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Sempach L, Doll JPK, Limbach V, Marzetta F, Schaub AC, Schneider E, Kettelhack C, Mählmann L, Schweinfurth-Keck N, Ibberson M, Lang UE, Schmidt A. Examining immune-inflammatory mechanisms of probiotic supplementation in depression: secondary findings from a randomized clinical trial. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:305. [PMID: 39048549 PMCID: PMC11269721 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We recently indicated that four-week probiotic supplementation significantly reduced depression along with microbial and neural changes in people with depression. Here we further elucidated the biological modes of action underlying the beneficial clinical effects of probiotics by focusing on immune-inflammatory processes. The analysis included a total of N = 43 participants with depression, from which N = 19 received the probiotic supplement and N = 24 received a placebo over four weeks, in addition to treatment as usual. Blood and saliva were collected at baseline, at post-intervention (week 4) and follow-up (week 8) to assess immune-inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, CRP, MIF), gut-related hormones (ghrelin, leptin), and a stress marker (cortisol). Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses were conducted to identify differentially expressed genes. Finally, we analyzed the associations between probiotic-induced clinical and immune-inflammatory changes. We observed a significant group x time interaction for the gut hormone ghrelin, indicative of an increase in the probiotics group. Additionally, the increase in ghrelin was correlated with the decrease in depressive symptoms in the probiotics group. Transcriptomic analyses identified 51 up- and 57 down-regulated genes, which were involved in functional pathways related to enhanced immune activity. We identified a probiotic-dependent upregulation of the genes ELANE, DEFA4 and OLFM4 associated to immune activation and ghrelin concentration. These results underscore the potential of probiotic supplementation to produce biological meaningful changes in immune activation in patients with depression. Further large-scale mechanistic trials are warranted to validate and extend our understanding of immune-inflammatory measures as potential biomarkers for stratification and treatment response in depression. Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov , identifier: NCT02957591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Sempach
- Translational Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jessica P K Doll
- Translational Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verena Limbach
- Translational Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flavia Marzetta
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Chiara Schaub
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Else Schneider
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Experimental Cognitive and Clinical Affective Neuroscience (ECAN) Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Kettelhack
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Mählmann
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Schmidt
- Translational Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Pan X, Gao Y, Guan K, Chen J, Ji B. Ghrelin/GHSR System in Depressive Disorder: Pathologic Roles and Therapeutic Implications. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:7324-7338. [PMID: 39057075 PMCID: PMC11275499 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression is the most common chronic mental illness and is characterized by low mood, insomnia, and affective disorders. However, its pathologic mechanisms remain unclear. Numerous studies have suggested that the ghrelin/GHSR system may be involved in the pathophysiologic process of depression. Ghrelin plays a dual role in experimental animals, increasing depressed behavior and decreasing anxiety. By combining several neuropeptides and traditional neurotransmitter systems to construct neural networks, this hormone modifies signals connected to depression. The present review focuses on the role of ghrelin in neuritogenesis, astrocyte protection, inflammatory factor production, and endocrine disruption in depression. Furthermore, ghrelin/GHSR can activate multiple signaling pathways, including cAMP/CREB/BDNF, PI3K/Akt, Jak2/STAT3, and p38-MAPK, to produce antidepressant effects, given which it is expected to become a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Pan
- School of Biological Sciences, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China;
| | - Yuxin Gao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (Y.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Kaifu Guan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (Y.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Bingyuan Ji
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
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Chen Y, Zhu Z, Yan Y, Sun H, Wang G, Du X, Li F, Yuan S, Wang W, Wang M, Gu C. P7C3 suppresses astrocytic senescence to protect dopaminergic neurons: Implication in the mouse model of Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14819. [PMID: 39056208 PMCID: PMC11273101 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Astrocytic senescence is inextricably linked to aging and neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). P7C3 is a small, neuroprotective aminopropyl carbazole compound that exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects of P7C3 on astrocytic senescence in PD remain to be elucidated. METHODS An in vitro, long culture-induced, replicative senescence cell model and a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)/rotenone-induced premature senescence cell model were used to investigate the effects of P7C3 on astrocytic senescence. An in vivo, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse PD model was used to study the role of P7C3 in astrocytic senescence. Immunoblotting, real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR), immunofluorescence, subcellular fractionation assays, and immunohistochemistry were utilized to confirm the effects of P7C3 on astrocytic senescence and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. RESULTS This study determined that P7C3 suppressed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in both cell models, as demonstrated by the reduction in the critical senescence marker p16 and proinflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL10, and MMP9) and increased laminB1 levels, implying that P7C3 inhibited replicative astrocytic senescence and MPP+/rotenone-induced premature astrocytic senescence, Most importantly, we demonstrated that P7C3 prevented the death of dopamine (DA) neurons and reduced the behavioral deficits in the MPTP-induced mouse model of PD, which is accompanied by a decrease in senescent astrocytes in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc). Mechanistically, P7C3 promoted Nrf2/Sirt3-mediated mitophagy and reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) generation, which contributed to the suppression of astrocytic senescence. Furthermore, Sirt3 deficiency obviously abolished the inhibitory effects of P7C3 on astrocytic senescence. CONCLUSION This study revealed that P7C3 inhibited astrocytic senescence via increased Nrf2/Sirt3-mediated mitophagy and suppression of mitoROS, which further protected against DA neuronal loss. These observations provide a prospective theoretical basis for P7C3 in the treatment of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Chen
- Department of PharmacyChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Zengyan Zhu
- Department of PharmacyChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yinghui Yan
- Department of PharmacyChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Hongyang Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Xiaohuan Du
- Department of PharmacyChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Fang Li
- Department of PharmacyChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Shuwei Yuan
- Department of PharmacyChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of PharmacyChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of PharmacyChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Chao Gu
- Department of PharmacyChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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Vijayashankar U, Ramashetty R, Rajeshekara M, Vishwanath N, Yadav AK, Prashant A, Lokeshwaraiah R. Leptin and ghrelin dynamics: unraveling their influence on food intake, energy balance, and the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:427-440. [PMID: 38932792 PMCID: PMC11196531 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-024-01418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose homeostasis. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of hunger and satiety hormones such as ghrelin and leptin in the development and progression of T2DM. In this context, the present literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of how ghrelin and leptin influences food intake and maintain energy balance and its implications in the pathophysiology of T2DM. Methods A thorough literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar to choose the studies that associated leptin and ghrelin with T2DM. Original articles and reviews were included, letters to editors and case reports were excluded. Results This narrative review article provides a comprehensive summary on mechanism of action of leptin and ghrelin, its association with obesity and T2DM, how they regulate energy and glucose homeostasis and potential therapeutic implications of leptin and ghrelin in managing T2DM. Conclusion Ghrelin, known for its appetite-stimulating effects, and leptin, a hormone involved in the regulation of energy balance, have been implicated in insulin resistance and glucose metabolism. Understanding the complexities of ghrelin and leptin interactions in the context of T2DM may offer insights into novel therapeutic strategies for this prevalent metabolic disorder. Further research is warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these hormone actions and to explore their clinical implications for T2DM prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Vijayashankar
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Rajalakshmi Ramashetty
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Mahesh Rajeshekara
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, 560002 India
| | - Nagashree Vishwanath
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Anshu Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru-15, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Akila Prashant
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru-15, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Rajeshwari Lokeshwaraiah
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
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Tsimpolis A, Kalafatakis K, Charalampopoulos I. Recent advances in the crosstalk between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glucocorticoids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1362573. [PMID: 38645426 PMCID: PMC11027069 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1362573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key neurotrophin within the brain, by selectively activating the TrkB receptor, exerts multimodal effects on neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, cellular integrity and neural network dynamics. In parallel, glucocorticoids (GCs), vital steroid hormones, which are secreted by adrenal glands and rapidly diffused across the mammalian body (including the brain), activate two different groups of intracellular receptors, the mineralocorticoid and the glucocorticoid receptors, modulating a wide range of genomic, epigenomic and postgenomic events, also expressed in the neural tissue and implicated in neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, cellular homeostasis, cognitive and emotional processing. Recent research evidences indicate that these two major regulatory systems interact at various levels: they share common intracellular downstream pathways, GCs differentially regulate BDNF expression, under certain conditions BDNF antagonises the GC-induced effects on long-term potentiation, neuritic outgrowth and cellular death, while GCs regulate the intraneuronal transportation and the lysosomal degradation of BDNF. Currently, the BDNF-GC crosstalk features have been mainly studied in neurons, although initial findings show that this crosstalk could be equally important for other brain cell types, such as astrocytes. Elucidating the precise neurobiological significance of BDNF-GC interactions in a tempospatial manner, is crucial for understanding the subtleties of brain function and dysfunction, with implications for neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, mood disorders and cognitive enhancement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Tsimpolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kalafatakis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Malta Campus), Queen Mary University of London, Victoria, Malta
| | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
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6
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Borroto-Escuela D, Serrano-Castro P, Sánchez-Pérez JA, Barbancho-Fernández MA, Fuxe K, Narváez M. Enhanced neuronal survival and BDNF elevation via long-term co-activation of galanin 2 (GALR2) and neuropeptide Y1 receptors (NPY1R): potential therapeutic targets for major depressive disorder. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:295-308. [PMID: 38622072 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2342517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and debilitating condition, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies due to the limited efficacy and adverse effects of current treatments. We explored how galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) and Neuropeptide Y1 Receptor (NPYY1R) agonists, working together, can boost brain cell growth and increase antidepressant-like effects in rats. This suggests new ways to treat Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a controlled laboratory setting, adult naive Sprague-Dawley rats were administered directly into the brain's ventricles, a method known as intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration, with GALR2 agonist (M1145), NPYY1R agonist, both, or in combination with a GALR2 antagonist (M871). Main outcome measures included long-term neuronal survival, differentiation, and behavioral. RESULTS Co-administration of M1145 and NPYY1R agonist significantly enhanced neuronal survival and maturation in the ventral dentate gyrus, with a notable increase in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) expression. This neurogenic effect was associated with an antidepressant-like effect, an outcome partially reversed by M871. CONCLUSIONS GALR2 and NPYY1R agonists jointly promote hippocampal neurogenesis and exert antidepressant-like effects in rats without adverse outcomes, highlighting their therapeutic potential for MDD. The study's reliance on an animal model and intracerebroventricular delivery warrants further clinical exploration to confirm these promising results.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Male
- Rats
- Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology
- Antidepressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy
- Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Peptides
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Neuropeptide
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Receptomics and Brain Disorders Lab, Edificio Lopez-Peñalver, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Serrano-Castro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, NeuronLab, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Unit of Neurology, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Vithas Málaga, Vithas Málaga, Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Andrés Sánchez-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, NeuronLab, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Unit of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, NeuronLab, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Unit of Neurology, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Vithas Málaga, Vithas Málaga, Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, Málaga, Spain
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Liu SS, Ma CX, Quan ZY, Ding J, Yang L, Liu SM, Zhang HA, Qing H, Liang JH. Discovery of Novel Diphenyl Acrylonitrile Derivatives That Promote Adult Rats' Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1241. [PMID: 38279241 PMCID: PMC10816640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously discovered WS-6 as a new antidepressant in correlation to its function of stimulating neurogenesis. Herein, several different scaffolds (stilbene, 1,3-diphenyl 1-propene, 1,3-diphenyl 2-propene, 1,2-diphenyl acrylo-1-nitrile, 1,2-diphenyl acrylo-2-nitrile, 1,3-diphenyl trimethylamine), further varied through substitutions of twelve amide substituents plus the addition of a methylene unit and an inverted amide, were examined to elucidate the SARs for promoting adult rat neurogenesis. Most of the compounds could stimulate proliferation of progenitors, but just a few chemicals possessing a specific structural profile, exemplified by diphenyl acrylonitrile 29b, 32a, and 32b, showed better activity than the clinical drug NSI-189 in promoting newborn cells differentiation into mature neurons. The most potent diphenyl acrylonitrile 32b had an excellent brain AUC to plasma AUC ratio (B/P = 1.6), suggesting its potential for further development as a new lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China; (S.-S.L.); (C.-X.M.); (J.D.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Cong-Xuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China; (S.-S.L.); (C.-X.M.); (J.D.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Zheng-Yang Quan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.-Y.Q.); (L.Y.); (H.-A.Z.)
