formed by Mucoromycotina fungi are fundamentally different because, unlike Glomeromycotina, they may have evolved multiple times and their symbiotic networks are un-nested (i.e., not forming nested subsets of species). We infer that the global Mucoromycotina symbiosis is evolutionarily and ecologically distinctive.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK.
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK.
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35
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Thirkell T, Cameron D, Hodge A. Contrasting Nitrogen Fertilisation Rates Alter Mycorrhizal Contribution to Barley Nutrition in a Field Trial. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1312. [PMID: 31736991 PMCID: PMC6831614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Controlled environment studies show that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may contribute to plant nitrogen (N) uptake, but the role of these near-ubiquitous symbionts in crop plant N nutrition under natural field conditions remains largely unknown. In a field trial, we tested the effects of N fertilisation and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar identity on the contribution of AMF to barley N uptake using 15N tracers added to rhizosphere soil compartments. AMF were shown capable of significantly increasing plant 15N acquisition from root exclusion zones, and this was influenced by nitrogen addition type, N fertiliser application rate and barley cultivar identity. Our data demonstrate a previously overlooked potential route of crop plant N uptake which may be influenced substantially and rapidly in response to shifting agricultural management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Thirkell
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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Hoysted GA, Jacob AS, Kowal J, Giesemann P, Bidartondo MI, Duckett JG, Gebauer G, Rimington WR, Schornack S, Pressel S, Field KJ. Mucoromycotina Fine Root Endophyte Fungi Form Nutritional Mutualisms with Vascular Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:565-577. [PMID: 31358684 PMCID: PMC6776871 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungi and plants have engaged in intimate symbioses that are globally widespread and have driven terrestrial biogeochemical processes since plant terrestrialization >500 million years ago. Recently, hitherto unknown nutritional mutualisms involving ancient lineages of fungi and nonvascular plants have been discovered, although their extent and functional significance in vascular plants remain uncertain. Here, we provide evidence of carbon-for-nitrogen exchange between an early-diverging vascular plant (Lycopodiella inundata) and Mucoromycotina (Endogonales) fine root endophyte fungi. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the same fungal symbionts colonize neighboring nonvascular and flowering plants. These findings fundamentally change our understanding of the physiology, interrelationships, and ecology of underground plant-fungal symbioses in modern terrestrial ecosystems by revealing the nutritional role of Mucoromycotina fungal symbionts in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Hoysted
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alison S Jacob
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Kowal
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Giesemann
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - William R Rimington
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Ogura-Tsujita Y, Yamamoto K, Hirayama Y, Ebihara A, Morita N, Imaichi R. Fern gametophytes of Angiopteris lygodiifolia and Osmunda japonica harbor diverse Mucoromycotina fungi. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:581-588. [PMID: 31292767 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis between plants and fungi is ubiquitous, and has been played key roles in plant terrestrialization and diversification. Although arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses with Glomeromycotina fungi have long been recognized as both ancient and widespread symbionts, recent studies showed that Mucoromycotina fungi were also ancestral symbionts and would thus be expected to co-exist with many land plants. To explore whether Mucoromycotina colonize fern gametophytes, we subjected fungal associations with gametophytes of two distantly related ferns, Angiopteris lygodiifolia (Marattiales) and Osmunda japonica (Osmundales), to molecular analysis. Direct PCR amplification from intracellular hyphal coils was also performed. We detected Mucoromycotina sequences in the gametophytes of A. lygodiifolia and O. japonica at rates of 41% (7/17) and 50% (49/98) of gametophytes, respectively, and assigned them to 10 operational taxonomic units of Endogonales lineages. In addition, we used AM fungal-specific primers and detected Glomeromycotina sequences in all individuals examined. The results suggest that Glomeromycotina and Mucoromycotina colonized fern gametophytes simultaneously. We found that Mucoromycotina were present in fern gametophytes of Marratiales and Osmundales, which implies that a variety of fern taxa have Mucoromycotina associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ogura-Tsujita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjyo-machi, Saga, 840-8502, Japan.
