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Li L, Ding P, Dong Y, Shen S, Lv X, Yu J, Li L, Chen J, Wang P, Han B, Xu T, Hu W. CG001, a C3b-targeted complement inhibitor, blocks 3 complement pathways: development and preclinical evaluation. Blood Adv 2024; 8:4181-4193. [PMID: 38865712 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2024012874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Excessively activated or dysregulated complement activation may contribute to the pathogenesis of a wide range of human diseases, thus leading to a surge in complement inhibitors. Herein, we developed a human-derived and antibody-like C3b-targeted fusion protein (CRIg-FH-Fc) x2, termed CG001, that could potently block all 3 complement pathways. Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily (CRIg) and factor H (FH) bind to distinct sites in C3b and synergistically inhibit complement activation. CRIg occupancy in C3b prevents the recruitment of C3 and C5 substrates, whereas FH occupancy in C3b accelerates the decay of C3/C5 convertases and promotes the factor I-mediated degradation and inactivation of C3b. CG001 also showed therapeutic effects in alternative pathways-induced hemolytic mouse and classical pathways-induced mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis rat models. In the pharmacological/toxicological evaluation in rats and cynomolgus monkeys, CG001 displayed an antibody-like pharmacokinetic profile, a convincing complement inhibitory effect, and no observable toxic effects. Therefore, CG001 holds substantial potential for human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Ding
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shupei Shen
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Lv
- ComGen Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yu
- ComGen Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Luying Li
- ComGen Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pilin Wang
- Alphamab Co Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Alphamab Co Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Sazinsky S, Zafari M, Klebanov B, Ritter J, Nguyen PA, Phennicie RT, Wahle J, Kauffman KJ, Razlog M, Manfra D, Feldman I, Novobrantseva T. Antibodies Targeting Human or Mouse VSIG4 Repolarize Tumor-Associated Macrophages Providing the Potential of Potent and Specific Clinical Anti-Tumor Response Induced across Multiple Cancer Types. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6160. [PMID: 38892347 PMCID: PMC11172757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
V-set immunoglobulin domain-containing 4 (VSIG4) is a B7 family protein with known roles as a C3 fragment complement receptor involved in pathogen clearance and a negative regulator of T cell activation by an undetermined mechanism. VSIG4 expression is specific for tumor-associated and select tissue-resident macrophages. Increased expression of VSIG4 has been associated with worse survival in multiple cancer indications. Based upon computational analysis of transcript data across thousands of tumor and normal tissue samples, we hypothesized that VSIG4 has an important role in promoting M2-like immune suppressive macrophages and that targeting VSIG4 could relieve VSIG4-mediated macrophage suppression by repolarizing tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to an inflammatory phenotype. We have also observed a cancer-specific pattern of VSIG4 isoform distribution, implying a change in the functional regulation in cancer. Through a series of in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assays we demonstrate that anti-VSIG4 antibodies repolarize M2 macrophages and induce an immune response culminating in T cell activation. Anti-VSIG4 antibodies induce pro-inflammatory cytokines in M-CSF plus IL-10-driven human monocyte-derived M2c macrophages. Across patient-derived tumor samples from multiple tumor types, anti-VSIG4 treatment resulted in the upregulation of cytokines associated with TAM repolarization and T cell activation and chemokines involved in immune cell recruitment. VSIG4 blockade is also efficacious in a syngeneic mouse model as monotherapy as it enhances efficacy in combination with anti-PD-1, and the effect is dependent on the systemic availability of CD8+ T cells. Thus, VSIG4 represents a promising new target capable of triggering an anti-cancer response via multiple key immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sazinsky
- Verseau Therapeutics, 2000 Commonwealth Ave., Auburndale, MA 02466, USA
| | - Mohammad Zafari
- Verseau Therapeutics, 2000 Commonwealth Ave., Auburndale, MA 02466, USA
- Alloy Therapeutics, 275 Second Ave., Suite 200, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Boris Klebanov
- Verseau Therapeutics, 2000 Commonwealth Ave., Auburndale, MA 02466, USA
| | - Jessica Ritter
- Verseau Therapeutics, 2000 Commonwealth Ave., Auburndale, MA 02466, USA
| | - Phuong A. Nguyen
- Verseau Therapeutics, 2000 Commonwealth Ave., Auburndale, MA 02466, USA
| | - Ryan T. Phennicie
- Verseau Therapeutics, 2000 Commonwealth Ave., Auburndale, MA 02466, USA
- Sanofi, 55 Corporate Driver, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA
| | - Joe Wahle
- Verseau Therapeutics, 2000 Commonwealth Ave., Auburndale, MA 02466, USA
- HotSpot Therapeutics, One Design Center Pl. Suite 19-600, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Kevin J. Kauffman
- Verseau Therapeutics, 2000 Commonwealth Ave., Auburndale, MA 02466, USA
| | - Maja Razlog
- Verseau Therapeutics, 2000 Commonwealth Ave., Auburndale, MA 02466, USA
| | - Denise Manfra
- Verseau Therapeutics, 2000 Commonwealth Ave., Auburndale, MA 02466, USA
| | - Igor Feldman
- Verseau Therapeutics, 2000 Commonwealth Ave., Auburndale, MA 02466, USA
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3
