1
|
Advani D, Kumar P. Uncovering Cell Cycle Dysregulations and Associated Mechanisms in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Glimpse of Hope for Repurposed Drugs. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04130-7. [PMID: 38532240 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The cell cycle is the sequence of events orchestrated by a complex network of cell cycle proteins. Unlike normal cells, mature neurons subsist in a quiescent state of the cell cycle, and aberrant cell cycle activation triggers neuronal death accompanied by neurodegeneration. The periodicity of cell cycle events is choreographed by various mechanisms, including DNA damage repair, oxidative stress, neurotrophin activity, and ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Given the relevance of cell cycle processes in cancer and neurodegeneration, this review delineates the overlapping cell cycle events, signaling pathways, and mechanisms associated with cell cycle aberrations in cancer and the major neurodegenerative disorders. We suggest that dysregulation of some common fundamental signaling processes triggers anomalous cell cycle activation in cancer cells and neurons. We discussed the possible use of cell cycle inhibitors for neurodegenerative disorders and described the associated challenges. We propose that a greater understanding of the common mechanisms driving cell cycle aberrations in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders will open a new avenue for the development of repurposed drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dia Advani
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110042, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao J, Wang W, Yan K, Zhao H, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhu W, Chen S. RNA-seq reveals Nup62 as a potential regulator for cell division after traumatic brain injury in mice hippocampus. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14913. [PMID: 36908815 PMCID: PMC10000302 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hippocampus impairment is a common condition encountered in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Several studies have investigated this phenomenon. However, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Methods In this study, Illumina RNA-seq technology was used to determine the gene expression profile in mice hippocampus after TBI. We then conducted bioinformatics analysis to identify the altered gene expression signatures and mechanisms related to TBI-induced pathology in the hippocampus. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot were adopted to verify the sequencing results. Results The controlled cortical impact was adopted as the TBI model. Hippocampal specimens were removed for sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis identified 27 upregulated and 17 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in post-TBI mouse models. Potential biological functions of the genes were determined via Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA)-based Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, which suggested a series of functional changes in the nervous system. Specifically, the nucleoporin 62 (Nup62) DEG was discussed and verified. Gene ontology biological process enriched analysis suggests that the cell division was upregulated significantly. The present study may be helpful for the treatment of impaired hippocampus after TBI in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenyu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shiwen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
FDA-Approved Kinase Inhibitors in Preclinical and Clinical Trials for Neurological Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121546. [PMID: 36558997 PMCID: PMC9784968 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers and neurological disorders are two major types of diseases. We previously developed a new concept termed "Aberrant Cell Cycle Diseases" (ACCD), revealing that these two diseases share a common mechanism of aberrant cell cycle re-entry. The aberrant cell cycle re-entry is manifested as kinase/oncogene activation and tumor suppressor inactivation, which are hallmarks of both tumor growth in cancers and neuronal death in neurological disorders. Therefore, some cancer therapies (e.g., kinase inhibition, tumor suppressor elevation) can be leveraged for neurological treatments. The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has so far approved 74 kinase inhibitors, with numerous other kinase inhibitors in clinical trials, mostly for the treatment of cancers. In contrast, there are dire unmet needs of FDA-approved drugs for neurological treatments, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), ischemic stroke (IS), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and others. In this review, we list these 74 FDA-approved kinase-targeted drugs and identify those that have been reported in preclinical and/or clinical trials for neurological disorders, with a purpose of discussing the feasibility and applicability of leveraging these cancer drugs (FDA-approved kinase inhibitors) for neurological treatments.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dietrich P, Alli S, Mulligan MK, Cox R, Ashbrook DG, Williams RW, Dragatsis I. Identification of cyclin D1 as a major modulator of 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 162:105581. [PMID: 34871739 PMCID: PMC8717869 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria dysfunction occurs in the aging brain as well as in several neurodegenerative disorders and predisposes neuronal cells to enhanced sensitivity to neurotoxins. 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a naturally occurring plant and fungal neurotoxin that causes neurodegeneration predominantly in the striatum by irreversibly inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid respiratory chain enzyme, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), the main constituent of the mitochondria respiratory chain complex II. Significantly, although 3-NP-induced inhibition of SDH occurs in all brain regions, neurodegeneration occurs primarily and almost exclusively in the striatum for reasons still not understood. In rodents, 3-NP-induced striatal neurodegeneration depends on the strain background suggesting that genetic differences among genotypes modulate toxicant variability and mechanisms that underlie 3-NP-induced neuronal cell death. Using the large BXD family of recombinant inbred (RI) strains we demonstrate that variants in Ccnd1 - the gene encoding cyclin D1 - of the DBA/2 J parent underlie the resistance to 3-NP-induced striatal neurodegeneration. In contrast, the Ccnd1 variant inherited from the widely used C57BL/6 J parental strain confers sensitivity. Given that cellular stress triggers induction of cyclin D1 expression followed by cell-cycle re-entry and consequent neuronal cell death, we sought to determine if the C57BL/6 J and DBA/2 J Ccnd1 variants are differentially modulated in response to 3-NP. We confirm that 3-NP induces cyclin D1 expression in striatal neuronal cells of C57BL/6 J, but this response is blunted in the DBA/2 J. We further show that striatal-specific alternative processing of a highly conserved 3'UTR negative regulatory region of Ccnd1 co-segregates with the C57BL/6 J parental Ccnd1 allele in BXD strains and that its differential processing accounts for sensitivity or resistance to 3-NP. Our results indicate that naturally occurring Ccnd1 variants may play a role in the variability observed in neurodegenerative disorders involving mitochondria complex II dysfunction and point to cyclin D1 as a possible therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dietrich
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Shanta Alli
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Megan K. Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Rachel Cox
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA,The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - David G. Ashbrook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Robert W. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ioannis Dragatsis
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Down-regulation of cyclin D2 in amyloid β toxicity, inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259740. [PMID: 34793515 PMCID: PMC8601534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we analyzed the effects of the systemic inflammatory response (SIR) and amyloid β (Aβ) peptide on the expression of genes encoding cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) in: (i) PC12 cells overexpressing human beta amyloid precursor protein (βAPP), wild-type (APPwt-PC12), or carrying the Swedish mutantion (APPsw-PC12); (ii) the murine hippocampus during SIR; and (iii) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. In APPwt-PC12 expression of cyclin D2 (cD2) was exclusively reduced, and in APPsw-PC12 cyclins cD2 and also cA1 were down-regulated, but cA2, cB1, cB2, and cE1 were up-regulated. In the SIR cD2, cB2, cE1 were found to be significantly down-regulated and cD3, Cdk5, and Cdk7 were significantly up-regulated. Cyclin cD2 was also found to be down-regulated in AD neocortex and hippocampus. Our novel data indicate that Aβ peptide and inflammation both significantly decreased the expression of cD2, suggesting that Aβ peptides may also contribute to downregulation of cD2 in AD brain.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu L, Ji NN, Wang H, Hua JY, Sun GL, Chen PP, Hua R, Zhang YM. Domino Effect of Interleukin-15 and CD8 T-Cell-Mediated Neuronal Apoptosis in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1450-1463. [PMID: 30430911 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of local factors on activation of immune cells infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS) in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain elusive. The cytokine, interleukin (IL)-15, is crucial for development and activation of CD8 T lymphocytes, a prominent lymphocytic population present in TBI lesions. We investigated whether IL-15 originates from astrocytes and whether IL-15 can evoke the CD8 T-lymphocyte response in TBI. We observed that astrocytes were activated in a rat model of TBI and that IL-15 was overexpressed on the surface of astrocytes. Further, CD8 T lymphocytes infiltrating TBI lesions colocalized with IL-15-expressing astrocytes. Activated CD8 T lymphocytes released granzyme B (Gra-b), which, in turn, activated caspase-3-induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and, ultimately, neuronal apoptosis. Conversely, inhibition of astrocyte activation by pre-treatment with the specific inhibitor, fluorocitrate (FC), that reduces carbon flux through the Krebs cycle in astrocytes resulted in improved neurological function and memory. FC pre-treatment was also associated with downregulated IL-15 expression and CD8 T-cell activation as well as decreased levels of neuronal apoptosis, suggesting that IL-15 initiated a domino effect toward apoptosis. In contrast, rats pre-treated with recombinant rat IL-15 showed upregulated CD8 T-cell numbers and Gra-b levels, in addition to induction of neuronal apoptosis. Together, our results indicated that IL-15 could induce neuronal apoptosis by enhancing CD8 T-cell function in a rat model of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated with Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ning-Ning Ji
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated with Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yu Hua
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Lin Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Pan-Pan Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Faculty of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of R/S-Roscovitine and CDKs Related Inhibition under Both Focal and Global Cerebral Ischemia: A Focus on Neurovascular Unit and Immune Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010104. [PMID: 33429982 PMCID: PMC7827530 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Following ischemic stroke, Neurovascular Unit (NVU) inflammation and peripheral leucocytes infiltration are major contributors to the extension of brain lesions. For a long time restricted to neurons, the 10 past years have shown the emergence of an increasing number of studies focusing on the role of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) on the other cells of NVU, as well as on the leucocytes. The most widely used CDKs inhibitor, (R)-roscovitine, and its (S) isomer both decreased brain lesions in models of global and focal cerebral ischemia. We previously showed that (S)-roscovitine acted, at least, by modulating NVU response to ischemia. Interestingly, roscovitine was shown to decrease leucocytes-mediated inflammation in several inflammatory models. Specific inhibition of roscovitine majors target CDK 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 showed that these CDKs played key roles in inflammatory processes of NVU cells and leucocytes after brain lesions, including ischemic stroke. The data summarized here support the investigation of roscovitine as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and provide an overview of CDK 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 functions in brain cells and leucocytes during cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
