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Schwartz L, Simoni A, Yan P, Salamon K, Turkoglu A, Vasquez Martinez G, Zepeda-Orozco D, Eichler T, Wang X, Spencer JD. Insulin receptor orchestrates kidney antibacterial defenses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400666121. [PMID: 38976738 PMCID: PMC11260129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400666121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) commonly afflicts people with diabetes. This augmented infection risk is partly due to deregulated insulin receptor (IR) signaling in the kidney collecting duct. The collecting duct is composed of intercalated cells (ICs) and principal cells (PCs). Evidence suggests that ICs contribute to UTI defenses. Here, we interrogate how IR deletion in ICs impacts antibacterial defenses against uropathogenic Escherichia coli. We also explore how IR deletion affects immune responses in neighboring PCs with intact IR expression. To accomplish this objective, we profile the transcriptomes of IC and PC populations enriched from kidneys of wild-type and IC-specific IR knock-out mice that have increased UTI susceptibility. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrates that IR deletion suppresses IC-integrated stress responses and innate immune defenses. To define how IR shapes these immune defenses, we employ murine and human kidney cultures. When challenged with bacteria, murine ICs and human kidney cells with deregulated IR signaling cannot engage central components of the integrated stress response-including activating transcriptional factor 4 (ATF4). Silencing ATF4 impairs NFkB activation and promotes infection. In turn, NFkB silencing augments infection and suppresses antimicrobial peptide expression. In diabetic mice and people with diabetes, collecting duct cells show reduced IR expression, impaired integrated stress response engagement, and compromised immunity. Collectively, these translational data illustrate how IR orchestrates collecting duct antibacterial responses and the communication between ICs and PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schwartz
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH43205
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH43205
| | - Aaron Simoni
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH43205
| | - Pearlly Yan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH43210
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Kristin Salamon
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH43205
| | - Altan Turkoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Gabriela Vasquez Martinez
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH43205
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH43205
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH43205
| | - Tad Eichler
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH43205
| | - Xin Wang
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH43205
| | - John David Spencer
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH43205
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH43205
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2
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Canas JJ, Arregui SW, Zhang S, Knox T, Calvert C, Saxena V, Schwaderer AL, Hains DS. DEFA1A3 DNA gene-dosage regulates the kidney innate immune response during upper urinary tract infection. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302462. [PMID: 38580392 PMCID: PMC10997819 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are host defense effectors with potent neutralizing and immunomodulatory functions against invasive pathogens. The AMPs α-Defensin 1-3/DEFA1A3 participate in innate immune responses and influence patient outcomes in various diseases. DNA copy-number variations in DEFA1A3 have been associated with severity and outcomes in infectious diseases including urinary tract infections (UTIs). Specifically, children with lower DNA copy numbers were more susceptible to UTIs. The mechanism of action by which α-Defensin 1-3/DEFA1A3 copy-number variations lead to UTI susceptibility remains to be explored. In this study, we use a previously characterized transgenic knock-in of the human DEFA1A3 gene mouse to dissect α-Defensin 1-3 gene dose-dependent antimicrobial and immunomodulatory roles during uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) UTI. We elucidate the relationship between kidney neutrophil- and collecting duct intercalated cell-derived α-Defensin 1-3/DEFA1A3 expression and UTI. We further describe cooperative effects between α-Defensin 1-3 and other AMPs that potentiate the neutralizing activity against UPEC. Cumulatively, we demonstrate that DEFA1A3 directly protects against UPEC meanwhile impacting pro-inflammatory innate immune responses in a gene dosage-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Canas
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Samuel W Arregui
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Kidney and Urology Translational Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Kidney and Urology Translational Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Taylor Knox
- Kidney and Urology Translational Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christi Calvert
- Kidney and Urology Translational Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vijay Saxena
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Kidney and Urology Translational Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Kidney and Urology Translational Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David S Hains
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Kidney and Urology Translational Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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3
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Schwaderer AL, Rajadhyaksha E, Canas J, Saxena V, Hains DS. Intercalated cell function, kidney innate immunity, and urinary tract infections. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:565-578. [PMID: 38227050 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Intercalated cells (ICs) in the kidney collecting duct have a versatile role in acid-base and electrolyte regulation along with the host immune defense. Located in the terminal kidney tubule segment, ICs are among the first kidney cells to encounter bacteria when bacteria ascend from the bladder into the kidney. ICs have developed several mechanisms to combat bacterial infections of the kidneys. For example, ICs produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which have direct bactericidal activity, and in many cases are upregulated in response to infections. Some AMP genes with IC-specific kidney expression are multiallelic, and having more copies of the gene confers increased resistance to bacterial infections of the kidney and urinary tract. Similarly, studies in human children demonstrate that those with history of UTIs are more likely to have single-nucleotide polymorphisms in IC-expressed AMP genes that impair the AMP's bactericidal activity. In murine models, depleted or impaired ICs result in decreased clearance of bacterial load following transurethral challenge with uropathogenic E. coli. A 2021 study demonstrated that ICs even act as phagocytes and acidify bacteria within phagolysosomes. Several immune signaling pathways have been identified in ICs which may represent future therapeutic targets in managing kidney infections or inflammation. This review's objective is to highlight IC structure and function with an emphasis on current knowledge of IC's diverse innate immune capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Schwaderer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, 699 Riley Hospital Drive, STE 230, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Evan Rajadhyaksha
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, 699 Riley Hospital Drive, STE 230, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jorge Canas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, 699 Riley Hospital Drive, STE 230, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Vijay Saxena
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, 699 Riley Hospital Drive, STE 230, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - David S Hains
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, 699 Riley Hospital Drive, STE 230, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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4
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Rosen AL, Lint MA, Voelker DH, Gilbert NM, Tomera CP, Santiago-Borges J, Wallace MA, Hannan TJ, Burnham CAD, Hultgren SJ, Kau AL. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor protects against severe urinary tract infection in mice. mBio 2024; 15:e0255423. [PMID: 38270443 PMCID: PMC10865866 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02554-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Millions suffer from urinary tract infections (UTIs) worldwide every year with women accounting for the majority of cases. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) causes most of these primary infections and leads to 25% becoming recurrent or chronic. To repel invading pathogens, the urinary tract mounts a vigorous innate immune response that includes the secretion of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), rapid recruitment of phagocytes, and exfoliation of superficial umbrella cells. Here, we investigate secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), an AMP with antiprotease, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory functions, known to play protective roles at other mucosal sites, but not well characterized in UTIs. Using a preclinical model of UPEC-caused UTI, we show that urine SLPI increases in infected mice and that SLPI is localized to bladder epithelial cells. UPEC-infected SLPI-deficient (Slpi-/-) mice suffer from higher urine bacterial burdens, prolonged bladder inflammation, and elevated urine neutrophil elastase (NE) levels compared to wild-type (Slpi+/+) controls. Combined with bulk bladder RNA sequencing, our data indicate that Slpi-/- mice have a dysregulated immune and tissue repair response following UTI. We also measure SLPI in urine samples from a small group of female subjects 18-49 years old and find that SLPI tends to be higher in the presence of a uropathogen, except in patients with a history of recent or recurrent UTI, suggesting a dysregulation of SLPI expression in these women. Taken together, our findings show SLPI promotes clearance of UPEC in mice and provides preliminary evidence that SLPI is likewise regulated in response to uropathogen exposure in women.IMPORTANCEAnnually, millions of people suffer from urinary tract infections (UTIs) and more than $3 billion are spent on work absences and treatment of these patients. While the early response to UTI is known to be important in combating urinary pathogens, knowledge of host factors that help curb infection is still limited. Here, we use a preclinical model of UTI to study secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), an antimicrobial protein, to determine how it protects the bladder against infection. We find that SLPI is increased during UTI, accelerates the clearance of bacteriuria, and upregulates genes and pathways needed to fight an infection while preventing prolonged bladder inflammation. In a small clinical study, we show SLPI is readily detectable in human urine and is associated with the presence of a uropathogen in patients without a previous history of UTI, suggesting SLPI may play an important role in protecting from bacterial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L. Rosen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael A. Lint
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dayne H. Voelker
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicole M. Gilbert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher P. Tomera
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jesús Santiago-Borges
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meghan A. Wallace
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas J. Hannan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Carey-Ann D. Burnham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Scott J. Hultgren
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew L. Kau
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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5
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Anguita R, Prats-Ejarque G, Moussaoui M, Becknell B, Boix E. A Common Polymorphism in RNASE6 Impacts Its Antimicrobial Activity toward Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:604. [PMID: 38203775 PMCID: PMC10779065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Ribonuclease (RNase) 6 is a monocyte and macrophage-derived protein with potent antimicrobial activity toward uropathogenic bacteria. The RNASE6 gene is heterogeneous in humans due to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). RNASE6 rs1045922 is the most common non-synonymous SNP, resulting in a G to A substitution that determines an arginine (R) to glutamine (Q) transversion at position 66 in the protein sequence. By structural analysis we observed that R66Q substitution significantly reduces the positive electrostatic charge at the protein surface. Here, we generated both recombinant RNase 6-R66 and -Q66 protein variants and determined their antimicrobial activity toward uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most common cause of UTI. We found that the R66 variant, encoded by the major SNP rs1045922 allele, exhibited superior bactericidal activity in comparison to the Q66 variant. The higher bactericidal activity of R66 variant correlated with an increase in the protein lipopolysaccharide binding and bacterial agglutination abilities, while retaining the same enzymatic efficiency. These findings encourage further work to evaluate RNASE6 SNP distribution and its impact in UTI susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Anguita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Guillem Prats-Ejarque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohammed Moussaoui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Brian Becknell
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.); (M.M.)