| | - Jing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China; (S.-S.L.); (C.-X.M.); (J.D.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.-Y.Q.); (L.Y.); (H.-A.Z.)
| | - Si-Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China; (S.-S.L.); (C.-X.M.); (J.D.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - He-Ao Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.-Y.Q.); (L.Y.); (H.-A.Z.)
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.-Y.Q.); (L.Y.); (H.-A.Z.)
| | - Jian-Hua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China; (S.-S.L.); (C.-X.M.); (J.D.); (S.-M.L.)
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Shu G, Chen W, Huang C, Shan H, Ye J, Li J, Gui Y. Higher concentration of P7C3 than required for neuroprotection suppresses renal cell carcinoma growth and metastasis. J Cancer 2024; 15:1191-1202. [PMID: 38356717 PMCID: PMC10861821 DOI: 10.7150/jca.90439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: P7C3 is a novel compound that has been widely applied in neurodegenerative diseases and nerve injury repair. Here, we show that higher concentrations of P7C3 than are required for in vivo neuroprotection have the novel function of suppressing renal cell carcinoma (RCC) proliferation and metastasis. Methods: Colony formation, CCK-8 and EdU assay were applied to evaluate RCC cell proliferation. Wound healing and transwell assay were used to measure RCC cell migration and invasion. Flow cytometry assay was employed to detect RCC cell apoptosis and cell cycle. qRT-PCR assay was carried out to measure ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (RRM2) mRNA expression level, while western blot assay was utilized to detect the expression level of target proteins. RCC cell growth in vivo was determined by xenografts in mice. Results: We observed that high concentrations of P7C3 could restrain the proliferation and metastasis of RCC cells and promote cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, this new effect of higher dose of P7C3 was associated with reduced expression of RRM2, and the beneficial efficacy of P7C3 in RCC was blocked when suppression of RRM2 was prevented. When RRM2 suppression was permitted, the cGAS-STING pathway was activated by virtue of RRM2/Bcl-2/Bax signaling. Lastly, intraperitoneal injection of this high level of P7C3 in mice potently inhibited tumor growth. Conclusion: In conclusion, we show here that P7C3 that exerts an anti-cancer effect in RCC. Our study indicated that P7C3 might act as a novel drug for RCC in the future. The regulatory signal pathway RRM2/Bcl-2/BAX/cGAS-STING might present novel insight to the potential mechanism of RCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Shu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chenchen Huang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Shan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfa Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoting Gui
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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9
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Roberts LD, Hornsby AK, Thomas A, Sassi M, Kinzett A, Hsiao N, David BR, Good M, Wells T, Davies JS. The 5:2 diet does not increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis or enhance spatial memory in mice. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57269. [PMID: 37987211 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
New neurones are generated throughout life in the mammalian brain in a process known as adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). Since this phenomenon grants a high degree of neuroplasticity influencing learning and memory, identifying factors that regulate AHN may be important for ameliorating age-related cognitive decline. Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to enhance AHN and improve memory, mediated by the stomach hormone, ghrelin. Intermittent fasting (IF), a dietary strategy offering more flexibility than conventional CR, has also been shown to promote aspects of AHN. The 5:2 diet is a popular form of IF; however, its effects on AHN are not well characterised. To address this, we quantified AHN in adolescent and adult wild-type and ghrelin-receptor-deficient mice following 6 weeks on a 5:2 diet. We report an age-related decline in neurogenic processes. However, the 5:2 diet does not increase AHN nor enhance memory performance, suggesting that this specific form of IF is ineffective in promoting brain plasticity to support learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Roberts
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Alanna Thomas
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Martina Sassi
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Aimee Kinzett
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Nathan Hsiao
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Bethan R David
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Mark Good
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Timothy Wells
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeffrey S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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10
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Ge JB, Jiang B, Shi TS, Li WY, Chen WJ, Zhu BL, Qin ZH. Cucurbitacin B Exerts Significant Antidepressant-Like Effects in a Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model of Depression: Involvement of the Hippocampal BDNF-TrkB System. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:680-691. [PMID: 37603290 PMCID: PMC10586053 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although depression has been a serious neuropsychiatric disorder worldwide, current antidepressants used in clinical practice have various weaknesses, including delayed onset and low rates of efficacy. Recently, the development of new antidepressants from natural herbal medicine has become one of the important research hotspots. Cucurbitacin B is a natural compound widely distributed in the Cucurbitaceae and Cruciferae families and has many pharmacological activities. The present study aimed to investigate whether cucurbitacin B possess antidepressant-like effects in mice. METHODS The antidepressant-like effects of cucurbitacin B on mice behaviors were explored using the forced swim test, tail suspension test, open field test, sucrose preference test, and a chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression together. Then, western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to examine the effects of cucurbitacin B on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) signaling cascade and neurogenesis in the hippocampus of mice. Furthermore, BDNF-short hairpin RNA, K252a, and p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester were adopted together to determine the antidepressant mechanism of cucurbitacin B. RESULTS It was found that administration of cucurbitacin B indeed produced notable antidepressant-like effects in mice, which were accompanied with significant promotion in both the hippocampal BDNF-TrkB pathway and neurogenesis. The antidepressant mechanism of cucurbitacin B involves the hippocampal BDNF-TrkB system but not the serotonin system. CONCLUSIONS Cucurbitacin B has the potential to be a novel antidepressant candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bin Ge
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Disease, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Nantong Rehabilitation Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian-Shun Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Jia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bao-Lun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Disease, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Sridharan PS, Miller E, Pieper AA. Application of P7C3 Compounds to Investigating and Treating Acute and Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1616-1628. [PMID: 37651054 PMCID: PMC10684439 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading worldwide cause of disability, and there are currently no medicines that prevent, reduce, or reverse acute or chronic neurodegeneration in TBI patients. Here, we review the target-agnostic discovery of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/NADH-stabilizing P7C3 compounds through a phenotypic screen in mice and describe how P7C3 compounds have been applied to advance understanding of the pathophysiology and potential treatment of TBI. We summarize how P7C3 compounds have been shown across multiple laboratories to mitigate disease progression safely and effectively in a broad range of preclinical models of disease related to impaired NAD+/NADH metabolism, including acute and chronic TBI, and note the reported safety and neuroprotective efficacy of P7C3 compounds in nonhuman primates. We also describe how P7C3 compounds facilitated the recent first demonstration that chronic neurodegeneration 1 year after TBI in mice, the equivalent of many decades in people, can be reversed to restore normal neuropsychiatric function. We additionally review how P7C3 compounds have facilitated discovery of new pathophysiologic mechanisms of neurodegeneration after TBI. This includes the role of rapid TBI-induced tau acetylation that drives axonal degeneration, and the discovery of brain-derived acetylated tau as the first blood-based biomarker of neurodegeneration after TBI that directly correlates with the abundance of a therapeutic target in the brain. We additionally review the identification of TBI-induced tau acetylation as a potential mechanistic link between TBI and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Lastly, we summarize historical accounts of other successful phenotypic-based drug discoveries that advanced medical care without prior recognition of the specific molecular target needed to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethy S Sridharan
- Brain Health Medicines Center, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emiko Miller
- Brain Health Medicines Center, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Brain Health Medicines Center, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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12
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Peng Y, Jin H, Xue YH, Chen Q, Yao SY, Du MQ, Liu S. Current and future therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease: an overview of drug development bottlenecks. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1206572. [PMID: 37600514 PMCID: PMC10438465 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1206572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common chronic neurodegenerative disease worldwide. It causes cognitive dysfunction, such as aphasia and agnosia, and mental symptoms, such as behavioral abnormalities; all of which place a significant psychological and economic burden on the patients' families. No specific drugs are currently available for the treatment of AD, and the current drugs for AD only delay disease onset and progression. The pathophysiological basis of AD involves abnormal deposition of beta-amyloid protein (Aβ), abnormal tau protein phosphorylation, decreased activity of acetylcholine content, glutamate toxicity, autophagy, inflammatory reactions, mitochondria-targeting, and multi-targets. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved five drugs for clinical use: tacrine, donepezil, carbalatine, galantamine, memantine, and lecanemab. We have focused on the newer drugs that have undergone clinical trials, most of which have not been successful as a result of excessive clinical side effects or poor efficacy. Although aducanumab received rapid approval from the FDA on 7 June 2021, its long-term safety and tolerability require further monitoring and confirmation. In this literature review, we aimed to explore the possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of AD. We focused on anti-Aβ and anti-tau drugs, mitochondria-targeting and multi-targets, commercially available drugs, bottlenecks encountered in drug development, and the possible targets and therapeutic strategies for future drug development. We hope to present new concepts and methods for future drug therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-hui Xue
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Shun-yu Yao
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Miao-qiao Du
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
- Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
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13
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Ren J, Xiao H. Exercise for Mental Well-Being: Exploring Neurobiological Advances and Intervention Effects in Depression. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1505. [PMID: 37511879 PMCID: PMC10381534 DOI: 10.3390/life13071505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disorder in which patients often experience feelings of sadness, fatigue, loss of interest, and pleasure. Exercise is a widely used intervention for managing depression, but the specific molecular mechanisms underlying its antidepressant effect are unclear. In this narrative review, we aim to synthesize current knowledge on the molecular, neural, and physiological mechanisms through which exercise exerts its antidepressant effect and discuss the various exercise interventions used for managing depression. We conducted a narrative review of the literature on the topic of exercise and depression. Our review suggests that exercise impacts peripheral tryptophan metabolism, central inflammation, and brain-derived neurotrophic factors through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activating factor 1α (PGC-1α) in skeletal muscles. The uncarboxylated osteocalcin facilitates "bone-brain crosstalk", and exercise corrects atypical expression of brain-gut peptides, modulates cytokine production and neurotransmitter release, and regulates inflammatory pathways and microRNA expression. Aerobic exercise is recommended at frequencies of 3 to 5 times per week with medium to high intensity. Here we highlight the significant potential of exercise therapy in managing depression, supported by the molecular, neural, and physiological mechanisms underlying its antidepressant effect. Understanding the molecular pathways and neural mechanisms involved in exercise's antidepressant effect opens new avenues for developing novel therapies for managing depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Ren
