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Ahmad G, Sohail M, Bilal M, Rasool N, Qamar MU, Ciurea C, Marceanu LG, Misarca C. N-Heterocycles as Promising Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Overview. Molecules 2024; 29:2232. [PMID: 38792094 PMCID: PMC11123935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a real threat to every organism at any stage of life leading to extensive infections and casualties. N-heterocycles can affect the viral life cycle at many points, including viral entrance into host cells, viral genome replication, and the production of novel viral species. Certain N-heterocycles can also stimulate the host's immune system, producing antiviral cytokines and chemokines that can stop the reproduction of viruses. This review focused on recent five- or six-membered synthetic N-heterocyclic molecules showing antiviral activity through SAR analyses. The review will assist in identifying robust scaffolds that might be utilized to create effective antiviral drugs with either no or few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulraiz Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Nasir Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Usman Qamar
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Codrut Ciurea
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
| | - Luigi Geo Marceanu
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
| | - Catalin Misarca
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
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2
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Wang Y, Meng X, Cai C, Wang L, Gong H. Radical Cross-Coupling Reaction Based on Hydrogen Atom Abstraction of DMF and Decarboxylation of α-Ketoacid under Electricity. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15042-15049. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Xia Meng
- The Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Changqun Cai
- The Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Hang Gong
- The Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
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Manjula S, Kalaiarasi C, Jaganathan R, Kumaradhas P. The effect of genotype variation and M423 resistance mutations to the binding of phosphonomidate-based inhibitor IDX17119 with the thumb-II domain of Hepatitis C virus RdRp: an integrated molecular dynamics and binding free energy study. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2136371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Manjula
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Chinnasamy Kalaiarasi
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Jaganathan
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Poomani Kumaradhas
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
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Ding P, Pan Y, Wang Q, Xu R. Prediction and evaluation of combination pharmacotherapy using natural language processing, machine learning and patient electronic health records. J Biomed Inform 2022; 133:104164. [PMID: 35985621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2022.104164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Combination pharmacotherapy targets key disease pathways in a synergistic or additive manner and has high potential in treating complex diseases. Computational methods have been developed to identifying combination pharmacotherapy by analyzing large amounts of biomedical data. Existing computational approaches are often underpowered due to their reliance on our limited understanding of disease mechanisms. On the other hand, observable phenotypic inter-relationships among thousands of diseases often reflect their underlying shared genetic and molecular underpinnings, therefore can offer unique opportunities to design computational models to discover novel combinational therapies by automatically transferring knowledge among phenotypically related diseases. We developed a novel phenome-driven drug discovery system, named TuSDC, which leverages knowledge of existing drug combinations, disease comorbidities, and disease treatments of thousands of disease and drug entities extracted from over 31.5 million biomedical research articles using natural language processing techniques. TuSDC predicts combination pharmacotherapy by extracting representations of diseases and drugs using tensor factorization approaches. In external validation, TuSDC achieved an average precision of 0.77 for top ranked candidates, outperforming a state of art mechanism-based method for discovering drug combinations in treating hypertension. We evaluated top ranked anti-hypertension drug combinations using electronic health records of 84.7 million unique patients and showed that a novel drug combination hydrochlorothiazide-digoxin was associated with significantly lower hazards of subsequent hypertension as compared to the monotherapy hydrochlorothiazide alone (HR: 0.769, 95% CI [0.732, 0.807]) and digoxin alone (0.857, 95% CI [0.785, 0.936]). Data-driven informatics analyses reveal that the renin-angiotensin system is involved in the synergistical interactions of hydrochlorothiazide and digoxin on regulating hypertension. The prediction model's code with PyTorch version 1.5 is available at http://nlp.case.edu/public/data/TuSDC/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingjian Ding
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yiheng Pan
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Quanqiu Wang
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rong Xu
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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5
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Saied AA, Metwally AA, Mohamed HMA, Haridy MAM. The contribution of bovines to human health against viral infections. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:46999-47023. [PMID: 34272669 PMCID: PMC8284698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world. Bovines have a longstanding history of significant contributions to human nutrition, agricultural, industrial purposes, medical research, drug and vaccine development, and livelihood. The life cycle, genomic structures, viral proteins, and pathophysiology of bovine viruses studied in vitro paved the way for understanding the human counterparts. Calf model has been used for testing vaccines against RSV, papillomavirus vaccines and anti-HCV agents were principally developed after using the BPV and BVDV model, respectively. Some bovine viruses-based vaccines (BPIV-3 and bovine rotaviruses) were successfully developed, clinically tried, and commercially produced. Cows, immunized with HIV envelope glycoprotein, produced effective broadly neutralizing antibodies in their serum and colostrum against HIV. Here, we have summarized a few examples of human viral infections for which the use of bovines has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve human health against viral infections covering the convergence between some human and bovine viruses and using bovines as disease models. Additionally, the production of vaccines and drugs, bovine-based products were covered, and the precautions in dealing with bovines and bovine-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A Saied
- Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
- Touristic Activities and Interior Offices Sector (Aswan Office), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa A Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81511, Egypt
| | - Hams M A Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Mohie A M Haridy
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
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M. El-mahdy K, Farouk O. Synthesis of Novel Thienopyrimidines and Thienodiazepines from Ethyl 2,4-Diamino-5-{[(2E)-2-(1-phenylethylidene)hydrazino]carbonyl}thiophene-3-carboxylate. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rausch M, Dyson PJ, Nowak‐Sliwinska P. Recent Considerations in the Application of RAPTA‐C for Cancer Treatment and Perspectives for Its Combination with Immunotherapies. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rausch
- Molecular Pharmacology GroupSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Lausanne and University of Geneva Rue Michel‐Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Patrycja Nowak‐Sliwinska
- Molecular Pharmacology GroupSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Lausanne and University of Geneva Rue Michel‐Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology Geneva, Switzerland, 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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8
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Nguyen HM, Pham ML, Stelzer EM, Plattner E, Grabherr R, Mathiesen G, Peterbauer CK, Haltrich D, Nguyen TH. Constitutive expression and cell-surface display of a bacterial β-mannanase in Lactobacillus plantarum. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:76. [PMID: 31023309 PMCID: PMC6482533 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important microorganisms in the food and beverage industry. Due to their food-grade status and probiotic characteristics, several LAB are considered as safe and effective cell-factories for food-application purposes. In this present study, we aimed at constitutive expression of a mannanase from Bacillus licheniformis DSM13, which was subsequently displayed on the cell surface of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, for use as whole-cell biocatalyst in oligosaccharide production. RESULTS Two strong constitutive promoters, Pgm and SlpA, from L. acidophilus NCFM and L. acidophilus ATCC4356, respectively, were used to replace the inducible promoter in the lactobacillal pSIP expression system for the construction of constitutive pSIP vectors. The mannanase-encoding gene (manB) was fused to the N-terminal lipoprotein anchor (Lp_1261) from L. plantarum and the resulting fusion protein was cloned into constitutive pSIP vectors and expressed in L. plantarum WCFS1. The localization of the protein on the bacterial cell surface was confirmed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. The mannanase activity and the reusability of the constructed L. plantarum displaying cells were evaluated. The highest mannanase activities on the surface of L. plantarum cells obtained under the control of the Pgm and SlpA promoters were 1200 and 3500 U/g dry cell weight, respectively, which were 2.6- and 7.8-fold higher compared to the activity obtained from inducible pSIP anchoring vectors. Surface-displayed mannanase was shown to be able to degrade galactomannan into manno-oligosaccharides (MOS). CONCLUSION This work demonstrated successful displaying of ManB on the cell surface of L. plantarum WCFS1 using constitutive promoter-based anchoring vectors for use in the production of manno-oligosaccharides, which are potentially prebiotic compounds with health-promoting effects. Our approach, where the enzyme of interest is displayed on the cell surface of a food-grade organism with the use of strong constitutive promoters, which continuously drive synthesis of the recombinant protein without the need to add an inducer or change the growth conditions of the host strain, should result in the availability of safe, stable food-grade biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang-Minh Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Danang-University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Mai-Lan Pham