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6
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Saxena V, Arregui S, Zhang S, Canas J, Qin X, Hains DS, Schwaderer AL. Generation of Atp6v1g3-Cre mice for investigation of intercalated cells and the collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F770-F778. [PMID: 37823193 PMCID: PMC10881235 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00137.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney intercalated cells (ICs) maintain acid-base homeostasis and recent studies have demonstrated that they function in the kidney's innate defense. To study kidney innate immune function, ICs have been enriched using vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) B1 subunit (Atp6v1b1)-Cre (B1-Cre) mice. Although Atp6v1b1 is considered kidney specific, it is expressed in multiple organ systems, both in mice and humans, raising the possibility of off-target effects when using the Cre-lox system. We have recently shown using single-cell RNA sequencing that the gene that codes for the V-ATPase G3 subunit (mouse gene: Atp6v1g3; human gene: ATP6V1G3; protein abbreviation: G3) mRNA is selectively enriched in human kidney ICs. In this study, we generated Atp6v1g3-Cre (G3-Cre) reporter mice using CRISPR/CAS technology and crossed them with Tdtomatoflox/flox mice. The resultant G3-Cre+Tdt+ progeny was evaluated for kidney specificity in multiple tissues and found to be highly specific to kidney cells with minimal or no expression in other organs evaluated compared with B1-Cre mice. Tdt+ cells were flow sorted and were enriched for IC marker genes on RT-PCR analysis. Next, we crossed these mice to ihCD59 mice to generate an IC depletion mouse model (G3-Cre+ihCD59+/+). ICs were depleted in these mice using intermedilysin, which resulted in lower blood pH, suggestive of a distal renal tubular acidosis phenotype. The G3-Cre mice were healthy, bred normally, and produce regular-sized litter. Thus, this new "IC reporter" mice can be a useful tool to study ICs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study details the development, validation, and experimental use of a new mouse model to study the collecting duct and intercalated cells. Kidney intercalated cells are a cell type increasingly recognized to be important in several human diseases including kidney infections, acid-base disorders, and acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Saxena
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Samuel Arregui
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Jorge Canas
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States
| | - David S Hains
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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7
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Ruiz-Rosado JDD, Cortado H, Kercsmar M, Li B, Ballash G, Cotzomi-Ortega I, Sanchez-Zamora YI, Gupta S, Ching C, Boix E, Jackson AR, Spencer JD, Becknell B. Human Ribonuclease 6 Has a Protective Role during Experimental Urinary Tract Infection. J Innate Immun 2023; 15:865-875. [PMID: 37980892 PMCID: PMC10699853 DOI: 10.1159/000534736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) belonging to the RNase A superfamily have a critical role in defending the bladder and kidney from bacterial infection. RNase 6 has been identified as a potent, leukocyte-derived AMP, but its impact on urinary tract infection (UTI) in vivo has not been demonstrated. To test the functional role of human RNase 6, we generated RNASE6 transgenic mice and studied their susceptibility to experimental UTI. In addition, we generated bone marrow-derived macrophages to study the impact of RNase 6 on antimicrobial activity within a cellular context. When subjected to experimental UTI, RNASE6 transgenic mice developed reduced uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) burden, mucosal injury, and inflammation compared to non-transgenic controls. Monocytes and macrophages were the predominant cellular sources of RNase 6 during UTI, and RNASE6 transgenic macrophages were more proficient at intracellular UPEC killing than non-transgenic controls. Altogether, our findings indicate a protective role for human RNase 6 during experimental UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de Dios Ruiz-Rosado
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hanna Cortado
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Macie Kercsmar
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Birong Li
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregory Ballash
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Israel Cotzomi-Ortega
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yuriko I. Sanchez-Zamora
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sudipti Gupta
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christina Ching
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Urology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ashley R. Jackson
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John David Spencer
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian Becknell
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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8
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Schwartz L, de Dios Ruiz-Rosado J, Stonebrook E, Becknell B, Spencer JD. Uropathogen and host responses in pyelonephritis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:658-671. [PMID: 37479904 PMCID: PMC10913074 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections seen in clinical practice. The ascent of UTI-causing pathogens to the kidneys results in pyelonephritis, which can trigger kidney injury, scarring and ultimately impair kidney function. Despite sizable efforts to understand how infections develop or are cleared in the bladder, our appreciation of the mechanisms by which infections develop, progress or are eradicated in the kidney is limited. The identification of virulence factors that are produced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli to promote pyelonephritis have begun to fill this knowledge gap, as have insights into the mechanisms by which kidney tubular epithelial cells oppose uropathogenic E. coli infection to prevent or eradicate UTIs. Emerging data also illustrate how specific cellular immune responses eradicate infection whereas other immune cell populations promote kidney injury. Insights into the mechanisms by which uropathogenic E. coli circumvent host immune defences or antibiotic therapy to cause pyelonephritis is paramount to the development of new prevention and treatment strategies to mitigate pyelonephritis and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schwartz
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Juan de Dios Ruiz-Rosado
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emily Stonebrook
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian Becknell
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John David Spencer
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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9
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Chelangarimiyandoab F, Mungara P, Batta M, Cordat E. Urinary Tract Infections: Renal Intercalated Cells Protect against Pathogens. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1605-1614. [PMID: 37401780 PMCID: PMC10561816 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections affect more than 1 in 2 women during their lifetime. Among these, more than 10% of patients carry antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, highlighting the urgent need to identify alternative treatments. While innate defense mechanisms are well-characterized in the lower urinary tract, it is becoming evident that the collecting duct (CD), the first renal segment encountered by invading uropathogenic bacteria, also contributes to bacterial clearance. However, the role of this segment is beginning to be understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge on CD intercalated cells in urinary tract bacterial clearance. Understanding the innate protective role of the uroepithelium and of the CD offers new opportunities for alternative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Chelangarimiyandoab
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Lindblad A, Wu R, Persson K, Demirel I. The Role of NLRP3 in Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptides and Estrogen Signaling in UPEC-Infected Bladder Epithelial Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2298. [PMID: 37759520 PMCID: PMC10526908 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome, estrogen and antimicrobial peptides have all been found to have a vital role in the protection of the bladder urothelium. However, the interdependence between these protective factors during a bladder infection is currently unknown. Our aim was to investigate the role of NLRP3 in the regulation of antimicrobial peptides and estrogen signaling in bladder epithelial cells during a UPEC infection. Human bladder epithelial cells and CRISPR/Cas9-generated NLRP3-deficient cells were stimulated with the UPEC strain CFT073 and estradiol. The gene and protein expression were evaluated with microarray, qRT-PCR, western blot and ELISA. Microarray results showed that the expression of most antimicrobial peptides was reduced in CFT073-infected NLRP3-deficient cells compared to Cas9 control cells. Conditioned medium from NLRP3-deficient cells also lost the ability to suppress CFT073 growth. Moreover, NLRP3-deficient cells had lower basal release of Beta-defensin-1, Beta-defensin-2 and RNase7. The ability of estradiol to induce an increased expression of antimicrobial peptides was also abrogated in NLRP3-deficient cells. The decreased antimicrobial peptide expression might be linked to the observed reduced expression and activity of estradiol receptor beta in NLRP3-deficient cells. This study suggests that NLRP3 may regulate the release and expression of antimicrobial peptides and affect estrogen signaling in bladder epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isak Demirel
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; (A.L.); (R.W.); (K.P.)