|
8
|
Makarevich O, Sabirzhanov B, Aubrecht TG, Glaser EP, Polster BM, Henry RJ, Faden AI, Stoica BA. Mithramycin selectively attenuates DNA-damage-induced neuronal cell death. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:587. [PMID: 32719328 PMCID: PMC7385624 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage triggers cell death mechanisms contributing to neuronal loss and cognitive decline in neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), and as a side effect of chemotherapy. Mithramycin, which competitively targets chromatin-binding sites of specificity protein 1 (Sp1), was used to examine previously unexplored neuronal cell death regulatory mechanisms via rat primary neurons in vitro and after TBI in mice (males). In primary neurons exposed to DNA-damage-inducing chemotherapy drugs in vitro we showed that DNA breaks sequentially initiate DNA-damage responses, including phosphorylation of ATM, H2AX and tumor protein 53 (p53), transcriptional activation of pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins, and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), activating caspase-dependent and caspase-independent intrinsic apoptosis. Mithramycin was highly neuroprotective in DNA-damage-dependent neuronal cell death, inhibiting chemotherapeutic-induced cell death cascades downstream of ATM and p53 phosphorylation/activation but upstream of p53-induced expression of pro-apoptotic molecules. Mithramycin reduced neuronal upregulation of BH3-only proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction, attenuated caspase-3/7 activation and caspase substrates' cleavage, and limited c-Jun activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated that mithramycin attenuates Sp1 binding to pro-apoptotic gene promoters without altering p53 binding suggesting it acts by removing cofactors required for p53 transactivation. In contrast, the DNA-damage-independent neuronal death models displayed caspase initiation in the absence of p53/BH3 activation and were not protected even when mithramycin reduced caspase activation. Interestingly, experimental TBI triggers a multiplicity of neuronal death mechanisms. Although markers of DNA-damage/p53-dependent intrinsic apoptosis are detected acutely in the injured cortex and are attenuated by mithramycin, these processes may play a reduced role in early neuronal death after TBI, as caspase-dependent mechanisms are repressed in mature neurons while other, mithramycin-resistant mechanisms are active. Our data suggest that Sp1 is required for p53-mediated transactivation of neuronal pro-apoptotic molecules and that mithramycin may attenuate neuronal cell death in conditions predominantly involving DNA-damage-induced p53-dependent intrinsic apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Makarevich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Boris Sabirzhanov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Taryn G Aubrecht
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ethan P Glaser
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Brian M Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Joseph C, Mangani AS, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Shen T, Dheer Y, Kb D, Mirzaei M, You Y, Graham SL, Gupta V. Cell Cycle Deficits in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Uncovering Molecular Mechanisms to Drive Innovative Therapeutic Development. Aging Dis 2020; 11:946-966. [PMID: 32765956 PMCID: PMC7390532 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Specialised function obligates neuronal cells to subsist in a quiescent state of cell cycle once differentiated and therefore the circumstances and mechanisms underlying aberrant cell cycle activation in post-mitotic neurons in physiological and disease conditions remains an intriguing area of research. There is a strict requirement of concurrence to cell cycle regulation for neurons to ensure intracellular biochemical conformity as well as interrelationship with other cells within neural tissues. This review deliberates on various mechanisms underlying cell cycle regulation in neuronal cells and underscores potential implications of their non-compliance in neural pathology. Recent research suggests that successful duplication of genetic material without subsequent induction of mitosis induces inherent molecular flaws that eventually assert as apoptotic changes. The consequences of anomalous cell cycle activation and subsequent apoptosis are demonstrated by the increased presence of molecular stress response and apoptotic markers. This review delineates cell cycle events under normal physiological conditions and deficits amalgamated by alterations in protein levels and signalling pathways associated with cell-division are analysed. Cell cycle regulators essentially, cyclins, CDKs, cip/kip family of inhibitors, caspases, bax and p53 have been identified to be involved in impaired cell cycle regulation and associated with neural pathology. The pharmacological modulators of cell cycle that are shown to impart protection in various animal models of neurological deficits are summarised. Greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms that are indispensable to cell cycle regulation in neurons in health and disease conditions will facilitate targeted drug development for neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Joseph
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | | | - Veer Gupta
- 2School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ting Shen
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Yogita Dheer
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Devaraj Kb
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- 3Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.,4Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.,4Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Breen PW, Krishnan V. Recent Preclinical Insights Into the Treatment of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:616. [PMID: 32774238 PMCID: PMC7381336 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative condition associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The central pathophysiological mechanisms by which repetitive cranial injury results in the neurodegeneration of CTE are poorly understood. Current well-established working models emphasize a central role for trauma-induced excessive phosphorylation and accumulation of insoluble tangles of Tau protein. In this review, we summarize recent data from preclinical animal models of CTE where a series of candidate treatments have been carefully evaluated, including kinase inhibitors, antibody therapy, and anti-inflammatory therapies. We discuss the overall translational potential of these approaches and provide recommendations for future bench-to-bedside treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Breen
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vaishnav Krishnan
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li Y, Cao T, Ritzel RM, He J, Faden AI, Wu J. Dementia, Depression, and Associated Brain Inflammatory Mechanisms after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061420. [PMID: 32521597 PMCID: PMC7349379 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the chronic effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) has long focused on sensorimotor deficits, neuropathic pain, bladder/bowel dysfunction, loss of sexual function, and emotional distress. Although not well appreciated clinically, SCI can cause cognitive impairment including deficits in learning and memory, executive function, attention, and processing speed; it also commonly leads to depression. Recent large-scale longitudinal population-based studies indicate that patients with isolated SCI (without concurrent brain injury) are at a high risk of dementia associated with substantial cognitive impairments. Yet, little basic research has addressed potential mechanisms for cognitive impairment and depression after injury. In addition to contributing to disability in their own right, these changes can adversely affect rehabilitation and recovery and reduce quality of life. Here, we review clinical and experimental work on the complex and varied responses in the brain following SCI. We also discuss potential mechanisms responsible for these less well-examined, important SCI consequences. In addition, we outline the existing and developing therapeutic options aimed at reducing SCI-induced brain neuroinflammation and post-injury cognitive and emotional impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Tuoxin Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Rodney M. Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Junyun He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
- University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
- University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-706-5189
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Crupi R, Cordaro M, Cuzzocrea S, Impellizzeri D. Management of Traumatic Brain Injury: From Present to Future. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040297. [PMID: 32252390 PMCID: PMC7222188 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TBI (traumatic brain injury) is a major cause of death among youth in industrialized societies. Brain damage following traumatic injury is a result of direct and indirect mechanisms; indirect or secondary injury involves the initiation of an acute inflammatory response, including the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), brain edema, infiltration of peripheral blood cells, and activation of resident immunocompetent cells, as well as the release of numerous immune mediators such as interleukins and chemotactic factors. TBI can cause changes in molecular signaling and cellular functions and structures, in addition to tissue damage, such as hemorrhage, diffuse axonal damages, and contusions. TBI typically disturbs brain functions such as executive actions, cognitive grade, attention, memory data processing, and language abilities. Animal models have been developed to reproduce the different features of human TBI, better understand its pathophysiology, and discover potential new treatments. For many years, the first approach to manage TBI has been treatment of the injured tissue with interventions designed to reduce the complex secondary-injury cascade. Several studies in the literature have stressed the importance of more closely examining injuries, including endothelial, microglia, astroglia, oligodendroglia, and precursor cells. Significant effort has been invested in developing neuroprotective agents. The aim of this work is to review TBI pathophysiology and existing and potential new therapeutic strategies in the management of inflammatory events and behavioral deficits associated with TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98100 Messina, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, Messina University, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +390-906-765-208
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, Messina University, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xia P, Liu Y, Chen J, Cheng Z. Cell Cycle Proteins as Key Regulators of Postmitotic Cell Death. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:641-650. [PMID: 31866779 PMCID: PMC6913832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression in dividing cells, characterized by faithful replication of the genomic materials and duplication of the original cell, is fundamental for growth and reproduction of all mammalian organisms. Functional maturation of postmitotic cells, however, requires cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation. In mature postmitotic cells, many cell cycle proteins remain to be expressed, or can be induced and reactivated in pathological conditions such as traumatic injury and degenerative diseases. Interestingly, elevated levels of cell cycle proteins in postmitotic cells often do not induce proliferation, but result in aberrant cell cycle reentry and cell death. At present, the cell cycle machinery is known predominantly for regulating cell cycle progression and cell proliferation, albeit accumulating evidence indicates that cell cycle proteins may also control cell death, especially in postmitotic tissues. Herein, we provide a brief summary of these findings and hope to highlight the connection between cell cycle reentry and postmitotic cell death. In addition, we also outline the signaling pathways that have been identified in cell cycle-related cell death. Advanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cell cycle-related death is of paramount importance because this knowledge can be applied to develop protective strategies against pathologies in postmitotic tissues. Moreover, a full-scope understanding of the cell cycle machinery will allow fine tuning to favor cell proliferation over cell death, thereby potentially promoting tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhaokang Cheng
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Zhaokang Cheng, PhD, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, PBS 423, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd. Spokane, WA 99202-2131; Tel: 509-358-7741,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Manickavasagam D, Oyewumi MO. Internalization of particulate delivery systems by activated microglia influenced the therapeutic efficacy of simvastatin repurposing for neuroinflammation. Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
