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Liu J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wu Z, Cui Z, Pan X, Zheng Y, Wang J, Wang K, Zhang Y. Intestinal lymphatic transport of Smilax china L. pectic polysaccharide via Peyer's patches and its uptake and transport mechanisms in mononuclear phagocytes. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122256. [PMID: 38823922 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the intestinal lymphatic transport based on Peyer's patches (PPs) is emerging as a promising absorption pathway for natural polysaccharides. Herein, the aim of this study is to investigate the PP-based oral absorption of a pectic polysaccharide from Smilax china L. (SCLP), as well as its uptake and transport mechanisms in related immune cells. Taking advantages of the traceability of fluorescently labeled SCLP, we confirmed that SCLP could be absorbed into PPs and captured by their mononuclear phagocytes (dendritic cells and macrophages) following oral administration. Subsequently, the systematic in vitro study suggested that the endocytic mechanisms of SCLP by model mononuclear phagocytes (BMDCs and RAW264.7 cells) mainly involved caveolae-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis and phagocytosis. More importantly, SCLP directly binds and interacts with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and galectin 3 (Gal-3) receptor, and was taken up by mononuclear phagocytes in receptor-mediated manner. After internalization, SCLP was intracellularly transported primarily through endolysosomal pathway and ultimately localized in lysosomes. In summary, this work reveals novel information and perspectives about the in vivo fate of SCLP, which will contribute to further research and utilization of SCLP and other pectic polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoke Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Xianglin Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Yuheng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China.
| | - Kaiping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China.
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2
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Araki R, Ishikawa C, Kawasaki T, Kobori T, Shoji T, Takayama Y. Effects of Chronic Barley Consumption on Upper Respiratory Tract Symptoms in Japanese Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Parallel-Group, Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:2298. [PMID: 39064742 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
β-(1,3/1,4)-glucan is a major component of cereal grains, such as oats and barley. In this study, we investigated the effects of cooked waxy barley, which contains β-(1,3/1,4)-glucan, on upper respiratory tract physical symptoms and mood status by performing a randomized, parallel-group, comparative trial. The primary outcome was assessed using the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey-21 and Profile of Mood States second edition. Twenty-seven healthy Japanese adult participants were supplemented with 100 g of cooked waxy barley (containing 1.8 g of β-glucan) or 100 g of cooked white rice daily for 8 weeks. Participants receiving cooked waxy barley reported a reduction in cumulative days of sneezing (p < 0.05) and feeling tired (p < 0.0001) compared with the control group. After the intervention period, there were significantly less severe nasal symptoms, such as runny nose, plugged nose, and sneezing (p < 0.05), and a significantly greater reduction of the Tension-Anguish score (p < 0.05) in the barley group than in the control group. This study suggests that supplementation of cooked waxy barley containing β-(1,3/1,4)-glucan prevents or alleviates nasal upper respiratory tract symptoms and improves mood status. The findings of this study should be confirmed by double-blind trials with a larger number of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Araki
- Division of Food Function Research, Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8642, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ishikawa
- Division of Food Function Research, Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8642, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kawasaki
- Division of Food Function Research, Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8642, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshiro Kobori
- Division of Food Function Research, Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8642, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Shoji
- Division of Food Function Research, Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8642, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Takayama
- Division of Food Function Research, Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8642, Ibaraki, Japan
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3
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Covello C, Becherucci G, Di Vincenzo F, Del Gaudio A, Pizzoferrato M, Cammarota G, Gasbarrini A, Scaldaferri F, Mentella MC. Parenteral Nutrition, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Gut Barrier: An Intricate Plot. Nutrients 2024; 16:2288. [PMID: 39064731 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition poses a critical challenge in inflammatory bowel disease, with the potential to detrimentally impact medical treatment, surgical outcomes, and general well-being. Parenteral nutrition is crucial in certain clinical scenarios, such as with patients suffering from short bowel syndrome, intestinal insufficiency, high-yielding gastrointestinal fistula, or complete small bowel obstruction, to effectively manage malnutrition. Nevertheless, research over the years has attempted to define the potential effects of parenteral nutrition on the intestinal barrier and the composition of the gut microbiota. In this narrative review, we have gathered and analyzed findings from both preclinical and clinical studies on this topic. Based on existing evidence, there is a clear correlation between short- and long-term parenteral nutrition and negative effects on the intestinal system. These include mucosal atrophic damage and immunological and neuroendocrine dysregulation, as well as alterations in gut barrier permeability and microbiota composition. However, the mechanistic role of these changes in inflammatory bowel disease remains unclear. Therefore, further research is necessary to effectively address the numerous gaps and unanswered questions pertaining to these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Covello
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro di Malattie dell'Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Guia Becherucci
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell'Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Di Vincenzo
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro di Malattie dell'Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Del Gaudio
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro di Malattie dell'Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzoferrato
- UOC Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- UOC Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro di Malattie dell'Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Scaldaferri
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell'Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Mentella
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Addominali ed Endocrino-Metaboliche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Schreiner J, Brettner FEB, Gier S, Vogel-Kindgen S, Windbergs M. Unlocking the potential of microfold cells for enhanced permeation of nanocarriers in oral drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024:114408. [PMID: 39004319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of orally administered nanocarriers depend on their ability to effectively permeate the intestinal mucosa, which is one of the major challenges in oral drug delivery. Microfold cells are specialized enterocytes in the intestinal epithelium known for their high transcytosis abilities. This study aimed to compare and evaluate two targeting approaches using surface modifications of polymer-based nanocarriers, whereas one generally addresses enterocytes, and one is directed explicitly to microfold cells via targeting the sialyl LewisA motif on their surface. We characterized the resulting carriers in terms of size and charge, supplemented by scanning electron microscopy to confirm their structural properties. For predictive biological testing and to assess the intended targeting effect, we implemented two human intestinal in vitro models containing microfold-like cells. Both models were thoroughly characterized prior to permeation studies with the different nanocarriers. Our results demonstrated improved transport for both targeted formulations compared to undecorated carriers in the in vitro models. Notably, there was an enhanced uptake in the presence of microfold-like cells, particularly for the nanocarriers directed by the anti-sialyl LewisA antibody. These findings highlight the potential of microfold cell targeting to improve oral administration of drugs and emphasize the importance of using suitable and well-characterized in vitro models for testing novel drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schreiner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix E B Brettner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Vogel-Kindgen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maike Windbergs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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5
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Iketani A, Takano M, Kasakura K, Iwatsuki M, Tsuji A, Matsuda K, Minegishi R, Hosono A, Nakanishi Y, Takahashi K. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α-dependent regulation of granule formation in mast cells by intestinal bacteria. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2451094. [PMID: 38980255 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The antiallergic effects of gut microbiota have been attracting attention in recent years, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate these mechanisms specifically focusing on mast cells. Mast cells retain intracellular granules containing various inflammatory mediators such as histamine, which are released outside the cells upon IgE and allergen stimulation. We previously reported that increased expression of the transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), suppresses granule formation in mast cells and that Lacticaseibacillus casei JCM1134T (LC) upregulates C/EBPα levels. Here, granule formation in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells was suppressed in a MyD88-dependent manner after LC treatment due to C/EBPα-dependent downregulation of the genes encoding serglycin (SRGN) and mast cell protease 4 (Mcpt4). Furthermore, C/EBPα expression was regulated by DNA methylation in the 5' region far upstream of the transcription start site. LC suppressed DNA methylation of specific CpG motifs in the 5' region of the C/EBPα gene. These results conclude that specific gut microbial components, such as those from LC, suppress granule formation in mast cells by inhibiting SRGN and Mcpt4 expression via reduced C/EBPα gene methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Iketani
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mai Takano
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Department of Bioresource Utilization Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miono Iwatsuki
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayu Tsuji
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kou Matsuda
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Remina Minegishi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Hosono
- Department of Bioresource Utilization Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakanishi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Bioresource Utilization Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Alfituri OA, Blake R, Jensen K, Mabbott NA, Hope J, Stevens JM. Differential role of M cells in enteroid infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1416537. [PMID: 39040600 PMCID: PMC11260670 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1416537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection of ruminants such as cattle with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease, a disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the small intestine and diarrhoea. Infection with MAP is acquired via the faecal-to-oral route and the pathogen initially invades the epithelial lining of the small intestine. In this study we used an in vitro 3D mouse enteroid model to determine the influence of M cells in infection of the gut epithelia by MAP, in comparison with another bacterial intestinal pathogen of veterinary importance, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The differentiation of M cells in the enteroid cultures was induced by stimulation with the cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and the effects on MAP and Salmonella uptake and intracellular survival were determined. The presence of M cells in the cultures correlated with increased uptake and intracellular survival of Salmonella, but had no effect on MAP. Interestingly neither pathogen was observed to preferentially accumulate within GP2-positive M cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Joanne M. Stevens
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Tian K, Jing D, Lan J, Lv M, Wang T. Commensal microbiome and gastrointestinal mucosal immunity: Harmony and conflict with our closest neighbor. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1316. [PMID: 39023417 PMCID: PMC11256888 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal tract contains a wide range of microorganisms that have evolved alongside the immune system of the host. The intestinal mucosa maintains balance within the intestines by utilizing the mucosal immune system, which is controlled by the complex gut mucosal immune network. OBJECTIVE This review aims to comprehensively introduce current knowledge of the gut mucosal immune system, focusing on its interaction with commensal bacteria. RESULTS The gut mucosal immune network includes gut-associated lymphoid tissue, mucosal immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines. The connection between microbiota and the immune system occurs through the engagement of bacterial components with pattern recognition receptors found in the intestinal epithelium and antigen-presenting cells. This interaction leads to the activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The interaction between the microbial community and the host is vital for maintaining the balance and health of the host's mucosal system. CONCLUSION The gut mucosal immune network maintains a delicate equilibrium between active immunity, which defends against infections and damaging non-self antigens, and immunological tolerance, which allows for the presence of commensal microbiota and dietary antigens. This balance is crucial for the maintenance of intestinal health and homeostasis. Disturbance of gut homeostasis leads to enduring or severe gastrointestinal ailments, such as colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Utilizing these factors can aid in the development of cutting-edge mucosal vaccines that have the ability to elicit strong protective immune responses at the primary sites of pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Dehong Jing