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11
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Mohanty S, Lindelauf C, White JK, Scheffschick A, Ehrenborg E, Demirel I, Brauner H, Brauner A. Inhibition of COX-2 signaling favors E. coli during urinary tract infection. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:30. [PMID: 37697284 PMCID: PMC10496388 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To avoid the overuse of antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acting via cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition, have been used to reduce pain and as an alternative treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, clinical studies evaluating NSAIDs versus antibiotics have reported an increased risk of acute pyelonephritis. Therefore, we hypothesized that COX inhibition could compromise the innate immune response and contribute to complications in patients with uncomplicated UTI. RESULTS We here demonstrate that in particular COX-2 inhibition led to decreased expression of the antimicrobial peptides psoriasin and human β-defensin-2 in human uroepithelial cells. Psoriasin expression was altered in neutrophils and macrophages. COX-2 inhibition also had impact on the inflammasome mediated IL-1β expression in response to uroepithelial E. coli infection. Further, COX-2 inhibition downregulated free radicals and the epithelial barrier protein claudin 1, favoring infectivity. In addition, conditioned media from COX-2 inhibited uroepithelial cells infected with E. coli failed to activate macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggests an adverse innate immune effect of COX-2 inhibition on uroepithelial cells during UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ciska Lindelauf
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Kerr White
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Scheffschick
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ehrenborg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine at BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isak Demirel
- iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Hanna Brauner
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Dermato-Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Kuhn HW, Hreha TN, Hunstad DA. Immune defenses in the urinary tract. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:701-711. [PMID: 37591712 PMCID: PMC10528756 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in preclinical modeling of urinary tract infections (UTIs) have enabled the identification of key facets of the host response that influence pathogen clearance and tissue damage. Here, we review new insights into the functions of neutrophils, macrophages, and antimicrobial peptides in innate control of uropathogens and in mammalian infection-related tissue injury and repair. We also discuss novel functions for renal epithelial cells in innate antimicrobial defense. In addition, epigenetic modifications during bacterial cystitis have been implicated in bladder remodeling, conveying susceptibility to recurrent UTI. In total, contemporary work in this arena has better defined host processes that shape UTI susceptibility and severity and might inform the development of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches for acute and recurrent UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter W Kuhn
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Teri N Hreha
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Hunstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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13
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Colceriu MC, Aldea PL, Răchișan AL, Clichici S, Sevastre-Berghian A, Mocan T. Vesicoureteral Reflux and Innate Immune System: Physiology, Physiopathology, and Clinical Aspects. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062380. [PMID: 36983379 PMCID: PMC10058356 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicoureteral reflux represents one of the most concerning topics in pediatric nephrology due to its frequency, clinical expression with the potential to evolve into chronic kidney disease, and last but not least, its socio-economic implications. The presence of vesicoureteral reflux, the occurrence of urinary tract infections, and the development of reflux nephropathy, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and finally, end-stage renal disease represent a progressive spectrum of a single physiopathological condition. For the proper management of these patients with the best clinical outcomes, and in an attempt to prevent the spread of uropathogens' resistance to antibacterial therapy, we must better understand the physiopathology of urinary tract infections in patients with vesicoureteral reflux, and at the same time, we should acknowledge the implication and response of the innate immune system in this progressive pathological condition. The present paper focuses on theoretical aspects regarding the physiopathology of vesicoureteral reflux and the interconditionality between urinary tract infections and the innate immune system. In addition, we detailed aspects regarding cytokines, interleukins, antimicrobial peptides, and proteins involved in the innate immune response as well as their implications in the physiopathology of reflux nephropathy. New directions of study should focus on using these innate immune system effectors as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in renal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius-Cosmin Colceriu
- Department of Functional Biosciences, Discipline of Physiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul Luchian Aldea
- Department of Community Medicine, Discipline of Public Health and Management, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea-Liana Răchișan
- Department of Mother and Child, Discipline of Pediatrics II, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Clichici
- Department of Functional Biosciences, Discipline of Physiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Sevastre-Berghian
- Department of Functional Biosciences, Discipline of Physiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Teodora Mocan
- Department of Functional Biosciences, Discipline of Physiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Nanomedicine Department, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400158 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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14
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Repurposing HDAC inhibitors to enhance ribonuclease 4 and 7 expression and reduce urinary tract infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213363120. [PMID: 36652479 PMCID: PMC9942862 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213363120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, innovative approaches are needed for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Boosting antimicrobial peptide expression may provide an alternative to antibiotics. Here, we developed reporter cell lines and performed a high-throughput screen of clinically used drugs to identify compounds that boost ribonuclease 4 and 7 expression (RNase 4 and 7), peptides that have antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant uropathogens. This screen identified histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as effective RNase 4 and RNase 7 inducers. Validation studies in primary human kidney and bladder cells confirmed pan-HDAC inhibitors as well as the HDAC class I inhibitor, MS-275, induce RNase 4 and RNase 7 to protect human kidney and bladder cells from uropathogenic Escherichia coli. When we administered MS-275 to mice, RNase 4 and 7 expression increased and mice were protected from acute transurethral E. coli challenge. In support of this mechanism, MS-275 treatment increased acetylated histone H3 binding to the RNASE4 and RNASE7 promoters. Overexpression and knockdown of HDAC class I proteins identified HDAC3 as a primary regulator of RNase 4 and 7. These results demonstrate the protective effects of enhancing RNase 4 and RNase 7, opening the door to repurposing medications as antibiotic conserving therapeutics for urinary tract infection.
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15
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Abstract
The ribonuclease A (RNase A) family is one of the best-characterized vertebrate-specific proteins. In humans, eight catalytically active RNases (numbered 1–8) have been identified and have unique tissue distributions. Apart from the digestion of dietary RNA, a broad range of biological actions, including the regulation of intra- or extra-cellular RNA metabolism as well as antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, neurotoxicity, promotion of cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, and immunomodulatory abilities, have been recently reported for the members of this family. Based on multiple biological roles, RNases are found to participate in the pathogenic processes of many diseases, such as infection, immune dysfunction, neurodegeneration, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. This review summarizes the available data on the human RNase A family and illustrates the significant roles of the eight canonical RNases in health and disease, for stimulating further basic research and development of ideas on the potential solutions for disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desen Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, China,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chenjie Han
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China,Undergraduate Program in Public Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jinghao Sheng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China,Corresponding author
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16
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Mohanty S, Kamolvit W, Scheffschick A, Björklund A, Tovi J, Espinosa A, Brismar K, Nyström T, Schröder JM, Östenson CG, Aspenström P, Brauner H, Brauner A. Diabetes downregulates the antimicrobial peptide psoriasin and increases E. coli burden in the urinary bladder. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4983. [PMID: 36127330 PMCID: PMC9489794 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is known to increase susceptibility to infections, partly due to impaired granulocyte function and changes in the innate immunity. Here, we investigate the effect of diabetes, and high glucose on the expression of the antimicrobial peptide, psoriasin and the putative consequences for E. coli urinary tract infection. Blood, urine, and urine exfoliated cells from patients are studied. The influence of glucose and insulin is examined during hyperglycemic clamps in individuals with prediabetes and in euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamped patients with type 1 diabetes. Important findings are confirmed in vivo in type 2 diabetic mice and verified in human uroepithelial cell lines. High glucose concentrations induce lower psoriasin levels and impair epithelial barrier function together with altering cell membrane proteins and cytoskeletal elements, resulting in increasing bacterial burden. Estradiol treatment restores the cellular function with increasing psoriasin and bacterial killing in uroepithelial cells, confirming its importance during urinary tract infection in hyperglycemia. In conclusion, our findings present the effects and underlying mechanisms of high glucose compromising innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Witchuda Kamolvit
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anneli Björklund
- Center for Diabetes, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm County Council, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Kerstin Brismar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Internal Medicine, Unit for Diabetes Research, Karolinska Institutet, South Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens M Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claes-Göran Östenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pontus Aspenström
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Brauner
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dermato-Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Li L, Li Y, Yang J, Xie X, Chen H. The immune responses to different Uropathogens call individual interventions for bladder infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953354. [PMID: 36081496 PMCID: PMC9445553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogens is the most common infectious disease and significantly affects all aspects of the quality of life of the patients. However, uropathogens are increasingly becoming antibiotic-resistant, which threatens the only effective treatment option available-antibiotic, resulting in higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality. Currently, people are turning their attention to the immune responses, hoping to find effective immunotherapeutic interventions which can be alternatives to the overuse of antibiotic drugs. Bladder infections are caused by the main nine uropathogens and the bladder executes different immune responses depending on the type of uropathogens. It is essential to understand the immune responses to diverse uropathogens in bladder infection for guiding the design and development of immunotherapeutic interventions. This review firstly sorts out and comparatively analyzes the immune responses to the main nine uropathogens in bladder infection, and summarizes their similarities and differences. Based on these immune responses, we innovatively propose that different microbial bladder infections should adopt corresponding immunomodulatory interventions, and the same immunomodulatory intervention can also be applied to diverse microbial infections if they share the same effective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlong Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Xie, ; Huan Chen,
| | - Huan Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Xie, ; Huan Chen,
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18
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White JK, Muhammad T, Alsheim E, Mohanty S, Blasi-Romero A, Gunasekera S, Strömstedt AA, Ferraz N, Göransson U, Brauner A. A stable cyclized antimicrobial peptide derived from LL-37 with host immunomodulatory effects and activity against uropathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:411. [PMID: 35821354 PMCID: PMC9276586 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04440-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The increasing antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic bacteria warrants alternative therapeutic strategies. We demonstrate the potential of the synthetic peptide CD4-PP, designed by dimerization and backbone cyclization of the shortest antimicrobial region of human cathelicidin, LL-37. CD4-PP is active against clinical and type strains of common uropathogens Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at concentrations substantially below cellular cytotoxic levels and induced membrane deformation and leakage in E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, CD4-PP treatment prevented the formation of new biofilm and dissolved mature biofilm created by E. coli and P. aeruginosa and targeted curli amyloid in E. coli biofilms. In addition, CD4-PP also induced production of LL-37 by uroepithelial cells and increased the expression of tight junction proteins claudin-14 and occludin. During uroepithelial cell infection, CD4-PP significantly reduced uropathogen survival when treatment was given at the start of infection. Low micromolar of CD4-PP treatment initiated after 2 h was successful with all tested species, except P. aeruginosa where CD4-PP was unable to reduce survival, which could be attributed by early biofilm formation. Finally, we demonstrated that urinary catheter pieces coated with saline fluid supplemented with CD4-PP reduced the attachment of E. coli, giving it a potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kerr White
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taj Muhammad
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 591, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emelie Alsheim
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soumitra Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Blasi-Romero
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 35, 75103, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sunithi Gunasekera
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 591, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam A Strömstedt
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 591, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Ferraz
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 35, 75103, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 591, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annelie Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Kalló G, Kumar A, Tőzsér J, Csősz É. Chemical Barrier Proteins in Human Body Fluids. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071472. [PMID: 35884778 PMCID: PMC9312486 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical barriers are composed of those sites of the human body where potential pathogens can contact the host cells. A chemical barrier is made up by different proteins that are part of the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory protein/peptide (AMP) family. Proteins of the AMP family exert antibacterial, antiviral, and/or antifungal activity and can modulate the immune system. Besides these proteins, a wide range of proteases and protease inhibitors can also be found in the chemical barriers maintaining a proteolytic balance in the host and/or the pathogens. In this review, we aimed to identify the chemical barrier components in nine human body fluids. The interaction networks of the chemical barrier proteins in each examined body fluid were generated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Kalló
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (J.T.); (É.C.)