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Andersen JF, Lei H, Strayer EC, Pham V, Ribeiro JMC. Mechanism of complement inhibition by a mosquito protein revealed through cryo-EM. Commun Biol 2024; 7:649. [PMID: 38802531 PMCID: PMC11130238 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary complement inhibitors occur in many of the blood feeding arthropod species responsible for transmission of pathogens. During feeding, these inhibitors prevent the production of proinflammatory anaphylatoxins, which may interfere with feeding, and limit formation of the membrane attack complex which could damage arthropod gut tissues. Salivary inhibitors are, in many cases, novel proteins which may be pharmaceutically useful or display unusual mechanisms that could be exploited pharmaceutically. Albicin is a potent inhibitor of the alternative pathway of complement from the saliva of the malaria transmitting mosquito, Anopheles albimanus. Here we describe the cryo-EM structure of albicin bound to C3bBb, the alternative C3 convertase, a proteolytic complex that is responsible for cleavage of C3 and amplification of the complement response. Albicin is shown to induce dimerization of C3bBb, in a manner similar to the bacterial inhibitor SCIN, to form an inactive complex unable to bind the substrate C3. Size exclusion chromatography and structures determined after 30 minutes of incubation of C3b, factor B (FB), factor D (FD) and albicin indicate that FBb dissociates from the inhibited dimeric complex leaving a C3b-albicin dimeric complex which apparently decays more slowly.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Andersen
- NIH-NIAID, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Haotian Lei
- NIH-NIAID, Research Technologies Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ethan C Strayer
- NIH-NIAID, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, Rockville, MD, USA
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Van Pham
- NIH-NIAID, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - José M C Ribeiro
- NIH-NIAID, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, Rockville, MD, USA
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4
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Cook AD, Carrington M, Higgins MK. Molecular mechanism of complement inhibition by the trypanosome receptor ISG65. eLife 2024; 12:RP88960. [PMID: 38655765 PMCID: PMC11042801 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes replicate within infected mammals where they are exposed to the complement system. This system centres around complement C3, which is present in a soluble form in serum but becomes covalently deposited onto the surfaces of pathogens after proteolytic cleavage to C3b. Membrane-associated C3b triggers different complement-mediated effectors which promote pathogen clearance. To counter complement-mediated clearance, African trypanosomes have a cell surface receptor, ISG65, which binds to C3b and which decreases the rate of trypanosome clearance in an infection model. However, the mechanism by which ISG65 reduces C3b function has not been determined. We reveal through cryogenic electron microscopy that ISG65 has two distinct binding sites for C3b, only one of which is available in C3 and C3d. We show that ISG65 does not block the formation of C3b or the function of the C3 convertase which catalyses the surface deposition of C3b. However, we show that ISG65 forms a specific conjugate with C3b, perhaps acting as a decoy. ISG65 also occludes the binding sites for complement receptors 2 and 3, which may disrupt recruitment of immune cells, including B cells, phagocytes, and granulocytes. This suggests that ISG65 protects trypanosomes by combining multiple approaches to dampen the complement cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Cook
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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5
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Sant'Anna MRV, Pereira-Filho AA, Mendes-Sousa AF, Silva NCS, Gontijo NF, Pereira MH, Koerich LB, D'Avila Pessoa GC, Andersen J, Araujo RN. Inhibition of vertebrate complement system by hematophagous arthropods: inhibitory molecules, mechanisms, physiological roles, and applications. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38246860 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In arthropods, hematophagy has arisen several times throughout evolution. This specialized feeding behavior offered a highly nutritious diet obtained during blood feeds. On the other hand, blood-sucking arthropods must overcome problems brought on by blood intake and digestion. Host blood complement acts on the bite site and is still active after ingestion, so complement activation is a potential threat to the host's skin feeding environment and to the arthropod gut enterocytes. During evolution, blood-sucking arthropods have selected, either in their saliva or gut, anticomplement molecules that inactivate host blood complement. This review presents an overview of the complement system and discusses the arthropod's salivary and gut anticomplement molecules studied to date, exploring their mechanism of action and other aspects related to the arthropod-host-pathogen interface. The possible therapeutic applications of arthropod's anticomplement molecules are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Roberto Vianna Sant'Anna
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Alves Pereira-Filho
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Naylene Carvalho Sales Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nelder Figueiredo Gontijo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Horácio Pereira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Barbosa Koerich
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Grasielle Caldas D'Avila Pessoa