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Junzhe Lan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Mingming Lv
- Department of BreastWomen's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity, and Child Health Care HospitalNanjingChina
| | - Tingting Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
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8
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Volcic M, Nchioua R, Pastorio C, Zech F, Haußmann I, Sauter D, Read C, Walther P, Kirchhoff F. Attenuated replication and damaging effects of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants in an intestinal epithelial barrier model. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29783. [PMID: 38965890 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Many COVID-19 patients suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms and impaired intestinal barrier function is thought to play a key role in Long COVID. Despite its importance, the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on intestinal epithelia is poorly understood. To address this, we established an intestinal barrier model integrating epithelial Caco-2 cells, mucus-secreting HT29 cells and Raji cells. This gut epithelial model allows efficient differentiation of Caco-2 cells into microfold-like cells, faithfully mimics intestinal barrier function, and is highly permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Early strains of SARS-CoV-2 and the Delta variant replicated with high efficiency, severely disrupted barrier function, and depleted tight junction proteins, such as claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1. In comparison, Omicron subvariants also depleted ZO-1 from tight junctions but had fewer damaging effects on mucosal integrity and barrier function. Remdesivir, the fusion inhibitor EK1 and the transmembrane serine protease 2 inhibitor Camostat inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication and thus epithelial barrier damage, while the Cathepsin inhibitor E64d was ineffective. Our results support that SARS-CoV-2 disrupts intestinal barrier function but further suggest that circulating Omicron variants are less damaging than earlier viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meta Volcic
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rayhane Nchioua
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Chiara Pastorio
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Zech
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Isabell Haußmann
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Clarissa Read
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Kuo CH, Wu LL, Chen HP, Yu J, Wu CY. Direct effects of alcohol on gut-epithelial barrier: Unraveling the disruption of physical and chemical barrier of the gut-epithelial barrier that compromises the host-microbiota interface upon alcohol exposure. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 39:1247-1255. [PMID: 38509796 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The development of alcohol-associated diseases is multifactorial, mechanism of which involves metabolic alteration, dysregulated immune response, and a perturbed intestinal host-environment interface. Emerging evidence has pinpointed the critical role of the intestinal host-microbiota interaction in alcohol-induced injuries, suggesting its contribution to disease initiation and development. To maintain homeostasis in the gut, the intestinal mucosa serves as the first-line defense against exogenous factors in the gastrointestinal tract, including dietary contents and the commensal microbiota. The gut-epithelial barrier comprises a physical barrier lined with a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells and a chemical barrier with mucus trapping host regulatory factors and gut commensal bacteria. In this article, we review recent studies pertaining to the disrupted gut-epithelial barrier upon alcohol exposure and examine how alcohol and its metabolism can affect the regulatory ability of intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hao Kuo
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Health Innovation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Microbiota Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ping Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Ying Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Health Innovation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Microbiota Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Okabe Y. Development and organization of omental milky spots. Immunol Rev 2024; 324:68-77. [PMID: 38662554 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The milky spots in omentum are atypical lymphoid tissues that play a pivotal role in regulating immune responses in the peritoneal cavity. The milky spots act as central hubs for collecting antigens and particles from the peritoneal cavity, regulating lymphocyte trafficking, promoting the differentiation and self-renewal of immune cells, and supporting the local germinal centre response. In addition, the milky spots exhibit unique developmental characteristics that combine the features of secondary and tertiary lymphoid tissues. These structures are innately programmed to form during foetal development; however, they can also be formed postnatally in response to peritoneal irritation such as inflammation, infection, obesity, or tumour metastasis. In this review, I discuss emerging perspectives on homeostatic development and organization of the milky spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Okabe
- Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Blake R, Jensen K, Mabbott N, Hope J, Stevens J. The role of Mce proteins in Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14964. [PMID: 38942800 PMCID: PMC11213854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's Disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis of ruminants. MAP establishes an infection in the host via the small intestine. This requires the bacterium to adhere to, and be internalised by, cells of the intestinal tract. The effector molecules expressed by MAP for this purpose remain to be fully identified and understood. Mammalian cell entry (mce) proteins have been shown to enable other Mycobacterial species to attach to and invade host epithelial cells. Here, we have expressed Mce1A, Mce1D, Mce3C and Mce4A proteins derived from MAP on the surface of a non-invasive Escherichia coli to characterise their role in the initial interaction between MAP and the host. To this end, expression of mce1A was found to significantly increase the ability of the E. coli to attach and survive intracellularly in human monocyte-like THP-1 cells, whereas expression of mce1D was found to significantly increase attachment and invasion of E. coli to bovine epithelial cell-like MDBK cells, implying cell-type specificity. Furthermore, expression of Mce1A and Mce1D on the surface of a previously non-invasive E. coli enhanced the ability of the bacterium to infect 3D bovine basal-out enteroids. Together, our data contributes to our understanding of the effector molecules utilised by MAP in the initial interaction with the host, and may provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Blake
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Kirsty Jensen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jayne Hope
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanne Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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12
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Mitrofanova O, Nikolaev M, Xu Q, Broguiere N, Cubela I, Camp JG, Bscheider M, Lutolf MP. Bioengineered human colon organoids with in vivo-like cellular complexity and function. Cell Stem Cell 2024:S1934-5909(24)00184-X. [PMID: 38876106 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Organoids and organs-on-a-chip have emerged as powerful tools for modeling human gut physiology and disease in vitro. Although physiologically relevant, these systems often lack the environmental milieu, spatial organization, cell type diversity, and maturity necessary for mimicking human intestinal mucosa. To instead generate models closely resembling in vivo tissue, we herein integrated organoid and organ-on-a-chip technology to develop an advanced human organoid model, called "mini-colons." By employing an asymmetric stimulation with growth factors, we greatly enhanced tissue longevity and replicated in vivo-like diversity and patterning of proliferative and differentiated cell types. Mini-colons contain abundant mucus-producing goblet cells and, signifying mini-colon maturation, single-cell RNA sequencing reveals emerging mature and functional colonocytes. This methodology is expanded to generate microtissues from the small intestine and incorporate additional microenvironmental components. Finally, our bioengineered organoids provide a precise platform to systematically study human gut physiology and pathology, and a reliable preclinical model for drug safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mitrofanova
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4052, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail Nikolaev
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4052, Switzerland
| | - Quan Xu
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4052, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Broguiere
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Irineja Cubela
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4052, Switzerland
| | - J Gray Camp
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4052, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bscheider
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4052, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Lutolf
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4052, Switzerland; Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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13
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Vieira WT, Viegas JSR, da Silva MGC, de Oliveira Nascimento L, Vieira MGA, Sarmento B. Self-assembly mucoadhesive beads of κ-carrageenan/sericin for indomethacin oral extended release. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132062. [PMID: 38705340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Oral drug administration, especially when composed of mucoadhesive delivery systems, has been a research trend due to increased residence time and contact with the mucosa, potentially increasing drug bioavailability and stability. In this context, this study aimed to develop self-assembly mucoadhesive beads composed of blends of κ-carrageenan and sericin (κ-Car/Ser) loaded with the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin (IND). We investigated the swelling, adhesion behaviour, and mechanical/physical properties of the beads, assessing their effects on cell viability, safety and permeation characteristics in both 2D and triple-culture model. The swelling ratio of the beads indicated pH-responsiveness, with maximum water absorption at pH 6.8, and strong mucoadhesion, increasing primarily with higher polymer concentrations. The beads exhibited thermal stability and no chemical interaction with IND, showing improved mechanical properties. Furthermore, the beads remained stable during accelerated and long-term storage studies. The beads were found to be biocompatible, and IND encapsulation improved cell viability (>70 % in both models, 79 % in VN) and modified IND permeation through the models (6.3 % for F5 formulation (κ-Car 0.90 % w/v | Ser 1.2 % w/v| IND 3.0 g); 10.9 % for free IND, p < 0.05). Accordingly, κ-Car/Ser/IND beads were demonstrated to be a promising IND drug carrier to improve oral administration while mitigating the side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedja Timóteo Vieira
- University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Juliana Santos Rosa Viegas
- i3S - Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Meuris Gurgel Carlos da Silva
- University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Laura de Oliveira Nascimento
- University of Campinas, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rua Cândido Portinari, 200, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira
- University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IUCS-CESPU, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
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14
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Han R, He H, Lu Y, Lu H, Shen S, Wu W. Oral targeted drug delivery to post-gastrointestinal sites. J Control Release 2024; 370:256-276. [PMID: 38679163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
As an essential branch of targeted drug delivery, oral targeted delivery is attracting growing attention in recent years. In addition to site-specific delivery for the treatment of locoregional diseases in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), oral targeted delivery to remote sites beyond the GIT emerges as a cutting-edge research topic. This review aims to provide an overview of the fundamental concepts and most recent advances in this field. Owing to the physiological barriers existing in the GIT, carrier systems should be transported across the enteric epithelia to target remote sites. Recently, pioneer investigations have validated the transport of intact micro- or nanocarriers across gastrointestinal barriers and subsequently to various distal organs and tissues. The microfold (M) cell pathway is the leading mechanism underlying the oral absorption of particulates, but the contribution of the transcellular and paracellular pathways should not be neglected either. In addition to well-acknowledged physicochemical and biological factors, the formation of a protein corona may also influence the biological fate of carrier systems. Although in an early stage of conceptualization, oral targeted delivery to remote diseases has demonstrated promising potential for the treatment of inflammation, tumors, and diseases inflicting the lymphatic and mononuclear phagocytosis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongze Han
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haisheng He
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huiping Lu
- Pharmacy Department and Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Shun Shen
- Pharmacy Department and Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Pharmacy Department and Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China.