- Institute of Sport and Health, Guangdong Provincial Kay Laboratory of Development and Education for Special Needs Children, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524037, China;
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14
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Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Mergl R, Wirkner K, Baber R, Sander C, Witte AV, Villringer A, Kluge M. Childhood sexual abuse is associated with higher total ghrelin serum levels in adulthood: results from a large, population-based study. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:219. [PMID: 37349303 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide hormone synthesized in times of stress and hunger and alterations of the ghrelin system following acute stressors could be repeatedly shown in humans. However, little data exists on long-term effects of trauma on the ghrelin system. We aimed to investigate the influence of childhood trauma on total ghrelin serum levels in a large, population-based study. Total serum ghrelin was measured in 1666 participants of a population-based cross-sectional study ('LIFE study'). The Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS) was used for the assessment of childhood trauma in the final sample (n = 1086; mean age: 57.10 ± 16.23 years; 632 males, 454 females). Multiple linear regression analyses and generalized linear models were chosen to examine the association between childhood trauma and total serum ghrelin concentrations. Childhood sexual abuse went along with significantly higher ghrelin serum levels in the total sample (β = 0.114, t = 3.958; p = 0.00008) and in women (β = 0.142, t = 3.115; p = 0.002), but not in men (β = 0.055; t = 1.388; p = 0.166). Women with severe emotional neglect in the childhood had higher ghrelin levels than those without (odds ratio = 1.204; p = 0.018). For the CTS Sum Score and other CTS sub-scale scores, no significant association with ghrelin serum levels was found. Our study is the first to show associations between childhood sexual trauma and total ghrelin levels in adults in a large, community-based sample. Our results should initiate further research of the role of ghrelin in human stress response in prospective study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Alexander Wittekind
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Mergl
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Baber
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Sander
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Veronica Witte
- Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, and Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, and Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Rudolf-Virchow-Hospital, Glauchau, Germany
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15
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Tian J, Guo L, Wang T, Jia K, Swerdlow RH, Zigman JM, Du H. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 elevation contributes to age-associated cognitive decline. JCI Insight 2023; 8:166175. [PMID: 37212281 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly individuals frequently report cognitive decline, while various studies indicate hippocampal functional declines with advancing age. Hippocampal function is influenced by ghrelin through hippocampus-expressed growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is an endogenous GHSR antagonist that attenuates ghrelin signaling. Here, we measured plasma ghrelin and LEAP2 levels in a cohort of cognitively normal individuals older than 60 and found that LEAP2 increased with age while ghrelin (also referred to in literature as "acyl-ghrelin") marginally declined. In this cohort, plasma LEAP2/ghrelin molar ratios were inversely associated with Mini-Mental State Examination scores. Studies in mice showed an age-dependent inverse relationship between plasma LEAP2/ghrelin molar ratio and hippocampal lesions. In aged mice, restoration of the LEAP2/ghrelin balance to youth-associated levels with lentiviral shRNA Leap2 downregulation improved cognitive performance and mitigated various age-related hippocampal deficiencies such as CA1 region synaptic loss, declines in neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation. Our data collectively suggest that LEAP2/ghrelin molar ratio elevation may adversely affect hippocampal function and, consequently, cognitive performance; thus, it may serve as a biomarker of age-related cognitive decline. Moreover, targeting LEAP2 and ghrelin in a manner that lowers the plasma LEAP2/ghrelin molar ratio could benefit cognitive performance in elderly individuals for rejuvenation of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Lan Guo
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Tienju Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Kun Jia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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16
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Alvarez‐Contino JE, Díaz‐Sánchez E, Mirchandani‐Duque M, Sánchez‐Pérez JA, Barbancho MA, López‐Salas A, García‐Casares N, Fuxe K, Borroto‐Escuela DO, Narváez M. GALR2 and Y1R agonists intranasal infusion enhanced adult ventral hippocampal neurogenesis and antidepressant-like effects involving BDNF actions. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:459-474. [PMID: 36599082 PMCID: PMC10952952 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is linked to major depressive disorder (MDD), with more than 300 million people diagnosed and worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Accumulating evidence for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL) interaction was shown in various limbic system regions at molecular-, cellular-, and behavioral-specific levels. The purpose of the current work was to evaluate the proliferating role of GAL2 receptor (GALR2) and Y1R agonists interaction upon intranasal infusion in the ventral hippocampus. We studied their hippocampal proliferating actions using the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on neuroblasts or stem cells and the expression of the brain-derived neurothrophic factor (BDNF). Moreover, we studied the formation of Y1R-GALR2 heteroreceptor complexes and analyzed morphological changes in hippocampal neuronal cells. Finally, the functional outcome of the NPY and GAL interaction on the ventral hippocampus was evaluated in the forced swimming test. We demonstrated that the intranasal infusion of GALR2 and the Y1R agonists promotes neuroblasts proliferation in the dentate gyrus of the ventral hippocampus and the induction of the neurotrophic factor BDNF. These effects were mediated by the increased formation of Y1R-GALR2 heteroreceptor complexes, which may mediate the neurites outgrowth observed on neuronal hippocampal cells. Importantly, BDNF action was found necessary for the antidepressant-like effects after GALR2 and the Y1R agonists intranasal administration. Our data may suggest the translational development of new heterobivalent agonist pharmacophores acting on Y1R-GALR2 heterocomplexes in the ventral hippocampus for the novel therapy of MDD or depressive-affecting diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Erik Alvarez‐Contino
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
| | - Estela Díaz‐Sánchez
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
- Grupo Hospitalario VithasVithas MálagaMálagaSpain
| | - Marina Mirchandani‐Duque
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
| | - Jose Andrés Sánchez‐Pérez
- Unit of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de MálagaHospital Universitario Virgen de la VictoriaMálagaSpain
| | - Miguel A. Barbancho
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
| | - Alexander López‐Salas
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
| | - Natalia García‐Casares
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Dasiel O. Borroto‐Escuela
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of PhysiologyUniversity of UrbinoUrbinoItaly
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Laboratorio NeuronLab, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMalagaSpain
- Grupo Hospitalario VithasVithas MálagaMálagaSpain
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
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17
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Tian J, Du E, Jia K, Wang T, Guo L, Zigman JM, Du H. Elevated Ghrelin Promotes Hippocampal Ghrelin Receptor Defects in Humanized Amyloid-β Knockin Mice During Aging. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1579-1592. [PMID: 38007666 PMCID: PMC10841720 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence has revealed that dysregulation of the hormone ghrelin and its receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, defective GHSR function and resultant hippocampal ghrelin resistance are linked to hippocampal synaptic injury in AD paradigms. Also, AD patients exhibit elevated ghrelin activation. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of hippocampal GHSR dysfunction and the relevance of ghrelin elevation to hippocampal ghrelin resistance in AD-relevant pathological settings are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we employed a recently established mouse line of AD risk [humanized amyloid beta knockin (hAβ KI mice), also referred to as a mouse model of late-onset AD in previous literature] to further define the role of ghrelin system dysregulation in the development of AD. METHODS We employed multidisciplinary techniques to determine the change of plasma ghrelin and the functional status of GHSR in hAβ KI mice as well as primary neuron cultures. RESULTS We observed concurrent plasma ghrelin elevation and hippocampal GHSR desensitization with disease progression. Further examination excluded the possibility that ghrelin elevation is a compensatory change in response to GHSR dysfunction. In contrast, further in vitro and in vivo results show that agonist-mediated overstimulation potentiates GHSR desensitization through enhanced GHSR internalization. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that circulating ghrelin elevation is a pathological event underlying hippocampal GHSR dysfunction, culminating in hippocampal ghrelin resistance and resultant synaptic injury in late-onset AD-related settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Eric Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Blue Valley West High School, Overland Park, KS, USA
| | - Kun Jia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Tienju Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Alzheimer’s disease Research Center (ADRC), Department of Neurology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Reich N, Hölscher C. Beyond Appetite: Acylated Ghrelin As A Learning, Memory and Fear Behavior-modulating Hormone. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Thomas AS, Sassi M, Angelini R, Morgan AH, Davies JS. Acylation, a Conductor of Ghrelin Function in Brain Health and Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:831641. [PMID: 35845996 PMCID: PMC9280358 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.831641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-ghrelin (AG) is an orexigenic hormone that has a unique octanoyl modification on its third serine residue. It is often referred to as the “hunger hormone” due to its involvement in stimulating food intake and regulating energy homeostasis. The discovery of the enzyme ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT), which catalyses ghrelin acylation, provided further insights into the relevance of this lipidation process for the activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) by acyl-ghrelin. Although acyl-ghrelin is predominantly linked with octanoic acid, a range of saturated fatty acids can also bind to ghrelin possibly leading to specific functions. Sources of ghrelin acylation include beta-oxidation of longer chain fatty acids, with contributions from fatty acid synthesis, the diet, and the microbiome. In addition, both acyl-ghrelin and unacyl-ghrelin (UAG) have feedback effects on lipid metabolism which in turn modulate their levels. Recently we showed that whilst acyl-ghrelin promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis and enhances memory function, UAG inhibits these processes. As a result, we postulated that the circulating acyl-ghrelin:unacyl-ghrelin (AG:UAG) ratio might be an important regulator of neurogenesis and cognition. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence behind the relevance of ghrelin acylation in the context of brain physiology and pathology, as well as the current challenges of identifying the provenance of the acyl moiety.