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Tochigi Prefectural Museum, 2-2 Mutsumi-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0865, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hirayama
- National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ebihara
- National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Nana Morita
- Mie Prefectural Museum, 3060 Isshinden-Kouzubeta, Tsu, Mie, 514-0061, Japan
| | - Ryoko Imaichi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
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38
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Klymiuk AA, Sikes BA. Suppression of root-endogenous fungi in persistently inundated Typha roots. Mycologia 2019; 111:748-757. [PMID: 31390954 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1635388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Wetland soils are defined by anoxic and reducing conditions that impose biogeochemically hostile conditions on plant roots and their endogenous fungal communities. The cosmopolitan wetland plant Typha L. mitigates root-zone anoxia efficiently, such that roots of these plants may constitute fungal habitats similar to roots in subaerially exposed soils. Alternatively, fungi may compete with plant cells for limited oxygen in inundated roots. We hypothesized that extrinsic environmental factors may reduce fungal incidence and affect fungal community structure within inundated roots as compared with those in subaerially exposed soils. We sampled roots of Typha spp. plants across inundation gradients in constructed reservoirs; root subsamples were microscopically examined for fungal structures, and morphologically distinct fungal endophytes were cultured and isolated from surface-sterilized subsamples. We found that the incidence of fungal hyphae was suppressed for all types of vegetative mycelia when roots were inundated, regardless of depth, but that there were no obvious differences in community composition of fungi cultured from roots growing in inundated versus subaerially exposed soils. This suggests that the suppression of hyphae we observed in root samples did not result from changes in community composition. Instead, low hyphal incidence in inundated Typha roots may reflect germinal inhibition or unsuccessful initial colonization, possibly owing to plant-mediated redox dynamism in the surrounding soil. No variation was seen in the incidence of asexual spores, or chytridiomycetes, nor were there significant differences between geographically disparate sampling sites. Communities of root-endogenous fungi may therefore be influenced more strongly by external environmental factors than by the environments that plant roots comprise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Klymiuk
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Haworth Hall , 1200 Sunnyside Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66045.,Field Museum of Natural History, Gantz Family Collections Center , 1400 S Lake Shore Drive , Chicago , Illinois 60605
| | - Benjamin A Sikes
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Haworth Hall , 1200 Sunnyside Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66045
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39
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Du ZY, Zienkiewicz K, Vande Pol N, Ostrom NE, Benning C, Bonito GM. Algal-fungal symbiosis leads to photosynthetic mycelium. eLife 2019; 8:47815. [PMID: 31307571 PMCID: PMC6634985 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic interactions between free-living algae and fungi are widespread in nature and are hypothesized to have facilitated the evolution of land plants and lichens. In all known algal-fungal mutualisms, including lichens, algal cells remain external to fungal cells. Here, we report on an algal-fungal interaction in which Nannochloropsis oceanica algal cells become internalized within the hyphae of the fungus Mortierella elongata. This apparent symbiosis begins with close physical contact and nutrient exchange, including carbon and nitrogen transfer between fungal and algal cells as demonstrated by isotope tracer experiments. This mutualism appears to be stable, as both partners remain physiologically active over months of co-cultivation, leading to the eventual internalization of photosynthetic algal cells, which persist to function, grow and divide within fungal hyphae. Nannochloropsis and Mortierella are biotechnologically important species for lipids and biofuel production, with available genomes and molecular tool kits. Based on the current observations, they provide unique opportunities for studying fungal-algal mutualisms including mechanisms leading to endosymbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yan Du
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Natalie Vande Pol
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Nathaniel E Ostrom
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Gregory M Bonito
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
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40