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15
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Zou X, Liu Y, Cui M, Wan Q, Chu X. The in vitro intestinal cell model: different co-cultured cells create different applications. J Drug Target 2024; 32:529-543. [PMID: 38537662 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2333877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
As a vitro absorption model, the Caco-2 cells originate from a human colon adenocarcinomas and can differentiate into a cell layer with enterocyte-like features. The Caco-2 cell model is popularly applied to explore drug transport mechanisms, to evaluate the permeability of drug and to predict the absorption of drugs or bioactive substances in the gut. However, there are limitations to the application of Caco-2 cell model due to lack of a mucus layer, the long culture period and the inability to accurately simulate the intestinal environment. The most frequent way to expand the Caco-2 cell model and address its limitations is by co-culturing it with other cells or substances. This article reviews the culture methods and applications of 3D and 2D co-culture cell models established around Caco-2 cells. It also concludes with a summary of model strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Mengyao Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Wan
- Tongling Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Tongling, China
| | - Xiaoqin Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Pharmaceutical Preparation, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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16
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Del Castillo D, Lo DD. Deciphering the M-cell niche: insights from mouse models on how microfold cells "know" where they are needed. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1400739. [PMID: 38863701 PMCID: PMC11165056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1400739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Known for their distinct antigen-sampling abilities, microfold cells, or M cells, have been well characterized in the gut and other mucosa including the lungs and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). More recently, however, they have been identified in tissues where they were not initially suspected to reside, which raises the following question: what external and internal factors dictate differentiation toward this specific role? In this discussion, we will focus on murine studies to determine how these cells are identified (e.g., markers and function) and ask the broader question of factors triggering M-cell localization and patterning. Then, through the consideration of unconventional M cells, which include villous M cells, Type II taste cells, and medullary thymic epithelial M cells (microfold mTECs), we will establish the M cell as not just a player in mucosal immunity but as a versatile niche cell that adapts to its home tissue. To this end, we will consider the lymphoid structure relationship and apical stimuli to better discuss how the differing cellular programming and the physical environment within each tissue yield these cells and their unique organization. Thus, by exploring this constellation of M cells, we hope to better understand the multifaceted nature of this cell in its different anatomical locales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David D. Lo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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17
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Curvino EJ, Woodruff ME, Roe EF, Freire Haddad H, Cordero Alvarado P, Collier JH. Supramolecular Peptide Self-Assemblies Facilitate Oral Immunization. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3041-3056. [PMID: 38623037 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Oral immunization is a promising strategy for preventing and treating gastrointestinal (GI) infections and diseases, as it allows for direct access to the disease site. To elicit immune responses within the GI tract, however, there are many obstacles that oral vaccines must surmount, including proteolytic degradation and thick mucus barriers. Here, we employed a modular self-assembling peptide nanofiber platform to facilitate oral immunization against both peptide and small molecule epitopes. Synthesizing nanofibers with d-amino acids rendered them resistant to proteases in vitro, whereas l-amino acid nanofibers were rapidly degraded. Additionally, the inclusion of peptide sequences rich in proline, alanine, and serine (PAS), increased nanofiber muco-penetration, and accelerated nanofiber transport through the GI tract. Oral immunization with PASylated nanofibers and mucosal adjuvant generated local and systemic immune responses to a peptide epitope but only for l-amino acid nanofibers. Further, we were able to apply this design to also enable oral immunization against a small molecule epitope and illustrated the therapeutic and prophylactic effectiveness of these immunizations in mouse models of colitis. These findings demonstrate that supramolecular peptide self-assemblies have promise as oral vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Curvino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Mia E Woodruff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Emily F Roe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Helena Freire Haddad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Pablo Cordero Alvarado
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Joel H Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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18
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Baillou A, Tomal F, Chaumeil T, Barc C, Levern Y, Sausset A, Pezier T, Schulthess J, Peltier-Pain P, Laurent F, Lacroix-Lamandé S. Characterization of intestinal mononuclear phagocyte subsets in young ruminants at homeostasis and during Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379798. [PMID: 38756777 PMCID: PMC11096452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cryptosporidiosis is a poorly controlled zoonosis caused by an intestinal parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum, with a high prevalence in livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats). Young animals are particularly susceptible to this infection due to the immaturity of their intestinal immune system. In a neonatal mouse model, we previously demonstrated the importance of the innate immunity and particularly of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1) among mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) in controlling the acute phase of C. parvum infection. These immune populations are well described in mice and humans, but their fine characterization in the intestine of young ruminants remained to be further explored. Methods Immune cells of the small intestinal Peyer's patches and of the distal jejunum were isolated from naive lambs and calves at different ages. This was followed by their fine characterization by flow cytometry and transcriptomic analyses (q-RT-PCR and single cell RNAseq (lamb cells)). Newborn animals were infected with C. parvum, clinical signs and parasite burden were quantified, and isolated MP cells were characterized by flow cytometry in comparison with age matched control animals. Results Here, we identified one population of macrophages and three subsets of cDC (cDC1, cDC2, and a minor cDC subset with migratory properties) in the intestine of lamb and calf by phenotypic and targeted gene expression analyses. Unsupervised single-cell transcriptomic analysis confirmed the identification of these four intestinal MP subpopulations in lamb, while highlighting a deeper diversity of cell subsets among monocytic and dendritic cells. We demonstrated a weak proportion of cDC1 in the intestine of highly susceptible newborn lambs together with an increase of these cells within the first days of life and in response to the infection. Discussion Considering cDC1 importance for efficient parasite control in the mouse model, one may speculate that the cDC1/cDC2 ratio plays also a key role for the efficient control of C. parvum in young ruminants. In this study, we established the first fine characterization of intestinal MP subsets in young lambs and calves providing new insights for comparative immunology of the intestinal MP system across species and for future investigations on host-Cryptosporidium interactions in target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre Baillou
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
- Phileo by Lesaffre, Marcq-en-Barœul, France
| | - Florian Tomal
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Thierry Chaumeil
- Unité Expérimentale (UE)1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Céline Barc
- Unité Expérimentale (UE)1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Levern
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alix Sausset
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Tiffany Pezier
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Fabrice Laurent
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sonia Lacroix-Lamandé
- Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR)1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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19
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Emanuel E, Arifuzzaman M, Artis D. Epithelial-neuronal-immune cell interactions: Implications for immunity, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis at mucosal sites. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1169-1180. [PMID: 38369030 PMCID: PMC11070312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the respiratory tract and intestine provides a critical physical barrier to protect host tissues against environmental insults, including dietary antigens, allergens, chemicals, and microorganisms. In addition, specialized epithelial cells communicate directly with hematopoietic and neuronal cells. These epithelial-immune and epithelial-neuronal interactions control host immune responses and have important implications for inflammatory conditions associated with defects in the epithelial barrier, including asthma, allergy, and inflammatory bowel diseases. In this review, we discuss emerging research that identifies the mechanisms and impact of epithelial-immune and epithelial-neuronal cross talk in regulating immunity, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis at mucosal barrier surfaces. Understanding the regulation and impact of these pathways could provide new therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Emanuel
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mohammad Arifuzzaman
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; Friedman Center for Nutrition and Inflammation, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; Allen Discovery Center for Neuroimmune Interactions, New York, NY; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.