15
|
Huang B, Huang H, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Luo J, Liu M, Luo T. Cell cycle activation contributes to isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in the developing brain and the protective effect of CR8. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:612-620. [PMID: 30676695 PMCID: PMC6488878 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS It is well established that exposure of common anesthetic isoflurane in early life can induce neuronal apoptosis and long-lasting cognitive deficit, but the underlying mechanisms were not well understood. The cell cycle protein Cyclin B1 plays an important role in the survival of postmitotic neurons. In the present study, we investigated whether cyclin B1-mediated cell cycle activation pathway is a contributing factor in developmental isoflurane neurotoxicity. METHODS Postnatal day 7 mice were exposed to 1.2% isoflurane for 6 hours. CR8 (a selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases) was applied before isoflurane treatment. Brain samples were collected 6 hours after discontinuation of isoflurane, for determination of neurodegenerative biomarkers and cell cycle biomarkers. RESULTS We found that isoflurane exposure leads to upregulated expression of cell cycle-related biomarkers Cyclin B1, Phospho-CDK1(Thr-161), Phospho-n-myc and downregulated Phospho-CDK1 (Tyr-15). In addition, isoflurane induced increase in Bcl-xL phosphorylation, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation that resulted in neuronal cell death. Systemic administration of CR8 attenuated isoflurane-induced cell cycle activation and neurodegeneration. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the role of cell cycle activation to be a pathophysiological mechanism for isoflurane-induced apoptotic cell death and that treatment with cell cycle inhibitors may provide a possible therapeutic target for prevention of developmental anesthetic neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao‐Yi Huang
- Department of AnesthesiologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Hong‐Bing Huang
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhi‐Jing Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Zhi‐Gang Liu
- Department of AnesthesiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of PathologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Min Liu
- Health and Family Planning Capacity Building and Continuing Education Center of Shenzhen MunicipalityShenzhenChina
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of AnesthesiologyPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rubenstein R, Sharma DR, Chang B, Oumata N, Cam M, Vaucelle L, Lindberg MF, Chiu A, Wisniewski T, Wang KKW, Meijer L. Novel Mouse Tauopathy Model for Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation of Long-Term Effects on Cognition and Biomarker Levels After Therapeutic Inhibition of Tau Phosphorylation. Front Neurol 2019; 10:124. [PMID: 30915013 PMCID: PMC6421297 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for a group of neurodegenerative diseases termed tauopathies, which includes Alzheimer's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Although TBI is stratified by impact severity as either mild (m), moderate or severe, mTBI is the most common and the most difficult to diagnose. Tauopathies are pathologically related by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau (P-tau) and increased total tau (T-tau). Here we describe: (i) a novel human tau-expressing transgenic mouse model, TghTau/PS1, to study repetitive mild closed head injury (rmCHI), (ii) quantitative comparison of T-tau and P-tau from brain and plasma in TghTau/PS1 mice over a 12 month period following rmCHI (and sham), (iii) the usefulness of P-tau as an early- and late-stage blood-based biochemical biomarker for rmCHI, (iii) the influence of kinase-targeted therapeutic intervention on rmCHI-associated cognitive deficits using a combination of lithium chloride (LiCl) and R-roscovitine (ros), and (iv) correlation of behavioral and cognitive changes with concentrations of the brain and blood-based T-tau and P-tau. Compared to sham-treated mice, behavior changes and cognitive deficits of rmCHI-treated TghTau/PS1 mice correlated with increases in both cortex and plasma T-tau and P-tau levels over 12 months. In addition, T-tau, but more predominantly P-tau, levels were significantly reduced in the cortex and plasma by LiCl + ros approaching the biomarker levels in sham and drug-treated sham mice (the drugs had only modest effects on the T-tau and P-tau levels in sham mice) throughout the 12 month study period. Furthermore, although we also observed a reversal of the abnormal behavior and cognitive deficits in the drug-treated rmCHI mice (compared to the untreated rmCHI mice) throughout the time course, these drug-treated effects were most pronounced up until 10 and 12 months where the abnormal behavior and cognition deficits began to gradually increase. These studies describe: (a) a translational relevant animal model for TBI-linked tauopathies, and (b) utilization of T-tau and P-tau as rmCHI biomarkers in plasma to monitor novel therapeutic strategies and treatment regimens for these neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rubenstein
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases and CNS Biomarker Discovery, Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Deep R Sharma
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases and CNS Biomarker Discovery, Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Binggong Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases and CNS Biomarker Discovery, Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Nassima Oumata
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
| | - Morgane Cam
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
| | - Lise Vaucelle
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Allen Chiu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases and CNS Biomarker Discovery, Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarker Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Henry RJ, Doran SJ, Barrett JP, Meadows VE, Sabirzhanov B, Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Faden AI. Inhibition of miR-155 Limits Neuroinflammation and Improves Functional Recovery After Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:216-230. [PMID: 30225790 PMCID: PMC6361054 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-RNAs (miRs) are short, noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of secondary damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Among miRs linked to inflammation, miR-155 has been implicated as a pro-inflammatory factor in a variety of organ systems. We examined the expression profile of miR-155, following experimental TBI (controlled cortical impact) in adult male C57Bl/6 mice, as well as the effects of acute or delayed administration of a miR-155 antagomir on post-traumatic neuroinflammatory responses and neurological recovery. Trauma robustly increased miR-155 expression in the injured cortex over 7 days. Similar TBI-induced miR-155 expression changes were also found in microglia/macrophages isolated from the injured cortex at 7 days post-injury. A miR-155 hairpin inhibitor (antagomir; 0.5 nmol), administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) immediately after injury, attenuated neuroinflammatory markers at both 1 day and 7 days post-injury and reduced impairments in spatial working memory. Delayed ICV infusion of the miR-155 antagomir (0.5 nmol/day), beginning 24 h post-injury and continuing for 6 days, attenuated neuroinflammatory markers at 7 days post-injury and improved motor, but not cognitive, function through 28 days. The latter treatment limited NADPH oxidase 2 expression changes in microglia/macrophages in the injured cortex and reduced cortical lesion volume. In summary, TBI causes a robust and persistent neuroinflammatory response that is associated with increased miR-155 expression in microglia/macrophages, and miR-155 inhibition reduces post-traumatic neuroinflammatory responses and improves neurological recovery. Thus, miR-155 may be a therapeutic target for TBI-related neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sarah J. Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - James P. Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Victoria E. Meadows
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Boris Sabirzhanov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Bogdan A. Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - David J. Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, No. 6-011, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF No. 6-02, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hu K, Li Y, Yu H, Hu Y. CTBP1 Confers Protection for Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons in Rat Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroimmunomodulation 2019; 26:139-152. [PMID: 31340205 DOI: 10.1159/000500942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related devastating neurodegenerative disorder. The hippocampus and cerebral cortex are the most closely related brain regions of cognitive function and neurogenesis. The present study investigated the role of C-terminal-binding protein 1 (CTBP1) in AD. METHODS AD rat models were established through intracerebroventricular injection of β-amyloid polypeptide Aβ(25-35) and intragastric administration of aluminum chloride solution, and the expression pattern that CTBP1 showed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was determined. The learning and memory abilities of AD rats after CTBP1 overexpression were assessed. Hippocampal and cortical neurons were transfected with siRNA against CTBP1 or CTBP1-overexpressing plasmids in order to study the effects of CTBP1 elevation or depletion on neuron morphological changes, apoptosis, and viability. The expression of CTBP1, proapoptotic factor (B-cell lymphoma 2; Bcl-2), and antiapoptotic factors (Bcl-2-associated X protein [Bax] and caspase-3) was subsequently evaluated. RESULTS CTBP1 was poorly expressed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. AD rats displayed enhanced learning and memory abilities following CTBP1 overexpression. Furthermore, overexpression of CTBP1 improved morphological changes of hippocampal and cortical neurons, increased neuron activity, and inhibited neuron apoptosis in AD rats. Moreover, the expression of Bax and caspase-3 decreased, yet Bcl-2 increased. CONCLUSION Collectively, CTBP1 plays a protective role in the degeneration of hippocampal and cortical neurons whereby overexpressed CTBP1 attenuated the hippocampal and cortical neuron apoptosis and enhanced neuron activity, highlighting the potential of CTBP1 as a target for AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of TCM, Nanchang, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of TCM, Nanchang, China
| | - Huifen Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of TCM, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Comparing effects of CDK inhibition and E2F1/2 ablation on neuronal cell death pathways in vitro and after traumatic brain injury. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1121. [PMID: 30401820 PMCID: PMC6219504 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) activates multiple neuronal cell death mechanisms, leading to post-traumatic neuronal loss and neurological deficits. TBI-induced cell cycle activation (CCA) in post-mitotic neurons causes regulated cell death involving cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activation and initiation of an E2F transcription factor-mediated pro-apoptotic program. Here we examine the mechanisms of CCA-dependent neuronal apoptosis in primary neurons in vitro and in mice exposed to controlled cortical impact (CCI). In contrast to our prior work demonstrating robust neuroprotective effects by CDK inhibitors after TBI, examination of neuronal apoptotic mechanisms in E2F1−/−/E2F2−/− or E2F2−/− transgenic mice following CCI suggests that E2F1 and/or E2F2 likely play only a modest role in neuronal cell loss after brain trauma. To elucidate more critical CCA molecular pathways involved in post-traumatic neuronal cell death, we investigated the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of the potent CDK inhibitor CR8 in a DNA damage model of cell death in primary cortical neurons. CR8 treatment significantly reduced caspase activation and cleavage of caspase substrates, attenuating neuronal cell death. CR8 neuroprotective effects appeared to reflect inhibition of multiple pathways converging on the mitochondrion, including injury-induced elevation of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 homology region 3 (BH3)-only proteins Puma and Noxa, thereby attenuating mitochondrial permeabilization and release of cytochrome c and AIF, with reduction of both caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis. CR8 administration also limited injury-induced deficits in mitochondrial respiration. These neuroprotective effects may be explained by CR8-mediated inhibition of key upstream injury responses, including attenuation of c-Jun phosphorylation/activation as well as inhibition of p53 transactivation of BH3-only targets.