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Wang X, Wu J, Wang W, Zhang Y, He D, Xiao B, Zhang H, Song A, Xing Y, Li B. Reprogramming of Rat Fibroblasts into Induced Neurons by Small-Molecule Compounds In Vitro and In Vivo. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2099-2109. [PMID: 35723446 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement is a promising approach for neurodegenerative disease treatment. Somatic cells such as fibroblasts can be induced to differentiate into neurons by specific transcription factors; however, the potential of viral vectors used for reprogramming to integrate into the genome raises concerns about the potential clinical applications of this approach. Here, we directly reprogrammed rat embryonic skin fibroblasts into induced neurons (iNs) via six small-molecule compounds (SMs) (VPA, CHIR99021, forskolin, Y-27632, Repsox, and P7C3-A20). iNs exhibit typical neuronal morphology, and immunofluorescence showed that more than 96% of the iNs expressed the early neuronal marker class III beta-tubulin (TUJ1) and that more than 91% of iNs expressed the mature neuronal marker neuron-specific enolase (NSE) after 10 days of reprogramming. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction also showed that most iNs expressed the dopaminergic neuron marker tyrosine hydroxylase, the neural marker Nur correlation factor 1, the (γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA) GABAergic neuronal marker GABA, and the cholinergic neuron marker choline acetyltransferase. In addition, we found that cell proliferation decreased during reprogramming and that protein synthesis increased initially and then decreased. SMs were mixed with hydrogels, and the hydrogels were implanted subcutaneously into the backs of rats. After 7 days, the TUJ1 and NSE proteins were expressed in surrounding tissues, indicating that SMs caused reprogramming in vivo. In summary, rat skin fibroblasts can be efficiently reprogrammed into iNs by SMs in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Yuanwang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Dixin He
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Boying Xiao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Haohao Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Anqi Song
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
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21
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Tur J, Badole SL, Manickam R, Chapalamadugu KC, Xuan W, Guida W, Crews JJ, Bisht KS, Tipparaju SM. Cardioprotective effects of P7C3 in diabetic hearts via Nampt activation.. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:233-245. [PMID: 35680376 PMCID: PMC9372916 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with increased cardiac injury and sudden death. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) is an essential enzyme for the NAD+ salvage pathway and dysregulated in diabetes. Hypothesis: Nampt activation results in rescued NADH/NAD+ ratios and provides pharmacological changes necessary for diabetic cardioprotection. Computer docking shows that P7C3 allows for enhanced Nampt dimerization and association. Methods: To test the pharmacological application, we utilized male leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice and treated with Nampt activator P7C3 (1-(3,6-Dibromo-carbazol-9-yl)-3-phenylamino-propan-2-ol). The effects of four-week P7C3 treatment on cardiac function were evaluated along with molecular signaling changes for p-AKT, p-eNOS, and SiRT-1. Results: The cardiac function evaluated by ECG and Echo were significantly improved after four-weeks of P7C3 treatment. Biochemically, higher NADH/NAD+ ratio in diabetic heart were rescued by P7C3 treatment. Moreover, activities of Nampt and Sirt1 were significantly increased in P7C3 treated diabetic hearts. P7C3 treatment significantly decreased the blood glucose in diabetic mice with 4-week treatment as noted by glucose tolerance test and fasting blood glucose measurements compared with vehicle treated mice. P7C3 activated Nampt enzymatic activity both in vitro and in the 4-week diabetic mouse hearts demonstrates the specificity of the small molecule. P7C3 treatment significantly enhanced the expression of cardioprotective signaling; p-AKT, p-eNOS, and Beclin 1 in diabetic hearts. Nampt activator P7C3 allows for decreased infarct size with decreased Troponin I and LDH release, which is beneficial to the heart. Conclusions: Overall, the present study shows that P7C3 activates Nampt and Sirt1 activity, decreases NADH/NAD+ ratio, resulting in improved biochemical signaling providing cardioprotection. Significance Statement We show that P7C3 is effective in the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The novel small molecule is anti-arrhythmic and improves the ejection fraction in diabetic hearts. The study demonstrates that P7C3 decreases the infarct size in heart during myocardial infarction and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochemical and cellular signaling show increased NAD+ levels, along with Nampt activity involved in upregulating protective signaling in the diabetic heart. Based on the cardioprotective properties P7C3 has high therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Tur
- University of South Florida, United States
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22
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Xie WS, Shehzadi K, Ma HL, Liang JH. A Potential Strategy for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders by Regulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Human Brain. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5315-5347. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220509114232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a multistage mechanism that continues throughout the lifespan of human and non-human mammals. These adult-born neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) play a significant role in various hippocampus-dependent processes, including learning, mood regulation, pattern recognition, etc. Reduction of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, caused by multiple factors such as neurological disorders and aging, would impair neuronal proliferation and differentiation and result in memory loss. Accumulating studies have indicated that functional neuron impairment could be restored by promoting adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In this review, we summarized the small molecules that could efficiently promote the process of adult neurogenesis, particularly the agents that have the capacity of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and showed in vivo efficacy in mammalian brains. This may pave the way for the rational design of drugs to treat humnan neurodegenerative disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Song Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Kiran Shehzadi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hong-Le Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
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23
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Sassi M, Morgan AH, Davies JS. Ghrelin Acylation-A Post-Translational Tuning Mechanism Regulating Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050765. [PMID: 35269387 PMCID: PMC8909677 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis—the generation of new functional neurones in the adult brain—is impaired in aging and many neurodegenerative disorders. We recently showed that the acylated version of the gut hormone ghrelin (acyl-ghrelin) stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis while the unacylated form of ghrelin inhibits it, thus demonstrating a previously unknown function of unacyl-ghrelin in modulating hippocampal plasticity. Analysis of plasma samples from Parkinson’s disease patients with dementia demonstrated a reduced acyl-ghrelin:unacyl-ghrelin ratio compared to both healthy controls and cognitively intact Parkinson’s disease patients. These data, from mouse and human studies, suggest that restoring acyl-ghrelin signalling may promote the activation of pathways to support memory function. In this short review, we discuss the evidence for ghrelin’s role in regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis and the enzymes involved in ghrelin acylation and de-acylation as targets to treat mood-related disorders and dementia.