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20
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Malonga T, Vialaneix N, Beaumont M. BEST4 + cells in the intestinal epithelium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1345-C1352. [PMID: 38557358 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00042.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The recent development of single-cell transcriptomics highlighted the existence of a new lineage of mature absorptive cells in the human intestinal epithelium. This subpopulation is characterized by the specific expression of Bestrophin 4 (BEST4) and of other marker genes including OTOP2, CA7, GUCA2A, GUCA2B, and SPIB. BEST4+ cells appear early in development and are present in all regions of the small and large intestine at a low abundance (<5% of all epithelial cells). Location-specific gene expression profiles in BEST4+ cells suggest their functional specialization in each gut region, as exemplified by the small intestine-specific expression of the ion channel CFTR. The putative roles of BEST4+ cells include sensing and regulation of luminal pH, tuning of guanylyl cyclase-C signaling, transport of electrolytes, hydration of mucus, and secretion of antimicrobial peptides. However, most of these hypotheses lack functional validation, notably because BEST4+ cells are absent in mice. The presence of BEST4+ cells in human intestinal organoids indicates that this in vitro model should be suitable to study their role. Recent studies showed that BEST4+ cells are also present in the intestinal epithelium of macaque, pig, and zebrafish and, here, we report their presence in rabbits, which suggests that these species could be appropriate animal models to study BEST4+ cells during the development of diseases and their interactions with environmental factors such as diet or the microbiota. In this review, we summarize the existing literature regarding BEST4+ cells and emphasize the description of their predicted roles in the intestinal epithelium in health and disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY BEST4+ cells are a novel subtype of mature absorptive cells in the human intestinal epithelium highlighted by single-cell transcriptomics. The gene expression profile of BEST4+ cells suggests their role in pH regulation, electrolyte secretion, mucus hydration, and innate immune defense. The absence of BEST4+ cells in mice requires the use of alternative animal models or organoids to decipher the role of this novel type of intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Malonga
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, UR MIAT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nathalie Vialaneix
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, UR MIAT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, BioinfOmics, GenoToul Bioinformatics Facility, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
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21
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Li Y, Aoki T, Iwabuchi S, Arai S, Iwabuchi N, Motobayashi H, Tanaka M, Hashimoto S. Immunomodulatory activity of heat-killed Lacticaseibacillus paracaseiMCC1849 based on the activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the peripheral blood of healthy adults. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:3452-3460. [PMID: 38726445 PMCID: PMC11077237 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are widely used in food for their health benefits to the host. Inactivated probiotics also reportedly improve the intestinal environment and immune regulation. Our previous studies showed that heat-killed Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MCC1849 (hk-MCC1849) effectively induced IL-12 production in mouse spleen cells and significantly reduced cold symptoms in clinical trial subjects. To further elucidate the mechanism of host immune regulation by hk-MCC1849, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cocultured with hk-MCC1849. The Toll-like receptor 9 ligands CpG-ODN 2216 and hk-MCC1849 and the heat-killed Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC53103 were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The results showed that, compared with the control, hk-MCC1849 significantly increased the expression of the plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) marker CD86 (p < .0001) and the pDC marker HLA-DR (p < .001) in PBMCs. The expression levels of the IL-12p40, IFNα, IFNα1, IFNγ, and ISG15 genes were significantly increased after coculture with hk-MCC1849 (p < .05, p < .05, p < .05, p < .05, and p < .05, respectively, vs. control). Furthermore, to confirm whether hk-MCC1849 directly interacted with pDCs, DCs were enriched with PBMCs following 24 h of coculture with hk-MCC1849. Phagocytosis of fluorescently labeled hk-MCC1849 by pDCs was observed, and there were significant increases in CD86 (p < .05) and HLA-DR (p < .0001) expression in pDCs. These results suggest that hk-MCC1849 exerts a potential immunomodulatory effect on the host through the activation of peripheral pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Li
- Innovative Research Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.ZamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Takahiro Aoki
- Innovative Research Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.ZamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Sadahiro Iwabuchi
- Department of Molecular PathophysiologyWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaWakayamaJapan
| | - Satoshi Arai
- Innovative Research Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.ZamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Noriyuki Iwabuchi
- Innovative Research Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.ZamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Hideki Motobayashi
- Second Department of SurgeryWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaWakayamaJapan
| | - Miyuki Tanaka
- Innovative Research Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.ZamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Shinichi Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular PathophysiologyWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaWakayamaJapan
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22
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Zeinali S, Sutton K, Zefreh MG, Mabbott N, Vervelde L. Discrimination of distinct chicken M cell subsets based on CSF1R expression. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8795. [PMID: 38627516 PMCID: PMC11021470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, a subset of follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cells, known as M cells, conduct the transcytosis of antigens across the epithelium into the underlying lymphoid tissues. We previously revealed that M cells in the FAE of the chicken lung, bursa of Fabricius (bursa), and caecum based on the expression of CSF1R. Here, we applied RNA-seq analysis on highly enriched CSF1R-expressing bursal M cells to investigate their transcriptome and identify novel chicken M cell-associated genes. Our data show that, like mammalian M cells, those in the FAE of the chicken bursa also express SOX8, MARCKSL1, TNFAIP2 and PRNP. Immunohistochemical analysis also confirmed the expression of SOX8 in CSF1R-expressing cells in the lung, bursa, and caecum. However, we found that many other mammalian M cell-associated genes such as SPIB and GP2 were not expressed by chicken M cells or represented in the chicken genome. Instead, we show bursal M cells express high levels of related genes such as SPI1. Whereas our data show that bursal M cells expressed CSF1R-highly, the M cells in the small intestine lacked CSF1R and both expressed SOX8. This study offers insights into the transcriptome of chicken M cells, revealing the expression of CSF1R in M cells is tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Zeinali
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Kate Sutton
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Masoud Ghaderi Zefreh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil Mabbott
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
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23
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Li F, Wang Z, Cao Y, Pei B, Luo X, Liu J, Ge P, Luo Y, Ma S, Chen H. Intestinal Mucosal Immune Barrier: A Powerful Firewall Against Severe Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Acute Lung Injury via the Gut-Lung Axis. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2173-2193. [PMID: 38617383 PMCID: PMC11016262 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s448819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis-associated acute lung injury (SAP-ALI), which is the leading cause of mortality among hospitalized patients in the intensive care unit, remains incompletely elucidated. The intestinal mucosal immune barrier is a crucial component of the intestinal epithelial barrier, and its aberrant activation contributes to the induction of sustained pro-inflammatory immune responses, paradoxical intercellular communication, and bacterial translocation. In this review, we firstly provide a comprehensive overview of the composition of the intestinal mucosal immune barrier and its pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of SAP-ALI. Secondly, the mechanisms of its crosstalk with gut microbiota, which is called gut-lung axis, and its effect on SAP-ALI were summarized. Finally, a number of drugs that could enhance the intestinal mucosal immune barrier and exhibit potential anti-SAP-ALI activities were presented, including probiotics, glutamine, enteral nutrition, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The aim is to offer a theoretical framework based on the perspective of the intestinal mucosal immune barrier to protect against SAP-ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengjian Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinan Cao
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Boliang Pei
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Luo
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Ge
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yalan Luo
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shurong Ma
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Wang B, Iglesias-Ledon L, Bishop M, Chadha A, Rudolph SE, Longo BN, Cairns DM, Chen Y, Kaplan DL. Impact of Micro- and Nano-Plastics on Human Intestinal Organoid-Derived Epithelium. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e1027. [PMID: 38588063 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of patient-derived intestinal organoids represents an invaluable model for simulating the native human intestinal epithelium. These stem cell-rich cultures outperform commonly used cell lines like Caco-2 and HT29-MTX in reflecting the cellular diversity of the native intestinal epithelium after differentiation. In our recent study examining the effects of polystyrene (PS), microplastics (MPs), and nanoplastics (NPs), widespread pollutants in our environment and food chain, on the human intestinal epithelium, these organoids have been instrumental in elucidating the absorption mechanisms and potential biological impacts of plastic particles. Building on previously established protocols in human intestinal organoid culture, we herein detail a streamlined protocol for the cultivation, differentiation, and generation of organoid-derived monolayers. This protocol is tailored to generate monolayers incorporating microfold cells (M cells), key for intestinal particle uptake but often absent in current in vitro models. We provide validated protocols for the characterization of MPs/NPs via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for detailed imaging and their introduction to intestinal epithelial monolayer cells via confocal immunostaining. Additionally, protocols to test the impacts of MP/NP exposure on the functions of the intestinal barrier using transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements and assessing inflammatory responses using cytokine profiling are detailed. Overall, our protocols enable the generation of human intestinal organoid monolayers, complete with the option of including or excluding M cells, offering crucial techniques for observing particle uptake and identifying inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells to advance our knowledge of the potential effects of plastic pollution on human gut health. These approaches are also amendable to the study of other gut-related chemical and biological exposures and physiological responses due to the robust nature of the systems. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Human intestinal organoid culture and generation of monolayers with and without M cells Support Protocol 1: Culture of L-WRN and production of WRN-conditioned medium Support Protocol 2: Neuronal cell culture and integration into intestinal epithelium Support Protocol 3: Immune cell culture and integration into intestinal epithelium Basic Protocol 2: Scanning electron microscopy: sample preparation and imaging Basic Protocol 3: Immunostaining and confocal imaging of MP/NP uptake in organoid-derived monolayers Basic Protocol 4: Assessment of intestinal barrier function via TEER measurements Basic Protocol 5: Cytokine profiling using ELISA post-MP/NP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | | | - Matthew Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Anushka Chadha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Sara E Rudolph
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Brooke N Longo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Dana M Cairns