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - John Andersen
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ricardo Nascimento Araujo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Nie S, Zhang Z, Ji Y, Ding Q, Gong J, Xiao F, Chen L, Tian D, Liu M, Luo Z. CRIg+ macrophages deficiency enhanced inflammation damage in IBD due to gut extracellular vesicles containing microbial DNA. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2379633. [PMID: 39024479 PMCID: PMC11259065 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2379633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs) are reported to regulate inflammatory response by delivering bacterial products into host cells. The complement receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily macrophages (CRIg+ Mφ) could clear invading bacteria and their derivatives. Here, we investigate the role of CRIg+ Mφ and the mechanism by which mEVs regulate intestinal inflammation. We found that it is exacerbated in IBD patients and colitis mice by mEVs' leakage from disturbed gut microbiota, enriching microbial DNA in the intestinal mucosa. CRIg+ Mφ significantly decrease in IBD patients, allowing the spread of mEVs into the mucosa. The microbial DNA within mEVs is the key trigger for inflammation and barrier function damage. The cGAS/STING pathway is crucial in mEVs-mediated inflammatory injury. Blocking cGAS/STING signaling effectively alleviates inflammation caused by mEVs leakage and CRIg+ Mφ deficiency. Microbial DNA-containing mEVs, along with CRIg+ Mφ deficiency, stimulate inflammation in IBD, with the cGAS/STING pathway playing a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangshu Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongchao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yudong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenlong Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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7
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Duan H, Abram TG, Cruz AR, Rooijakkers SHM, Geisbrecht BV. New Insights into the Complement Receptor of the Ig Superfamily Obtained from Structural and Functional Studies on Two Mutants. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:806-818. [PMID: 38032267 PMCID: PMC10696418 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular region of the complement receptor of the Ig superfamily (CRIg) binds to certain C3 cleavage products (C3b, iC3b, C3c) and inhibits the alternative pathway (AP) of complement. In this study, we provide further insight into the CRIg protein and describe two CRIg mutants that lack multiple lysine residues as a means of facilitating chemical modifications of the protein. Structural analyses confirmed preservation of the native CRIg architecture in both mutants. In contrast to earlier reports suggesting that CRIg binds to C3b with an affinity of ∼1 μM, we found that wild-type CRIg binds to C3b and iC3b with affinities <100 nM, but to C3c with an affinity closer to 1 μM. We observed this same trend for both lysine substitution mutants, albeit with an apparent ∼2- to 3-fold loss of affinity when compared with wild-type CRIg. Using flow cytometry, we confirmed binding to C3 fragment-opsonized Staphylococcus aureus cells by each mutant, again with an ∼2- to 3-fold decrease when compared with wild-type. Whereas wild-type CRIg inhibits AP-driven lysis of rabbit erythrocytes with an IC50 of 1.6 μM, we observed an ∼3-fold reduction in inhibition for both mutants. Interestingly, we found that amine-reactive crosslinking of the CRIg mutant containing only a single lysine results in a significant improvement in inhibitory potency across all concentrations examined when compared with the unmodified mutant, but in a manner sensitive to the length of the crosslinker. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the CRIg protein and suggest an approach for engineering increasingly potent CRIg-based inhibitors of the AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiquan Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS
| | - Troy G. Abram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS
| | - Ana Rita Cruz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Brian V. Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS
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8
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Santos-López J, de la Paz K, Fernández FJ, Vega MC. Structural biology of complement receptors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239146. [PMID: 37753090 PMCID: PMC10518620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system plays crucial roles in a wide breadth of immune and inflammatory processes and is frequently cited as an etiological or aggravating factor in many human diseases, from asthma to cancer. Complement receptors encompass at least eight proteins from four structural classes, orchestrating complement-mediated humoral and cellular effector responses and coordinating the complex cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity. The progressive increase in understanding of the structural features of the main complement factors, activated proteolytic fragments, and their assemblies have spurred a renewed interest in deciphering their receptor complexes. In this review, we describe what is currently known about the structural biology of the complement receptors and their complexes with natural agonists and pharmacological antagonists. We highlight the fundamental concepts and the gray areas where issues and problems have been identified, including current research gaps. We seek to offer guidance into the structural biology of the complement system as structural information underlies fundamental and therapeutic research endeavors. Finally, we also indicate what we believe are potential developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Santos-López