Collapse
|
20
|
Analysis of gene expression profiles of CR80, a neuroprotective 1,8-Naphthyridine. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:1289-1300. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The 1,8-naphthyridine CR80 (ethyl 5-amino-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrobenzo[b] [1,8]naphthyridine-3-carboxylate) has shown interesting neuroprotective properties in in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegeneration. In spite of these promising outcomes, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying CR80 actions need to be further explored. Materials & methods: We herein report the signal transduction pathways involved in developmental, neuroprotective and stress-activated processes, as well as the gene expression regulation by CR80 in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Results: The CR80 exposure upregulated several antioxidant enzymes (HO-1, GSR, SQSTM1, and TRXR1) and anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, P21, and Wnt6). Conclusion: The observed changes in gene expression would afford new insights on the neuroprotective profile of CR80.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ritzel RM, Doran SJ, Barrett JP, Henry RJ, Ma EL, Faden AI, Loane DJ. Chronic Alterations in Systemic Immune Function after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1419-1436. [PMID: 29421977 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a compelling link between severe brain trauma and immunosuppression in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although acute changes in the systemic immune compartment have been linked to outcome severity, the long-term consequences of TBI on systemic immune function are unknown. Here, adult male C57Bl/6 mice underwent moderate-level controlled cortical impact (CCI) or sham surgery, and systemic immune function was evaluated at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 60 days post-injury. Bone marrow, blood, thymus, and spleen were examined by flow cytometry to assess changes in immune composition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, phagocytic activity, and cytokine production. Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) from sham and 60-day CCI mice were cultured for immune challenge studies using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) models. Acutely, TBI caused robust bone marrow activation and neutrophilia. Neutrophils and monocytes exhibited impairments in respiratory burst, cytokine production, and phagocytosis; in contrast, ROS levels and pro-inflammatory cytokine production were chronically elevated at 60 days post-injury. Cultures of BMDMs from chronic CCI mice demonstrated defects in LPS- and IL-4-induced polarization when compared with stimulated BMDMs from sham mice. TBI also caused thymic involution, inverted CD4:CD8 ratios, chronic T lymphopenia, greater memory conversion, increased T cell activation, impaired interferon γ induction, and chronically elevated Th1 cytokine and ROS production. Collectively, our in-depth phenotypic and functional analyses demonstrate that TBI induces widespread suppression of innate and adaptive immune responses after TBI. Moreover, at chronic time points, TBI mice exhibit hallmarks of accelerated immune aging, displaying chronic deficits in systemic immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah J Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James P Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elise L Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu H, He J, Zhong J, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Liu L, Huang Z, Wu Y, Jiang L, Guo Z, Xu R, Chai W, Huo G, Sun X, Cheng C. Clinical and Basic Evaluation of the Prognostic Value of Uric Acid in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1072-1082. [PMID: 30013449 PMCID: PMC6036155 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.25799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: As a major antioxidant in serum, uric acid (UA) was once considered only as the leading cause of gout; however, recent studies have validated its neuroprotective role in ischemic stroke. Because the potential protective effects of UA in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain largely unknown, this study investigated the role of UA in TBI in both clinical patients and experimental animals. Methods: In TBI patients, serum UA concentrations were measured within 3 days after injury. Clinical outcomes at discharge were classified according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale: good outcome (4-5) and poor outcome (1-3). Risk factors for good outcome were identified via backward logistic regression analysis. For the animal study, a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury model was established in mice. These mice were given UA at different doses intraperitoneally, and subsequent UA concentrations in mouse serum and brain tissue were determined. Neurological function, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, neuronal maintenance, cerebral blood flow, and lesion size were also assessed. Results: The serum UA level was significantly lower in TBI patients who had a good outcome (P<0.01), and low serum UA was an independent predictor of good outcome after TBI (P<0.01; odds ratio, 0.023; 95% confidence interval, 0.006-0.082). Consistently, decreased levels of serum UA were observed in both TBI patients and CCI animals (P<0.05), whereas the UA concentration was increased in CCI brain tissue (P<0.05). Administration of UA further increased the UA level in brain tissue as compared to that in control animals (P<0.05). Among the different doses administered, 16 mg/kg UA improved sensorimotor functional recovery, spatial learning, and memory in CCI mice (P<0.05). Moreover, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response were inhibited by UA treatment (P<0.05). UA treatment also improved neuronal maintenance and cortical blood flow (P<0.05) but not lesion size (P>0.05). Conclusions: UA acted to attenuate neuronal loss, cerebral perfusion impairment and neurological deficits in TBI mice through suppression of neuronal and vascular oxidative stress. Following TBI, active antioxidant defense in the brain may result in consumption of UA in the serum, and thus, a decreased serum UA level could be predictive of good clinical recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junchi He
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongrong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaosi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weina Chai
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongjie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Manickavasagam D, Novak K, Oyewumi MO. Therapeutic Delivery of Simvastatin Loaded in PLA-PEG Polymersomes Resulted in Amplification of Anti-inflammatory Effects in Activated Microglia. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 20:18. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
24
|
El Hage K, Piquemal JP, Oumata N, Meijer L, Galons H, Gresh N. A Simple Isomerization of the Purine Scaffold of a Kinase Inhibitor, Roscovitine, Affords a Four- to Seven-Fold Enhancement of Its Affinity for Four CDKs. Could This Be Traced Back to Conjugation-Induced Stiffenings/Loosenings of Rotational Barriers? ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:3467-3474. [PMID: 30023695 PMCID: PMC6044500 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Roscovitine is an antitumor purine inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase CDK5, for which it displays submicromolar affinity. It reached phase IIb clinical trials in 2007. The search for analogues with improved kinase affinities led recently to an isomer, finisterine, having a nearly 10-fold greater affinity for both CDK5 and CDK9. It solely differs by the displacement of one nitrogen atom in the purine ring, from position 6 to position 9. This has no incidence on the intermolecular interaction of either drug with the neighboring sites that anchor the ring in the recognition site. Quantum chemistry calculations combined with conformational and topological analyses of the impact of the purine ring isomerization of roscovitine and finisterine on its conformational stability show that the modified electronic conjugation, on the other hand, results in a stiffening of the rotational barrier around the extracyclic C-NH bond of finisterine, vicinal to N9, and to which an aryl ring is connected, along with a loosening of the barrier around an extracyclic C6-C bond connecting to a shorter, hydrophobic arm. The first effect is proposed to lead to a lesser hydration entropy of solvation in the case of finisterine, thus to a facilitated desolvation term in the overall energy balances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystel El Hage
- Chemistry
and Biology Nucleo(s)tides and Immunology for Therapy (CBNIT), UMR 8601 CNRS, UFR Biomédicale, Paris 75006, France
- Centre
d’Analyses et de Recherche, UR EGFEM, LSIM, Faculté
des Sciences, Saint Joseph University of
Beirut, B.P. 11-514 Riad
El Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon
| | - Jean-Philip Piquemal
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC, UMR7616 CNRS, Paris 75005, France
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nassima Oumata
- ManRos
Therapeutics, Hôtel de Recherche, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff 29680, France
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos
Therapeutics, Hôtel de Recherche, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff 29680, France
| | - Hervé Galons
- ManRos
Therapeutics, Hôtel de Recherche, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff 29680, France
- Unité
de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Université Paris Descartes UMR-S 1022 Inserm, 4 avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris 75006, France
| | - Nohad Gresh
- Chemistry
and Biology Nucleo(s)tides and Immunology for Therapy (CBNIT), UMR 8601 CNRS, UFR Biomédicale, Paris 75006, France
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC, UMR7616 CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pearn ML, Niesman IR, Egawa J, Sawada A, Almenar-Queralt A, Shah SB, Duckworth JL, Head BP. Pathophysiology Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Treatments and Potential Novel Therapeutics. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:571-585. [PMID: 27383839 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death of young people in the developed world. In the United States alone, 1.7 million traumatic events occur annually accounting for 50,000 deaths. The etiology of TBI includes traffic accidents, falls, gunshot wounds, sports, and combat-related events. TBI severity ranges from mild to severe. TBI can induce subtle changes in molecular signaling, alterations in cellular structure and function, and/or primary tissue injury, such as contusion, hemorrhage, and diffuse axonal injury. TBI results in blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and leakage, which allows for increased extravasation of immune cells (i.e., increased neuroinflammation). BBB dysfunction and impaired homeostasis contribute to secondary injury that occurs from hours to days to months after the initial trauma. This delayed nature of the secondary injury suggests a potential therapeutic window. The focus of this article is on the (1) pathophysiology of TBI and (2) potential therapies that include biologics (stem cells, gene therapy, peptides), pharmacological (anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic, progrowth), and noninvasive (exercise, transcranial magnetic stimulation). In final, the review briefly discusses membrane/lipid rafts (MLR) and the MLR-associated protein caveolin (Cav). Interventions that increase Cav-1, MLR formation, and MLR recruitment of growth-promoting signaling components may augment the efficacy of pharmacologic agents or already existing endogenous neurotransmitters and neurotrophins that converge upon progrowth signaling cascades resulting in improved neuronal function after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Pearn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Medical Center 125, University of California, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161-5085, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ingrid R Niesman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Junji Egawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Medical Center 125, University of California, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161-5085, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Atsushi Sawada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Medical Center 125, University of California, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161-5085, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Angels Almenar-Queralt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sameer B Shah
- UCSD Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Josh L Duckworth
- Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Brian P Head