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24
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Schroeder R, Nguyen L, Pieper AA, Stevens HE. Maternal treatment with P7C3-A20 protects from impaired maternal care after chronic gestational stress. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113558. [PMID: 34453970 PMCID: PMC8573727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress during pregnancy harms both the mother and developing child, and there is an urgent unmet need to understand this process in order to develop protective treatments. Here, we report that chronic gestational stress (CGS) causes aberrant maternal care behavior in the form of increased licking and grooming, decreased nursing, and increased time spent nest building. Treatment of CGS-exposed dams with the NAD+-stabilizing agent P7C3-A20 during pregnancy and postpartum, however, preserved normal maternal care behavior. CGS also caused abnormally low weight gain during gestation and postpartum, which was partially ameliorated by maternal treatment with P7C3-A20. Dams also displayed hyperactive locomotion after CGS, which was not affected by P7C3-A20. Although dams did not display a classic depressive-like phenotype after CGS, some changes in anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors were observed. Our results highlight the need for further characterization of the effects of chronic gestational stress on maternal care behavior and provide clues to possible protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Lynn Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA,Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University,Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas USA,Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA,Weill Cornell Autism Research Program, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, NY, NY, USA
| | - Hanna E. Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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25
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Schroeder R, Sridharan P, Nguyen L, Loren A, Williams NS, Kettimuthu KP, Cintrón-Pérez CJ, Vázquez-Rosa E, Pieper AA, Stevens HE. Maternal P7C3-A20 Treatment Protects Offspring from Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of Prenatal Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:511-530. [PMID: 33501899 PMCID: PMC8388250 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Impaired embryonic cortical interneuron development from prenatal stress is linked to adult neuropsychiatric impairment, stemming in part from excessive generation of reactive oxygen species in the developing embryo. Unfortunately, there are no preventive medicines that mitigate the risk of prenatal stress to the embryo, as the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are poorly understood. Our goal was to interrogate the molecular basis of prenatal stress-mediated damage to the embryonic brain to identify a neuroprotective strategy. Results: Chronic prenatal stress in mice dysregulated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesis enzymes and cortical interneuron development in the embryonic brain, leading to axonal degeneration in the hippocampus, cognitive deficits, and depression-like behavior in adulthood. Offspring were protected from these deleterious effects by concurrent maternal administration of the NAD+-modulating agent P7C3-A20, which crossed the placenta to access the embryonic brain. Prenatal stress also produced axonal degeneration in the adult corpus callosum, which was not prevented by maternal P7C3-A20. Innovation: Prenatal stress dysregulates gene expression of NAD+-synthesis machinery and GABAergic interneuron development in the embryonic brain, which is associated with adult cognitive impairment and depression-like behavior. We establish a maternally directed treatment that protects offspring from these effects of prenatal stress. Conclusion: NAD+-synthesis machinery and GABAergic interneuron development are critical to proper embryonic brain development underlying postnatal neuropsychiatric functioning, and these systems are highly susceptible to prenatal stress. Pharmacologic stabilization of NAD+ in the stressed embryonic brain may provide a neuroprotective strategy that preserves normal embryonic development and protects offspring from neuropsychiatric impairment. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 511-530.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Preethy Sridharan
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lynn Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Alexandra Loren
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kavitha P Kettimuthu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Coral J Cintrón-Pérez
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Edwin Vázquez-Rosa
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Weill Cornell Autism Research Program, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hanna E Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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26
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Malberg JE, Hen R, Madsen TM. Adult Neurogenesis and Antidepressant Treatment: The Surprise Finding by Ron Duman and the Field 20 Years Later. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:96-101. [PMID: 33771348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Of Duman's many influential findings, the finding that long-term treatment with antidepressant drugs produces an increase in neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the adult hippocampus may be one of the most enduring and far-reaching. This novel discovery and his decades of continued research in the field led to a new hypothesis about the mechanism of action of antidepressants, providing a critical step in our understanding of the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression and synaptic plasticity. It is now accepted that antidepressant treatments can oppose and even reverse the effects of stress on the brain and on newly born hippocampal cells, possibly via neurotrophic factors, which Duman had continued to explore. Furthermore, ablation studies have shown preclinically that hippocampal neurogenesis may be necessary for some of the clinical effects of antidepressant drugs. Duman's laboratory continued to interrogate neurotrophins and synaptic plasticity, demonstrating that newer clinically approved antidepressant compounds also affect neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. In this review, we summarize Duman's original findings and discuss the current state of the field of neurogenesis with respect to animal models and human studies and the implications of those findings on the field of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René Hen
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
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27
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Chen W, Jia W, Wu C, Chen L, Sun K, Wang J, Ding B, Liu N, Xu R. The Neurogenic Compound P7C3 Regulates the Aerobic Glycolysis by Targeting Phosphoglycerate Kinase 1 in Glioma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:644492. [PMID: 34221965 PMCID: PMC8252887 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.644492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background P7C3 is a neurogenic compound that exhibits neuroprotective properties in neural cells. However, its target proteins and effects in glioma are unknown. Methods The candidate P7C3 target proteins were analyzed using a human protein microarray containing 23136 human proteins. A streptavidin agarose affinity assay was used to verify the direct interaction between P7C3 and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). Mass spectrometry was used to identify the binding sites of PGK1 for P7C3 binding. Seahorse XF96 extracellular flux analyzer was used to measure the cell oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate. Glycolytic metabolites were measured using the related kits. Protein level was detected by western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. Autophagy was analyzed using a transmission electron microscope and western blotting. The malignancy of tumor progression in vitro and in vivo was analyzed based on cell viability, apoptosis and proliferation, migration and invasion, and xenograft model. Glial cells were marked by antibodies via immunohistochemical staining. Results The human protein microarray identified 577 candidate P7C3 target proteins. The global profile of P7C3 target proteins indicated that P7C3 regulates glycolysis. Metabolic experiments confirmed that P7C3 regulates aerobic glycolysis in glioma cells. The underlying mechanism of P7C3 was found to be direct targeting PGK1 at lysine residues and asparagine residues, and the specific P7C3-PGK1 interaction led to decreased protein level and total intracellular kinase activity of PGK1. The Cancer Genome Atlas and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas databases indicated that the mRNA level of PGK1 is significantly increased in high-grade glioma, and the abnormally high mRNA level of PGK1 is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with glioma, suggesting that PGK1 is a promising target for glioma therapy. The inhibition of PGK1 and the subsequent suppression of aerobic glycolysis caused by P7C3 inhibited the malignant growth of glioma in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, P7C3 did not damage normal glial cells under concentration, which exhibit an inhibitory effect on gliomas. Conclusions This study revealed that P7C3 suppresses glioma by regulating aerobic glycolysis via directly targeting PGK1. Furthermore, we identified the P7C3 target proteins for the first time which is expected to provide scientific clues for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Chen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Seventh Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqiang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Cuiying Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Seventh Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Seventh Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Boyun Ding
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Seventh Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Seventh Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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28
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Li K, van Delft MF, Dewson G. Too much death can kill you: inhibiting intrinsic apoptosis to treat disease. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107341. [PMID: 34037273 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is implicated in both physiological and pathological processes. Since many types of cancerous cells intrinsically evade apoptotic elimination, induction of apoptosis has become an attractive and often necessary cancer therapeutic approach. Conversely, some cells are extremely sensitive to apoptotic stimuli leading to neurodegenerative disease and immune pathologies. However, due to several challenges, pharmacological inhibition of apoptosis is still only a recently emerging strategy to combat pathological cell loss. Here, we describe several key steps in the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptosis pathway that represent potential targets for inhibitors in disease contexts. We also discuss the mechanisms of action, advantages and limitations of small-molecule and peptide-based inhibitors that have been developed to date. These inhibitors serve as important research tools to dissect apoptotic signalling and may foster new treatments to reduce unwanted cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Li
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark F van Delft
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant Dewson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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29
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Expression of ghrelin or growth hormone secretagogue receptor in the brain of postpartum stress mice. Neuroreport 2021; 32:678-685. [PMID: 33913930 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum depression is one of the most common mental diseases that occur in women after childbirth; this disorder is extremely painful for women and represents a major burden on the society. Therefore, we designed this study to explore the possible material basis of the disease, and provide potential novel antidepressants therapy using a mouse model. We established a postpartum immobilization stress model. Maternal body weight changes and food intake were recorded for half a month after delivery, and levels of ghrelin and its receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) were measured. The mice in the immobilization stress group showed stress activity as well as low body weight and low feeding status. Ghrelin expression was elevated in blood whereas ghrelin or GHSR expression decreased in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the immobilization stress mice, and the number of ghrelin-active and GHSR cells reduced.