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-416432
| | - Ajneesh Kumar
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (J.T.); (É.C.)
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Tőzsér
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (J.T.); (É.C.)
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Csősz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.K.); (J.T.); (É.C.)
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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20
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Jafari NV, Rohn JL. The urothelium: a multi-faceted barrier against a harsh environment. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1127-1142. [PMID: 36180582 PMCID: PMC9705259 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
All mucosal surfaces must deal with the challenge of exposure to the outside world. The urothelium is a highly specialized layer of stratified epithelial cells lining the inner surface of the urinary bladder, a gruelling environment involving significant stretch forces, osmotic and hydrostatic pressures, toxic substances, and microbial invasion. The urinary bladder plays an important barrier role and allows the accommodation and expulsion of large volumes of urine without permitting urine components to diffuse across. The urothelium is made up of three cell types, basal, intermediate, and umbrella cells, whose specialized functions aid in the bladder's mission. In this review, we summarize the recent insights into urothelial structure, function, development, regeneration, and in particular the role of umbrella cells in barrier formation and maintenance. We briefly review diseases which involve the bladder and discuss current human urothelial in vitro models as a complement to traditional animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila V Jafari
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Jennifer L Rohn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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21
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RNase 7 Inhibits Uropathogenic Escherichia coli-Induced Inflammation in Bladder Cells under a High-Glucose Environment by Regulating the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095156. [PMID: 35563546 PMCID: PMC9102358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are natural antibiotics, protect against pathogens invading the urinary tract. RNase 7 with antimicrobial properties has rapid and powerful suppressive effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections. However, its detailed antibacterial mechanisms have not been fully determined. Here, we investigate whether RNase 7 had an impact on bladder cells under uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infection in a high-glucose environment using in vitro GFP-UPEC-infected bladder cell and PE-labeled TLR4, STAT1, and STAT3 models. We provide evidence of the suppressive effects of RNase 7 on UPEC infection and UPEC-induced inflammatory responses by regulating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway using JAK inhibitor and STAT inhibitor blocking experiments. Pretreatment with different concentrations of RNase 7 for 24 h concentration-dependently suppressed UPEC invasion in bladder cells (5 μg/mL reducing 45%; 25 μg/mL reducing 60%). The expressions of TLR4, STAT1, and STAT3 were also downregulated in a concentration-dependent manner after RNase 7 pretreatment (5 μg/mL reducing 35%, 54% and 35%; 25 μg/mL reducing 60%, 75% and 64%, respectively). RNase 7-induced decrease in UPEC infection in a high-glucose environment not only downregulated the expression of TLR4 protein and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway but also decreased UPEC-induced secretion of exogenous inflammatory IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines, although IL-8 levels increased in the 25 μg/mL RNase 7-treated group. Thus, inhibition of STAT affected pSTAT1, pSTAT3, and TLR4 expression, as well as proinflammatory IL-6 and IFN-γ expression. Notably, blocking JAK resulted in the rebound expression of related proteins, especially pSTAT1, TLR4, and IL-6. The present study showed the suppressive effects of RNase 7 on UPEC infection and induced inflammation in bladder epithelial cells in a high-glucose environment. RNase 7 may be an anti-inflammatory and anti-infective mediator in bladder cells by downregulating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and may be beneficial in treating cystitis in DM patients. These results will help clarify the correlation between AMP production and UTI, identify the relationship between urinary tract infection and diabetes in UTI patients, and develop novel diagnostics or possible treatments targeting RNase 7.
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22
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Cetin N, Kiraz ZK, Gencler A. Diagnostic Value of Urine Ribonuclease 7 (RNase 7) to Creatinine Ratio for Detecting Urinary Tract Infection in Children with Pyuria. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective Ribonuclease 7 (RNase 7) is one of the members of the antimicrobial peptides playing a role in maintaining urinary tract sterility. We aimed to investigate the predictive value of the urine RNase 7 levels in children with pyuria and associations between RNase 7 and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and renal scarring.
Methods This study included 109 children with pyuria (46 febrile urinary tract infections [UTIs], 38 nonfebrile UTIs, and 25 sterile pyuria) whose RNase 7 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. The results for urine RNase 7 concentrations were expressed as micrograms per milligrams creatinine.
Results RNase 7/Cr levels were higher in patients with both febrile and nonfebrile UTIs than the patients with sterile pyuria (p = 0.001). RNase 7/Cr had predictive values of diagnosis of febrile and nonfebrile UTIs (cut-off value: 2.92 µg/mg, p = 0.003; cut-off value: 3.67 µg/mg, p < 0.001, respectively). RNase 7/Cr had higher levels in the patients with VUR than without VUR (cut-off value: 4.28 µg/mg, p = 0.037). The patients with renal scarring had higher urine RNase 7/Cr than those without scarring (cut-off value: 4.54 µg/mg, p = 0.041).
Conclusion The evaluation of RNase 7/Cr may help prevent unnecessary and/or inappropriate antibiotic use in children with pyuria. The higher RNase 7 levels in patients with VUR and renal scarring may reflect long-term inflammation or greater inflammatory response during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuran Cetin
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Kusku Kiraz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Aylin Gencler
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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23
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Iksanova AM, Arzumanian VG, Konanykhina SY, Samoylikov PV. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins in human biological fluids. MICROBIOLOGY INDEPENDENT RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.18527/2500-2236-2022-9-1-37-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) are endogenous compounds that have a direct antimicrobial effect on bacteria (e. g., by disrupting bacterial membranes), as well as on fungi and viruses. AMPs are the main component of the innate immunity of living organisms and are produced by both epithelial cells (skin cells, cells of respiratory tract, intestine, urinary and genital tracts) and cells of the immune system and are secreted into secretory fluids. AMPs can also act as chemoattractants for immunocompetent cells (neutrophils, monocytes, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells) in the inflammation site and affect the antigen presenting cells by modulating adaptive T cell immune responses. The representatives of the main 15 AMP classes, that we describe in this review, are the most studied group of the large pool of these compounds. We discuss their localization, expression, and concentration in various biofluids of humans under normal and pathological conditions.