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New evidence about the interactions between liverworts in the genus Symphyogyna (Pallaviciniaceae) and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Symbiosis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-019-00634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Field KJ, Bidartondo MI, Rimington WR, Hoysted GA, Beerling D, Cameron DD, Duckett JG, Leake JR, Pressel S. Functional complementarity of ancient plant-fungal mutualisms: contrasting nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon exchanges between Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina fungal symbionts of liverworts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:908-921. [PMID: 30919981 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Liverworts, which are amongst the earliest divergent plant lineages and important ecosystem pioneers, often form nutritional mutualisms with arbuscular mycorrhiza-forming Glomeromycotina and fine-root endophytic Mucoromycotina fungi, both of which coevolved with early land plants. Some liverworts, in common with many later divergent plants, harbour both fungal groups, suggesting these fungi may complementarily improve plant access to different soil nutrients. We tested this hypothesis by growing liverworts in single and dual fungal partnerships under a modern atmosphere and under 1500 ppm [CO2 ], as experienced by early land plants. Access to soil nutrients via fungal partners was investigated with 15 N-labelled algal necromass and 33 P orthophosphate. Photosynthate allocation to fungi was traced using 14 CO2 . Only Mucoromycotina fungal partners provided liverworts with substantial access to algal 15 N, irrespective of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Both symbionts increased 33 P uptake, but Glomeromycotina were often more effective. Dual partnerships showed complementarity of nutrient pool use and greatest photosynthate allocation to symbiotic fungi. We show there are important functional differences between the plant-fungal symbioses tested, providing new insights into the functional biology of Glomeromycotina and Mucoromycotina fungal groups that form symbioses with plants. This may explain the persistence of the two fungal lineages in symbioses across the evolution of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Grace A Hoysted
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - DavidJ Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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42
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Rozpądek P, Nosek M, Domka A, Ważny R, Jędrzejczyk R, Tokarz K, Pilarska M, Niewiadomska E, Turnau K. Acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus and alterations in sugar metabolism in response to inoculation with endophytic fungi. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1408-1423. [PMID: 30516827 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of an endophytic Zygomycete Mucor sp. in growth promotion and adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to increased energy demands of its hosts Arabidopsis arenosa and Arabidopsis thaliana was evaluated. Inoculation with the fungus improved the water use efficiency of the plants and allowed for them to utilize incident light for photochemistry more effectively by upregulating the expression of several photosystem I- and II-related genes and their respective proteins, proteins involved in light harvesting in PSII and PSI and carbon assimilation. This effect was independent of the ability of the plants to acquire nutrients from the soil. We hypothesize that the accelerated growth of the symbiotic plants resulted from an increase in their demand for carbohydrates and carbohydrate turnover (sink strength) that triggered a simultaneous upregulation of carbon assimilation. Arabidopsis plants inoculated with Mucor sp. exhibited upregulated expression in several genes encoding proteins involved in carbohydrate catabolism, sugar transport, and smaller starch grains that indicate a significant upregulation of carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rozpądek
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Michał Nosek
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Kraków, 30-084, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Domka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Rafał Ważny
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Roman Jędrzejczyk
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarz
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Kraków, 31-425, Poland
| | - Maria Pilarska
- The F. Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Niewiadomska
- The F. Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Turnau
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
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43
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Domka AM, Rozpaądek P, Turnau K. Are Fungal Endophytes Merely Mycorrhizal Copycats? The Role of Fungal Endophytes in the Adaptation of Plants to Metal Toxicity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:371. [PMID: 30930857 PMCID: PMC6428775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of soil with toxic metals is a worldwide problem, resulting in the disruption of plant vegetation and subsequent crop production. Thus, remediation techniques for contaminated soil and water remain a constant interest of researchers. Phytoremediation, which utilizes plants to remove or stabilize contaminants, is perceived to be a promising strategy. However, phytoremediation's use to date is limited because of constraints associated with such factors as slow plant growth rates or metal toxicity. Microbial-assisted phytoremediation serves as an alternative solution, since the impact of the microbial symbionts on plant growth and stress tolerance has frequently been described. Endophytic fungi occur in almost every plant in the natural environment and contribute to plant growth and tolerance to environmental stress conditions. Although this group of symbiotic fungi was found to form association with a wide range of hosts, including the non-mycorrhizal Brassicaceae metallophytes, their role in the response of plants to metal toxicity has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role of endophytic fungi in the tolerance of plants to toxic metals and highlights the similarities and differences between this group of symbiotic fungi and mycorrhizal associations in terms of the survival of the plant during heavy metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Rozpaądek
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Turnau
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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44