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30
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Ryu SW, Kim YO, Kim HB, Oh SB, Choi JI, Yoon MH. Antinociceptive effect of intrathecal P7C3 via GABA in a rat model of inflammatory pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174029. [PMID: 33727053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recently identified molecule P7C3 has been highlighted in the field of pain research. We examined the effect of intrathecal P7C3 in tissue injury pain evoked by formalin injection and determined the role of the GABA system in the activity of P7C3 at the spinal level. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with intrathecal catheters implanted for experimental drug delivery were studied. The effects of intrathecal P7C3 and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) administered 10 min before the formalin injection were examined. Animals were pretreated with bicuculline, a GABA-A receptor antagonist; saclofen, a GABA-B receptor antagonist; L-allylglycine, a glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) blocker; and CHS 828, an NAMPT inhibitor; to observe involvement in the effects of P7C3. The effects of P7C3 alone and the mixture of P7C3 with GABA receptor antagonists on KCl-induced calcium transients were examined in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The expression of GAD and the concentration of GABA in the spinal cord were evaluated. Intrathecal P7C3 and NAMPT produced an antinociceptive effect in the formalin test. Intrathecal bicuculline, saclofen, L-allylglycine, and CHS 828 reversed the antinociception of P7C3 in both phases. P7C3 decreased the KCl-induced calcium transients in DRG neurons. Both bicuculline and saclofen reversed the blocking effect of P7C3. The levels of GAD expression and GABA concentration decreased after formalin injection and were increased by P7C3. These results suggest that P7C3 increases GAD activity and then increases the GABA concentration in the spinal cord, which in turn may act on GABA receptors causing the antinociceptive effect against pain evoked by formalin injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wan Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University, Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Ok Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University, Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Byul Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog Bae Oh
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Il Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University, Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; The Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Biomedical Human Resources at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ha Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University, Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; The Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Biomedical Human Resources at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Pita-Rodriguez M, Fores-Pons R, Barbancho MA, Fuxe K, Narváez M. Galanin and neuropeptide Y interactions elicit antidepressant activity linked to neuronal precursor cells of the dentate gyrus in the ventral hippocampus. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:3565-3578. [PMID: 33044017 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A need for new antidepressants is necessary since traditional antidepressants have several flaws. Neuropeptide Y(NPY) Y1 receptor (NPYY1R) and galanin (GAL) receptor 2 (GALR2) interact in several regions of the limbic system, including the hippocampus. The current study assesses the antidepressant effects induced by GALR2 and NPYY1R coactivation, together with the evaluation of cell proliferation through 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine expression within the dentate gyrus of the ventral hippocampus (vDG). We employed in situ proximity ligation assay to manifest GALR2/NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes. Additionally, the expression pattern of GALR2 and the activation of the extracellular-regulated kinases (ERK) pathway after GALR2 and NPYY1R costimulation in cell cultures were examined. GALR2 and NPYY1R coactivation resulted in sustained antidepressant behaviors in the FST after 24 h, linked to increased cell proliferation in the vDG. Moreover, an increased density of GALR2/NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes was observed in vDG, on doublecortin-expressing neuroblasts. Recruitment of the GALR2 expression to the plasma membrane was observed upon the coactivation of GALR2 and NPYY1R in cell cultures, presumably associated to the enhanced effects on the activation of ERK pathway. GALR2 may promote the GALR2/NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes formation in the ventral hippocampus. It may induce a transformation of cell proliferation toward a neuronal lineage by enhancement of ERK pathway. Thus, it may give the mechanism for the antidepressant behavior observed. These results may provide the basis for the development of heterobivalent agonist pharmacophores, targeting GALR2/NPYY1R heteromers, especially in the neuronal precursor cells of the dentate gyrus in the ventral hippocampus for the novel treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
- Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Yaguajay, Cuba
| | - Mariana Pita-Rodriguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Neurogenética, Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ramón Fores-Pons
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A Barbancho
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Wu Z, Xiao L, Wang H, Wang G. Neurogenic hypothesis of positive psychology in stress-induced depression: Adult hippocampal neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, and stress resilience. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107653. [PMID: 33915495 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress is an important risk factor for depression. Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that stress-mediated neuroinflammation destroys brain function and leads to anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors. Previous studies of stress-induced depression have mainly focused on pathological damage; however, the rise of positive psychology has attracted the interest of many researchers in environmental enrichment to promote stress resilience. The hippocampus is one of the most severely damaged brain regions in stress-induced depression. In addition, the hippocampus is one of the most unique regions in the brain, as new neurons are produced in the adult hippocampus, a process known as adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). AHN is an important core component of the neurogenic hypothesis and has also become a major innovative breakthrough in positive psychology, in which environmental enrichment mediates stress resilience. Neuroinflammation, by activating microglia and releasing some proinflammatory cytokines, is increasingly shown to be one of the key determinant pathophysiological factors that negatively affects AHNand cognitive reserve. AHN is mainly related to remodeling stress response mechanisms, such as memory clearing, emotional control, and pattern separation, suggesting that a correlation may exist between neuroinflammation and AHN in stress resilience. Therefore, we summarized the previous research results to systematically expound on the relationship between AHN, stress resilience, and neuroinflammation. We hope this neurogenic hypothesis of positive psychology in stress-induced depression will provide a new perspective for the study of depression and antidepressant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuotian Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No.238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No.238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No.238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No.238, Wuhan 430060, China.
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Khaidizar FD, Bessho Y, Nakahata Y. Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase as a Key Molecule of the Aging/Senescence Process. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3709. [PMID: 33918226 PMCID: PMC8037941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a phenomenon underlined by complex molecular and biochemical changes that occur over time. One of the metabolites that is gaining strong research interest is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+, whose cellular level has been shown to decrease with age in various tissues of model animals and humans. Administration of NAD+ precursors, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and nicotinamide riboside (NR), to supplement NAD+ production through the NAD+ salvage pathway has been demonstrated to slow down aging processes in mice. Therefore, NAD+ is a critical metabolite now understood to mitigate age-related tissue function decline and prevent age-related diseases in aging animals. In human clinical trials, administration of NAD+ precursors to the elderly is being used to address systemic age-associated physiological decline. Among NAD+ biosynthesis pathways in mammals, the NAD+ salvage pathway is the dominant pathway in most of tissues, and NAMPT is the rate limiting enzyme of this pathway. However, only a few activators of NAMPT, which are supposed to increase NAD+, have been developed so far. In this review, we will focus on the importance of NAD+ and the possible application of an activator of NAMPT to promote successive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiqri D. Khaidizar
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yasumasa Bessho
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma 630-0101, Japan;
| | - Yasukazu Nakahata
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Reich N, Hölscher C. Acylated Ghrelin as a Multi-Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:614828. [PMID: 33381011 PMCID: PMC7767977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.614828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much thought has been given to the impact of Amyloid Beta, Tau and Alpha-Synuclein in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the clinical failures of the recent decades indicate that there are further pathological mechanisms at work. Indeed, besides amyloids, AD and PD are characterized by the culminative interplay of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and hyperfission, defective autophagy and mitophagy, systemic inflammation, BBB and vascular damage, demyelination, cerebral insulin resistance, the loss of dopamine production in PD, impaired neurogenesis and, of course, widespread axonal, synaptic and neuronal degeneration that leads to cognitive and motor impediments. Interestingly, the acylated form of the hormone ghrelin has shown the potential to ameliorate the latter pathologic changes, although some studies indicate a few complications that need to be considered in the long-term administration of the hormone. As such, this review will illustrate the wide-ranging neuroprotective properties of acylated ghrelin and critically evaluate the hormone's therapeutic benefits for the treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, A Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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"A LEAP 2 conclusions? Targeting the ghrelin system to treat obesity and diabetes". Mol Metab 2020; 46:101128. [PMID: 33246141 PMCID: PMC8085568 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hormone ghrelin stimulates food intake, promotes adiposity, increases body weight, and elevates blood glucose. Consequently, alterations in plasma ghrelin levels and the functioning of other components of the broader ghrelin system have been proposed as potential contributors to obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, targeting the ghrelin system has been proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and diabetes. SCOPE OF REVIEW The current review focuses on the potential for targeting ghrelin and other proteins comprising the ghrelin system as a treatment for obesity and diabetes. The main components of the ghrelin system are introduced. Data supporting a role for the endogenous ghrelin system in the development of obesity and diabetes along with data that seemingly refute such a role are outlined. An argument for further research into the development of ghrelin system-targeted therapeutic agents is delineated. Also, an evidence-based discussion of potential factors and contexts that might influence the efficacy of this class of therapeutics is provided. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS It would not be a "leap to" conclusions to suggest that agents which target the ghrelin system - including those that lower acyl-ghrelin levels, raise LEAP2 levels, block GHSR activity, and/or raise desacyl-ghrelin signaling - could represent efficacious novel treatments for obesity and diabetes.
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Fritz EM, Singewald N, De Bundel D. The Good, the Bad and the Unknown Aspects of Ghrelin in Stress Coping and Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:594484. [PMID: 33192444 PMCID: PMC7652849 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.594484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released by specialized X/A cells in the stomach and activated by acylation. Following its secretion, it binds to ghrelin receptors in the periphery to regulate energy balance, but it also acts on the central nervous system where it induces a potent orexigenic effect. Several types of stressors have been shown to stimulate ghrelin release in rodents, including nutritional stressors like food deprivation, but also physical and psychological stressors such as foot shocks, social defeat, forced immobilization or chronic unpredictable mild stress. The mechanism through which these stressors drive ghrelin release from the stomach lining remains unknown and, to date, the resulting consequences of ghrelin release for stress coping remain poorly understood. Indeed, ghrelin has been proposed to act as a stress hormone that reduces fear, anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rodents but some studies suggest that ghrelin may - in contrast - promote such behaviors. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on the role of the ghrelin system in stress coping. We discuss whether ghrelin release is more than a byproduct of disrupted energy homeostasis following stress exposure. Furthermore, we explore the notion that ghrelin receptor signaling in the brain may have effects independent of circulating ghrelin and in what way this might influence stress coping in rodents. Finally, we examine how the ghrelin system could be utilized as a therapeutic avenue in stress-related psychiatric disorders (with a focus on anxiety- and trauma-related disorders), for example to develop novel biomarkers for a better diagnosis or new interventions to tackle relapse or treatment resistance in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Fritz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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P7C3-A20 treatment one year after TBI in mice repairs the blood-brain barrier, arrests chronic neurodegeneration, and restores cognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27667-27675. [PMID: 33087571 PMCID: PMC7959512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010430117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neurodegeneration, a major cause of the long-term disabilities that afflict survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI), is linked to an increased risk for late-life neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, vascular dementia, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Here, we report on the restoration of blood–brain barrier (BBB) structure and function by P7C3-A20 when administered 12 mo after TBI. This pharmacotherapy was associated with cessation of chronic neurodegeneration and recovery of normal cognitive function, benefits that persisted long after treatment cessation. Pharmacologic renewal of BBB integrity may thus provide a new treatment option for patients who have suffered a remote TBI, or other neurological conditions associated with BBB deterioration. Chronic neurodegeneration in survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity, with no effective therapies to mitigate this progressive and debilitating form of nerve cell death. Here, we report that pharmacologic restoration of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), 12 mo after murine TBI, is associated with arrested axonal neurodegeneration and cognitive recovery, benefits that persisted for months after treatment cessation. Recovery was achieved by 30 d of once-daily administration of P7C3-A20, a compound that stabilizes cellular energy levels. Four months after P7C3-A20, electron microscopy revealed full repair of TBI-induced breaks in cortical and hippocampal BBB endothelium. Immunohistochemical staining identified additional benefits of P7C3-A20, including restoration of normal BBB endothelium length, increased brain capillary pericyte density, increased expression of BBB tight junction proteins, reduced brain infiltration of immunoglobulin, and attenuated neuroinflammation. These changes were accompanied by cessation of TBI-induced chronic axonal degeneration. Specificity for P7C3-A20 action on the endothelium was confirmed by protection of cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death, as well as preservation of BBB integrity in mice after exposure to toxic levels of lipopolysaccharide. P7C3-A20 also protected mice from BBB degradation after acute TBI. Collectively, our results provide insights into the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind chronic neurodegeneration after TBI, along with a putative treatment strategy. Because TBI increases the risks of other forms of neurodegeneration involving BBB deterioration (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, vascular dementia, chronic traumatic encephalopathy), P7C3-A20 may have widespread clinical utility in the setting of neurodegenerative conditions.