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Maria Stelzer
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Esther Plattner
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Geir Mathiesen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Clemens K Peterbauer
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thu-Ha Nguyen
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Wang Z, Chen Z, Li J, Huang J, Zheng C, Liu JP. Combined 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and molecular dynamics study on the benzimidazole inhibitors targeting HCV NS5B polymerase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1071-1082. [PMID: 30915896 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1593244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected population has continued to grow during recent years, and novel HCV antiviral agents are urgently needed. In this work, a combined theoretical study was performed on the HCV non-structural 5B (NS5B) polymerase and 53 benzimidazole inhibitors. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were carried out with ligand-based and receptor-based alignments. Ligand-based QSAR models (cross-validated q2 of 0.918 for CoMFA and 0.825 for CoMSIA) were found to be superior to receptor-based approaches (cross-validated q2 of 0.765 for CoMFA and 0.740 for CoMSIA). Based on the most predictive CoMFA and CoMSIA models, the structural features that were essential for the inhibitory activity of benzimidazoles were characterized. A molecular dynamics study revealed that the induced fit effect between NS5B and its substrate may be responsible for the inferiority of the receptor-based CoMFA and CoMSIA models. The binding-free energy calculated using the MM/PBSA method correlated well with the experimental results and revealed that the van der Waals and electrostatic interactions most contributed to the binding. In addition, energetically favorable NS5B residues were identified by the per-residue decomposition of binding-free energy. The results presented in this work provide meaningful information for the design of novel benzimidazole inhibitors targeting the NS5B polymerase.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wang
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenming Chen
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenni Zheng
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Ping Liu
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Central Eastern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vitoria, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Özen A, Prachanronarong K, Matthew AN, Soumana DI, Schiffer CA. Resistance outside the substrate envelope: hepatitis C NS3/4A protease inhibitors. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:11-26. [PMID: 30821513 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1568962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct acting antivirals have dramatically increased the efficacy and tolerability of hepatitis C treatment, but drug resistance has emerged with some of these inhibitors, including nonstructural protein 3/4 A protease inhibitors (PIs). Although many co-crystal structures of PIs with the NS3/4A protease have been reported, a systematic review of these crystal structures in the context of the rapidly emerging drug resistance especially for early PIs has not been performed. To provide a framework for designing better inhibitors with higher barriers to resistance, we performed a quantitative structural analysis using co-crystal structures and models of HCV NS3/4A protease in complex with natural substrates and inhibitors. By comparing substrate structural motifs and active site interactions with inhibitor recognition, we observed that the selection of drug resistance mutations correlates with how inhibitors deviate from viral substrates in molecular recognition. Based on this observation, we conclude that guiding the design process with native substrate recognition features is likely to lead to more robust small molecule inhibitors with decreased susceptibility to resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Özen
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Kristina Prachanronarong
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Ashley N Matthew
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Djade I Soumana
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
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Manjula S, Sivanandam M, Kumaradhas P. Probing the "fingers" domain binding pocket of Hepatitis C virus NS5B RdRp and D559G resistance mutation via molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2440-2456. [PMID: 30047829 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1491419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The NS5B RdRp polymerase is a prominent enzyme for the replication of Hepatitis C virus (HCV). During the HCV replication, the template RNA binding takes place in the "fingers" sub-domain of NS5B. The "fingers" domain is a new emerging allosteric site for the HCV drug development. The inhibitors of the "fingers" sub-domain adopt a new antiviral mechanism called RNA intervention. The details of essential amino acid residues, binding mode of the ligand, and the active site intermolecular interactions of RNA intervention reflect that this mechanism is ambiguous in the experimental study. To elucidate these details, we performed molecular docking analysis of the fingers domain inhibitor quercetagetin (QGN) with NS5B polymerase. The detailed analysis of QGN-NS5B intermolecular interactions was carried out and found that QGN interacts with the binding pocket amino acid residues Ala97, Ala140, Ile160, Phe162, Gly283, Gly557, and Asp559; and also forms π⋯π stacking interaction with Phe162 and hydrogen bonding interaction with Gly283. These are found to be the essential interactions for the RNA intervention mechanism. Among the strong hydrogen bonding interactions, the QGN⋯Ala140 is a newly identified important hydrogen bonding interaction by the present work and this interaction was not resolved by the previously reported crystal structure. Since D559G mutation at the fingers domain was reported for reducing the inhibition percentage of QGN to sevenfold, we carried out molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for wild and D559G mutated complexes to study the stability of protein conformation and intermolecular interactions. At the end of 50 ns MD simulation, the π⋯π stacking interaction of Phe162 with QGN found in the wild-type complex is altered into T-shaped π stacking interaction, which reduces the inhibition strength. The origin of the D559G resistance mutation was studied using combined MD simulation, binding free energy calculations and principal component analysis. The results were compared with the wild-type complex. The mutation D559G reduces the binding affinity of the QGN molecule to the fingers domain. The free energy decomposition analysis of each residue of wild-type and mutated complexes revealed that the loss of non-polar energy contribution is the origin of the resistance. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Manjula
- a Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics , Periyar University , Salem , India
| | - Magudeeswaran Sivanandam
- a Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics , Periyar University , Salem , India
| | - Poomani Kumaradhas
- a Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics , Periyar University , Salem , India
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Hepatitis C virus cell culture models: an encomium on basic research paving the road to therapy development. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 208:3-24. [PMID: 30298360 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections affect 71 million people worldwide, often resulting in severe liver damage. Since 2014 highly efficient therapies based on directly acting antivirals (DAAs) are available, offering cure rates of almost 100%, if the infection is diagnosed in time. It took more than a decade to discover HCV in 1989 and another decade to establish a cell culture model. This review provides a personal view on the importance of HCV cell culture models, particularly the replicon system, in the process of therapy development, from drug screening to understanding of mode of action and resistance, with a special emphasis on the contributions of Ralf Bartenschlager's group. It summarizes the tremendous efforts of scientists in academia and industry required to achieve efficient DAAs, focusing on the main targets, protease, polymerase and NS5A. It furthermore underpins the importance of strong basic research laying the ground for translational medicine.