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karla de la Paz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Research & Development, Abvance Biotech SL, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M. Cristina Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Lorentzen J, Olesen HG, Hansen AG, Thiel S, Birkelund S, Andersen CBF, Andersen GR. Trypanosoma brucei Invariant Surface gp65 Inhibits the Alternative Pathway of Complement by Accelerating C3b Degradation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:862-873. [PMID: 37466368 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are known to activate the complement system on their surface, but they control the cascade in a manner such that the cascade does not progress into the terminal pathway. It was recently reported that the invariant surface glycoprotein ISG65 from Trypanosoma brucei interacts reversibly with complement C3 and its degradation products, but the molecular mechanism by which ISG65 interferes with complement activation remains unknown. In this study, we show that ISG65 does not interfere directly with the assembly or activity of the two C3 convertases. However, ISG65 acts as a potent inhibitor of C3 deposition through the alternative pathway in human and murine serum. Degradation assays demonstrate that ISG65 stimulates the C3b to iC3b converting activity of complement factor I in the presence of the cofactors factor H or complement receptor 1. A structure-based model suggests that ISG65 promotes a C3b conformation susceptible to degradation or directly bridges factor I and C3b without contact with the cofactor. In addition, ISG65 is observed to form a stable ternary complex with the ligand binding domain of complement receptor 3 and iC3b. Our data suggest that ISG65 supports trypanosome complement evasion by accelerating the conversion of C3b to iC3b through a unique mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Lorentzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Heidi G Olesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Svend Birkelund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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10
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Liang X, Li P, Jiang J, Xin J, Luo J, Li J, Chen P, Ren K, Zhou Q, Guo B, Zhou X, Chen J, He L, Yang H, Hu W, Ma S, Li B, Chen X, Shi D, Li J. Transcriptomics unveils immune metabolic disruption and a novel biomarker of mortality in patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100848. [PMID: 37583946 PMCID: PMC10424217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) is a complex syndrome associated with high short-term mortality. This study aims to reveal the molecular basis and identify novel HBV-ACLF biomarkers. Methods Seventy patients with HBV-ACLF and different short-term (28 days) outcomes underwent transcriptome sequencing using peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Candidate biomarkers were confirmed in two external cohorts using ELISA. Results Cellular composition analysis with peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptomics showed that the proportions of monocytes, T cells and natural killer cells were significantly correlated with 28-day mortality. Significant metabolic dysregulation of carbohydrate, energy and amino acid metabolism was observed in ACLF non-survivors. V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing 4 (VSIG4) was the most robust predictor of patient survival (adjusted p = 1.74 × 10-16; variable importance in the projection = 1.21; AUROC = 0.89) and was significantly correlated with pathways involved in the progression of ACLF, including inflammation, oxidative phosphorylation, tricarboxylic acid cycle and T-cell activation/differentiation. Plasma VSIG4 analysis externally validated its diagnostic value in ACLF (compared with chronic liver disease and healthy groups, AUROC = 0.983). The prognostic performance for 28-/90-day mortality (AUROCs = 0.769/0.767) was comparable to that of three commonly used scores (COSSH-ACLFs, 0.867/0.884; CLIF-C ACLFs, 0.840/0.835; MELD-Na, 0.710/0.737). Plasma VSIG4 level, as an independent predictor, could be used to improve the prognostic performance of clinical scores. Risk stratification based on VSIG4 expression levels (>122 μg/ml) identified patients with ACLF at a high risk of death. The generality of VSIG4 in other etiologies was validated. Conclusions This study reveals that immune-metabolism disorder underlies poor ACLF outcomes. VSIG4 may be helpful as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in clinical practice. Impact and implications Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a lethal clinical syndrome associated with high mortality. We found significant immune cell alterations and metabolic dysregulation that were linked to high mortality in patients with HBV-ACLF based on transcriptomics using peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We identified VSIG4 (V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing 4) as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in ACLF, which could specifically identify patients with ACLF at a high risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liang
- Precision Medicine Center, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jinjin Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Keke Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Beibei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xingping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiaxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lulu He
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Wen Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Shiwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Bingqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jun Li