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38
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Hornsby AK, Buntwal L, Carisi MC, Santos VV, Johnston F, Roberts LD, Sassi M, Mequinion M, Stark R, Reichenbach A, Lockie SH, Siervo M, Howell O, Morgan AH, Wells T, Andrews ZB, Burn DJ, Davies JS. Unacylated-Ghrelin Impairs Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Memory in Mice and Is Altered in Parkinson's Dementia in Humans. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1:100120. [PMID: 33103129 PMCID: PMC7575905 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood-borne factors regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition in mammals. We report that elevating circulating unacylated-ghrelin (UAG), using both pharmacological and genetic methods, reduced hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity in mice. Spatial memory impairments observed in ghrelin-O-acyl transferase-null (GOAT−/−) mice that lack acyl-ghrelin (AG) but have high levels of UAG were rescued by acyl-ghrelin. Acyl-ghrelin-mediated neurogenesis in vitro was dependent on non-cell-autonomous BDNF signaling that was inhibited by UAG. These findings suggest that post-translational acylation of ghrelin is important to neurogenesis and memory in mice. To determine relevance in humans, we analyzed circulating AG:UAG in Parkinson disease (PD) patients diagnosed with dementia (PDD), cognitively intact PD patients, and controls. Notably, plasma AG:UAG was only reduced in PDD. Hippocampal ghrelin-receptor expression remained unchanged; however, GOAT+ cell number was reduced in PDD. We identify UAG as a regulator of hippocampal-dependent plasticity and spatial memory and AG:UAG as a putative circulating diagnostic biomarker of dementia. Circulating unacylated-ghrelin (UAG) reduces hippocampal neurogenesis Circulating acyl-ghrelin (AG) rescues spatial memory deficit in GOAT−/− mice UAG blocks the AG induced survival of newborn hippocampal cells Plasma AG:UAG and hippocampal GOAT+ cells are reduced in Parkinson’s dementia
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K.E. Hornsby
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Luke Buntwal
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Maria Carla Carisi
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Vanessa V. Santos
- Biomedical Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Fionnuala Johnston
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Luke D. Roberts
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Martina Sassi
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Mathieu Mequinion
- Biomedical Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Romana Stark
- Biomedical Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Reichenbach
- Biomedical Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah H. Lockie
- Biomedical Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mario Siervo
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Owain Howell
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Alwena H. Morgan
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Timothy Wells
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Zane B. Andrews
- Biomedical Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David J. Burn
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jeffrey S. Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Corresponding author
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Jung SH, Meckes JK, Schipma MJ, Lim PH, Jenz ST, Przybyl K, Wert SL, Kim S, Luo W, Gacek SA, Jankord R, Hatcher-Solis C, Redei EE. Strain Differences in Responsiveness to Repeated Restraint Stress Affect Remote Contextual Fear Memory and Blood Transcriptomics. Neuroscience 2020; 444:76-91. [PMID: 32768618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of stress in altering fear memory is not well understood. Since individual variations in stress reactivity exist, and stress alters fear memory, exposing individuals with differing stress-reactivity to repeated stress would affect their fear memory to various degrees. We explored this question using the average stress-reactive Fisher 344 (F344) rat strain and the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strain with its heightened stress-reactivity. Male F344 and WKY rats were exposed to the contextual fear conditioning (CFC) paradigm and then chronic restraint stress (CRS) or no stress (NS) was administered for two weeks before a second CFC. Both recent and reinstated fear memory were greater in F344s than WKYs, regardless of the stress status. In contrast, remote memory was attenuated only in F344s after CRS. In determining whether this strain-specific response to CRS was mirrored by transcriptomic changes in the blood, RNA sequencing was carried out. Overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NS and CRS in the blood of F344 and WKY suggest a convergence of stress-related molecular mechanisms, independent of stress-reactivity. In contrast, DEGs unique to the F344 and the WKY stress responses are divergent in their functionality and networks, beyond that of strain differences in their non-stressed state. These results suggest that in some individuals chronic or repeated stress, different from the original fear memory-provoking stress, can attenuate prior fear memory. Furthermore, the novel blood DEGs can report on the general state of stress of the individual, or can be associated with individual variation in stress-responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung H Jung
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Jeanie K Meckes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew J Schipma
- NUSeq Core, Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick H Lim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophia T Jenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine Przybyl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie L Wert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wendy Luo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie A Gacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Jankord
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Candice Hatcher-Solis
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Eva E Redei
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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40
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Wu R, Xiao D, Shan X, Dong Y, Tao WW. Rapid and Prolonged Antidepressant-like Effect of Crocin Is Associated with GHSR-Mediated Hippocampal Plasticity-related Proteins in Mice Exposed to Prenatal Stress. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1159-1170. [PMID: 32203651 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PNS) has a prolonged and adverse effect on offspring, leading to a significantly increased vulnerability to developing depression in their later life. Traditional therapies have delayed onset and limited efficacy; thus, it remains an urgent need to find novel medications with fast-onset and high-efficacy potentials. Crocin, with its structure clearly examined, has shown antidepressant-like effects. However, few studies extensively investigated its effect especially in mice exposed to PNS. Using an established PNS model, we tested whether crocin could have a rapid and persistent antidepressant-like effect in PNS mice. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors were used to test their effects in antidepressant-like effect of crocin. Hippocampal GHSR-PI3K signaling was examined both in PNS mice treated with a single dose of crocin and in combination of GHSR inhibitor. PNS mice showed depression-like behaviors at juvenile and adulthood, and crocin induced an instant and persistent antidepressant-like response in PNS mice in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, crocin increased the expression of hippocampal synaptic plasticity-associated proteins through the restoration of GHSR-PI3K signaling. Inhibitions of both GHSR and PI3K abolished the effect of crocin in alleviating depressive-like behaviors. More importantly, GHSR inhibitor JMV2959 blocked the enhanced expression of hippocampal plasticity-related proteins induced by crocin. The present study demonstrated that crocin induced a fast-onset and prolonged antidepressant effect in PNS mice and suggested that GHSR-PI3K signaling may play a key role in crocin's effect at least partially by a restoration of hippocampal synaptic plasticity-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyan Wu
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo 14203, New York, United States
| | - Dong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Shan
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei-Wei Tao
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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Hua X, Sun D, Zhang W, Fu J, Tong J, Sun S, Zeng F, Ouyang S, Zhang G, Wang S, Li D, Miao C, Wang P. P7C3‐A20 alleviates fatty liver by shaping gut microbiota and inducing FGF21/FGF1, via the AMP‐activated protein kinase/CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2 pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:2111-2130. [PMID: 32037512 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hua
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Di‐Yang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Wen‐Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Jiang‐Tao Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Jie Tong
- Department of Pharmacy Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Si‐Jia Sun
- Department of Pharmacy Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Fei‐Yan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Shen‐Xi Ouyang
- Department of Pharmacy Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Guo‐Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Shu‐Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Dong‐Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacy Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Chao‐Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University Shanghai China
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42
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Méquinion M, Foldi CJ, Andrews ZB. The Ghrelin-AgRP Neuron Nexus in Anorexia Nervosa: Implications for Metabolic and Behavioral Adaptations. Front Nutr 2020; 6:190. [PMID: 31998738 PMCID: PMC6962137 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is viewed as primarily a psychiatric disorder owing to the considerable behavioral and genetic overlap with mood disorders and other psychiatric traits. However, the recent reconceptualization of AN as one of both psychiatric and metabolic etiology suggests that metabolic circuits conveying hunger, or sensitive to signals of hunger, may be a critical nexus linking metabolic dysfunction to mood disturbances. Within the brain, hunger is primarily percieved by Agouti-related (AgRP) neurons and hunger increases plasma concentrations of the hormone ghrelin, which targets ghrelin receptors on AgRP neurons to facilitate metabolic adaptations to low energy availability. However, beyond the fundamental role in maintaining hunger signaling, AgRP neurons regulate a diverse range of behaviors such as motivation, locomotor activity, negative reinforcement, anxiety, and obsession and a key factor involved in the manifestation of these behavioral changes in response to activation is the presence or absence of food availability. These changes can be considered adaptive in that they promote affective food-seeking strategies in environments with limited food availability. However, it also suggests that these neurons, so well-studied for their metabolic control, shape mood-related behaviors in a context-dependent manner and dysfunctional control leads not only to metabolic problems but also potentially mood-related problems. The purpose of this review is to underline the potential role of AgRP neurons and ghrelin signaling in both the metabolic and behavioral changes observed in anorexia nervosa. We aim to highlight the most recent studies on AgRP neurons and ghrelin signaling and integrate their metabolic and behavioral roles in normal function and highlight how dysfunction may contribute to the development of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zane B. Andrews
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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43
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McAllister BB, Pochakom A, Fu S, Dyck RH. Effects of social defeat stress and fluoxetine treatment on neurogenesis and behavior in mice that lack zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) and vesicular zinc. Hippocampus 2019; 30:623-637. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan B. McAllister
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Angela Pochakom
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Selena Fu
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Richard H. Dyck
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
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44
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Duan FX, Shi YJ, Chen J, Ding SQ, Wang FC, Tang J, Wang R, Shen L, Xi J, Qi Q, Lü HZ, Hu JG. Neuroprotective effects of P7C3 against spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1680-1687. [PMID: 31718264 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219888620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Xiang Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jiao Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Qin Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Chao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China
| | - Lin Shen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China
| | - Jin Xi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China
| | - Qi Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, P.R. China
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45
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Buntwal L, Sassi M, Morgan AH, Andrews ZB, Davies JS. Ghrelin-Mediated Hippocampal Neurogenesis: Implications for Health and Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:844-859. [PMID: 31445747 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a close relationship between cognition and nutritional status, however, the mechanisms underlying this relationship require elucidation. The stomach hormone, ghrelin, which is released during food restriction, provides a link between circulating energy state and adaptive brain function. The maintenance of such homeostatic systems is essential for an organism to thrive and survive, and accumulating evidence points to ghrelin being key in promoting adult hippocampal neurogenesis and memory. Aberrant neurogenesis is linked to cognitive decline in ageing and neurodegeneration. Therefore, identifying endogenous metabolic factors that regulate new adult-born neurone formation is an important objective in understanding the link between nutritional status and central nervous system (CNS) function. Here, we review current developments in our understanding of ghrelin's role in regulating neurogenesis and memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Buntwal
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Martina Sassi
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Alwena H Morgan
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Discovery Unit, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK.