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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25
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Khaire OT, Mhaske A, Prasad AG, Almalki WH, Srivastava N, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. State-of-the-art drug delivery system to target the lymphatics. J Drug Target 2024; 32:347-364. [PMID: 38253594 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2309671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE The primary objective of the review is to assess the potential of lymphatic-targeted drug delivery systems, with a particular emphasis on their role in tumour therapy and vaccination efficacy. REASON FOR LYMPHATIC TARGETING The lymphatic system's crucial functions in maintaining bodily equilibrium, regulating metabolism, and orchestrating immune responses make it an ideal target for drug delivery. Lymph nodes, being primary sites for tumour metastasis, underscore the importance of targeting the lymphatic system for effective treatment. OUTCOME Nanotechnologies and innovative biomaterials have facilitated the development of lymphatic-targeted drug carriers, leveraging endogenous macromolecules to enhance drug delivery efficiency. Various systems such as liposomes, micelles, inorganic nanomaterials, hydrogels, and nano-capsules demonstrate significant potential for delivering drugs to the lymphatic system. CONCLUSION Understanding the physiological functions of the lymphatic system and its involvement in diseases underscores the promise of targeted drug delivery in improving treatment outcomes. The strategic targeting of the lymphatic system presents opportunities to enhance patient prognosis and advance therapeutic interventions across various medical contexts, indicating the importance of ongoing research and development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar T Khaire
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Akshada Mhaske
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Aprameya Ganesh Prasad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Waleed H Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
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26
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Gribonika I, Strömberg A, Chandode RK, Schön K, Lahl K, Bemark M, Lycke N. Migratory CD103 +CD11b + cDC2s in Peyer's patches are critical for gut IgA responses following oral immunization. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00023-0. [PMID: 38492746 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Induction and regulation of specific intestinal immunoglobulin (Ig)A responses critically depend on dendritic cell (DC) subsets and the T cells they activate in the Peyer's patches (PP). We found that oral immunization with cholera toxin (CT) as an adjuvant resulted in migration-dependent changes in the composition and localization of PP DC subsets with increased numbers of cluster of differentiation (CD)103- conventional DC (cDC)2s and lysozyme-expressing DC (LysoDCs) in the subepithelial dome and of CD103+ cDC2s that expressed CD101 in the T cell zones, while oral ovalbumin (OVA) tolerization was instead associated with greater accumulation of cDC1s and peripherally induced regulatory T cells (pTregs) in this area. Decreased IgA responses were observed after CT-adjuvanted immunization in huCD207DTA mice lacking CD103+ cDC2s, while oral OVA tolerization was inefficient in cDC1-deficient Batf3-/- mice. Using OVA transgenic T cell receptor CD4 T cell adoptive transfer models, we found that co-transferred endogenous wildtype CD4 T cells can hinder the induction of OVA-specific IgA responses through secretion of interleukin-10. CT could overcome this blocking effect, apparently through a modulating effect on pTregs while promoting an expansion of follicular helper T cells. The data support a model where cDC1-induced pTreg normally suppresses PP responses for any given antigen and where CT's oral adjuvanticity effect is dependent on promoting follicular helper T cell responses through induction of CD103+ cDC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inta Gribonika
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anneli Strömberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rakesh K Chandode
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Schön
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Translational Medicine - Human Immunology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Nils Lycke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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27
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He J, Zhu T, Mao N, Cai G, Gu P, Song Z, Lu X, Yang Y, Wang D. Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide-functionalized dendritic fibrous nano-silica as oral vaccine adjuvant delivery enhancing both the mucosal and systemic immunity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129982. [PMID: 38354941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Oral vaccines are a safe and convenient alternative to injected vaccines and have great potential to prevent major infectious diseases. However, the harsh gastrointestinal (GI) environment, mucus barriers, low immunogenicity, and lack of effective and safe mucosal adjuvants are the major challenges for oral vaccine delivery. In recent years, nanoparticle-based strategies have become attractive for improving oral vaccine delivery. Here, the dendritic fibrous nano-silica (DFNS) grafted with Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide (CDP) nanoparticles (CDP-DFNS) were prepared and investigated how to impact the immune responses. CDP-DFNS facilitated the antigen uptake in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and induce the activation of DCs in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo experiments, the result showed that the uptake efficiency by Peyer's patches (PPs) of CDP-DFNS/BSA was the best. And CDP-DFNS/BSA then significantly activated the DCs in lamina propria (LP), and T/B cells in PPs and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Moreover, the memory T cell responses in later period of vaccination was stronger than other groups. In addition, CDP-DFNS/BSA enhanced BSA-specific antibody IgG, IgA production, and SIgA secretion, was effective at inducing a strong mixed Th1/Th2 response and mucosal antibody responses. These results indicated that CDP-DFNS deserves further consideration as an oral vaccine adjuvant delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ningning Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Gaofeng Cai
- Collage of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Pengfei Gu
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zuchen Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xuanqi Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Deyun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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28
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Xu J, Yu L, Ye S, Ye Z, Yang L, Xu X. Oral microbiota-host interaction: the chief culprit of alveolar bone resorption. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1254516. [PMID: 38455060 PMCID: PMC10918469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1254516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
There exists a bidirectional relationship between oral health and general well-being, with an imbalance in oral symbiotic flora posing a threat to overall human health. Disruptions in the commensal flora can lead to oral diseases, while systemic illnesses can also impact the oral cavity, resulting in the development of oral diseases and disorders. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, known as pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis, play a crucial role in linking periodontitis to accompanying systemic diseases. In periodontal tissues, these bacteria, along with their virulence factors, can excessively activate the host immune system through local diffusion, lymphatic circulation, and blood transmission. This immune response disruption contributes to an imbalance in osteoimmune mechanisms, alveolar bone resorption, and potential systemic inflammation. To restore local homeostasis, a deeper understanding of microbiota-host interactions and the immune network phenotype in local tissues is imperative. Defining the immune network phenotype in periodontal tissues offers a promising avenue for investigating the complex characteristics of oral plaque biofilms and exploring the potential relationship between periodontitis and associated systemic diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying Porphyromonas gingivalis- and Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced alveolar bone resorption, as well as the immunophenotypes observed in host periodontal tissues during pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Surong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zitong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Luyi Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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29
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Song Y, Mehl F, Zeichner SL. Vaccine Strategies to Elicit Mucosal Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:191. [PMID: 38400174 PMCID: PMC10892965 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are essential tools to prevent infection and control transmission of infectious diseases that threaten public health. Most infectious agents enter their hosts across mucosal surfaces, which make up key first lines of host defense against pathogens. Mucosal immune responses play critical roles in host immune defense to provide durable and better recall responses. Substantial attention has been focused on developing effective mucosal vaccines to elicit robust localized and systemic immune responses by administration via mucosal routes. Mucosal vaccines that elicit effective immune responses yield protection superior to parenterally delivered vaccines. Beyond their valuable immunogenicity, mucosal vaccines can be less expensive and easier to administer without a need for injection materials and more highly trained personnel. However, developing effective mucosal vaccines faces many challenges, and much effort has been directed at their development. In this article, we review the history of mucosal vaccine development and present an overview of mucosal compartment biology and the roles that mucosal immunity plays in defending against infection, knowledge that has helped inform mucosal vaccine development. We explore new progress in mucosal vaccine design and optimization and novel approaches created to improve the efficacy and safety of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Frances Mehl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Steven L. Zeichner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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30
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Tang H, Zhang J, Zhu L, Jiang X, Pei C, Li L, Kong X. Characteristics of CD4-1 gene and its immune responses against Aeromonas veronii infection by activating NF-κB signaling in Qihe crucian carp Carassius auratus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109318. [PMID: 38142019 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
CD4-1 found in bony fish contains four extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains similar to that of mammalian CD4, which is crucial for the activation of CD4+ helper T-cell. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the molecular markers, immune functions and regulation mechanism of CD4-1 in teleosts due to their vast diversity. In this study, we cloned and characterized two isoforms of Qihe crucian carp CD4-1, designated as CaCD4-1.1 and CaCD4-1.2. We further explored their expression responses upon stimulation with Aeromonas veronii, and the regulation of their immune responses against A. veronii by NF-κB. The ORF of CaCD4-1.1 and CaCD4-1.2 cDNA encoded 477 and 466 amino acids, respectively. Both proteins contained seven conserved cysteine residues in the extracellular domain, and a CCC motif in their cytoplasm, respectively. However, CaCD4-1.1 exhibited a relatively limited similarity with CaCD4-1.2 in the ectodomain. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the mRNA expression of CaCD4-1.1 and CaCD4-1.2 exhibited differential constitutive expression across all examined tissues. Furthermore, the expression level of CD4-1.2 was higher than that of CD4-1.1 in the gills, head kidney, and spleen of Qihe crucian carp subjected to A. veronii challenge, while it was lower in the trunk kidney. Inhibition of NF-κB activity resulted in a decrease in the expression levels of CD4-1.1 and CD4-1.2 mRNA in the gill, while inducing an increase in expression levels in the spleen, in accordance with the observed ultrastructural changes in both organs. Interestingly, the impact of NF-κB on the mRNA expression level of CD4-1.1 appears to be stronger than that of CD4-1.2. Our results suggest that CaCD4-1.1 and CaCD4-1.2 could be expressed on T cells and antigen-sampling cells that exhibit similar characteristics to mammalian M cells, respectively, and differentially regulated by NF-κB in adaptive immune responses against bacterial infection. This research contributes to a better understanding of the crucial role of CD4-1 in the immune response of Qihe crucian carp and provide novel insights for the prevention and treatment of fish diseases in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Tang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Chao Pei
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China.