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Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common type of urogenital disease. UTI affects the urethra, bladder, ureter, and kidney. A total of 13.3% of women, 2.3% of men, and 3.4% of children in the United States will require treatment for UTI. Traditionally, bladder (cystitis) and kidney (pyelonephritis) infections are considered independently. However, both infections induce host defenses that are either shared or coordinated across the urinary tract. Here, we review the chemical and biophysical mechanisms of bacteriostasis, which limit the duration and severity of the illness. Urinary bacteria attempt to overcome each of these defenses, complicating description of the natural history of UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Department of Medicine and Pathology and Urology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Jonathan Barasch
- Department of Medicine and Pathology and Urology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;
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25
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Pierce KR, Eichler T, Mosquera Vasquez C, Schwaderer AL, Simoni A, Creacy S, Hains DS, Spencer JD. Ribonuclease 7 polymorphism rs1263872 reduces antimicrobial activity and associates with pediatric urinary tract infections. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:149807. [PMID: 34779412 DOI: 10.1172/jci149807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribonuclease 7 (RNase 7) is an antimicrobial peptide that prevents urinary tract infections (UTI); however, it is yet unknown how RNASE7 genetic variations affect its antimicrobial activity and its mitigation of UTI risk. This study determined whether the RNASE7 SNP rs1263872 is more prevalent in children with UTI and defined how rs1263872 affects RNase 7's antimicrobial activity against uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). We performed genotyping for rs1263872 in 2 national UTI cohorts, including children enrolled in the Randomized Intervention for Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux trial or the Careful Urinary Tract Infection Evaluation study. Genotypes from these cohorts were compared with those of female controls with no UTI. To assess whether rs1263872 affects RNase 7's antimicrobial activity, we generated RNase 7 peptides and genetically modified urothelial cultures encoding wild-type RNase 7 and its variant. Compared with controls, girls in both UTI cohorts had an increased prevalence of the RNASE7 variant. Compared with the missense variant, wild-type RNase 7 peptide showed greater bactericidal activity against UPEC. Wild-type RNase 7 overexpression in human urothelial cultures reduced UPEC invasive infection compared with mutant overexpression. These results show that children with UTI have an increased prevalence of RNASE7 rs1263872, which may increase UTI susceptibility by suppressing RNase 7's antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Pierce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tad Eichler
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Claudia Mosquera Vasquez
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, and.,Kidney and Urology Translational Research Group, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Aaron Simoni
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - David S Hains
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, and.,Kidney and Urology Translational Research Group, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - John D Spencer
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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26
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Wang W, Yang W, Du S, Xi X, Ma C, Wang L, Zhou M, Chen T. Bioevaluation and Targeted Modification of Temporin-FL From the Skin Secretion of Dark-Spotted Frog ( Pelophylax nigromaculatus). Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:707013. [PMID: 34738013 PMCID: PMC8560897 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.707013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive proteins secreted by the granular glands of amphibian skin play a self-defensive role, and exhibit various bioactivities in vitro and in vivo. In light of the severity of the problem of antibiotic resistance for treating infections, many antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been developed and applied in clinical microbial treatments. We identified a naturally derived and potent antimicrobial peptide, temporin-FL, obtained from the skin secretion of Pelophylax nigromaculatus via “shotgun” cloning. Two truncated analogues of this peptide were chemically synthesized to explore their structural-functional relationships. The results of a functional evaluation showed that all of the tested AMPs were active against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi and demonstrated antibiofilm activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) but did not have an effect on Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, temporin-FLa demonstrated a higher level of hydrophobicity and enhanced antimicrobial efficiency, as well as hemolytic activity and cell cytotoxicity than the parent peptide. Temporin-FLb, which evidenced significantly less α-helicity, was less potent against various microbes but exhibited lower cytotoxicity relating to mammalian cells. Both of the synthesized analogues possessed a higher therapeutic index than the original peptide. Moreover, the membrane permeability assay and the measuring membrane depolarization assay declared that temporin-FL and its analogues induced membrane fracture and depolarization; the quantitative biofilm formation assay and the observations of MRSA biofilms using scanning electron microscopy revealed that the AMPs caused biofilm disruption and blocked biofilm formation, the former experiments all confirming their antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. Hence, the optimization of temporin-FL offers insights for the discovery of new drugs for treating MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Wanqing Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shouying Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Xi
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Chengbang Ma
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Wang
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Zhou
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Tianbao Chen
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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27
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Majhi RK, Mohanty S, Kamolvit W, White JK, Scheffschick A, Brauner H, Brauner A. Metformin strengthens uroepithelial immunity against E. coli infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19263. [PMID: 34584119 PMCID: PMC8479095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection frequently caused by E. coli is one of the most common bacterial infections. Increasing antibiotic resistance jeopardizes successful treatment and alternative treatment strategies are therefore mandatory. Metformin, an oral antidiabetic drug, has been shown to activate macrophages in the protection against certain infecting microorganisms. Since epithelial cells often form the first line of defense, we here investigated the effect on uroepithelial cells during E. coli infection. Metformin upregulated the human antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin LL-37 and RNase7 via modulation of the TRPA1 channel and AMPK pathway. Interestingly, metformin stimulation enriched both LL-37 and TRPA1 in lysosomes. In addition, metformin specifically increased nitric oxide and mitochondrial, but not cytosolic ROS. Moreover, metformin also triggered mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL1B, CXCL8 and growth factor GDF15 in human uroepithelial cells. The GDF15 peptide stimulated macrophages increased LL-37 expression, with increased bacterial killing. In conclusion, metformin stimulation strengthened the innate immunity of uroepithelial cells inducing enhanced extracellular and intracellular bacterial killing suggesting a favorable role of metformin in the host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Majhi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soumitra Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Witchuda Kamolvit
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Kerr White
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hanna Brauner
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dermatology and Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Sarkar T, Chetia M, Chatterjee S. Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins: From Nature's Reservoir to the Laboratory and Beyond. Front Chem 2021; 9:691532. [PMID: 34222199 PMCID: PMC8249576 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.691532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance against conventional antimicrobials, resurgence of multidrug resistant microbes and the slowdown in the development of new classes of antimicrobials, necessitates the urgent development of alternate classes of therapeutic molecules. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small proteins present in different lifeforms in nature that provide defense against microbial infections. They have been effective components of the host defense system for a very long time. The fact that the development of resistance by the microbes against the AMPs is relatively slower or delayed compared to that against the conventional antibiotics, makes them prospective alternative therapeutics of the future. Several thousands of AMPs have been isolated from various natural sources like microorganisms, plants, insects, crustaceans, animals, humans, etc. to date. However, only a few of them have been translated commercially to the market so far. This is because of some inherent drawbacks of the naturally obtained AMPs like 1) short half-life owing to the susceptibility to protease degradation, 2) inactivity at physiological salt concentrations, 3) cytotoxicity to host cells, 4) lack of appropriate strategies for sustained and targeted delivery of the AMPs. This has led to a surge of interest in the development of synthetic AMPs which would retain or improve the antimicrobial potency along with circumventing the disadvantages of the natural analogs. The development of synthetic AMPs is inspired by natural designs and sequences and strengthened by the fusion with various synthetic elements. Generation of the synthetic designs are based on various strategies like sequence truncation, mutation, cyclization and introduction of unnatural amino acids and synthons. In this review, we have described some of the AMPs isolated from the vast repertoire of natural sources, and subsequently described the various synthetic designs that have been developed based on the templates of natural AMPs or from de novo design to make commercially viable therapeutics of the future. This review entails the journey of the AMPs from their natural sources to the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunanda Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
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29
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Bender K, Schwartz LL, Cohen A, Vasquez CM, Murtha MJ, Eichler T, Thomas JP, Jackson A, Spencer JD. Expression and function of human ribonuclease 4 in the kidney and urinary tract. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F972-F983. [PMID: 33818125 PMCID: PMC8174806 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00592.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are essential host defense mechanisms that prevent urinary tract infections. Recent studies have demonstrated that peptides in the ribonuclease A superfamily have antimicrobial activity against uropathogens and protect the urinary tract from uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Little is known about the antibacterial function or expression of ribonuclease 4 (RNase 4) in the human urinary tract. Here, we show that full-length recombinant RNase 4 peptide and synthetic amino-terminal RNase 4 peptide fragment have antibacterial activity against UPEC and multidrug-resistant (MDR)-UPEC. RNASE4 transcript expression was detected in human kidney and bladder tissue using quantitative real-time PCR. Immunostaining or in situ hybridization localized RNase 4 expression to proximal tubules, principal and intercalated cells in the kidney's collecting duct, and the bladder urothelium. Urinary RNase 4 concentrations were quantified in healthy controls and females with a history of urinary tract infection. Compared with controls, urinary RNase 4 concentrations were significantly lower in females with a history of urinary tract infection. When RNase 4 was neutralized in human urine or silenced in vitro using siRNA, urinary UPEC replication or attachment to and invasion of urothelial and kidney medullary cells increased. These data show that RNase 4 has antibacterial activity against UPEC, is expressed in the human urinary tract, and can contribute to host defense against urinary tract infections.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ribonuclease 4 (RNase 4) is a newly identified host defense peptide in the human kidney and bladder. RNase 4 kills uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and multidrug-resistant UPEC. RNase 4 prevents invasive UPEC infection and suppressed RNase 4 expression may be a risk factor for more severe or recurrent urinary tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Bender
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Laura L Schwartz
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ariel Cohen
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Claudia Mosquera Vasquez
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew J Murtha
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tad Eichler
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jason P Thomas
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ashley Jackson
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John David Spencer
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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30
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Saxena V, Gao H, Arregui S, Zollman A, Kamocka MM, Xuei X, McGuire P, Hutchens M, Hato T, Hains DS, Schwaderer AL. Kidney intercalated cells are phagocytic and acidify internalized uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2405. [PMID: 33893305 PMCID: PMC8065053 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney intercalated cells are involved in acid-base homeostasis via vacuolar ATPase expression. Here we report six human intercalated cell subtypes, including hybrid principal-intercalated cells identified from single cell transcriptomics. Phagosome maturation is a biological process that increases in biological pathway analysis rank following exposure to uropathogenic Escherichia coli in two of the intercalated cell subtypes. Real time confocal microscopy visualization of murine renal tubules perfused with green fluorescent protein expressing Escherichia coli or pHrodo Green E. coli BioParticles demonstrates that intercalated cells actively phagocytose bacteria then acidify phagolysosomes. Additionally, intercalated cells have increased vacuolar ATPase expression following in vivo experimental UTI. Taken together, intercalated cells exhibit a transcriptional response conducive to the kidney's defense, engulf bacteria and acidify the internalized bacteria. Intercalated cells represent an epithelial cell with characteristics of professional phagocytes like macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Saxena
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Samuel Arregui
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amy Zollman
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Malgorzata Maria Kamocka
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Patrick McGuire
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael Hutchens
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Takashi Hato
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David S Hains
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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31
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Identification of a 5-Gene-Based Scoring System by WGCNA and LASSO to Predict Prognosis for Rectal Cancer Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2021:6697407. [PMID: 33833937 PMCID: PMC8012151 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6697407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Although accumulating evidence suggested that a molecular signature panel may be more effective for the prognosis prediction than routine clinical characteristics, current studies mainly focused on colorectal or colon cancers. No reports specifically focused on the signature panel for rectal cancers (RC). Our present study was aimed at developing a novel prognostic signature panel for RC. Methods Sequencing (or microarray) data and clinicopathological details of patients with RC were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-READ) or the Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE123390, GSE56699) database. A weighted gene coexpression network was used to identify RC-related modules. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis was performed to screen the prognostic signature panel. The prognostic performance of the risk score was evaluated by survival curve analyses. Functions of prognostic genes were predicted based on the interaction proteins and the correlation with tumor-infiltrating immune cells. The Human Protein Atlas (HPA) tool was utilized to validate the protein expression levels. Results A total of 247 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were commonly identified using TCGA and GSE123390 datasets. Brown and yellow modules (including 77 DEGs) were identified to be preserved for RC. Five DEGs (ASB2, GPR15, PRPH, RNASE7, and TCL1A) in these two modules constituted the optimal prognosis signature panel. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that patients in the high-risk group had a poorer prognosis than those in the low-risk group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that this risk score had high predictive accuracy for unfavorable prognosis, with the area under the ROC curve of 0.915 and 0.827 for TCGA and GSE56699 datasets, respectively. This five-mRNA classifier was an independent prognostic factor. Its predictive accuracy was also higher than all clinical factor models. A prognostic nomogram was developed by integrating the risk score and clinical factors, which showed the highest prognostic power. ASB2, PRPH, and GPR15/TCL1A were predicted to function by interacting with CASQ2/PDK4/EPHA67, PTN, and CXCL12, respectively. TCL1A and GPR15 influenced the infiltration levels of B cells and dendritic cells, while the expression of PRPH was positively associated with the abundance of macrophages. HPA analysis supported the downregulation of PRPH, RNASE7, CASQ2, EPHA6, and PDK4 in RC compared with normal controls. Conclusion Our immune-related signature panel may be a promising prognostic indicator for RC.