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You Y, Kim HS, Park JW, Keum G, Jang SK, Kim BM. Sulfur(vi) fluoride exchange as a key reaction for synthesizing biaryl sulfate core derivatives as potent hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitors and their structure-activity relationship studies. RSC Adv 2018; 8:31803-31821. [PMID: 35548241 PMCID: PMC9085918 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremely potent, new hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 5A (NS5A) featuring substituted biaryl sulfate core structures was designed and synthesized. Based on the previously reported novel HCV NS5A inhibitors featuring biaryl sulfate core structures which exhibit two-digit picomolar half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values against HCV genotype 1b and 2a, the new inhibitors equipped with the sulfate core structures containing diversely substituted aryl groups were explored. In this study, highly efficient, chemoselective coupling reactions between an arylsulfonyl fluoride and an aryl silyl ether, known as the sulfur(vi) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) reaction, were utilized. Among the inhibitors prepared based on the SuFEx chemistry, compounds 14, 15 and 29 exhibited two-digit picomolar EC50 values against GT-1b and single digit or sub nanomolar activities against the HCV GT-2a strain. Nonsymmetrical inhibitors containing an imidazole and amide moieties on each side of the sulfate core structures were also synthesized. In addition, a biotinylated probe targeting NS5A protein was prepared for labeling using the same synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsu You
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Hee Sun Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 South Korea
| | - Jung Woo Park
- Supercomputing Modeling & Simulation Center, Division of Data Analysis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) 245 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 South Korea
| | - Gyochang Keum
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02455 South Korea
| | - Sung Key Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 South Korea
| | - B Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 South Korea
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14
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Chauhan V, Singh MP, Ratho RK. Identification of T cell and B cell epitopes against Indian HCV-genotype-3a for vaccine development- An in silico analysis. Biologicals 2018. [PMID: 29519752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects almost 150 million people and is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. It has been classified into seven genotypes; the most common genotype affecting Indian population is genotype 3 (60-70%). Currently there is no vaccine for any genotype of HCV. In order to develop peptide based vaccine against HCV, it is important to identify the conservancy in the circulating genotypes, along with the Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles in the target population. The present study aims to identify conserved CD4 and CD8 T cells and B cell epitopes against Indian HCV-genotype-3a using an in silico analysis. In the present study, 28 promiscuous CD4 T cell epitopes and some CD8 epitopes were identified. The NS4 region was predicted to be the most antigenic with maximum number of conserved and promiscuous CD4 T cell epitopes and CD8 T cell epitopes having strong and intermediate affinity towards a number of HLA alleles prevalent in Indian population. Additionally, some linear B cell epitopes were also identified, which could generate neutralizing antibodies. In order to ascertain the binding pattern of the identified epitopes with HLA alleles, molecular docking analysis was carried out. The authors suggest further experimental validation to investigate the immunogenicity of the identified epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Chauhan
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab 160012, India
| | - Mini P Singh
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab 160012, India.
| | - Radha K Ratho
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab 160012, India
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15
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Morozov VA, Lagaye S. Hepatitis C virus: Morphogenesis, infection and therapy. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:186-212. [PMID: 29527256 PMCID: PMC5838439 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver diseases including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approximately 3% of the world population is infected with HCV. Thus, HCV infection is considered a public healthy challenge. It is worth mentioning, that the HCV prevalence is dependent on the countries with infection rates around 20% in high endemic countries. The review summarizes recent data on HCV molecular biology, the physiopathology of infection (immune-mediated liver damage, liver fibrosis and lipid metabolism), virus diagnostic and treatment. In addition, currently available in vitro, ex vivo and animal models to study the virus life cycle, virus pathogenesis and therapy are described. Understanding of both host and viral factors may in the future lead to creation of new approaches in generation of an efficient therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Alexei Morozov
- Center for HIV and Retrovirology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Sylvie Lagaye
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, Paris 75015, France
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16
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Anti-HIV Agents From Nature: Natural Compounds From Hypericum hircinum and Carbocyclic Nucleosides From Iridoids. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64058-1.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Prevalence of NS5B Resistance Mutations in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Treatment Naive South Africans. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.14248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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18
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Catamo E, Zupin L, Freato N, Polesello V, Celsi F, Crocè SL, Masutti F, Pozzato G, Segat L, Crovella S. HLA-G regulatory polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to HCV infection. HLA 2017; 89:135-142. [PMID: 28083985 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is able to bypass the immune system modulating innate and adaptive immune response and blocking T helper 1 (Th1) cell production. Because the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G molecule has immunomodulatory properties inhibiting the function and production of natural killer and cytotoxic lymphocyte T cells, as well as promoting shift from Th1 toward Th2 response, we hypothesized its involvement in susceptibility to HCV infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Considering that HLA-G mRNA expression has been reported to be under genetic control, an association study was conducted analyzing 800 base pairs upstream the ATG at the 5'upstream regulator region (URR) and 850 base pairs from ATG to exon 3 and the 3'untranslated region (UTR) of HLA-G gene in Italian HCV-positive patients and uninfected controls. RESULTS Four 5'URR polymorphisms (-725C>G>T, -509C>G, -400G>A and -398G>A), 7 polymorphisms at coding region (+15G>A, +36G>A, +243G>A, insC506, 531G>C, delA615 and 685G>A), the +644G>T polymorphism, and 1 haplotype (TTGTTCCIGAC) showed different frequency distributions between HCV patients and uninfected controls. CONCLUSION The results from our study suggest a possible involvement of HLA-G in the risk modulation toward HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Catamo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Zupin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - N Freato
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - V Polesello
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - F Celsi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - S L Crocè
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Masutti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Pozzato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Segat
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - S Crovella
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
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19