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Song YJ, Liu HX, Yang XG. The deposition of lanthanum carbonate may activate macrophages to induce gastrointestinal mucosal injury in patients with chronic kidney disease: an in vitro caco-2/THP-1 macrophage coculture model study. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:101-112. [PMID: 38148422 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and possible underlying mechanism of La2(CO3)3 deposition on GI mucosal inflammation. Our results showed that La2(CO3)3 can dissolve in artificial gastric fluids and form lanthanum phosphate (LaPO4) precipitates with an average size of about 1 μm. To mimic the intestinal mucosa and epithelial barrier, we established a Caco-2/THP-1 macrophage coculture model and a Caco-2 monoculture model, respectively. Our findings demonstrated that the medium of THP-1 macrophages stimulated by LaPO4 particles can damage the Caco-2 monolayer integrity in the coculture model, while the particles themselves had no direct impact on the Caco-2 monolayer integrity in the monoculture model. We measured values of trans-epithelial electrical resistance and detected images using a laser scanning confocal microscope. These results indicate that continuous stimulation of LaPO4 particles on macrophages can lead to a disruption of intestinal epithelium integrity. In addition, LaPO4 particles could stimulate THP-1 macrophages to secrete both IL-1β and IL-8. Although LaPO4 particles can also promote Caco-2 cells to secrete IL-8, the secretion was much lower than that produced by THP-1 macrophages. In summary, the deposition of La2(CO3)3 has been shown to activate macrophages and induce damage to intestinal epithelial cells, which may exacerbate inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease. Therefore, patients taking lanthanum carbonate, especially those with gastrointestinal mucosal inflammation, should be mindful of the potential for drug deposition in the GI system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ju Song
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui-Xue Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Xiao-Gai Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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32
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Riehl L, Fürst J, Kress M, Rykalo N. The importance of the gut microbiome and its signals for a healthy nervous system and the multifaceted mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1302957. [PMID: 38249593 PMCID: PMC10797776 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1302957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence links the gut microbiome and the nervous system in health and disease. This narrative review discusses current views on the interaction between the gut microbiota, the intestinal epithelium, and the brain, and provides an overview of the communication routes and signals of the bidirectional interactions between gut microbiota and the brain, including circulatory, immunological, neuroanatomical, and neuroendocrine pathways. Similarities and differences in healthy gut microbiota in humans and mice exist that are relevant for the translational gap between non-human model systems and patients. There is an increasing spectrum of metabolites and neurotransmitters that are released and/or modulated by the gut microbiota in both homeostatic and pathological conditions. Dysbiotic disruptions occur as consequences of critical illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease but also neurological, mental, and pain disorders, as well as ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Changes in the gut microbiota (dysbiosis) and a concomitant imbalance in the release of mediators may be cause or consequence of diseases of the central nervous system and are increasingly emerging as critical links to the disruption of healthy physiological function, alterations in nutrition intake, exposure to hypoxic conditions and others, observed in brain disorders. Despite the generally accepted importance of the gut microbiome, the bidirectional communication routes between brain and gut are not fully understood. Elucidating these routes and signaling pathways in more detail offers novel mechanistic insight into the pathophysiology and multifaceted aspects of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nadiia Rykalo
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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33
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Kassai S, de Vos P. Gastrointestinal barrier function, immunity, and neurocognition: The role of human milk oligosaccharide (hMO) supplementation in infant formula. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13271. [PMID: 38284595 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Breastmilk is seen as the gold standard for infant nutrition as it provides nutrients and compounds that stimulate gut barrier, immune, and brain development to the infant. However, there are many instances where it is not possible for an infant to be fed with breastmilk, especially for the full 6 months recommended by the World Health Organization. In such instances, infant formula is seen as the next best approach. However, infant formulas do not contain human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs), which are uniquely present in human milk as the third most abundant solid component. hMOs have been linked to many health benefits, such as the development of the gut microbiome, the immune system, the intestinal barrier, and a healthy brain. This paper reviews the effects of specific hMOs applied in infant formula on the intestinal barrier, including the not-often-recognized intestinal alkaline phosphatase system that prevents inflammation. Additionally, impact on immunity and the current proof for effects in neurocognitive function and the corresponding mechanisms are discussed. Recent studies suggest that hMOs can alter gut microbiota, modulate intestinal immune barrier function, and promote neurocognitive function. The hMOs 2'-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose have been found to have positive effects on the development of infants and have been deemed safe for use in formula. However, their use has been limited due to their cost and complexity of synthesis. Thus, although many benefits have been described, complex hMOs and combinations of hMOs with other oligosaccharides are the best approach to stimulate gut barrier, immune, and brain development and for the prevention of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kassai
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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34
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Lekki-Jóźwiak J, Bąska P. The Roles of Various Immune Cell Populations in Immune Response against Helminths. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:420. [PMID: 38203591 PMCID: PMC10778651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Helminths are multicellular parasites that are a substantial problem for both human and veterinary medicine. According to estimates, 1.5 billion people suffer from their infection, resulting in decreased life quality and burdens for healthcare systems. On the other hand, these infections may alleviate autoimmune diseases and allergy symptoms. The immune system is programmed to combat infections; nevertheless, its effector mechanisms may result in immunopathologies and exacerbate clinical symptoms. This review summarizes the role of the immune response against worms, with an emphasis on the Th2 response, which is a hallmark of helminth infections. We characterize non-immune cells (enteric tuft cells-ETCs) responsible for detecting parasites, as well as the role of hematopoietic-derived cells (macrophages, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, innate lymphoid cells group 2-ILC2s, mast cells, T cells, and B cells) in initiating and sustaining the immune response, as well as the functions they play in granulomas. The aim of this paper is to review the existing knowledge regarding the immune response against helminths, to attempt to decipher the interactions between cells engaged in the response, and to indicate the gaps in the current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Lekki-Jóźwiak
- Division of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
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35
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Gambirasi M, Safa A, Vruzhaj I, Giacomin A, Sartor F, Toffoli G. Oral Administration of Cancer Vaccines: Challenges and Future Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 38250839 PMCID: PMC10821404 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines, a burgeoning strategy in cancer treatment, are exploring innovative administration routes to enhance patient and medical staff experiences, as well as immunological outcomes. Among these, oral administration has surfaced as a particularly noteworthy approach, which is attributed to its capacity to ignite both humoral and cellular immune responses at systemic and mucosal tiers, thereby potentially bolstering vaccine efficacy comprehensively and durably. Notwithstanding this, the deployment of vaccines through the oral route in a clinical context is impeded by multifaceted challenges, predominantly stemming from the intricacy of orchestrating effective oral immunogenicity and necessitating strategic navigation through gastrointestinal barriers. Based on the immunogenicity of the gastrointestinal tract, this review critically analyses the challenges and recent advances and provides insights into the future development of oral cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gambirasi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Amin Safa
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Doctoral School in Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 98616-15881, Iran
| | - Idris Vruzhaj
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Doctoral School in Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Aurora Giacomin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Franca Sartor
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
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36
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Matanza XM, Clements A. Pathogenicity and virulence of Shigella sonnei: A highly drug-resistant pathogen of increasing prevalence. Virulence 2023; 14:2280838. [PMID: 37994877 PMCID: PMC10732612 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2280838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. are the causative agent of shigellosis (or bacillary dysentery), a diarrhoeal disease characterized for the bacterial invasion of gut epithelial cells. Among the 4 species included in the genus, Shigella flexneri is principally responsible for the disease in the developing world while Shigella sonnei is the main causative agent in high-income countries. Remarkably, as more countries improve their socioeconomic conditions, we observe an increase in the relative prevalence of S. sonnei. To date, the reasons behind this change in aetiology depending on economic growth are not understood. S. flexneri has been widely used as a model to study the pathogenesis of the genus, but as more research data are collected, important discrepancies with S. sonnei have come to light. In comparison to S. flexneri, S. sonnei can be differentiated in numerous aspects; it presents a characteristic O-antigen identical to that of one serogroup of the environmental bacterium Plesiomonas shigelloides, a group 4 capsule, antibacterial mechanisms to outcompete and displace gut commensal bacteria, and a poorer adaptation to an intracellular lifestyle. In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) have recognized the significant threat posed by antibiotic-resistant strains of S. sonnei, demanding new approaches. This review gathers knowledge on what is known about S. sonnei within the context of other Shigella spp. and aims to open the door for future research on understanding the increasing spread of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé M. Matanza
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Abigail Clements
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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37
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Pradhan J, Pradhan D, Sahu JK, Mishra S, Mallick S, Das S, Negi VD. A novel rspA gene regulates biofilm formation and virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106432. [PMID: 37926364 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria and belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Although much has been known about Salmonella pathogenesis, the functional characterizations of certain genes are yet to be explored. The rspA (STM14_1818) is one such gene with putative dehydratase function, and its role in pathogenesis is unknown. The background information showed that rspA gene is upregulated in Salmonella when it resides inside macrophages, which led us to investigate its role in Salmonella pathogenesis. We generated the rspA knockout strain and complement strain in S. Typhimurium 14028. Ex-vivo and in-vivo infectivity was looked at macrophage and epithelial cell lines and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The mutant strain differentially formed the biofilm at different temperatures by altering the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of cellulose and curli. Besides, the mutant strain is hyperproliferative intracellularly and showed increased bacterial burden in C. elegans. The mutant strain became more infectious and lethal, causing faster death of the worms than the wild type, and also modulates the worm's innate immunity. Thus, we found that the rspA deletion mutant was more pathogenic. In this study, we concluded that the rspA gene differentially regulates the biofilm formation in a temperature dependent manner by modulating the genes involved in the synthesis of cellulose and curli and negatively regulates the Salmonella virulence for longer persistence inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Pradhan
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Diana Pradhan
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Jugal Kishor Sahu
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Satyajit Mishra
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Swarupa Mallick
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Vidya Devi Negi
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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38
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Wang D, Jiang Q, Dong Z, Meng T, Hu F, Wang J, Yuan H. Nanocarriers transport across the gastrointestinal barriers: The contribution to oral bioavailability via blood circulation and lymphatic pathway. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115130. [PMID: 37913890 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration is the preferred route of drug delivery in clinical practice due to its noninvasiveness, safety, convenience, and high patient compliance. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) plays a crucial role in facilitating the targeted delivery of oral drugs. However, the GIT presents multiple barriers that impede drug absorption, including the gastric barrier in the stomach and the mucus and epithelial barriers in the intestine. In recent decades, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach for overcoming these challenges by utilizing nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems such as liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles. Encapsulating drugs within nanocarriers not only protects them from degradation but also enhances their transport and absorption across the GIT, ultimately improving oral bioavailability. The aim of this review is to elucidate the mechanisms underlying nanocarrier-mediated transportation across the GIT into systemic circulation via both the blood circulation and lymphatic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Qi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Zhefan Dong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Tingting Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Fuqiang Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; China Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321299, PR China.