- Precision Medicine Center, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chinese Group on the Study of Severe Hepatitis B (COSSH)
- Precision Medicine Center, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Leon J, Chowdhary K, Zhang W, Ramirez RN, André I, Hur S, Mathis D, Benoist C. Mutations from patients with IPEX ported to mice reveal different patterns of FoxP3 and Treg dysfunction. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113018. [PMID: 37605532 PMCID: PMC10565790 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the transcription factor FoxP3 in patients with "IPEX" (immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome) disrupt regulatory T cells (Treg), causing an array of multiorgan autoimmunity. To understand the functional impact of mutations across FoxP3 domains, without genetic and environmental confounders, six human FOXP3 missense mutations are engineered into mice. Two classes of mutations emerge from combined immunologic and genomic analyses. A mutation in the DNA-binding domain shows the same lymphoproliferation and multiorgan infiltration as complete FoxP3 knockouts but delayed by months. Tregs expressing this mutant FoxP3 are destabilized by normal Tregs in heterozygous females compared with hemizygous males. Mutations in other domains affect chromatin opening differently, involving different cofactors and provoking more specific autoimmune pathology (dermatitis, colitis, diabetes), unmasked by immunological challenges or incrossing NOD autoimmune-susceptibility alleles. This work establishes that IPEX disease heterogeneity results from the actual mutations, combined with genetic and environmental perturbations, explaining then the intra-familial variation in IPEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Leon
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; INSERM UMR 1163, University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Wenxiang Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Isabelle André
- INSERM UMR 1163, University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sun Hur
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Ebstein SY, Rafique A, Zhou Y, Krasco A, Montalvo-Ortiz W, Yu L, Custodio L, Adam RC, Bloch N, Lee K, Adewale F, Vergata D, Luz A, Coquery S, Daniel B, Ullman E, Franklin MC, Hermann A, Huang T, Olson W, Davis S, Murphy AJ, Sleeman MA, Wei J, Skokos D. VSIG4 interaction with heparan sulfates inhibits VSIG4-complement binding. Glycobiology 2023; 33:591-604. [PMID: 37341346 PMCID: PMC10426322 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing 4 (VSIG4) is a complement receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is specifically expressed on tissue resident macrophages, and its many reported functions and binding partners suggest a complex role in immune function. VSIG4 is reported to have a role in immune surveillance as well as in modulating diverse disease phenotypes such as infections, autoimmune conditions, and cancer. However, the mechanism(s) governing VSIG4's complex, context-dependent role in immune regulation remains elusive. Here, we identify cell surface and soluble glycosaminoglycans, specifically heparan sulfates, as novel binding partners of VSIG4. We demonstrate that genetic deletion of heparan sulfate synthesis enzymes or cleavage of cell-surface heparan sulfates reduced VSIG4 binding to the cell surface. Furthermore, binding studies demonstrate that VSIG4 interacts directly with heparan sulfates, with a preference for highly sulfated moieties and longer glycosaminoglycan chains. To assess the impact on VSIG4 biology, we show that heparan sulfates compete with known VSIG4 binding partners C3b and iC3b. Furthermore, mutagenesis studies indicate that this competition occurs through overlapping binding epitopes for heparan sulfates and complement on VSIG4. Together these data suggest a novel role for heparan sulfates in VSIG4-dependent immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y Ebstein
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Ashique Rafique
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Yi Zhou
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Amanda Krasco
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Welby Montalvo-Ortiz
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Lola Yu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Luisaidy Custodio
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Rene C Adam
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Nicolin Bloch
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Ken Lee
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Funmilola Adewale
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Dominic Vergata
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Antonio Luz
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Sebastien Coquery
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Benjamin Daniel
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Erica Ullman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Matthew C Franklin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Aynur Hermann
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Tammy Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - William Olson
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Samuel Davis
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Matthew A Sleeman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Joyce Wei
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Dimitris Skokos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
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13