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Thai KM, Dong QH, Nguyen TTL, Le DP, Le MT, Tran TD. Computational Approaches for the Discovery of Novel Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A and NS5B Inhibitors. Oncology 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0549-5.ch017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonstructural 5B (NS5B) polymerase and Nonstructural 3/4A (NS3/4A) protease have proven to be promising targets for the development of anti-HCV (Hepatitis C Virus) agents. The NS5B polymerase is of paramount importance in HCV viral replication; therefore, employing NS5B inhibitors was considered an effective way for the treatment of HCV. Identifying inhibitors against NS3/4A serine protease represents another attractive approach applied in anti-HCV drug discovery, which is evidenced by its crucial role of in the biogenesis of the viral replication activity. In this chapter, many different computational approaches including Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) and virtual screening in anti-HCV drug discovery were considered and discussed in detail. Virtual Screening (VS) techniques, including ligand-based and structure-based, and QSAR have been utilized for the discovery of NS5B inhibitors. Moreover, using various in silico protocols and workflows, a number of studies have been conducted with an aim of identifying potential NS3/4A blockage agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Duy-Phong Le
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at HCMC, Vietnam
| | - Minh-Tri Le
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at HCMC, Vietnam
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20
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Weiss A, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Current Trends in Multidrug Optimization: An Alley of Future Successful Treatment of Complex Disorders. SLAS Technol 2016; 22:254-275. [DOI: 10.1177/2472630316682338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The identification of effective and long-lasting cancer therapies still remains elusive, partially due to patient and tumor heterogeneity, acquired drug resistance, and single-drug dose-limiting toxicities. The use of drug combinations may help to overcome some limitations of current cancer therapies by challenging the robustness and redundancy of biological processes. However, effective drug combination optimization requires the careful consideration of numerous parameters. The complexity of this optimization problem is clearly nontrivial and likely requires the assistance of advanced heuristic optimization techniques. In the current review, we discuss the application of optimization techniques for the identification of optimal drug combinations. More specifically, we focus on the application of phenotype-based screening approaches in the field of cancer therapy. These methods are divided into three categories: (1) modeling methods, (2) model-free approaches based on biological search algorithms, and (3) merged approaches, particularly phenotypically driven network biology methods and computation network models relying on phenotypic data. In addition to a brief description of each approach, we include a critical discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each method, with a strong focus on the limitations and considerations needed to successfully apply such methods in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Young IS, Qiu Y, Smith MJ, Hay MB, Doubleday WW. Preparation of a Tricyclopropylamino Acid Derivative via Simmons–Smith Cyclopropanation with Downstream Intramolecular Aminoacetoxylation for Impurity Control. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian S. Young
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers
Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Yuping Qiu
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers
Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael J. Smith
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers
Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael B. Hay
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers
Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Wendel W. Doubleday
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers
Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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22
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Lee SH, Wang H, Labroli M, Koseoglu S, Zuck P, Mayhood T, Gill C, Mann P, Sher X, Ha S, Yang SW, Mandal M, Yang C, Liang L, Tan Z, Tawa P, Hou Y, Kuvelkar R, DeVito K, Wen X, Xiao J, Batchlett M, Balibar CJ, Liu J, Xiao J, Murgolo N, Garlisi CG, Sheth PR, Flattery A, Su J, Tan C, Roemer T. TarO-specific inhibitors of wall teichoic acid biosynthesis restore β-lactam efficacy against methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:329ra32. [PMID: 26962156 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad7364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The widespread emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has dramatically eroded the efficacy of current β-lactam antibiotics and created an urgent need for new treatment options. We report an S. aureus phenotypic screening strategy involving chemical suppression of the growth inhibitory consequences of depleting late-stage wall teichoic acid biosynthesis. This enabled us to identify early-stage pathway-specific inhibitors of wall teichoic acid biosynthesis predicted to be chemically synergistic with β-lactams. We demonstrated by genetic and biochemical means that each of the new chemical series discovered, herein named tarocin A and tarocin B, inhibited the first step in wall teichoic acid biosynthesis (TarO). Tarocins do not have intrinsic bioactivity but rather demonstrated potent bactericidal synergy in combination with broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics against diverse clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococci as well as robust efficacy in a murine infection model of MRSA. Tarocins and other inhibitors of wall teichoic acid biosynthesis may provide a rational strategy to develop Gram-positive bactericidal β-lactam combination agents active against methicillin-resistant staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ho Lee
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Marc Labroli
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Paul Zuck
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Todd Mayhood
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Charles Gill
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Paul Mann
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Xinwei Sher
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sookhee Ha
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Shu-Wei Yang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Mihir Mandal
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | - Lianzhu Liang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Zheng Tan
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Paul Tawa
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yan Hou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | | | - Xiujuan Wen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jing Xiao
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | | | - Jenny Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jianying Xiao
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | | | - Payal R Sheth
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Amy Flattery
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jing Su
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | | | - Terry Roemer
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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23