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32
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Lacerda Mariano L, Ingersoll MA. The immune response to infection in the bladder. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:439-458. [PMID: 32661333 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-0350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The bladder is continuously protected by passive defences such as a mucus layer, antimicrobial peptides and secretory immunoglobulins; however, these defences are occasionally overcome by invading bacteria that can induce a strong host inflammatory response in the bladder. The urothelium and resident immune cells produce additional defence molecules, cytokines and chemokines, which recruit inflammatory cells to the infected tissue. Resident and recruited immune cells act together to eradicate bacteria from the bladder and to develop lasting immune memory against infection. However, urinary tract infection (UTI) is commonly recurrent, suggesting that the induction of a memory response in the bladder is inadequate to prevent reinfection. Additionally, infection seems to induce long-lasting changes in the urothelium, which can render the tissue more susceptible to future infection. The innate immune response is well-studied in the field of UTI, but considerably less is known about how adaptive immunity develops and how repair mechanisms restore bladder homeostasis following infection. Furthermore, data demonstrate that sex-based differences in immunity affect resolution and infection can lead to tissue remodelling in the bladder following resolution of UTI. To combat the rise in antimicrobial resistance, innovative therapeutic approaches to bladder infection are currently in development. Improving our understanding of how the bladder responds to infection will support the development of improved treatments for UTI, particularly for those at risk of recurrent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Lacerda Mariano
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Molly A Ingersoll
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,Inserm, U1223, Paris, France.
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33
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Aptamer based proteomic pilot study reveals a urine signature indicative of pediatric urinary tract infections. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235328. [PMID: 32628701 PMCID: PMC7337308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Current urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnostic strategies that rely on leukocyte esterase have limited accuracy. We performed an aptamer-based proteomics pilot study to identify urine protein levels that could differentiate a culture proven UTI from culture negative samples, regardless of pyuria status. Methods We analyzed urine from 16 children with UTIs, 8 children with culture negative pyuria and 8 children with negative urine culture and no pyuria. The urine levels of 1,310 proteins were quantified using the Somascan™ platform and normalized to urine creatinine. Machine learning with support vector machine (SVM)-based feature selection was performed to determine the combination of urine biomarkers that optimized diagnostic accuracy. Results Eight candidate urine protein biomarkers met filtering criteria. B-cell lymphoma protein, C-X-C motif chemokine 6, C-X-C motif chemokine 13, cathepsin S, heat shock 70kDA protein 1A, mitogen activated protein kinase, protein E7 HPV18 and transgelin. AUCs ranged from 0.91 to 0.95. The best prediction was achieved by the SVMs with radial basis function kernel. Conclusions Biomarkers panel can be identified by the emerging technologies of aptamer-based proteomics and machine learning that offer the potential to increase UTI diagnostic accuracy, thereby limiting unneeded antibiotics.
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34
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Qureshi AH, Liang D, Canas J, Hooks J, Arrregui SW, Saxena V, Rooney R, Nolan V, Schwaderer AL, Hains DS. DCHS1 DNA copy number loss associated with pediatric urinary tract infection risk. Innate Immun 2020; 26:473-481. [PMID: 32295462 PMCID: PMC7491237 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920917193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI), associated with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), can lead to chronic kidney disease. Genetic alterations in the innate immune defenses contribute to UTI risk. We investigated a novel gene, Dachsous Cadherin-Related 1 (DCHS1), in children with UTI. We determined absolute DNA copy number (CN) of DCHS1 in children with UTI. In this case-control study, we utilized multiple complementary methods to determine the genomic CN of DCHS1. Children with (n = 370) and without (n = 71) VUR from two well-phenotyped clinical trials of UTI were copy-typed and compared to 491 healthy controls with no known history of VUR or UTI. Less than 1% of controls had a single copy of DCHS1, while 31% of children with UTI and no VUR and 7% of children with UTI and VUR had a single copy of the DCHS1 gene. Using immunostaining, we localized expression postnatally to the bladder and renal epithelia. Mice were also challenged with two uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, and Dchs1 mRNA was quantified. This study represents the first report of DCHS1 in association with pediatric UTI. We hypothesize that its role in innate immunity is critical to lower urinary tract defense. Further investigation is required to determine the role of DCHS1 in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam H Qureshi
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Erlanger, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, USA
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jorge Canas
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jenaya Hooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Samuel W Arrregui
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Vijay Saxena
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Robert Rooney
- Integrative Genomics Biorepository, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, USA
| | - Vikki Nolan
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, USA
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, USA
| | - David S Hains
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, USA
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35
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Prasad SV, Fiedoruk K, Daniluk T, Piktel E, Bucki R. Expression and Function of Host Defense Peptides at Inflammation Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010104. [PMID: 31877866 PMCID: PMC6982121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the complex role of host defense peptides (HDPs) in the pathophysiology of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The physicochemical properties and selective interaction of HDPs with various receptors define their immunomodulatory effects. However, it is quite challenging to understand their function because some HDPs play opposing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory roles, depending on their expression level within the site of inflammation. While it is known that HDPs maintain constitutive host protection against invading microorganisms, the inducible nature of HDPs in various cells and tissues is an important aspect of the molecular events of inflammation. This review outlines the biological functions and emerging roles of HDPs in different inflammatory conditions. We further discuss the current data on the clinical relevance of impaired HDPs expression in inflammation and selected diseases.