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Exploring the natural microbiome of the model liverwort: fungal endophyte diversity in Marchantia polymorpha L. Symbiosis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-019-00597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Strullu-Derrien C, Selosse MA, Kenrick P, Martin FM. The origin and evolution of mycorrhizal symbioses: from palaeomycology to phylogenomics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1012-1030. [PMID: 29573278 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1012 I. Introduction 1013 II. The mycorrhizal symbiosis at the dawn and rise of the land flora 1014 III. From early land plants to early trees: the origin of roots and true mycorrhizas 1016 IV. The diversification of the AM symbiosis 1019 V. The ECM symbiosis 1021 VI. The recently evolved ericoid and orchid mycorrhizas 1023 VII. Limits of paleontological vs genetic approaches and perspectives 1023 Acknowledgements 1025 References 1025 SUMMARY: The ability of fungi to form mycorrhizas with plants is one of the most remarkable and enduring adaptations to life on land. The occurrence of mycorrhizas is now well established in c. 85% of extant plants, yet the geological record of these associations is sparse. Fossils preserved under exceptional conditions provide tantalizing glimpses into the evolutionary history of mycorrhizas, showing the extent of their occurrence and aspects of their evolution in extinct plants. The fossil record has important roles to play in establishing a chronology of when key fungal associations evolved and in understanding their importance in ecosystems through time. Together with calibrated phylogenetic trees, these approaches extend our understanding of when and how groups evolved in the context of major environmental change on a global scale. Phylogenomics furthers this understanding into the evolution of different types of mycorrhizal associations, and genomic studies of both plants and fungi are shedding light on how the complex set of symbiotic traits evolved. Here we present a review of the main phases of the evolution of mycorrhizal interactions from palaeontological, phylogenetic and genomic perspectives, with the aim of highlighting the potential of fossil material and a geological perspective in a cross-disciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Strullu-Derrien
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paul Kenrick
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Francis M Martin
- Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
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Field KJ, Pressel S. Unity in diversity: structural and functional insights into the ancient partnerships between plants and fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:996-1011. [PMID: 29696662 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 996 I. Introduction 996 II. An ancient, and diverse, symbiosis 998 III. Structural diversity in ancient plant-fungal partnerships 1000 IV. Mycorrhizal unity in host plant nutrition 1002 V. Plant-to-fungus carbon transfer 1003 VI. From individuals to networks 1003 VII. Diverse responses of mycorrhizal functioning to dynamic environments 1006 VIII. Summary of future research direction 1007 Acknowledgements 1006 References 1006 SUMMARY: Mycorrhizal symbiosis is an ancient and widespread mutualism between plants and fungi that facilitated plant terrestrialisation > 500 million years ago, with key roles in ecosystem functioning at multiple scales. Central to the symbiosis is the bidirectional exchange of plant-fixed carbon for fungal-acquired nutrients. Within this unifying role of mycorrhizas, considerable diversity in structure and function reflects the diversity of the partners involved. Early diverging plants form mutualisms not only with arbuscular mycorrhizal Glomeromycotina fungi, but also with poorly characterised Mucoromycotina, which may also colonise the roots of 'higher' plants as fine root endophytes. Functional diversity in these symbioses depends on both fungal and plant life histories and is influenced by the environment. Recent studies have highlighted the roles of lipids/fatty acids in plant-to-fungus carbon transport and potential contributions of Glomeromycotina fungi to plant nitrogen nutrition. Together with emerging appreciation of mycorrhizal networks as multi-species resource-sharing systems, these insights are broadening our views on mycorrhizas and their roles in nutrient cycling. It is crucial that the diverse array of biotic and abiotic factors that together shape the dynamics of carbon-for-nutrient exchange between plants and fungi are integrated, in addition to embracing the unfolding and potentially key role of Mucoromycotina fungi in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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Powell JR, Rillig MC. Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ecosystem function. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1059-1075. [PMID: 29603232 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1059 I. Introduction: pathways of influence and pervasiveness of effects 1060 II. AM fungal richness effects on ecosystem functions 1062 III. Other dimensions of biodiversity 1062 IV. Back to basics - primary axes of niche differentiation by AM fungi 1066 V. Functional diversity of AM fungi - a role for biological stoichiometry? 