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Weiss A, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Current Trends in Multidrug Optimization. JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AUTOMATION 2016:2211068216682338. [PMID: 28095178 DOI: 10.1177/2211068216682338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The identification of effective and long-lasting cancer therapies still remains elusive, partially due to patient and tumor heterogeneity, acquired drug resistance, and single-drug dose-limiting toxicities. The use of drug combinations may help to overcome some limitations of current cancer therapies by challenging the robustness and redundancy of biological processes. However, effective drug combination optimization requires the careful consideration of numerous parameters. The complexity of this optimization problem is clearly nontrivial and likely requires the assistance of advanced heuristic optimization techniques. In the current review, we discuss the application of optimization techniques for the identification of optimal drug combinations. More specifically, we focus on the application of phenotype-based screening approaches in the field of cancer therapy. These methods are divided into three categories: (1) modeling methods, (2) model-free approaches based on biological search algorithms, and (3) merged approaches, particularly phenotypically driven network biology methods and computation network models relying on phenotypic data. In addition to a brief description of each approach, we include a critical discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each method, with a strong focus on the limitations and considerations needed to successfully apply such methods in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weiss
- 1 Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Ashraf NM, Bilal M, Mahmood MS, Hussain A, Mehboob MZ. In-silico analysis of putative HCV epitopes against Pakistani human leukocyte antigen background: An approach towards development of future vaccines for Pakistani population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Valdés JJ, Gil VA, Butterill PT, Růžek D. An all-atom, active site exploration of antiviral drugs that target Flaviviridae polymerases. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2552-2565. [PMID: 27489039 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural 2'-modified nucleosides are the most widely used antiviral therapy. In their triphosphorylated form, also known as nucleotide analogues, they target the active site of viral polymerases. Viral polymerases have an overall right-handed structure that includes the palm, fingers and thumb domains. These domains are further subdivided into structurally conserved motifs A-G, common to all viral polymerases. The structural motifs encapsulate the allosteric/initiation (N1) and orthosteric/catalytic (N2) nucleotide-binding sites. The current study investigated how nucleotide analogues explore the N2 site of viral polymerases from three genera of the family Flaviviridae using a stochastic, biophysical, Metropolis Monte Carlo-based software. The biophysical simulations showed a statistical distinction in nucleotide-binding energy and exploration between phylogenetically related viral polymerases. This distinction is clearly demonstrated by the respective analogue contacts made with conserved viral polymerase residues, the heterogeneous dynamics of structural motifs, and the orientation of the nucleotide analogues within the N2 site. Being able to simulate what occurs within viral-polymerase-binding sites can prove useful in rational drug designs against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Valdés
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Victor A Gil
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip T Butterill
- Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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26
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Basnayake SK, Easterbrook PJ. Wide variation in estimates of global prevalence and burden of chronic hepatitis B and C infection cited in published literature. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:545-59. [PMID: 27028545 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the extent of heterogeneity in global estimates of chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) cited in the published literature, we undertook a systematic review of the published literature. We identified articles from 2010 to 2014 that had cited global estimates for at least one of ten indicators [prevalence and numbers infected with HBV, HCV, HIV-HBV or HIV-HCV co-infection, and mortality (number of deaths annually) for HBV and HCV]. Overall, 488 articles were retrieved: 239 articles cited a HBV-related global estimate [prevalence (n = 12), number infected (n = 193) and number of annual deaths (n = 82)]; 280 articles had HCV-related global estimates [prevalence (n = 86), number infected (n = 203) and number of annual deaths (n = 31)]; 31 had estimates on both HBV and HCV; 54 had HIV-HBV co-infection estimates [prevalence (n = 42) and number co-infected (n = 12)]; and 68 had estimates for HIV-HCV co-infection [prevalence (n = 40) and number co-infected (n = 28)]. There was considerable heterogeneity in the estimates cited and also a lack of consistency in the terminology used. Although 40% of 488 articles cited WHO as the source of the estimate, many of these were from outdated or secondary sources. Our findings highlight the importance of clear and consistent communication from WHO and other global health agencies on current consensus estimates of hepatitis B and C burden and prevalence, the need for standardisation in their citation, and for regular updates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P J Easterbrook
- Global Hepatitis Programme, HIV Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Hraber PT, Leach RW, Reilly LP, Thurmond J, Yusim K, Kuiken C. Los Alamos Hepatitis C Virus Sequence and Human Immunology Databases: An Expanding Resource for Antiviral Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 18:113-23. [PMID: 17626595 DOI: 10.1177/095632020701800301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) resource at Los Alamos (hcv.lanl.gov) provides access to multiple databases: one containing annotated sequences and the other a repository of immunogenic epitopes. They are derived from databases originally developed for HIV research (hiv.lanl.gov). HCV and HIV are RNA viruses with relatively compact genomes (around 10 kb) that are extraordinarily variable, both within and between hosts. This diversity requires methods to track and exclude variants from an individual infection or from epidemiologically related infections, and tools to analyse the variation. The HCV immunology database contains a curated inventory of immunogenic epitopes and information about their interaction with the host immune system, with associated retrieval and analysis tools. This interactive resource provides flexible retrieval tools for sequences, epitopes, clinical information, and metadata, as well as utilities for scientific data analysis, to investigators with internet access and a web browser. This paper describes the types of data and the services that these databases offer, the tools they provide, and their configuration and use. Examples of applications to clonal analysis for drug-resistance mutations are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Hraber
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos NM, USA.
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28
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Mohamed MS, Sayed AI, Khedr MA, Soror SH. Design, synthesis, assessment, and molecular docking of novel pyrrolopyrimidine (7-deazapurine) derivatives as non-nucleoside hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2146-57. [PMID: 27052365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly persistent and presents an unmet medical need requiring more effective treatment options. This has spurred intensive efforts to discover novel anti-HCV agents. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), NS5B of HCV, constitutes a selective target for drug discovery due to its absence in human cells; also, it is the centerpiece for viral replication. Here, we synthesized novel pyrrole, pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and pyrrolo[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidine derivatives. The non-toxic doses of these compounds on Huh 7.5 cell line were determined and their antiviral activity against HCVcc genotype 4a was examined. Compounds 7j, 7f, 5c, 12i and 12f showed significant anti HCV activity. The percent of reduction for the non-toxic doses of 7j, 7f, 5c, 12i and 12f were 90%, 76.7±5.8%, 73.3±5.8%, 70% and 63.3±5.8%, respectively. The activity of these compounds was interpreted by molecular docking against HCV NS5B polymerase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad S Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira I Sayed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameh H Soror
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, University Campus, 11795 Cairo, Egypt; Center for Scientific Excellence 'Helwan Structural Biology Research (HSBR)', Cairo, Egypt.