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36
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Becknell B, Ching C, Spencer JD. The Responses of the Ribonuclease A Superfamily to Urinary Tract Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2786. [PMID: 31849967 PMCID: PMC6901906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower urinary tract is routinely exposed to microbes residing in the gastrointestinal tract, yet the urothelium resists invasive infections by gut microorganisms. This infection resistance is attributed to innate defenses in the bladder urothelium, kidney epithelium, and resident or circulating immune cells. In recent years, surmounting evidence suggests that these cell types produce and secrete soluble host defense peptides, including members of the Ribonuclease (RNase) A Superfamily, to combat invasive bacterial challenge. While some of these peptides, including RNase 4 and RNase 7, are abundantly produced by epithelial cells, the expression of others, like RNase 3 and RNase 6, increase at infection sites with immune cell recruitment. The objective of this mini-review is to highlight recent evidence showing the biological importance and responses of RNase A Superfamily members to infection in the kidney and bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Becknell
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Center of Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christina Ching
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Center of Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Urology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John David Spencer
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Center of Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
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37
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Rademacher F, Dreyer S, Kopfnagel V, Gläser R, Werfel T, Harder J. The Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Function of RNase 7 in Skin. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2553. [PMID: 31749808 PMCID: PMC6848066 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human ribonuclease RNase 7 has been originally isolated from human skin and is a member of the human RNase A superfamily. RNase 7 is constantly released by keratinocytes and accumulates on the skin surface. The expression of RNase 7 in keratinocytes can be induced by diverse stimuli such as cytokines, growth factors, and microbial factors. RNase 7 exhibits a potent broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms and contributes to control bacterial growth on the skin surface. The ribonuclease and antimicrobial activity of RNase 7 can be blocked by the endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor. There is also increasing evidence that RNase 7 exerts immunomodulatory activities and may participate in antiviral defense. In this review, we discuss how these characteristics of RNase 7 contribute to innate cutaneous defense and highlight its role in skin infection and inflammation. We also speculate how a potential dysregulation of RNase 7 promotes inflammatory skin diseases and if RNase 7 may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvia Dreyer
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Kopfnagel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Regine Gläser
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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38
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Desloges I, Taylor JA, Leclerc JM, Brannon JR, Portt A, Spencer JD, Dewar K, Marczynski GT, Manges A, Gruenheid S, Le Moual H, Thomassin JL. Identification and characterization of OmpT-like proteases in uropathogenic Escherichia coli clinical isolates. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e915. [PMID: 31496120 PMCID: PMC6854850 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial colonization of the urogenital tract is limited by innate defenses, including the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) resist AMP‐killing to cause a range of urinary tract infections (UTIs) including asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis, pyelonephritis, and sepsis. UPEC strains have high genomic diversity and encode numerous virulence factors that differentiate them from non‐UTI‐causing strains, including ompT. As OmpT homologs cleave and inactivate AMPs, we hypothesized that UPEC strains from patients with symptomatic UTIs have high OmpT protease activity. Therefore, we measured OmpT activity in 58 clinical E. coli isolates. While heterogeneous OmpT activities were observed, OmpT activity was significantly greater in UPEC strains isolated from patients with symptomatic infections. Unexpectedly, UPEC strains exhibiting the greatest protease activities harbored an additional ompT‐like gene called arlC (ompTp). The presence of two OmpT‐like proteases in some UPEC isolates led us to compare the substrate specificities of OmpT‐like proteases found in E. coli. While all three cleaved AMPs, cleavage efficiency varied on the basis of AMP size and secondary structure. Our findings suggest the presence of ArlC and OmpT in the same UPEC isolate may confer a fitness advantage by expanding the range of target substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Desloges
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James A Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Mathieu Leclerc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John R Brannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Portt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John D Spencer
- Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ken Dewar
- Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory T Marczynski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amee Manges
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hervé Le Moual
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jenny-Lee Thomassin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Eichler T, Bender K, Murtha MJ, Schwartz L, Metheny J, Solden L, Jaggers RM, Bailey MT, Gupta S, Mosquera C, Ching C, La Perle K, Li B, Becknell B, Spencer JD. Ribonuclease 7 Shields the Kidney and Bladder from Invasive Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1385-1397. [PMID: 31239387 PMCID: PMC6683711 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018090929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that antimicrobial peptides, components of the innate immune response, protect the kidneys and bladder from bacterial challenge. We previously identified ribonuclease 7 (RNase 7) as a human antimicrobial peptide that has bactericidal activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Functional studies assessing RNase 7's contributions to urinary tract defense are limited. METHODS To investigate RNase 7's role in preventing urinary tract infection (UTI), we quantified urinary RNase 7 concentrations in 29 girls and adolescents with a UTI history and 29 healthy female human controls. To assess RNase 7's antimicrobial activity in vitro in human urothelial cells, we used siRNA to silence urothelial RNase 7 production and retroviral constructs to stably overexpress RNase 7; we then evaluated UPEC's ability to bind and invade these cells. For RNase 7 in vivo studies, we developed humanized RNase 7 transgenic mice, subjected them to experimental UTI, and enumerated UPEC burden in the urine, bladder, and kidneys. RESULTS Compared with controls, study participants with a UTI history had 1.5-fold lower urinary RNase 7 concentrations. When RNase 7 was silenced in vitro, the percentage of UPEC binding or invading human urothelial cells increased; when cells overexpressed RNase 7, UPEC attachment and invasion decreased. In the transgenic mice, we detected RNase 7 expression in the kidney's intercalated cells and bladder urothelium. RNase 7 humanized mice exhibited marked protection from UPEC. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that RNase 7 has a role in kidney and bladder host defense against UPEC and establish a foundation for investigating RNase 7 as a UTI prognostic marker or nonantibiotic-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tad Eichler
- Centers for Clinical and Translational Research and
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group
| | - Kristin Bender
- Centers for Clinical and Translational Research and
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group
| | - Matthew J Murtha
- Centers for Clinical and Translational Research and
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Laura Schwartz
- Centers for Clinical and Translational Research and
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group
| | | | - Lindsey Solden
- Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert M Jaggers
- Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; and
- Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sudipti Gupta
- Centers for Clinical and Translational Research and
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group
| | | | - Christina Ching
- Centers for Clinical and Translational Research and
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; and
- Divisions of Urology and
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery and
| | - Krista La Perle
- Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Birong Li
- Centers for Clinical and Translational Research and
| | - Brian Becknell
- Centers for Clinical and Translational Research and
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; and
- Nephrology, and
- Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John David Spencer
- Centers for Clinical and Translational Research and
- Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; and
- Nephrology, and
- Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio
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40
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Chung LK, Raffatellu M. G.I. pros: Antimicrobial defense in the gastrointestinal tract. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 88:129-137. [PMID: 29432952 PMCID: PMC6087682 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex environment in which the host immune system interacts with a diverse array of microorganisms, both symbiotic and pathogenic. As such, mobilizing a rapid and appropriate antimicrobial response depending on the nature of each stimulus is crucial for maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inflammation in the gut. Here we focus on the mechanisms by which intestinal antimicrobial peptides regulate microbial communities during dysbiosis and infection. We also discuss classes of bacterial peptides that contribute to reducing enteric pathogen outgrowth. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the interplay of diverse antimicrobial responses with enteric pathogens and the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawton K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0704, United States
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0704, United States; Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla CA, United States.
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41
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Kamolvit W, Nilsén V, Zambrana S, Mohanty S, Gonzales E, Östenson CG, Brauner A. Lupinus mutabilis Edible Beans Protect against Bacterial Infection in Uroepithelial Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:1098015. [PMID: 30643523 PMCID: PMC6311276 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1098015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lupinus mutabilis is a South American herb with edible beans, known to reduce serum glucose levels in diabetic patients. Furthermore, L. mutabilis contains phytochemicals known to decrease bacterial load. Based on the increased urinary tract infections experienced among patients with diabetes, we investigated the effect of L. mutabilis on bladder epithelial cells in the protection of E. coli infection during normal and high glucose concentrations. We did not observe any direct antibacterial effect by L. mutabilis extract. Instead we observed an influence on the host cells, with indirect impact on bacteria and their possibility of causing infection. L. mutabilis extract decreased adhesion to bladder epithelial cells of uropathogenic bacteria, including drug-resistant strains. Moreover, uroplakin1a, involved in adhesion, was downregulated while the antimicrobial peptide RNase 7 was upregulated in L. mutabilis treated cells irrespectively of glucose concentration. This supports an early effect fighting bacteria. Additionally, L. mutabilis prevented bacterial biofilm formation, which is used by bacteria to evade the immune system and antibiotics. In summary, L. mutabilis protects against bacterial infection in uroepithelial cells by preventing adhesion through alteration of the cell surface, increasing antimicrobial peptide expression, and reducing biofilm formation. Together, this promotes bacterial clearance, suggesting that L. mutabilis as extract or as a dietary item can contribute to the prevention of urinary tract infections, which is of importance in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witchuda Kamolvit
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vera Nilsén
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia Zambrana
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Area de Farmacologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmaco Bioquimicas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquimicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Soumitra Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Gonzales
- Area de Farmacologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmaco Bioquimicas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquimicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Claes-Göran Östenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Klee NS, McCarthy CG, Lewis S, McKenzie JL, Vincent JE, Webb RC. Urothelial Senescence in the Pathophysiology of Diabetic Bladder Dysfunction-A Novel Hypothesis. Front Surg 2018; 5:72. [PMID: 30564582 PMCID: PMC6288180 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2018.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) is a well-recognized and common symptom affecting up to 50% of all diabetic patients. DBD has a broad range of clinical presentations ranging from overactive to underactive bladder symptoms that develops in middle-aged to elderly patients with long standing and poorly controlled diabetes. Low efficacy of current therapeutics and lifestyle interventions combined with high national healthcare costs highlight the need for more research into bladder dysfunction pathophysiology and novel treatment options. Cellular senescence is an age-related physiologic process in which cells undergo irreversible growth arrest induced by replicative exhaustion and damaging insults. While controlled senescence negatively regulates cell proliferation and promotes tissue regeneration, uncontrolled senescence is known to result in tissue dysfunction through enhanced secretion of inflammatory factors. This review presents previous scientific findings and current hypotheses that characterize diabetic bladder dysfunction. Further, we propose the novel hypothesis that cellular senescence within the urothelial layer of the bladder contributes to the pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidant environment and symptoms of diabetic bladder dysfunction. Our results show increased cellular senescence in the urothelial layer of the bladder; however, whether this phenomenon is the cause or effect of DBD is unknown. The urothelial layer of the bladder is made up of transitional epithelia specialized to contract and expand with demand and plays an active role in transmission by modulating afferent activity. Transition from normal functioning urothelial cells to secretory senescence cells would not only disrupt the barrier function of this layer but may result in altered signaling and sensation of bladder fullness; dysfunction of this layer is known to result in symptoms of frequency and urgency. Future DBD therapeutics may benefit from targeting and preventing early transition of urothelial cells to senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Klee
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Steven Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jaine L McKenzie
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Julie E Vincent
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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Abstract
People with diabetes mellitus are at higher risk of developing serious ascending infections of the urinary tract. The traditional explanation has focused on the role of glycosuria in promoting bacterial growth. Using mouse models, Murtha et al. demonstrate that when the intracellular insulin signaling pathway is compromised, antimicrobial defenses are compromised too, and the mice are unable to effectively handle uropathogenic E. coli introduced experimentally into the urinary tract. These observations strongly support the hypothesis that the antimicrobial defenses of the kidney are dependent on insulin, and the urinary tract infections associated with diabetes occur due to reduced expression of these key effectors of innate immunity.