1067 VI. Past, novel and future ecosystems 1068 VII. Opportunities and the way forward 1071 Acknowledgements 1072 References 1072 SUMMARY: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play important functional roles in ecosystems, including the uptake and transfer of nutrients, modification of the physical soil environment and alteration of plant interactions with other biota. Several studies have demonstrated the potential for variation in AM fungal diversity to also affect ecosystem functioning, mainly via effects on primary productivity. Diversity in these studies is usually characterized in terms of the number of species, unique evolutionary lineages or complementary mycorrhizal traits, as well as the ability of plants to discriminate among AM fungi in space and time. However, the emergent outcomes of these relationships are usually indirect, and thus context dependent, and difficult to predict with certainty. Here, we advocate a fungal-centric view of AM fungal biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships that focuses on the direct and specific links between AM fungal fitness and consequences for their roles in ecosystems, especially highlighting functional diversity in hyphal resource economics. We conclude by arguing that an understanding of AM fungal functional diversity is fundamental to determine whether AM fungi have a role in the exploitation of marginal/novel environments (whether past, present or future) and highlight avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff R Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
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Rimington WR, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Field KJ, Read DJ, Bidartondo MI. Ancient plants with ancient fungi: liverworts associate with early-diverging arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20181600. [PMID: 30305437 PMCID: PMC6191707 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizas are widespread in land plants including liverworts, some of the closest living relatives of the first plants to colonize land 500 million years ago (MYA). Previous investigations reported near-exclusive colonization of liverworts by the most recently evolved arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, the Glomeraceae, indicating a recent acquisition from flowering plants at odds with the widely held notion that arbuscular mycorrhizal-like associations in liverworts represent the ancestral symbiotic condition in land plants. We performed an analysis of symbiotic fungi in 674 globally collected liverworts using molecular phylogenetics and electron microscopy. Here, we show every order of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizes early-diverging liverworts, with non-Glomeraceae being at least 10 times more common than in flowering plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in liverworts and other ancient plant lineages (hornworts, lycopods, and ferns) were delimited into 58 taxa and 36 singletons, of which at least 43 are novel and specific to liverworts. The discovery that early plant lineages are colonized by early-diverging fungi supports the hypothesis that arbuscular mycorrhizas are an ancestral symbiosis for all land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Life Sciences Department, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Life Sciences Department, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Life Sciences Department, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David J Read
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK
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Strullu-Derrien C. Fossil filamentous microorganisms associated with plants in early terrestrial environments. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:122-128. [PMID: 29684703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in modern environments, where they have a variety of essential functions but little is known about their diversity and roles in early terrestrial environments. The earliest direct evidence of filamentous microorganisms associated with plants occurs around 407 million years ago in landscapes dominated by an herbaceous flora. 100 million years later, forests were well established and associations had increased in diversity. After more than a century since the first descriptions, the need for better understood fossils has renewed interest in their study. New discoveries and advances in imaging methods are beginning to reveal the importance of Cyanobacteria, Fungi and Oomycota and their interactions with plants in early floras.
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50
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Hoysted GA, Kowal J, Jacob A, Rimington WR, Duckett JG, Pressel S, Orchard S, Ryan MH, Field KJ, Bidartondo MI. A mycorrhizal revolution. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:1-6. [PMID: 29289791 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It has long been postulated that symbiotic fungi facilitated plant migrations onto land through enhancing the scavenging of mineral nutrients and exchanging these for photosynthetically fixed organic carbon. Today, land plant-fungal symbioses are both widespread and diverse. Recent discoveries show that a variety of potential fungal associates were likely available to the earliest land plants, and that these early partnerships were probably affected by changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here, we evaluate current hypotheses and knowledge gaps regarding early plant-fungal partnerships in the context of newly discovered fungal mutualists of early and more recently evolved land plants and the rapidly changing views on the roles of plant-fungal symbioses in the evolution and ecology of the terrestrial biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Hoysted
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Jill Kowal
- Department of Life Sciences, National History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Alison Jacob
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK
| | - William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, National History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, National History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, National History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Suzanne Orchard
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Megan H Ryan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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