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39
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Xu M, Qi Y, Liu G, Song Y, Jiang X, Du B. Size-Dependent In Vivo Transport of Nanoparticles: Implications for Delivery, Targeting, and Clearance. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20825-20849. [PMID: 37921488 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the in vivo transport of nanoparticles provides guidelines for designing nanomedicines with higher efficacy and fewer side effects. Among many factors, the size of nanoparticles plays a key role in controlling their in vivo transport behaviors due to the existence of various physiological size thresholds within the body and size-dependent nano-bio interactions. Encouraged by the evolving discoveries of nanoparticle-size-dependent biological effects, we believe that it is necessary to systematically summarize the size-scaling laws of nanoparticle transport in vivo. In this review, we summarized the size effect of nanoparticles on their in vivo transport along their journey in the body: begin with the administration of nanoparticles via different delivery routes, followed by the targeting of nanoparticles to intended tissues including tumors and other organs, and eventually clearance of nanoparticles through the liver or kidneys. We outlined the tools for investigating the in vivo transport of nanoparticles as well. Finally, we discussed how we may leverage the size-dependent transport to tackle some of the key challenges in nanomedicine translation and also raised important size-related questions that remain to be answered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze Xu
- Center for Medical Research on Innovation and Translation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Qi
- Center for Medical Research on Innovation and Translation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Gaoshuo Liu
- Center for Medical Research on Innovation and Translation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Yuanqing Song
- Center for Medical Research on Innovation and Translation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Xingya Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Bujie Du
- Center for Medical Research on Innovation and Translation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
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40
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Wang Q, Lu Q, Jia S, Zhao M. Gut immune microenvironment and autoimmunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110842. [PMID: 37643491 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A variety of immune cells or tissues are present in the gut to form the gut immune microenvironment by interacting with gut microbiota, and to maintain the gut immune homeostasis. Accumulating evidence indicated that gut microbiota dysbiosis might break the homeostasis of the gut immune microenvironment, which was associated with many health problems including autoimmune diseases. Moreover, disturbance of the gut immune microenvironment can also induce extra-intestinal autoimmune disorders through the migration of intestinal pro-inflammatory effector cells from the intestine to peripheral inflamed sites. This review discussed the composition of the gut immune microenvironment and its association with autoimmunity. These findings are expected to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of various autoimmune disorders, as well as novel strategies for the prevention and treatment against related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolin Wang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Sujie Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China.
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41
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Ralli T, Saifi Z, Tyagi N, Vidyadhari A, Aeri V, Kohli K. Deciphering the role of gut metabolites in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:815-833. [PMID: 36394607 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2142091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations in microbial abundance or diversity in the intestinal lumen leads to intestinal inflammation and disruption of intestinal membrane which eventually facilitates the translocation of microbial metabolites or whole microbes to the liver and other organs through portal vein. This process of translocation finally leads to multitude of health disorders. In this review, we are going to focus on the mechanisms by which gut metabolites like SCFAs, tryptophan (Trp) metabolites, bile acids (BAs), ethanol, and choline can either cause the development/progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or serves as a therapeutic treatment for the disease. Alterations in some metabolites like SCFAs, Trp metabolites, etc., can serve as biomarker molecules whereas presence of specific metabolites like ethanol definitely leads to disease progression. Thus, proper understanding of these mechanisms will subsequently help in designing of microbiome-based therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, we have also focussed on the role of dysbiosis on the mucosal immune system. In addition, we would also compile up the microbiome-based clinical trials which are currently undergoing for the treatment of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It has been observed that the use of microbiome-based approaches like prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, etc., can act as a beneficial treatment option but more research needs to be done to know how to manipulate the composition of gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Ralli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Zoya Saifi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Tyagi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Arya Vidyadhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vidhu Aeri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
- Research and Publications, Llyod Institute of Management and Technology, Greater Noida, India
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42
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Miguelena Chamorro B, Hameed SA, Dechelette M, Claude JB, Piney L, Chapat L, Swaminathan G, Poulet H, Longet S, De Luca K, Mundt E, Paul S. Characterization of Canine Peyer's Patches by Multidimensional Analysis: Insights from Immunofluorescence, Flow Cytometry, and Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:788-805. [PMID: 38015460 PMCID: PMC10696420 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral route is effective and convenient for vaccine administration to stimulate a protective immune response. GALT plays a crucial role in mucosal immune responses, with Peyer's patches (PPs) serving as the primary site of induction. A comprehensive understanding of the structures and functions of these structures is crucial for enhancing vaccination strategies and comprehending disease mechanisms; nonetheless, our current knowledge of these structures in dogs remains incomplete. We performed immunofluorescence and flow cytometry studies on canine PPs to identify cell populations and structures. We also performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to investigate the immune cell subpopulations present in PPs at steady state in dogs. We generated and validated an Ab specifically targeting canine M cells, which will be a valuable tool for elucidating Ag trafficking into the GALT of dogs. Our findings will pave the way for future studies of canine mucosal immune responses to oral vaccination and enteropathies. Moreover, they add to the growing body of knowledge in canine immunology, further expanding our understanding of the complex immune system of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Miguelena Chamorro
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, F69007 Lyon, France
- Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim, Saint-Priest, France
| | | | | | | | - Lauriane Piney
- Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Ludivine Chapat
- Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim, Saint-Priest, France
| | | | - Hervé Poulet
- Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Stéphanie Longet
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, F69007 Lyon, France
| | - Karelle De Luca
- Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Egbert Mundt
- Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, F69007 Lyon, France
- International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
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43
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Hulbert SW, Desai P, Jewett MC, DeLisa MP, Williams AJ. Glycovaccinology: The design and engineering of carbohydrate-based vaccine components. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108234. [PMID: 37558188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines remain one of the most important pillars in preventative medicine, providing protection against a wide array of diseases by inducing humoral and/or cellular immunity. Of the many possible candidate antigens for subunit vaccine development, carbohydrates are particularly appealing because of their ubiquitous presence on the surface of all living cells, viruses, and parasites as well as their known interactions with both innate and adaptive immune cells. Indeed, several licensed vaccines leverage bacterial cell-surface carbohydrates as antigens for inducing antigen-specific plasma cells secreting protective antibodies and the development of memory T and B cells. Carbohydrates have also garnered attention in other aspects of vaccine development, for example, as adjuvants that enhance the immune response by either activating innate immune responses or targeting specific immune cells. Additionally, carbohydrates can function as immunomodulators that dampen undesired humoral immune responses to entire protein antigens or specific, conserved regions on antigenic proteins. In this review, we highlight how the interplay between carbohydrates and the adaptive and innate arms of the immune response is guiding the development of glycans as vaccine components that act as antigens, adjuvants, and immunomodulators. We also discuss how advances in the field of synthetic glycobiology are enabling the design, engineering, and production of this new generation of carbohydrate-containing vaccine formulations with the potential to prevent infectious diseases, malignancies, and complex immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia W Hulbert
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Primit Desai
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Asher J Williams
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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44
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Taheri A, Bremmell KE, Joyce P, Prestidge CA. Battle of the milky way: Lymphatic targeted drug delivery for pathogen eradication. J Control Release 2023; 363:507-524. [PMID: 37797891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses, bacteria, and parasites rely on the lymphatic system for survival, replication, and dissemination. While conventional anti-infectives can combat infection-causing agents in the bloodstream, they do not reach the lymphatic system to eradicate the pathogens harboured there. This can result in ineffective drug exposure and reduce treatment effectiveness. By developing effective lymphatic delivery strategies for antiviral, antibacterial, and antiparasitic drugs, their systemic pharmacokinetics may be improved, as would their ability to reach their target pathogens within the lymphatics, thereby improving clinical outcomes in a variety of acute and chronic infections with lymphatic involvement (e.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, tuberculosis, and filariasis). Here, we discuss approaches to targeting anti-infective drugs to the intestinal and dermal lymphatics, aiming to eliminate pathogen reservoirs and interfere with their survival and reproduction inside the lymphatic system. These include optimized lipophilic prodrugs and drug delivery systems that promote lymphatic transport after oral and dermal drug intake. For intestinal lymphatic delivery via the chylomicron pathway, molecules should have logP values >5 and long-chain triglyceride solubilities >50 mg/g, and for dermal lymphatic delivery via interstitial lymphatic drainage, nanoparticle formulations with particle size between 10 and 100 nm are generally preferred. Insight from this review may promote new and improved therapeutic solutions for pathogen eradication and combating infective diseases, as lymphatic system involvement in pathogen dissemination and drug resistance has been neglected compared to other pathways leading to treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taheri
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Kristen E Bremmell
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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45
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Shichkin VP, Kurchenko OV, Okhotnikova EN, Chopyak VV, Delfino DV. Enterosorbents in complex therapy of food allergies: a focus on digestive disorders and systemic toxicity in children. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1210481. [PMID: 37901242 PMCID: PMC10611465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The review analyzes mechanisms and concomitant factors in developing IgE-associated allergic diseases provoked by food allergens and discusses clinical symptoms and current approaches for the treatment of food allergies. The expediency of using enterosorbents in complex therapy of food allergies and skin and respiratory manifestations associated with gastroenterological disorders is substantiated. The review summarizes the experience of using enterosorbents in post-Soviet countries to detoxify the human body. In this regard, special attention is paid to the enterosorbent White Coal (Carbowhite) based on silicon dioxide produced by the Ukrainian company OmniFarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena N. Okhotnikova
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Allergology, Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valentyna V. Chopyak
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Domenico V. Delfino
- Master in Musculoskeletal and Rheumatological Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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46