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Medical Center 125, University of California, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161-5085, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ji X, Peng D, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Gao Y, Lu N, Tang P. Astaxanthin improves cognitive performance in mice following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2016; 1659:88-95. [PMID: 28048972 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) produces lasting neurological deficits that plague patients and physicians. To date, there is no effective method to combat the source of this problem. Here, we utilized a mild, closed head TBI model to determine the modulatory effects of a natural dietary compound, astaxanthin (AST). AST is centrally active following oral administration and is neuroprotective in experimental brain ischemia/stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) models. We examined the effects of oral AST on the long-term neurological functional recovery and histological outcomes following moderate TBI in a mice model. METHODS Male adult ICR mice were divided into 3 groups: (1) Sham+olive oil vehicle treated, (2) TBI+olive oil vehicle treated, and (3) TBI+AST. The olive oil vehicle or AST were administered via oral gavage at scheduled time points. Closed head brain injury was applied using M.A. Flierl weight-drop method. NSS, Rotarod, ORT, and Y-maze were performed to test the behavioral or neurological outcome. The brain sections from the mice were stained with H&E and cresyl-violet to test the injured lesion volume and neuronal loss. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the mechanisms of neuronal cell survival and neurological function improvement. RESULTS AST administration improved the sensorimotor performance on the Neurological Severity Score (NSS) and rotarod test and enhanced cognitive function recovery in the object recognition test (ORT) and Y-maze test. Moreover, AST treatment reduced the lesion size and neuronal loss in the cortex compared with the vehicle-treated TBI group. AST also restored the levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), synapsin, and synaptophysin (SYP) in the cerebral cortex, which indicates the promotion of neuronal survival and plasticity. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the protective role and the underlining mechanism of AST in TBI. Based on these neuroprotective actions and considering its longstanding clinical use, AST should be considered for the clinical treatment of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Ji
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital (301 Hospital), 28 Fuxing Road, Wukesong, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Dayong Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jing Shi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital (301 Hospital), 28 Fuxing Road, Wukesong, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital (301 Hospital), 28 Fuxing Road, Wukesong, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Yuning Wang
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital (301 Hospital), 28 Fuxing Road, Wukesong, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital (301 Hospital), 28 Fuxing Road, Wukesong, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Ning Lu
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital (301 Hospital), 28 Fuxing Road, Wukesong, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Peifu Tang
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital (301 Hospital), 28 Fuxing Road, Wukesong, Beijing 100000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Skovira JW, Wu J, Matyas JJ, Kumar A, Hanscom M, Kabadi SV, Fang R, Faden AI. Cell cycle inhibition reduces inflammatory responses, neuronal loss, and cognitive deficits induced by hypobaria exposure following traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:299. [PMID: 27903275 PMCID: PMC5131508 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients in military settings can be exposed to prolonged periods of hypobaria (HB) during aeromedical evacuation. Hypobaric exposure, even with supplemental oxygen to prevent hypoxia, worsens outcome after experimental TBI, in part by increasing neuroinflammation. Cell cycle activation (CCA) after TBI has been implicated as a mechanism contributing to both post-traumatic cell death and neuroinflammation. Here, we examined whether hypobaric exposure in rats subjected to TBI increases CCA and microglial activation in the brain, as compared to TBI alone, and to evaluate the ability of a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor (CR8) to reduce such changes and improve behavioral outcomes. Methods Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to fluid percussion-induced injury, and HB exposure was performed at 6 h after TBI. Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to assess cell cycle-related protein expression and inflammation at 1 and 30 days after injury. CR8 was administered intraperitoneally at 3 h post-injury; chronic functional recovery and histological changes were assessed. Results Post-traumatic hypobaric exposure increased upregulation of cell cycle-related proteins (cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and CDK4) and microglial/macrophage activation in the ipsilateral cortex at day 1 post-injury as compared to TBI alone. Increased immunoreactivity of cell cycle proteins, as well as numbers of Iba-1+ and GFAP+ cells in both the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus were found at day 30 post-injury. TBI/HB significantly increased the numbers of NADPH oxidase 2 (gp91phox) enzyme-expressing cells that were co-localized with Iba-1+. Each of these changes was significantly reduced by the administration of CR8. Unbiased stereological assessment showed significantly decreased numbers of microglia displaying the highly activated phenotype in the ipsilateral cortex of TBI/HB/CR8 rats compared with TBI/HB/Veh rats. Moreover, treatment with this CDK inhibitor also significantly improved spatial and retention memory and reduced lesion volume and hippocampal neuronal cell loss. Conclusions HB exposure following TBI increases CCA, neuroinflammation, and associated neuronal cell loss. These changes and post-traumatic cognitive deficits are reduced by CDK inhibition; such drugs may therefore serve to protect TBI patients requiring aeromedical evacuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Skovira
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Research Division Pharmacology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Jessica J Matyas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Marie Hanscom
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Shruti V Kabadi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Raymond Fang
- Program in Trauma, Center for the Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills (C-STARS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tweedie D, Rachmany L, Kim DS, Rubovitch V, Lehrmann E, Zhang Y, Becker KG, Perez E, Pick CG, Greig NH. Mild traumatic brain injury-induced hippocampal gene expressions: The identification of target cellular processes for drug development. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 272:4-18. [PMID: 26868732 PMCID: PMC4977213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI) poses short-term or long-lasting health issues for family members and health care providers. Presently there are no approved medicines to treat TBI. Epidemiological evidence suggests that TBI may cause neurodegenerative disease later in life. In an effort to illuminate target cellular processes for drug development, we examined the effects of a mild TBI on hippocampal gene expression in mouse. METHODS mTBI was induced in a closed head, weight drop-system in mice (ICR). Animals were anesthetized and subjected to mTBI (30g). Fourteen days after injury the ipsilateral hippocampus was utilized for cDNA gene array studies. mTBI animals were compared with sham-operated animals. Genes regulated by TBI were identified to define TBI-induced physiological/pathological processes. mTBI regulated genes were divided into functional groupings to provide gene ontologies. Genes were further divided to identify molecular/cellular pathways regulated by mTBI. RESULTS Numerous genes were regulated after a single mTBI event that mapped to many ontologies and molecular pathways related to inflammation and neurological physiology/pathology, including neurodegenerative disease. CONCLUSIONS These data illustrate diverse transcriptional changes in hippocampal tissues triggered by a single mild injury. The systematic analysis of individual genes that lead to the identification of functional categories, such as gene ontologies and then molecular pathways, illustrate target processes of relevance to TBI pathology. These processes may be further dissected to identify key factors that can be evaluated at the protein level to highlight possible treatments for TBI in human disease and potential biomarkers of neurodegenerative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Tweedie
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Lital Rachmany
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dong Seok Kim
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Peptron Inc., 37-24, Yuseong-daero 1628 beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Vardit Rubovitch
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Elin Lehrmann
- Laboratory of Genetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kevin G Becker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Evelyn Perez
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu J, Sabirzhanov B, Stoica BA, Lipinski MM, Zhao Z, Zhao S, Ward N, Yang D, Faden AI. Ablation of the transcription factors E2F1-2 limits neuroinflammation and associated neurological deficits after contusive spinal cord injury. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3698-712. [PMID: 26505089 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces cell cycle activation (CCA) that contributes to secondary injury and related functional impairments such as motor deficits and hyperpathia. E2F1 and E2F2 are members of the activator sub-family of E2F transcription factors that play an important role in proliferating cells and in cell cycle-related neuronal death, but no comprehensive study have been performed in SCI to determine the relative importance of these factors. Here we examined the temporal distribution and cell-type specificity of E2F1 and E2F2 expression following mouse SCI, as well as the effects of genetic deletion of E2F1-2 on neuronal cell death, neuroinflammation and associated neurological dysfunction. SCI significantly increased E2F1 and E2F2 expression in active caspase-3(+) neurons/oligodendrocytes as well as in activated microglia/astrocytes. Injury-induced up-regulation of cell cycle-related genes and protein was significantly reduced by intrathecal injection of high specificity E2F decoy oligodeoxynucleotides against the E2F-binding site or in E2F1-2 null mice. Combined E2F1+2 siRNA treatment show greater neuroprotection in vivo than E2F1 or E2F2 single siRNA treatment. Knockout of both E2F1 and E2F2 genes (E2Fdko) significantly reduced neuronal death, neuroinflammation, and tissue damage, as well as limiting motor dysfunction and hyperpathia after SCI. Both CCA reduction and functional improvement in E2Fdko mice were greater than those in E2F2ko model. These studies demonstrate that SCI-induced activation of E2F1-2 mediates CCA, contributing to gliopathy and neuronal/tissue loss associated with motor impairments and post-traumatic hyperesthesia. Thus, E2F1-2 provide a therapeutic target for decreasing secondary tissue damage and promoting recovery of function after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Wu
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA.,b Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology ; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Boris Sabirzhanov
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA.,b Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology ; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Marta M Lipinski
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA.,b Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology ; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Zaorui Zhao
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Shuxin Zhao
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Nicole Ward
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Dianer Yang
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA.,b Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology ; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Expression of Sam68 Associates with Neuronal Apoptosis and Reactive Astrocytes After Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:487-498. [PMID: 27236696 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Src-associated in mitosis (Sam68; 68 kDa) is a novel RNA-binding protein that belongs to the signal transduction and activation of RNA family involved in various biological processes. However, the expression and roles of Sam68 in the central nervous system remain unknown. In the present study, we performed a spinal cord injury (SCI) model in adult rats and found a significant increase of Sam68 protein levels in this model, which reached a peak at day 3 and then gradually returned to normal levels at day 14 after SCI. We use immunohistochemistry analysis revealing a widespread distribution of Sam68 in the spinal cord. In addition, double-immunofluorescence staining showed that Sam68 immunoreactivity was found predominantly in neurons and astrocytes. Moreover, colocalization of Sam68/active caspase-3 has been respectively detected in neuronal nuclei, and colocalization of Sam68/PCNA has been detected in glial fibrillary acidic protein. In vitro, we found that depletion of Sam68 by short interfering RNA inhibits neuronal apoptosis and astrocyte proliferation and decreases cyclin D1 protein levels. In conclusion, this is the first study to find the Sam68 expression in SCI. Our results suggest that Sam68 might be illustrated in the apoptosis of neurons and proliferation of astrocytes after SCI. This research will provide new drug targets for clinical treatment of SCI.