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46
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Higgins GA, Williams AM, Ade AS, Alam HB, Athey BD. Druggable Transcriptional Networks in the Human Neurogenic Epigenome. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:520-538. [PMID: 31530573 PMCID: PMC6750186 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome conformation capture methods have revealed the dynamics of genome architecture which is spatially organized into topologically associated domains, with gene regulation mediated by enhancer-promoter pairs in chromatin space. New evidence shows that endogenous hormones and several xenobiotics act within circumscribed topological domains of the spatial genome, impacting subsets of the chromatin contacts of enhancer-gene promoter pairs in cis and trans Results from the National Institutes of Health-funded PsychENCODE project and the study of chromatin remodeling complexes have converged to provide a clearer understanding of the organization of the neurogenic epigenome in humans. Neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia, bipolar spectrum disorder, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other neuropsychiatric disorders are significantly associated with mutations in neurogenic transcriptional networks. In this review, we have reanalyzed the results from publications of the PsychENCODE Consortium using pharmacoinformatics network analysis to better understand druggable targets that control neurogenic transcriptional networks. We found that valproic acid and other psychotropic drugs directly alter these networks, including chromatin remodeling complexes, transcription factors, and other epigenetic modifiers. We envision a new generation of CNS therapeutics targeted at neurogenic transcriptional control networks, including druggable parts of chromatin remodeling complexes and master transcription factor-controlled pharmacogenomic networks. This may provide a route to the modification of interconnected gene pathways impacted by disease in patients with neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Direct and indirect therapeutic strategies to modify the master regulators of neurogenic transcriptional control networks may ultimately help extend the life span of CNS neurons impacted by disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Higgins
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (G.A.H., A.S.A., B.D.A.), Surgery (A.M.W., H.B.A.), and Psychiatry (B.D.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aaron M Williams
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (G.A.H., A.S.A., B.D.A.), Surgery (A.M.W., H.B.A.), and Psychiatry (B.D.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alex S Ade
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (G.A.H., A.S.A., B.D.A.), Surgery (A.M.W., H.B.A.), and Psychiatry (B.D.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hasan B Alam
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (G.A.H., A.S.A., B.D.A.), Surgery (A.M.W., H.B.A.), and Psychiatry (B.D.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brian D Athey
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (G.A.H., A.S.A., B.D.A.), Surgery (A.M.W., H.B.A.), and Psychiatry (B.D.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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47
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Mani BK, Castorena CM, Vianna CR, Lee CE, Metzger NP, Vijayaraghavan P, Osborne-Lawrence S, Elmquist JK, Zigman JM. Combined Loss of Ghrelin Receptor and Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor in Mice Decreases Survival but does not Additively Reduce Body Weight or Eating. Neuroscience 2019; 447:53-62. [PMID: 31520709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin administration increases food intake, body weight (BW), adiposity, and blood glucose. In contrast, although mouse models lacking ghrelin or its receptor (Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHSR)) exhibit life-threatening hypoglycemia in starvation-like states, they do not exhibit appreciable reductions in food intake, BW, adiposity, blood glucose, or survival when food availability is unrestricted. This suggests the existence of a parallel neuromodulatory system that can compensate for disruptions in the ghrelin system in certain settings. Here, we hypothesized that the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) may encode this putative redundancy, and as such, that genetic deletion of both GHSR and CB1R would exaggerate the metabolic deficits associated with deletion of GHSR alone. To test this hypothesis, we assessed food intake, BW, blood glucose, survival, and plasma acyl-ghrelin in ad libitum-fed male wild-type mice and those that genetically lack GHSR (GHSR-nulls), CB1R (CB1R-nulls), or both GHSR and CB1R (double-nulls). BW, fat mass, and lean mass were similar in GHSR-nulls and wild-types, lower in CB1R-nulls, but not further reduced in double-nulls. Food intake, plasma acyl-ghrelin, and blood glucose were similar among genotypes. Deletion of either GHSR or CB1R alone did not have a statistically-significant effect on survival, but double-nulls demonstrated a statistical trend towards decreased survival (p = 0.07). We conclude that CB1R is not responsible for the normal BW, adiposity, food intake, and blood glucose observed in GHSR-null mice in the setting of unrestricted food availability. Nor is CB1R required for plasma acyl-ghrelin secretion in that setting. However, GHSR may be protective against exaggerated mortality associated with CB1R deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath K Mani
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carlos M Castorena
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Claudia R Vianna
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Charlotte E Lee
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nathan P Metzger
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Prasanna Vijayaraghavan
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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48
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Jain S, LaFrancois JJ, Botterill JJ, Alcantara-Gonzalez D, Scharfman HE. Adult neurogenesis in the mouse dentate gyrus protects the hippocampus from neuronal injury following severe seizures. Hippocampus 2019; 29:683-709. [PMID: 30672046 PMCID: PMC6640126 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that reducing the numbers of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the mouse increases susceptibility to severe continuous seizures (status epilepticus; SE) evoked by systemic injection of the convulsant kainic acid (KA). However, it was not clear if the results would be the same for other ways to induce seizures, or if SE-induced damage would be affected. Therefore, we used pilocarpine, which induces seizures by a different mechanism than KA. Also, we quantified hippocampal damage after SE. In addition, we used both loss-of-function and gain-of-function methods in adult mice. We hypothesized that after loss-of-function, mice would be more susceptible to pilocarpine-induced SE and SE-associated hippocampal damage, and after gain-of-function, mice would be more protected from SE and hippocampal damage after SE. For loss-of-function, adult neurogenesis was suppressed by pharmacogenetic deletion of dividing radial glial precursors. For gain-of-function, adult neurogenesis was increased by conditional deletion of pro-apoptotic gene Bax in Nestin-expressing progenitors. Fluoro-Jade C (FJ-C) was used to quantify neuronal injury and video-electroencephalography (video-EEG) was used to quantify SE. Pilocarpine-induced SE was longer in mice with reduced adult neurogenesis, SE had more power and neuronal damage was greater. Conversely, mice with increased adult-born neurons had shorter SE, SE had less power, and there was less neuronal damage. The results suggest that adult-born neurons exert protective effects against SE and SE-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jain
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - John J. LaFrancois
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Justin J. Botterill
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - David Alcantara-Gonzalez
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Helen E. Scharfman
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience & Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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49
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Han QQ, Huang HJ, Wang YL, Yang L, Pilot A, Zhu XC, Yu R, Wang J, Chen XR, Liu Q, Li B, Wu GC, Yu J. Ghrelin exhibited antidepressant and anxiolytic effect via the p38-MAPK signaling pathway in hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 93:11-20. [PMID: 30853341 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a peptide derived from stomach, is an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). So far, the exact role of ghrelin in depression and anxiety is still being debated. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) is known to be activated in response to various stress stimuli. Thus, we hypothesize that ghrelin has an antidepressant effect, to which the p38-MAPK signaling pathway significantly contributes. To test this hypothesis, chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) was used as a model of depression. We employed the adeno-associated virus-mediated siRNA approach to down-regulate GHSR expression in the hippocampus of mice in vivo. Both ghrelin and the p38 inhibitor, SB203580, were administered to identify the effect of ghrelin on depressive-like behavior of stressed mice and to better assess the role of the p38-MAPK signaling pathway in this process. We found that CSDS activated the endogenous ghrelin-GHSR in hippocampal neurons, which possibly resulted in opposing the formation of depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Furthermore, the p38-MAPK signaling pathway had an important role in the antidepressant effect of ghrelin. Therefore, we conclude that ghrelin may reduce CSDS-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors via inhibiting the p38-MAPK signaling pathway in hippocampal neurons of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Qin Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China; Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui-Jie Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya-Lin Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Adam Pilot
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Cang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Li
- Center Laboratories, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Gen-Cheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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50
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Abizaid A. Stress and obesity: The ghrelin connection. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12693. [PMID: 30714236 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a hormone associated with feeding and energy balance. Not surprisingly, this hormone is secreted in response to acute stressors and it is chronically elevated after exposure to chronic stress in tandem with a number of metabolic changes aimed at attaining homeostatic balance. In the present review, we propose that ghrelin plays a key role in these stress-induced homeostatic processes. Ghrelin targets the hypothalamus and brain stem nuclei that are part of the sympathetic nervous system to increase appetite and energy expenditure and promote the use of carbohydrates as a source of fuel at the same time as sparing fat. Ghrelin also targets mesolimbic brain regions such as the ventral segmental area and the hippocampus to modulate reward processes, to protect against damage associated with chronic stress, as well as to potentially increase resilience to stress. In all, these data support the notion that ghrelin, similar to corticosterone, is a critical metabolic hormone that is essential for the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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