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44
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The Immunomodulatory and Antimicrobial Properties of the Vertebrate Ribonuclease A Superfamily. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6040076. [PMID: 30463297 PMCID: PMC6313885 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ribonuclease A Superfamily is composed of cationic peptides that are secreted by immune cells and epithelial tissues. Although their physiological roles are unclear, several members of the vertebrate Ribonuclease A Superfamily demonstrate antimicrobial and immune modulation activities. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the published literature on the Ribonuclease A Superfamily with an emphasis on each peptide’s regulation, antimicrobial properties, and immunomodulatory functions. As additional insights emerge regarding the mechanisms in which these ribonucleases eradicate invading pathogens and modulate immune function, these ribonucleases may have the potential to be developed as a novel class of therapeutics for some human diseases.
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45
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Murtha MJ, Eichler T, Bender K, Metheny J, Li B, Schwaderer AL, Mosquera C, James C, Schwartz L, Becknell B, Spencer JD. Insulin receptor signaling regulates renal collecting duct and intercalated cell antibacterial defenses. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5634-5646. [PMID: 30418175 DOI: 10.1172/jci98595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
People with diabetes mellitus have increased infection risk. With diabetes, urinary tract infection (UTI) is more common and has worse outcomes. Here, we investigate how diabetes and insulin resistance impact the kidney's innate defenses and urine sterility. We report that type 2 diabetic mice have increased UTI risk. Moreover, insulin-resistant prediabetic mice have increased UTI susceptibility, independent of hyperglycemia or glucosuria. To identify how insulin resistance affects renal antimicrobial defenses, we genetically deleted the insulin receptor in the kidney's collecting tubules and intercalated cells. Intercalated cells, located within collecting tubules, contribute to epithelial defenses by acidifying the urine and secreting antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) into the urinary stream. Collecting duct and intercalated cell-specific insulin receptor deletion did not impact urine acidification, suppressed downstream insulin-mediated targets and AMP expression, and increased UTI susceptibility. Specifically, insulin receptor-mediated signaling regulates AMPs, including lipocalin 2 and ribonuclease 4, via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling. These data suggest that insulin signaling plays a critical role in renal antibacterial defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Murtha
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tad Eichler
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristin Bender
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jackie Metheny
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Birong Li
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Claudia Mosquera
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cindy James
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura Schwartz
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Becknell
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John David Spencer
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Saxena V, Hains DS, Ketz J, Chanley M, Spencer JD, Becknell B, Pierce KR, Nelson RD, Purkerson JM, Schwartz GJ, Schwaderer AL. Cell-specific qRT-PCR of renal epithelial cells reveals a novel innate immune signature in murine collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F812-F823. [PMID: 28468965 PMCID: PMC6230735 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00512.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The urinary tract is usually culture negative despite its close proximity to microbial flora. The precise mechanism by which the kidneys and urinary tract defends against infection is not well understood. The initial kidney cells to encounter ascending pathogens are the collecting tubule cells that consist of principal cells (PCs) that express aquaporin 2 (AQP2) and intercalated cells (ICs) that express vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase, B1 subunit). We have previously shown that ICs are involved with the human renal innate immune defense. Here we generated two reporter mice, VATPase B1-cre+tdT+ mice to fluorescently label ICs and AQP2-cre+tdT+ mice to fluorescently label PCs, and then performed flow sorting to enrich PCs and ICs for analysis. Isolated ICs and PCs along with proximal tubular cells were used to measure antimicrobial peptide (AMP) mRNA expression. ICs and PCs were significantly enriched for AMPs. Isolated ICs responded to uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) challenge in vitro and had higher RNase4 gene expression than control while both ICs and PCs responded to UPEC challenge in vivo by upregulating Defb1 mRNA expression. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolating murine collecting tubule cells and performing targeted analysis for multiple classes of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Saxena
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio, and College of Medicine, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - David S Hains
- Innate Immunity Translational Research Center, Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John Ketz
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio, and College of Medicine, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Melinda Chanley
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio, and College of Medicine, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - John D Spencer
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio, and College of Medicine, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian Becknell
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio, and College of Medicine, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Keith R Pierce
- Innate Immunity Translational Research Center, Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Raoul D Nelson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jeffrey M Purkerson
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
| | - George J Schwartz
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio, and College of Medicine, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
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47
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Ching CB, Becknell B. Novel role for androgen signaling in pyelonephritis. Kidney Int 2018; 94:455-457. [PMID: 30143065 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in urinary tract infection (UTI) susceptibility and severity are known, but have historically focused on anatomic differences between males and females. Until recently, experimental UTI has been limited to female animals due to ease of transurethral bladder catheterization. Olson and colleagues have developed a model of experimental UTI independent of sex that relies on direct bladder inoculation and thus permits investigation of sex differences in UTI susceptibility. They now build upon their prior work in this model by implicating androgens as drivers of tubular invasion by uropathogenic Escherichia coli, which form luminal bacterial communities preceding renal abscess formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Ching
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Becknell
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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48
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Schwab S, Jobin K, Kurts C. Urinary tract infection: recent insight into the evolutionary arms race between uropathogenic Escherichia coli and our immune system. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 32:1977-1983. [PMID: 28340252 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide. Humans evolved various immune-dependent and independent defense mechanisms, while pathogens evolved multiple virulence factors to fight back. This article summarizes recent findings regarding the arms race between hosts and pathogens in UTIs. It was recently reported that macrophage subsets regulate neutrophil-mediated defense in primary UTIs but seem to subvert adaptive immunity upon re-infection. Moreover, some bacterial strains can survive inside macrophages, leading to recurrent infections. Inflammasome activation results in infected host cell death and pathogen release, facilitating the removal of intracellular bacteria. As a counteraction, some bacteria evolved mechanisms to disrupt inflammasome activation. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are further effectors that can lyse infected epithelial cells and release intracellular bacteria. Once released, the bacteria are phagocytosed by neutrophils. However, some bacteria can inhibit neutrophil migration and deprive neutrophils of nutrients. Furthermore, the complement system, considered generally bactericidal, is exploited by the bacteria for cellular invasion. Another weapon against UTI is antimicrobial peptides, e.g. ribonuclease 7, but its production is inhibited by certain bacterial strains. Thus the arms race in UTI is ongoing, and knowing the enemy's methods can help in developing new drugs to win the race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schwab
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany.,Medical Clinic I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Jobin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans, and the majority are caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). The rising antibiotic resistance among UPEC and the frequent failure of antibiotics to effectively treat recurrent UTI and catheter-associated UTI motivate research on alternative ways of managing UTI. Abundant evidence indicates that the toxic radical nitric oxide (NO), formed by activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase, plays an important role in host defence to bacterial infections, including UTI. The major source of NO production during UTI is from inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils, and from the uroepithelial cells that are known to orchestrate the innate immune response during UTI. NO and reactive nitrogen species have a wide range of antibacterial targets, including DNA, heme proteins, iron-sulfur clusters, and protein thiol groups. However, UPEC have acquired a variety of defence mechanisms for protection against NO, such as the NO-detoxifying enzyme flavohemoglobin and the NO-tolerant cytochrome bd-I respiratory oxidase. The cytotoxicity of NO-derived intermediates is nonspecific and may be detrimental to host cells, and a balanced NO production is crucial to maintain the tissue integrity of the urinary tract. In this review, we will give an overview of how NO production from host cells in the urinary tract is activated and regulated, the effect of NO on UPEC growth and colonization, and the ability of UPEC to protect themselves against NO. We also discuss the attempts that have been made to develop NO-based therapeutics for UTI treatment.
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Lee MW, Lee EY, Wong GCL. What Can Pleiotropic Proteins in Innate Immunity Teach Us about Bioconjugation and Molecular Design? Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2127-2139. [PMID: 29771496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A common bioengineering strategy to add function to a given molecule is by conjugation of a new moiety onto that molecule. Adding multiple functions in this way becomes increasingly challenging and leads to composite molecules with larger molecular weights. In this review, we attempt to gain a new perspective by looking at this problem in reverse, by examining nature's strategies of multiplexing different functions into the same pleiotropic molecule using emerging analysis techniques such as machine learning. We concentrate on examples from the innate immune system, which employs a finite repertoire of molecules for a broad range of tasks. An improved understanding of how diverse functions are multiplexed into a single molecule can inspire new approaches for the deterministic design of multifunctional molecules.
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