Collapse
|
31
|
von Leden RE, Selwyn RG, Jaiswal S, Wilson CM, Khayrullina G, Byrnes KR. (18)F-FDG-PET imaging of rat spinal cord demonstrates altered glucose uptake acutely after contusion injury. Neurosci Lett 2016; 621:126-132. [PMID: 27084688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in an acute reduction in neuronal and glial cell viability, disruption in axonal tract integrity, and prolonged increases in glial activity and inflammation, all of which can influence regional metabolism and glucose utilization. To date, the understanding of glucose uptake and utilization in the injured spinal cord is limited. Positron emission tomography (PET)-based measurements of glucose uptake may therefore serve as a novel biomarker for SCI. This study aimed to determine the acute and sub-acute glucose uptake pattern after SCI to determine its potential as a novel non-invasive tool for injury assessment and to begin to understand the glucose uptake pattern following acute SCI. Briefly, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to moderate contusion SCI, confirmed by locomotor function and histology. PET imaging with [(18)F] Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was performed prior to injury and at 6 and 24h and 15days post-injury (dpi). FDG-PET imaging revealed significantly depressed glucose uptake at 6h post-injury at the lesion epicenter that returned to sham/naïve levels at 24h and 15 dpi after moderate injury. FDG uptake at 15 dpi was likely influenced by a combination of elevated glial presence and reduced neuronal viability. These results show that moderate SCI results in acute depression in glucose uptake followed by an increase in glucose uptake that may be related to neuroinflammation. This acute and sub-acute uptake, which is dependent on cellular responses, may represent a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona E von Leden
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Reed G Selwyn
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Shalini Jaiswal
- Translational Imaging Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Colin M Wilson
- Translational Imaging Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chakrabarti M, Das A, Samantaray S, Smith JA, Banik NL, Haque A, Ray SK. Molecular mechanisms of estrogen for neuroprotection in spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:271-81. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractEstrogen (EST) is a steroid hormone that exhibits several important physiological roles in the human body. During the last few decades, EST has been well recognized as an important neuroprotective agent in a variety of neurological disorders in the central nervous system (CNS), such as spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. The exact molecular mechanisms of EST-mediated neuroprotection in the CNS remain unclear due to heterogeneity of cell populations that express EST receptors (ERs) in the CNS as well as in the innate and adaptive immune system. Recent investigations suggest that EST protects the CNS from injury by suppressing pro-inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and cell death, while promoting neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and neurotrophic support. In this review, we have described the currently known molecular mechanisms of EST-mediated neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in SCI and TBI. At the same time, we have emphasized on the recent in vitro and in vivo findings from our and other laboratories, implying potential clinical benefits of EST in the treatment of SCI and TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Arabinda Das
- 2Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Supriti Samantaray
- 2Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Joshua A. Smith
- 2Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Naren L. Banik
- 2Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Meijer L, Nelson DJ, Riazanski V, Gabdoulkhakova AG, Hery-Arnaud G, Le Berre R, Loaëc N, Oumata N, Galons H, Nowak E, Gueganton L, Dorothée G, Prochazkova M, Hall B, Kulkarni AB, Gray RD, Rossi AG, Witko-Sarsat V, Norez C, Becq F, Ravel D, Mottier D, Rault G. Modulating Innate and Adaptive Immunity by (R)-Roscovitine: Potential Therapeutic Opportunity in Cystic Fibrosis. J Innate Immun 2016; 8:330-49. [PMID: 26987072 PMCID: PMC4800827 DOI: 10.1159/000444256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(R)-Roscovitine, a pharmacological inhibitor of kinases, is currently in phase II clinical trial as a drug candidate for the treatment of cancers, Cushing's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. We here review the data that support the investigation of (R)-roscovitine as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF). (R)-Roscovitine displays four independent properties that may favorably combine against CF: (1) it partially protects F508del-CFTR from proteolytic degradation and favors its trafficking to the plasma membrane; (2) by increasing membrane targeting of the TRPC6 ion channel, it rescues acidification in phagolysosomes of CF alveolar macrophages (which show abnormally high pH) and consequently restores their bactericidal activity; (3) its effects on neutrophils (induction of apoptosis), eosinophils (inhibition of degranulation/induction of apoptosis) and lymphocytes (modification of the Th17/Treg balance in favor of the differentiation of anti-inflammatory lymphocytes and reduced production of various interleukins, notably IL-17A) contribute to the resolution of inflammation and restoration of innate immunity, and (4) roscovitine displays analgesic properties in animal pain models. The fact that (R)-roscovitine has undergone extensive preclinical safety/pharmacology studies, and phase I and II clinical trials in cancer patients, encourages its repurposing as a CF drug candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Meijer
- Centre de Perharidy, ManRos Therapeutics, Roscoff, France
| | - Deborah J. Nelson
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
| | - Vladimir Riazanski
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
| | - Aida G. Gabdoulkhakova
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
| | - Geneviève Hery-Arnaud
- Unité de Bactériologie, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, CHRU Brest, Brest, France
- EA3882-LUBEM, Université de Brest, UFR de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Brest, France
| | - Rozenn Le Berre
- EA3882-LUBEM, Université de Brest, UFR de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Brest, France
- Département de Médecine Interne et Pneumologie, CHRU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Nadège Loaëc
- Centre de Perharidy, ManRos Therapeutics, Roscoff, France
| | - Nassima Oumata
- Centre de Perharidy, ManRos Therapeutics, Roscoff, France
| | - Hervé Galons
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Université Paris Descartes UMR-S 1022 INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Nowak
- Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, CHRU Brest, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1412, Brest, France
| | | | - Guillaume Dorothée
- Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), CdR Saint-Antoine, INSERM, UMRS 938, Paris, France
- Hôpital Saint-Antoine, CdR Saint-Antoine, UMRS 938, UPMC University Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Md., USA
| | - Bradford Hall
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Md., USA
| | - Ashok B. Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Md., USA
| | - Robert D. Gray
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adriano G. Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Caroline Norez
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Frédéric Becq
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Dominique Mottier
- Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, CHRU Brest, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1412, Brest, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Karelina K, Sarac B, Freeman LM, Gaier KR, Weil ZM. Traumatic brain injury and obesity induce persistent central insulin resistance. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1034-43. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Benjamin Sarac
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Lindsey M. Freeman
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Kristopher R. Gaier
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Zachary M. Weil
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sen T, Sen N. Treatment with an activator of hypoxia-inducible factor 1, DMOG provides neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:79-88. [PMID: 26970014 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major cause of morbidity and mortality and it affects more than 1.7 million people in the USA. A couple of regenerative pathways including activation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) are initiated to reduce cellular damage following TBI; however endogenous activation of these pathways is not enough to provide neuroprotection after TBI. Thus we aimed to see whether sustained activation of HIF-1α can provide neuroprotection and neurorepair following TBI. We found that chronic treatment with dimethyloxaloylglycine (DMOG) markedly increases the expression level of HIF-1α and mRNA levels of its downstream proteins such as Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 and 4 (PDK1, PDK4) and Erythropoietin (EPO). Treatment of DMOG activates a major cell survival protein kinase Akt and reduces both cell death and lesion volume following TBI. Moreover, administration of DMOG augments cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) staining in pericontusional cortex after TBI, which suggests that DMOG stimulates angiogenesis after TBI. Treatment with DMOG also improves both memory and motor functions after TBI. Taken together our results suggest that sustained activation of HIF-1α provides significant neuroprotection following TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanusree Sen
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States; Department of Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, United States
| | - Nilkantha Sen
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sajja VSSS, Hlavac N, VandeVord PJ. Role of Glia in Memory Deficits Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Biomarkers of Glia Dysfunction. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 10:7. [PMID: 26973475 PMCID: PMC4770450 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2016.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, glial cells have been recognized as a structural component of the brain. However, it has become clear that glial cells are intimately involved in the complexities of neural networks and memory formations. Astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes have dynamic responsibilities which substantially impact neuronal function and activities. Moreover, the importance of glia following brain injury has come to the forefront in discussions to improve axonal regeneration and functional recovery. The numerous activities of glia following injury can either promote recovery or underlie the pathobiology of memory deficits. This review outlines the pathological states of glial cells which evolve from their positive supporting roles to those which disrupt synaptic function and neuroplasticity following injury. Evidence suggests that glial cells interact extensively with neurons both chemically and physically, reinforcing their role as pivotal for higher brain functions such as learning and memory. Collectively, this mini review surveys investigations of how glial dysfunction following brain injury can alter mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and how this may be related to an increased risk for persistent memory deficits. We also include recent findings, that demonstrate new molecular avenues for clinical biomarker discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata S S S Sajja
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Nora Hlavac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech University Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Pamela J VandeVord
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech University Blacksburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
White TE, Surles-Zeigler MC, Ford GD, Gates AS, Davids B, Distel T, LaPlaca MC, Ford BD. Bilateral gene interaction hierarchy analysis of the cell death gene response emphasizes the significance of cell cycle genes following unilateral traumatic brain injury. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:130. [PMID: 26912237 PMCID: PMC4765060 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed or secondary cell death that is caused by a cascade of cellular and molecular processes initiated by traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be reduced or prevented if an effective neuroprotective strategy is employed. Microarray and subsequent bioinformatic analyses were used to determine which genes, pathways and networks were significantly altered 24 h after unilateral TBI in the rat. Ipsilateral hemi-brain, the corresponding contralateral hemi-brain, and naïve (control) brain tissue were used for microarray analysis. RESULTS Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed cell death and survival (CD) to be a top molecular and cellular function associated with TBI on both sides of the brain. One major finding was that the overall gene expression pattern suggested an increase in CD genes in ipsilateral brain tissue and suppression of CD genes contralateral to the injury which may indicate an endogenous protective mechanism. We created networks of genes of interest (GOI) and ranked the genes by the number of direct connections each had in the GOI networks, creating gene interaction hierarchies (GIHs). Cell cycle was determined from the resultant GIHs to be a significant molecular and cellular function in post-TBI CD gene response. CONCLUSIONS Cell cycle and apoptosis signalling genes that were highly ranked in the GIHs and exhibited either the inverse ipsilateral/contralateral expression pattern or contralateral suppression were identified and included STAT3, CCND1, CCND2, and BAX. Additional exploration into the remote suppression of CD genes may provide insight into neuroprotective mechanisms that could be used to develop therapies to prevent cell death following TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd E White
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Monique C Surles-Zeigler
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Gregory D Ford
- Division of Natural Sciences and Physical Education, Georgia Highlands College, 5441 Highway 20, NE, Cartersville, GA, 30121, USA.