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29
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Zhou L, Zhang H, Tao S, Ehteshami M, Cho JH, McBrayer TR, Tharnish P, Whitaker T, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and Evaluation of 2,6-Modified Purine 2'-C-Methyl Ribonucleosides as Inhibitors of HCV Replication. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:17-22. [PMID: 26819659 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of 2,6-modified purine 2'-C-methylribonucleosides and their phosphoramidate prodrugs were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of HCV RNA replication in Huh-7 cells and for cytotoxicity in various cell lines. Cellular pharmacology and HCV polymerase incorporation studies on the most potent and selective compound are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Hongwang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Philip Tharnish
- CoCrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Tony Whitaker
- CoCrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Steven J. Coats
- CoCrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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30
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Nowak-Sliwinska P, Weiss A, Ding X, Dyson PJ, van den Bergh H, Griffioen AW, Ho CM. Optimization of drug combinations using Feedback System Control. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:302-15. [PMID: 26766116 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We describe a protocol for the discovery of synergistic drug combinations for the treatment of disease. Synergistic drug combinations lead to the use of drugs at lower doses, which reduces side effects and can potentially lead to reduced drug resistance, while being clinically more effective than the individual drugs. To cope with the extremely large search space for these combinations, we developed an efficient combinatorial drug screening method called the Feedback System Control (FSC) technique. Starting with a broad selection of drugs, the method follows an iterative approach of experimental testing in a relevant bioassay and analysis of the results by FSC. First, the protocol uses a cell viability assay to generate broad dose-response curves to assess the efficacy of individual compounds. These curves are then used to guide the dosage input of each drug to be tested in combination. Data from applied drug combinations are input into the differential evolution (DE) algorithm, which predicts new combinations to be tested in vitro. This process identifies optimal drug-dose combinations, while saving orders of magnitude in experimental effort. The complete optimization process is estimated to take ∼4 weeks. FSC does not require insight into the disease mechanism, and it has therefore been applied to find combination therapies for many different pathologies, including cancer and infectious diseases, and it has also been used in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Weiss
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Xianting Ding
- Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hubert van den Bergh
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chih-Ming Ho
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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The effect of introducing point-of-care or dried blood spot analysis on the uptake of hepatitis C virus testing in high-risk populations: A systematic review of the literature. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2015; 26:1050-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Design, synthesis, structure information and biochemical activity of new floro substituted organotin(IV) carboxylates. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 154:99-107. [PMID: 26708070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Four new triorganotin(IV) complexes with general formula R3SnL (R=C4H9, C6H5, and L=3-[(fluorophenylamido)]propenoic acid, 3-[(fluorophenylamido)]propanoic acid) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, NMR ((1)H, (13)C and (119)Sn), mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray structural analysis. The disappearance of the OH peak of the carboxylic acid in the FT-IR and NMR spectra of the compounds conform the formation of the compound and suggests that the complexation occurs via oxygen atoms of the carboxylate moiety. FT-IR date shows the bidentate nature of the carboxylate moiety of the ligand as the Δν value in all complexes is less than 250. Crystallographic data for compound 2 showed that tin has distorted tetrahedral geometry with 433.42° angle around the central tin atom. The compounds (1-4) bind to DNA, resulting hypochromism shifts in UV-visible spectroscopy suggesting an intercalative mode of interactions. The compound-DNA interaction results (UV-visible and Viscometery) encourage using the compounds against HCV. The compounds (1-4) were screened for anti-HCV activity using Huh7.5 cell (human hepatoma cell) by the Gaussia Luciferase Assay and found to be biologically active. Based on Gaussia Luciferase Assay, compound 3 (Tributylstannic [3-(2-fluorophenylamido)propionate]) was taken for quantitative analysis by "QRT-PCR" using the serum of HCV patients and was found to have substantial anti-HCV activity. This work, demonstrated that compound 3 may be used as a potential anti-HCV agent in the future.
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Abstract
We analyze a Markov cellular automaton that models the spread of viruses that often progress to a chronic condition, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). We show that the complex dynamical system produces a Markov process at the later stages, whose eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 have physical significance for the long-term prognosis of the virus. Moreover we show that drug treatment leads to chronic conditions that can be modeled by Markov shifts with more optimal eigenvectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hawkins
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #3250, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3250, USA
| | - Donna Molinek
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, USA
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He S, Jain P, Lin B, Ferrer M, Hu Z, Southall N, Hu X, Zheng W, Neuenswander B, Cho CH, Chen Y, Worlikar SA, Aubé J, Larock RC, Schoenen FJ, Marugan JJ, Liang TJ, Frankowski KJ. High-Throughput Screening, Discovery, and Optimization To Develop a Benzofuran Class of Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2015; 17:641-52. [PMID: 26332742 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.5b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using a high-throughput, cell-based HCV luciferase reporter assay to screen a diverse small-molecule compound collection (∼ 300,000 compounds), we identified a benzofuran compound class of HCV inhibitors. The optimization of the benzofuran scaffold led to the identification of several exemplars with potent inhibition (EC50 < 100 nM) of HCV, low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 25 μM), and excellent selectivity (selective index = CC50/EC50, > 371-fold). The structure-activity studies culminated in the design and synthesis of a 45-compound library to comprehensively explore the anti-HCV activity. The identification, design, synthesis, and biological characterization for this benzofuran series is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan He
- Liver
Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | | | - Billy Lin
- Liver
Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Marc Ferrer
- NIH
Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Zongyi Hu
- Liver
Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Noel Southall
- NIH
Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Xin Hu
- NIH
Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- NIH
Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan J. Marugan
- NIH
Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver
Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Gogineni V, Schinazi RF, Hamann MT. Role of Marine Natural Products in the Genesis of Antiviral Agents. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9655-706. [PMID: 26317854 PMCID: PMC4883660 DOI: 10.1021/cr4006318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vedanjali Gogineni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Mark T. Hamann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Novel benzidine and diaminofluorene prolinamide derivatives as potent hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:163-78. [PMID: 26134551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our study describes the discovery of a series of highly potent hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitors based on symmetrical prolinamide derivatives of benzidine and diaminofluorene. Through modification of benzidine, l-proline, and diaminofluorene derivatives, we developed novel inhibitor structures, which allowed us to establish a library of potent HCV NS5A inhibitors. After optimizing the benzidine prolinamide backbone, we identified inhibitors embedding meta-substituted benzidine core structures that exhibited the most potent anti-HCV activities. Furthermore, through a battery of studies including hERG ligand binding assay, CYP450 binding assay, rat plasma stability test, human liver microsomal stability test, and pharmacokinetic studies, the identified compounds 24, 26, 27, 42, and 43 are found to be nontoxic, and are expected to be effective therapeutic anti-HCV agents.