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Michelson DA, Zuo C, Verzi M, Benoist C, Mathis D. Hnf4 activates mimetic-cell enhancers to recapitulate gut and liver development within the thymus. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230461. [PMID: 37399024 PMCID: PMC10318407 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mimetic cells are medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) that mimic extra-thymic cell types to tolerize T cells to self-antigens. Here, we dissected the biology of entero-hepato mTECs, mimetic cells expressing gut- and liver-associated transcripts. Entero-hepato mTECs conserved their thymic identity yet accessed wide swaths of enterocyte chromatin and transcriptional programs via the transcription factors Hnf4α and Hnf4γ. Deletion of Hnf4α and Hnf4γ in TECs ablated entero-hepato mTECs and downregulated numerous gut- and liver-associated transcripts, with a primary contribution from Hnf4γ. Loss of Hnf4 impaired enhancer activation and CTCF redistribution in mTECs but did not impact Polycomb-mediated repression or promoter-proximal histone marks. By single-cell RNA sequencing, Hnf4 loss produced three distinct effects on mimetic cell state, fate, and accumulation. Serendipitously, a requirement for Hnf4 in microfold mTECs was discovered, which exposed a requirement for Hnf4γ in gut microfold cells and the IgA response. Study of Hnf4 in entero-hepato mTECs thus revealed mechanisms of gene control in the thymus and periphery alike.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chong Zuo
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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47
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Zeiringer S, Wiltschko L, Glader C, Reiser M, Absenger-Novak M, Fröhlich E, Roblegg E. Development and Characterization of an In Vitro Intestinal Model Including Extracellular Matrix and Macrovascular Endothelium. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5173-5184. [PMID: 37677739 PMCID: PMC10548470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In vitro intestinal models are used to study biological processes, drug and food absorption, or cytotoxicity, minimizing the use of animals in the laboratory. They usually consist of enterocytes and mucus-producing cells cultured for 3 weeks, e.g., on Transwells, to obtain a fully differentiated cell layer simulating the human epithelium. Other important components are the extracellular matrix (ECM) and strong vascularization. The former serves as structural support for cells and promotes cellular processes such as differentiation, migration, and growth. The latter includes endothelial cells, which coordinate vascularization and immune cell migration and facilitate the transport of ingested substances or drugs to the liver. In most cases, animal-derived hydrogels such as Matrigel or collagen are used as ECM in in vitro intestinal models, and endothelial cells are only partially considered, if at all. However, it is well-known that animal-derived products can lead to altered cell behavior and incorrect results. To circumvent these limitations, synthetic and modifiable hydrogels (Peptigel and Vitrogel) were studied here to mimic xenofree ECM, and the data were compared with Matrigel. Careful rheological characterization was performed, and the effect on cell proliferation was investigated. The results showed that Vitrogel exhibited shear-thinning behavior with an internal structure recovery of 78.9 ± 11.2%, providing the best properties among the gels investigated. Therefore, a coculture of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells (ratio 7:3) was grown on Vitrogel, while simultaneously endothelial cells were cultured on the basolateral side by inverse cultivation. The model was characterized in terms of cell proliferation, differentiation, and drug permeability. It was found that the cells cultured on Vitrogel induced a 1.7-fold increase in cell proliferation and facilitated the formation of microvilli and tight junctions after 2 weeks of cultivation. At the same time, the coculture showed full differentiation indicated by high alkaline phosphatase release of Caco-2 cells (95.0 ± 15.9%) and a mucus layer produced by HT29-MTX cells. Drug tests led to ex vivo comparable permeability coefficients (Papp) (i.e., Papp; antipyrine = (33.64 ± 5.13) × 10-6 cm/s, Papp; atenolol = (0.59 ± 0.16) × 10-6 cm/s). These results indicate that the newly developed intestinal model can be used for rapid and efficient assessment of drug permeability, excluding unexpected results due to animal-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett Zeiringer
- University
of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Laura Wiltschko
- University
of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Joanneum
Research-Health, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Glader
- University
of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research
Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Reiser
- University
of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Absenger-Novak
- Center
for Medical Research, Medical University
of Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center
for Medical Research, Medical University
of Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- University
of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research
Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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48
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Givony T, Leshkowitz D, Del Castillo D, Nevo S, Kadouri N, Dassa B, Gruper Y, Khalaila R, Ben-Nun O, Gome T, Dobeš J, Ben-Dor S, Kedmi M, Keren-Shaul H, Heffner-Krausz R, Porat Z, Golani O, Addadi Y, Brenner O, Lo DD, Goldfarb Y, Abramson J. Thymic mimetic cells function beyond self-tolerance. Nature 2023; 622:164-172. [PMID: 37674082 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of immunocompetent T cells in the thymus is required for effective defence against all types of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and fungi. To this end, T cells undergo a very strict educational program in the thymus, during which both non-functional and self-reactive T cell clones are eliminated by means of positive and negative selection1.Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) have an indispensable role in these processes, and previous studies have shown the notable heterogeneity of these cells2-7. Here, using multiomic analysis, we provide further insights into the functional and developmental diversity of TECs in mice, and reveal a detailed atlas of the TEC compartment according to cell transcriptional states and chromatin landscapes. Our analysis highlights unconventional TEC subsets that are similar to functionally well-defined parenchymal populations, including endocrine cells, microfold cells and myocytes. By focusing on the endocrine and microfold TEC populations, we show that endocrine TECs require Insm1 for their development and are crucial to maintaining thymus cellularity in a ghrelin-dependent manner; by contrast, microfold TECs require Spib for their development and are essential for the generation of thymic IgA+ plasma cells. Collectively, our study reveals that medullary TECs have the potential to differentiate into various types of molecularly distinct and functionally defined cells, which not only contribute to the induction of central tolerance, but also regulate the homeostasis of other thymus-resident populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Givony
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dena Leshkowitz
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Diana Del Castillo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Shir Nevo
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Kadouri
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bareket Dassa
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Gruper
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Razi Khalaila
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Osher Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tom Gome
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jan Dobeš
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merav Kedmi
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (G-INCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hadas Keren-Shaul
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (G-INCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- MICC Cell Observatory, Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoseph Addadi
- MICC Cell Observatory, Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ori Brenner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David D Lo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yael Goldfarb
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Jakub Abramson
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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49
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Macedo MH, Torras N, García-Díaz M, Barrias C, Sarmento B, Martínez E. The shape of our gut: Dissecting its impact on drug absorption in a 3D bioprinted intestinal model. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 153:213564. [PMID: 37482042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine is a complex organ with a characteristic architecture and a major site for drug and nutrient absorption. The three-dimensional (3D) topography organized in finger-like protrusions called villi increases surface area remarkably, granting a more efficient absorption process. The intestinal mucosa, where this process occurs, is a multilayered and multicell-type tissue barrier. In vitro intestinal models are routinely used to study different physiological and pathological processes in the gut, including compound absorption. Still, standard models are typically two-dimensional (2D) and represent only the epithelial barrier, lacking the cues offered by the 3D architecture and the stromal components present in vivo, often leading to inaccurate results. In this work, we studied the impact of the 3D architecture of the gut on drug transport using a bioprinted 3D model of the intestinal mucosa containing both the epithelial and the stromal compartments. Human intestinal fibroblasts were embedded in a previously optimized hydrogel bioink, and enterocytes and goblet cells were seeded on top to mimic the intestinal mucosa. The embedded fibroblasts thrived inside the hydrogel, remodeling the surrounding extracellular matrix. The epithelial cells fully covered the hydrogel scaffolds and formed a uniform cell layer with barrier properties close to in vivo. In particular, the villus-like model revealed overall increased permeability compared to a flat counterpart composed by the same hydrogel and cells. In addition, the efflux activity of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter was significantly reduced in the villus-like scaffold compared to a flat model, and the genetic expression of other drugs transporters was, in general, more relevant in the villus-like model. Globally, this study corroborates that the presence of the 3D architecture promotes a more physiological differentiation of the epithelial barrier, providing more accurate data on drug absorbance measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Macedo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Rua Alfredo, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Núria Torras
- IBEC - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, BIST - The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María García-Díaz
- IBEC - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, BIST - The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Barrias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Rua Alfredo, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Rua Alfredo, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Elena Martínez
- IBEC - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, BIST - The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN - Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Avenida Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Electronics and Biomedical Engineering Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí I Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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50
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Yang Z, DeLoid GM, Zarbl H, Baw J, Demokritou P. Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) and their potential toxicological outcomes: State of science, knowledge gaps and research needs. NANOIMPACT 2023; 32:100481. [PMID: 37717636 PMCID: PMC10841092 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2023.100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste has been produced at a rapidly growing rate over the past several decades. The environmental impacts of plastic waste on marine and terrestrial ecosystems have been recognized for years. Recently, researchers found that micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), micron (100 nm - 5 mm) and nanometer (1 - 100 nm) scale particles and fibers produced by degradation and fragmentation of plastic waste in the environment, have become an important emerging environmental and food chain contaminant with uncertain consequences for human health. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent findings from studies of potential toxicity and adverse health impacts of MNPs in terrestrial mammals, including studies in both in vitro cellular and in vivo mammalian models. Also reviewed here are recently released biomonitoring studies that have characterized the bioaccumulation, biodistribution, and excretion of MNPs in humans. The majority MNPs in the environment to which humans are most likely to be exposed, are of irregular shapes, varied sizes, and mixed compositions, and are defined as secondary MNPs. However, the MNPs used in most toxicity studies to date were commercially available primary MNPs of polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and other polymers. The emerging in vitro and in vivo evidence reviewed here suggests that MNP toxicity and bioactivity are largely determined by MNP particle physico-chemical characteristics, including size, shape, polymer type, and surface properties. For human exposure, MNPs have been identified in human blood, urine, feces, and placenta, which pose potential health risks. The evidence to date suggests that the mechanisms underlying MNP toxicity at the cellular level are primarily driven by oxidative stress. Nonetheless, large knowledge gaps in our understanding of MNP toxicity and the potential health impacts of MNP exposures still exist and much further study is needed to bridge those gaps. This includes human population exposure studies to determine the environmentally relevant MNP polymers and exposure concentrations and durations for toxicity studies, as well as toxicity studies employing environmentally relevant MNPs, with surface chemistries and other physico-chemical properties consistent with MNP particles in the environment. It is especially important to obtain comprehensive toxicological data for these MNPs to understand the range and extent of potential adverse impacts of microplastic pollutants on humans and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenning Yang
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Glen M DeLoid
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Helmut Zarbl
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joshua Baw
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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