| | - Alicia S Gates
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Benem Davids
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Timothy Distel
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
- University of California-Riverside School of Medicine, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Michelle C LaPlaca
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Byron D Ford
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
- University of California-Riverside School of Medicine, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Selwyn RG, Cooney SJ, Khayrullina G, Hockenbury N, Wilson CM, Jaiswal S, Bermudez S, Armstrong RC, Byrnes KR. Outcome after Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Is Temporally Related to Glucose Uptake Profile at Time of Second Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1479-91. [PMID: 26650903 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) results in worsened outcomes, compared with a single injury, but the mechanism of this phenomenon is unclear. We have previously shown that mild TBI in a rat lateral fluid percussion model results in globally depressed glucose uptake, with a peak depression at 24 h that resolves by 16 days post-injury. The current study investigated the outcomes of a repeat injury conducted at various times during this period of depressed glucose uptake. Adult male rats were therefore subjected to rmTBI with a latency of 24 h, 5 days, or 15 days between injuries, followed by assessment of motor function, histopathology, and glucose uptake using positron emission tomography (PET). Rats that received a 24 h rmTBI showed significant deficits in motor function tasks, as well as significant increases in lesion volume and neuronal damage. The level of microglial and astrocytic activation also was associated with the timing of the second impact. Finally, rmTBI with latencies of 24 h and 5 days showed significant alterations in [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, compared with baseline scans. Therefore, we conclude that the state of the metabolic environment, as indicated by FDG-PET at the time of the repeat injury, significantly influences neurological outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reed G Selwyn
- 1 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
- 2 Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
- 3 Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Sean J Cooney
- 1 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
- 4 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- 4 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicole Hockenbury
- 4 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Colin M Wilson
- 1 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shalini Jaiswal
- 1 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sara Bermudez
- 4 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Regina C Armstrong
- 1 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
- 4 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- 1 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
- 4 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen M, Ni Y, Liu Y, Xia X, Cao J, Wang C, Mao X, Zhang W, Chen C, Chen X, Wang Y. Spatiotemporal Expression of EAPP Modulates Neuronal Apoptosis and Reactive Astrogliosis After Spinal Cord Injury. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1381-90. [PMID: 25704466 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
E2F-associated phosphoprotein (EAPP) is a novel E2F binding protein that interacts with the activating members of the E2F transcription factors family and involved in various biological processes. However, the expression and function of EAPP in central nervous system (CNS) are still unknown. In this study, we performed an acute spinal cord injury (SCI) model in adult rats, we found that EAPP protein levels were significantly increased and reached a peak at day 3, and then gradually returned to normal level at day 14 after spinal cord injury and we observed that the expression of EAPP is enhanced in the gray and white matter. Spatially, increased levels of EAPP were striking in neurons and astrocytes. Moreover, colocalization of EAPP/active caspase-3 was detected in neurons, and colocalization of EAPP/proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was detected in astrocytes after spinal cord injury. These results indicated that EAPP might play an important role in neuronal apoptosis and reactive astrogliosis. Furthermore in vitro, EAPP depletion by siRNA inhibited astrocyte proliferation, migration and CDK4/cyclinD1 expression. Meanwhile, EAPP knockdown also reduce neuronal apoptosis and cell cycle related proteins. Which indicated that EAPP might integrate cell cycle progression and play a crucial role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Taken together, we speculated that EAPP was involved in biochemical and physiological responses after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yingjie Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xishan People' Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jianhua Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chengniu Wang
- Basic Medical Research Centre, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xingxing Mao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xinlei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Youhua Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Czapski GA, Gąssowska M, Wilkaniec A, Chalimoniuk M, Strosznajder JB, Adamczyk A. The mechanisms regulating cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in hippocampus during systemic inflammatory response: The effect on inflammatory gene expression. Neurochem Int 2016; 93:103-12. [PMID: 26806339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is critical for nervous system's development and function, and its aberrant activation contributes to pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. It was recently suggested that Cdk5 may participate in regulation of inflammatory signalling. The aim of this study was to analyse the mechanisms involved in regulating Cdk5 activity in the brain during systemic inflammatory response (SIR) as well as the involvement of Cdk5 in controlling the expression of inflammatory genes. Genetic and biochemical alterations in hippocampus were analysed 3 and 12 h after intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. We observed an increase in both Cdk5 gene expression and protein level. Moreover, phosphorylation of Cdk5 on Ser159 was significantly enhanced. Also transcription of Cdk5-regulatory protein (p35/Cdk5r1) was augmented, and the level of p25, calpain-dependent cleavage product of p35, was increased. All these results demonstrated rapid activation of Cdk5 in the brain during SIR. Hyperactivity of Cdk5 contributed to enhanced phosphorylation of tau and glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Inhibition of Cdk5 with Roscovitine reduced activation of NF-κB and expression of inflammation-related genes, demonstrating the critical role of Cdk5 in regulation of gene transcription during SIR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz A Czapski
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gąssowska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna B Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability for people under 45 years of age. Clinical TBI is often the result of disparate forces resulting in heterogeneous injuries. Preclinical modeling of TBI is a vital tool for studying the complex cascade of metabolic, cellular, and molecular post-TBI events collectively termed secondary injury. Preclinical models also provide an important platform for studying therapeutic interventions. However, modeling TBI in the preclinical setting is challenging, and most models replicate only certain aspects of clinical TBI. This chapter details the most widely used models of preclinical TBI, including the controlled cortical impact, fluid percussion, blast, and closed head models. Each of these models replicates particular critical aspects of clinical TBI. Prior to selecting a preclinical TBI model, it is important to address what aspect of human TBI is being sought to evaluate.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kumar A, Alvarez-Croda DM, Stoica BA, Faden AI, Loane DJ. Microglial/Macrophage Polarization Dynamics following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:1732-1750. [PMID: 26486881 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated microglia and macrophages exert dual beneficial and detrimental roles after central nervous system injury, which are thought to be due to their polarization along a continuum from a classical pro-inflammatory M1-like state to an alternative anti-inflammatory M2-like state. The goal of the present study was to analyze the temporal dynamics of microglia/macrophage polarization within the lesion micro-environment following traumatic brain injury (TBI) using a moderate-level controlled cortical impact (CCI) model in mice. We performed a detailed phenotypic analysis of M1- and M2-like polarized microglia/macrophages, as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX2) expression, through 7 days post-injury using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), flow cytometry and image analyses. We demonstrated that microglia/macrophages express both M1- and M2-like phenotypic markers early after TBI, but the transient up-regulation of the M2-like phenotype was replaced by a predominant M1- or mixed transitional (Mtran) phenotype that expressed high levels of NOX2 at 7 days post-injury. The shift towards the M1-like and Mtran phenotype was associated with increased cortical and hippocampal neurodegeneration. In a follow up study, we administered a selective NOX2 inhibitor, gp91ds-tat, to CCI mice starting at 24 h post-injury to investigate the relationship between NOX2 and M1-like/Mtran phenotypes. Delayed gp91ds-tat treatment altered M1-/M2-like balance in favor of the anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype, and significantly reduced oxidative damage in neurons at 7 days post-injury. Therefore, our data suggest that despite M1-like and M2-like polarized microglia/macrophages being activated after TBI, the early M2-like response becomes dysfunctional over time, resulting in development of pathological M1-like and Mtran phenotypes driven by increased NOX2 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dulce-Mariely Alvarez-Croda
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Posgrado en Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana , Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan I Faden
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J Loane
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Central nervous system circuits modified in heart failure: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Heart Fail Rev 2015; 19:759-79. [PMID: 24573960 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-014-9427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of heart failure (HF) is characterized by an abnormal activation of neurohumoral systems, including the sympathetic nervous and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems, which have long-term deleterious effects on the disease progression. Perpetuation of this neurohumoral activation is partially dependent of central nervous system (CNS) pathways, mainly involving the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and some regions of the brainstem. Modifications in these integrative CNS circuits result in the attenuation of sympathoinhibitory and exacerbation of sympathoexcitatory pathways. In addition to the regulation of sympathetic outflow, these central pathways coordinate a complex network of agents with an established pathophysiological relevance in HF such as angiotensin, aldosterone, and proinflammatory cytokines. Central pathways could be potential targets in HF therapy since the current mainstay of HF pharmacotherapy aims primarily at antagonizing the peripheral mechanisms. Thus, in the present review, we describe the role of CNS pathways in HF pathophysiology and as potential novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
44
|
Reis C, Wang Y, Akyol O, Ho WM, Ii RA, Stier G, Martin R, Zhang JH. What's New in Traumatic Brain Injury: Update on Tracking, Monitoring and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11903-65. [PMID: 26016501 PMCID: PMC4490422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160611903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), defined as an alteration in brain functions caused by an external force, is responsible for high morbidity and mortality around the world. It is important to identify and treat TBI victims as early as possible. Tracking and monitoring TBI with neuroimaging technologies, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), positron emission tomography (PET), and high definition fiber tracking (HDFT) show increasing sensitivity and specificity. Classical electrophysiological monitoring, together with newly established brain-on-chip, cerebral microdialysis techniques, both benefit TBI. First generation molecular biomarkers, based on genomic and proteomic changes following TBI, have proven effective and economical. It is conceivable that TBI-specific biomarkers will be developed with the combination of systems biology and bioinformation strategies. Advances in treatment of TBI include stem cell-based and nanotechnology-based therapy, physical and pharmaceutical interventions and also new use in TBI for approved drugs which all present favorable promise in preventing and reversing TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Reis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Jinan, Guangzhou 250012, China.