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Yang N, Sun Q, Xu Z, Wang X, Zhao X, Cao Y, Chen L, Fan G. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and pharmacokinetics of GP205, an innovative potent macrocyclic inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease in rats. Molecules 2015; 20:4319-36. [PMID: 25756650 PMCID: PMC6272426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-throughput, sensitive and specific LC-ESI-MS/MS method was established for the quantitative determination of GP205, a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease, in rat. The analyte was isolated from 25 μL plasma sample by 96-well LLE. Good linearity was achieved within the concentration range of 2–5000 ng/mL (r2 > 0.996). The intra- and inter-day precision was less than 10%. The accuracy ranged from 0.8% to 5.5% for GP205 in quality control samples at three levels. GP205 was stable during the analysis and the storage period. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of GP205 in Sprague-Dawley rats. The pharmacokinetic profiles of GP205 at three dose levels with oral administration and one dose level with intravenous administration were successfully studied for the first time in SD rats, respectively. After single oral administration of GP205 at the doses of 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg, respectively, Cmax and AUC0-τ were proportional to the doses given. The absolute bioavailability was estimated as 34% based on the AUCs of oral administration at the dose of 5 mg/kg and intravenous administration at the dose of 1 mg/kg. The data presented in this study provides useful information for further study for GP205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qiushi Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zihua Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiuyun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yuqing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Ginkgo Pharma Co. Ltd., Suzhou 205125, China.
| | - Guorong Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
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38
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Huang YX, Liu EW, Wang L, Huo Y, Wang Q, Olaleye O, Wang T, Gao XM. LC/MS/MS determination and pharmacokinetic studies of six compounds in rat plasma following oral administration of the single and combined extracts of Eucommia ulmoides and Dipsacus asperoides. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 12:469-76. [PMID: 24969529 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To establish and apply a new LC/MS/MS method for the simultaneous, quantitative determination of six ingredients, aucubin (AU), geniposide (GP), geniposidic acid (GPA), pinoresinol diglucoside (PDG), secologanin (SLG), and loganin (LG) in single and combined extracts of Eucommia ulmoides and Dipsacus asperoides. METHOD Using the LC/MS/MS-ESI(-)-MRM mode to detect the six compounds, chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Eclipse plus C18 column, and the mobile phase consisted of solvent A (CH3CN) and solvent B (H2O containing 0.01% CH3COOH V/V). RESULTS This method was successfully applied to quantify the six compounds in rat plasma after oral administration, and showed good precision, accuracy, reproducibility, and linear regression (r(2)>0.99). CONCLUSION The results showed that following the use of the two medicinal plants, for AU and GP, the values of Cmax markedly increased, and the values of cmax markedly decreased. It was found that the compatibility of the medicinal plants might affect their pharmacokinetic properties of their constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xing Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Er-Wei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yan Huo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Olajide Olaleye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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microRNAs: novel players in hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2014; 38:664-75. [PMID: 24875730 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. About 70% of patients exposed to HCV develop a chronic infection, which can lead to scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. For the past decade, the standard therapy for HCV infection has been a combination of interferon-α and ribavirin. In recent years, direct-acting antiviral agents, boceprevir and telaprevir, have been added to the therapeutic regimen and considerably improve the cure rates for HCV infection. However, the treatment continues to cause substantial side effects and is associated with drug resistance due to frequent mutations in the HCV RNA genome resulting from the low fidelity of its RNA polymerase. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides in length. They are derived from cellular or viral transcripts and bind to their target mRNAs in a sequence-specific manner, resulting in either mRNA cleavage or translational repression and subsequent modulation of the expression of the majority of the protein-coding genes. miRNAs have been implicated in regulating multiple aspects of HCV life cycles and certain miRNAs serve as essential mediators for the interferon-based antiviral therapy. Furthermore, recent studies have documented the potential values of miRNAs as novel therapeutic targets against hepatitis C infectivity.
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40
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41
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Shah FA, Fatima K, Sabir S, Ali S, Fischer A, Qadri MI. Design, synthesis, and Gaussia luciferase Assay of triorganotin(IV)-based HCV inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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42
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Lipid nanoparticles as carriers for RNAi against viral infections: current status and future perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:161794. [PMID: 25184135 PMCID: PMC4145386 DOI: 10.1155/2014/161794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The efforts made to develop RNAi-based therapies have led to productive research in the field of infections in humans, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpetic keratitis, human papillomavirus, or influenza virus. Naked RNAi molecules are rapidly digested by nucleases in the serum, and due to their negative surface charge, entry into the cell cytoplasm is also hampered, which makes necessary the use of delivery systems to exploit the full potential of RNAi therapeutics. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) represent one of the most widely used delivery systems for in vivo application of RNAi due to their relative safety and simplicity of production, joint with the enhanced payload and protection of encapsulated RNAs. Moreover, LNP may be functionalized to reach target cells, and they may be used to combine RNAi molecules with conventional drug substances to reduce resistance or improve efficiency. This review features the current application of LNP in RNAi mediated therapy against viral infections and aims to explore possible future lines of action in this field.
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Wang J, Li Y, Modis Y. Exploiting subtle structural differences in heavy-atom derivatives for experimental phasing. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:1873-83. [PMID: 25004964 PMCID: PMC4089484 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714008943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Structure determination using the single isomorphous replacement (SIR) or single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) methods with weak derivatives remains very challenging. In a recent structure determination of glycoprotein E2 from bovine viral diarrhea virus, three isomorphous uranium-derivative data sets were merged to obtain partially interpretable initial experimental maps. Small differences between them were then exploited by treating them as three independent SAD data sets plus three circular pairwise SIR data sets to improve the experimental maps. Here, how such subtle structural differences were exploited for experimental phasing is described in detail. The basis for why this approach works is also provided: the effective resolution of isomorphous signals between highly isomorphous derivatives is often much higher than the effective resolution of the anomalous signals of individual derivative data sets. Hence, the new phasing approaches outlined here will be generally applicable to structure determinations involving weak derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Modulation of hepatitis C virus core DNA vaccine immune responses by co-immunization with CC-chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) gene as immunoadjuvant. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5943-52. [PMID: 24972567 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA vaccination is a promising vaccine platform for prevention and treatment of infectious disease. Enhancement of the DNA vaccine potency by co-inoculation of immunoadjuvant has been shown to be an effective strategy. Modulation of dendritic cells and T-cells locomotion and trafficking to prime an immune response is mediated by distinct chemokines. The recent study was designed to elucidate the adjuvant activity of plasmid expressing CC-chemokine ligand 20 (pCCL20) in co-inoculation with hepatitis C virus (HCV) core DNA vaccine immunization. pCCL20 was constructed and evaluated for its functional expression. Sub-cutaneous inoculation of pCCL20 with HCV core DNA vaccine was performed via electroporation in BALB/c mice on day 0 and 14 and a HCV core protein booster was applied on day 28. On week after final immunization, both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were assessed by indirect ELISA for core specific antibodies, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine ELISA/ELISpot and cytotoxic Grenzyme B (GrzB) release assays. Mice were co-immunized with pCCL20 developed higher levels of core specific IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio and IL-2 release, IFN-γ producing cells, lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic Grenzyme B release in both draining lymph nodes and spleen cells of immunized mice. The core-specific serum total IgG and IgG2a/IgG1 ratio were significantly higher when the pCCL20 was co-inoculated. These results suggest the potential of CCL20 chemokine as vaccine adjuvant to enhance Th1 mediated cellular and humoral immune responses in HCV core DNA immunization.