| | - Onat Akyol
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Wing Mann Ho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria.
| | - Richard Applegate Ii
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Gary Stier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Robert Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhao Z, Sabirzhanov B, Wu J, Faden AI, Stoica BA. Voluntary Exercise Preconditioning Activates Multiple Antiapoptotic Mechanisms and Improves Neurological Recovery after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1347-60. [PMID: 25419789 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity can attenuate neuronal loss, reduce neuroinflammation, and facilitate recovery after brain injury. However, little is known about the mechanisms of exercise-induced neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury (TBI) or its modulation of post-traumatic neuronal cell death. Voluntary exercise, using a running wheel, was conducted for 4 weeks immediately preceding (preconditioning) moderate-level controlled cortical impact (CCI), a well-established experimental TBI model in mice. Compared to nonexercised controls, exercise preconditioning (pre-exercise) improved recovery of sensorimotor performance in the beam walk task, as well as cognitive/affective functions in the Morris water maze, novel object recognition, and tail-suspension tests. Further, pre-exercise reduced lesion size, attenuated neuronal loss in the hippocampus, cortex, and thalamus, and decreased microglial activation in the cortex. In addition, exercise preconditioning activated the brain-derived neurotrophic factor pathway before trauma and amplified the injury-dependent increase in heat shock protein 70 expression, thus attenuating key apoptotic pathways. The latter include reduction in CCI-induced up-regulation of proapoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-homology 3-only Bcl-2 family molecules (Bid, Puma), decreased mitochondria permeabilization with attenuated release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), reduced AIF translocation to the nucleus, and attenuated caspase activation. Given these neuroprotective actions, voluntary physical exercise may serve to limit the consequences of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaorui Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Boris Sabirzhanov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fumagalli S, Perego C, Pischiutta F, Zanier ER, De Simoni MG. The ischemic environment drives microglia and macrophage function. Front Neurol 2015; 6:81. [PMID: 25904895 PMCID: PMC4389404 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of myeloid origin, such as microglia and macrophages, act at the crossroads of several inflammatory mechanisms during pathophysiology. Besides pro-inflammatory activity (M1 polarization), myeloid cells acquire protective functions (M2) and participate in the neuroprotective innate mechanisms after brain injury. Experimental research is making considerable efforts to understand the rules that regulate the balance between toxic and protective brain innate immunity. Environmental changes affect microglia/macrophage functions. Hypoxia can affect myeloid cell distribution, activity, and phenotype. With their intrinsic differences, microglia and macrophages respond differently to hypoxia, the former depending on ATP to activate and the latter switching to anaerobic metabolism and adapting to hypoxia. Myeloid cell functions include homeostasis control, damage-sensing activity, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, all distinctive features of these cells. Specific markers and morphologies enable to recognize each functional state. To ensure homeostasis and activate when needed, microglia/macrophage physiology is finely tuned. Microglia are controlled by several neuron-derived components, including contact-dependent inhibitory signals and soluble molecules. Changes in this control can cause chronic activation or priming with specific functional consequences. Strategies, such as stem cell treatment, may enhance microglia protective polarization. This review presents data from the literature that has greatly advanced our understanding of myeloid cell action in brain injury. We discuss the selective responses of microglia and macrophages to hypoxia after stroke and review relevant markers with the aim of defining the different subpopulations of myeloid cells that are recruited to the injured site. We also cover the functional consequences of chronically active microglia and review pivotal works on microglia regulation that offer new therapeutic possibilities for acute brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fumagalli
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy ; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Carlo Perego
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite extensive preclinical research supporting the effectiveness of neuroprotective therapies for brain trauma, there have been no successful randomized controlled clinical trials to date. TBI results in delayed secondary tissue injury due to neurochemical, metabolic and cellular changes; modulating such effects has provided the basis for neuroprotective interventions. To establish more effective neuroprotective treatments for TBI it is essential to better understand the complex cellular and molecular events that contribute to secondary injury. Here we critically review relevant research related to causes and modulation of delayed tissue damage, with particular emphasis on cell death mechanisms and post-traumatic neuroinflammation. We discuss the concept of utilizing multipotential drugs that target multiple secondary injury pathways, rather than more specific "laser"-targeted strategies that have uniformly failed in clinical trials. Moreover, we assess data supporting use of neuroprotective drugs that are currently being evaluated in human clinical trials for TBI, as well as promising emerging experimental multipotential drug treatment strategies. Finally, we describe key challenges and provide suggestions to improve the likelihood of successful clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), National Study Center for Trauma and EMS, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), National Study Center for Trauma and EMS, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), National Study Center for Trauma and EMS, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Spinal cord injury causes brain inflammation associated with cognitive and affective changes: role of cell cycle pathways. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10989-1006. [PMID: 25122899 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5110-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) causes chronic neuropathic pain associated with inflammatory changes in thalamic pain regulatory sites. Our recent studies examining chronic pain mechanisms after rodent SCI showed chronic inflammatory changes not only in thalamus, but also in other regions including hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Because changes appeared similar to those in our rodent TBI models that are associated with neurodegeneration and neurobehavioral dysfunction, we examined effects of mouse SCI on cognition, depressive-like behavior, and brain inflammation. SCI caused spatial and retention memory impairment and depressive-like behavior, as evidenced by poor performance in the Morris water maze, Y-maze, novel objective recognition, step-down passive avoidance, tail suspension, and sucrose preference tests. SCI caused chronic microglial activation in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, where microglia with hypertrophic morphologies and M1 phenotype predominated. Stereological analyses showed significant neuronal loss in the hippocampus at 12 weeks but not 8 d after injury. Increased cell-cycle-related gene (cyclins A1, A2, D1, E2F1, and PCNA) and protein (cyclin D1 and CDK4) expression were found chronically in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Systemic administration of the selective cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CR8 after SCI significantly reduced cell cycle gene and protein expression, microglial activation and neurodegeneration in the brain, cognitive decline, and depression. These studies indicate that SCI can initiate a chronic brain neurodegenerative response, likely related to delayed, sustained induction of M1-type microglia and related cell cycle activation, which result in cognitive deficits and physiological depression.
Collapse
|
49
|
Kabadi SV, Faden AI. Selective CDK inhibitors: promising candidates for future clinical traumatic brain injury trials. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1578-80. [PMID: 25368642 PMCID: PMC4211197 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.141779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury induces secondary injury that contributes to neuroinflammation, neuronal loss, and neurological dysfunction. One important injury mechanism is cell cycle activation which causes neuronal apoptosis and glial activation. The neuroprotective effects of both non-selective (Flavopiridol) and selective (Roscovitine and CR-8) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors have been shown across multiple experimental traumatic brain injury models and species. Cyclin-dependent kinaseinhibitors, administered as a single systemic dose up to 24 hours after traumatic brain injury, provide strong neuroprotection-reducing neuronal cell death, neuroinflammation and neurological dysfunction. Given their effectiveness and long therapeutic window, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors appear to be promising candidates for clinical traumatic brain injury trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti V Kabadi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sharma D, Kim MS, D'Mello SR. Transcriptome profiling of expression changes during neuronal death by RNA-Seq. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:242-51. [PMID: 25258427 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214551688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal death are poorly understood. One of the most widely used models to study neuronal death are cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) which undergo apoptosis when switched from a medium containing depolarizing levels of potassium (HK) to a medium with low non-depolarizing levels of potassium (LK). Previously, other labs have used DNA microarray analysis to characterize gene expression changes in LK-treated CGNs. However, microarray analysis is only capable of measuring the status of known transcripts, and expression of low-abundance mRNAs is often not detected by the hybridization-based approach. We have used RNA-sequencing to conduct a more detailed and comprehensive analysis of gene expression changes in CGNs induced to die by LK treatment. RNA-seq investigates the status of both known transcripts as well as exploring new ones and is substantially more sensitive than the microarray approach. We have found that the expression of 4334 genes is significantly altered in LK-treated CGNs with 2199 being up-regulated while 2135 are down-regulated. Genes functioning in cell death and survival regulation, cell growth and proliferation and molecular transport were most affected by LK treatment. Further, a large number of genes involved in nervous system development and function were also deregulated. Analysis of signaling pathways that were affected in LK-induced death included but were not limited to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative phosphorylation, consistent with a number of studies showing perturbations of these pathways in neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, our study identifies a large number of new genes that are affected during the process of neuronal death. While a majority of these changes may reflect consequences of the induction of neuronal death, many of the genes that we have identified are likely to be critical and potentially novel mediators of neuronal death, including death associated with neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75272, USA
| | - Min Soo Kim
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Santosh R D'Mello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75272, USA
| |
Collapse
|