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Munakata T, Inada M, Tokunaga Y, Wakita T, Kohara M, Nomoto A. Suppression of hepatitis C virus replication by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2014; 108:79-87. [PMID: 24893207 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a causative agent of chronic hepatitis. Although the standard therapy for HCV-infected patients consists of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin, this treatment is associated with serious side effects and high costs, and fails in some patients infected with specific HCV genotypes. To address this problem, we are developing small-molecule inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) as novel anti-HCV drug candidates. Previous data showed that HCV replication is inhibited by retinoblastoma protein, which is itself inactivated by CDK-mediated phosphorylation. Here, we report that CDK inhibitors suppress HCV replication in vitro and in vivo, and that CDK4 is required for efficient HCV replication. These findings shed light on the development of novel anti-HCV drugs that target host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Munakata
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Makoto Inada
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuko Tokunaga
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Akio Nomoto
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiohsaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
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Clinical Aspects of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Watanabe T, Hatakeyama H, Matsuda-Yasui C, Sato Y, Sudoh M, Takagi A, Hirata Y, Ohtsuki T, Arai M, Inoue K, Harashima H, Kohara M. In vivo therapeutic potential of Dicer-hunting siRNAs targeting infectious hepatitis C virus. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4750. [PMID: 24756133 PMCID: PMC3996463 DOI: 10.1038/srep04750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapy faces two major obstacles: selecting small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences with strong activity, and identifying a carrier that allows efficient delivery to target organs. Additionally, conservative region at nucleotide level must be targeted for RNAi in applying to virus because hepatitis C virus (HCV) could escape from therapeutic pressure with genome mutations. In vitro preparation of Dicer-generated siRNAs targeting a conserved, highly ordered HCV 5′ untranslated region are capable of inducing strong RNAi activity. By dissecting the 5′-end of an RNAi-mediated cleavage site in the HCV genome, we identified potent siRNA sequences, which we designate as Dicer-hunting siRNAs (dh-siRNAs). Furthermore, formulation of the dh-siRNAs in an optimized multifunctional envelope-type nano device inhibited ongoing infectious HCV replication in human hepatocytes in vivo. Our efforts using both identification of optimal siRNA sequences and delivery to human hepatocytes suggest therapeutic potential of siRNA for a virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunamasa Watanabe
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan [2] Division of Gastroenterology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan [3] Present address, Department of Virology & Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan [4]
| | - Hiroto Hatakeyama
- 1] Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan [2]
| | - Chiho Matsuda-Yasui
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan [2]
| | - Yusuke Sato
- 1] Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan [2]
| | - Masayuki Sudoh
- Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Asako Takagi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hirata
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan [2] Division of Gastroenterology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ohtsuki
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Masaaki Arai
- Advanced Medical Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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48
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Arai M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Takagi A, Tobita Y, Inoue K, Kohara M. Resistance to cyclosporin A derives from mutations in hepatitis C virus nonstructural proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 448:56-62. [PMID: 24751518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug that targets cyclophilins, cellular cofactors that regulate the immune system. Replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is suppressed by CsA, but the molecular basis of this suppression is still not fully understood. To investigate this suppression, we cultured HCV replicon cells (Con1, HCV genotype 1b, FLR-N cell) in the presence of CsA and obtained nine CsA-resistant FLR-N cell lines. We determined full-length HCV sequences for all nine clones, and chose two (clones #6 and #7) of the nine clones that have high replication activity in the presence of CsA for further analysis. Both clones showed two consensus mutations, one in NS3 (T1280V) and the other in NS5A (D2292E). Characterization of various mutants indicated that the D2292E mutation conferred resistance to high concentrations of CsA (up to 2 μM). In addition, the missense mutation T1280V contributed to the recovery of colony formation activity. The effects of these mutations are also evident in two established HCV replicon cell lines-HCV-RMT ([1], genotype 1a) and JFH1 (genotype 2a). Moreover, three other missense mutations in NS5A-D2303H, S2362G, and E2414K-enhanced the resistance to CsA conferred by D2292E; these double or all quadruple mutants could resist approximately 8- to 25-fold higher concentrations of CsA than could wild-type Con1. These four mutations, either as single or combinations, also made Con1 strain resistant to two other cyclophilin inhibitors, N-methyl-4-isoleucine-cyclosporin (NIM811) or Debio-025. Interestingly, the changes in IC50 values that resulted from each of these mutations were the lowest in the Debio-025-treated cells, indicating its highest resistant activity against the adaptive mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Arai
- Advanced Medical Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Asako Takagi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tobita
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30, Aoba-ku, Fujigaoka, Yokohama 227-8501, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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49
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Flechsig H. Computational biology approach to uncover hepatitis C virus helicase operation. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3401-3409. [PMID: 24707123 PMCID: PMC3974507 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i13.3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) helicase is a molecular motor that splits nucleic acid duplex structures during viral replication, therefore representing a promising target for antiviral treatment. Hence, a detailed understanding of the mechanism by which it operates would facilitate the development of efficient drug-assisted therapies aiming to inhibit helicase activity. Despite extensive investigations performed in the past, a thorough understanding of the activity of this important protein was lacking since the underlying internal conformational motions could not be resolved. Here we review investigations that have been previously performed by us for HCV helicase. Using methods of structure-based computational modelling it became possible to follow entire operation cycles of this motor protein in structurally resolved simulations and uncover the mechanism by which it moves along the nucleic acid and accomplishes strand separation. We also discuss observations from that study in the light of recent experimental studies that confirm our findings.
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50
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Bae IH, Choi JK, Chough C, Keum SJ, Kim H, Jang SK, Kim BM. Potent Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Inhibitors Containing a Benzidine Core. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:255-8. [PMID: 24900814 DOI: 10.1021/ml4003293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the discovery of a series of potent hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitors based on the benzidine prolinamide backbone. Taking a simple synthetic route, we developed a novel inhibitor structure, which allows easy modification, and through optimization of the capping group, we identified compound 6 with highly potent anti-HCV activity. Compound 6 is nontoxic and is anticipated to be an effective HCV drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Hak Bae
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Jin Kyu Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Chieyeon Chough
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Sun Ju Keum
- Department
of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Heesun Kim
- Department
of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sung Key Jang
- Department
of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - B. Moon Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
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