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Tao S, Yu H, You T, Kong X, Wei X, Zheng Z, Zheng L, Feng Z, Huang B, Zhang X, Chen F, Chen X, Song H, Li J, Chen B, Chen J, Yao Q, Zhao F. A Dual-Targeted Metal-Organic Framework Based Nanoplatform for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis by Restoring the Macrophage Niche. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37429012 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory infiltration and bone destruction are important pathological features of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which originate from the disturbed niche of macrophages. Here, we identified a niche-disrupting process in RA: due to overactivation of complement, the barrier function of VSIg4+ lining macrophages is disrupted and mediates inflammatory infiltration within the joint, thereby activating excessive osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. However, complement antagonists have poor biological applications due to superphysiologic dose requirements and inadequate effects on bone resorption. Therefore, we developed a dual-targeted therapeutic nanoplatform based on the MOF framework to achieve bone-targeted delivery of the complement inhibitor CRIg-CD59 and pH-responsive sustained release. The surface-mineralized zoledronic acid (ZA) of ZIF8@CRIg-CD59@HA@ZA targets the skeletal acidic microenvironment in RA, and the sustained release of CRIg-CD59 can recognize and prevent the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) from forming on the surface of healthy cells. Importantly, ZA can inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, and CRIg-CD59 can promote the repair of the VSIg4+ lining macrophage barrier to achieve sequential niche remodeling. This combination therapy is expected to treat RA by reversing the core pathological process, circumventing the pitfalls of traditional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Tao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao You
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 Anhui, China
| | - Xiangxi Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoan Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
| | - Zeyu Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenhua Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
| | - Bao Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuyang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 Anhui, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 Anhui, China
| | - Haixin Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo, 315100 Zhejiang, China
| | - Binhui Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo, 315100 Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingqing Yao
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengdong Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang, China
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14
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Liu B, Cheng L, Gao H, Zhang J, Dong Y, Gao W, Yuan S, Gong T, Huang W. The biology of VSIG4: Implications for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and cancer. Cancer Lett 2023; 553:215996. [PMID: 36343787 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 4 (VSIG4), a type I transmembrane receptor exclusively expressed in a subset of tissue-resident macrophages, plays a pivotal role in clearing C3-opsonized pathogens and their byproducts from the circulation. VSIG4 maintains immune homeostasis by suppressing the activation of complement pathways or T cells and inducing regulatory T-cell differentiation, thereby inhibiting the development of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases but enhancing cancer progression. Consequently, VSIG4 exhibits a potential therapeutic effect for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, but also is regarded as a novel target of immune checkpoint inhibition in cancer therapy. Recently, soluble VSIG4, the extracellular domain of VSIG4, shed from the surface of macrophages, has been found to be a biomarker to define macrophage activation-related diseases. This review mainly summarizes recent new findings of VSIG4 in macrophage phagocytosis and immune homeostasis, and discusses its potential diagnostic and therapeutic usage in infection, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China; PLA 307 Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Honghao Gao
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Fuchenglu 6#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yanxin Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Fuchenglu 6#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, MA, 02021, USA
| | - Shunzong Yuan
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China; PLA 307 Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Taiqian Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Fuchenglu 6#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Wenrong Huang
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China.
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15
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Kumar J, Dhyani S, Kumar P, Sharma NR, Ganguly S. SARS-CoV-2-encoded ORF8 protein possesses complement inhibitory properties. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102930. [PMID: 36682494 PMCID: PMC9851726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the complement system, a major component of innate immunity, has been recognized as one of the core clinical features in severe covid-19 patients. However, how the virus escapes the targeted elimination by the network of activated complement pathways still remains an enigma. Here, we identified SARS-CoV-2-encoded ORF8 protein as one of the major binding partners of human complement C3/C3b components and their metabolites. Our results demonstrated that preincubation of ORF8 with C3/C3b in the fluid phase has two immediate functional consequences in the alternative pathway; this preincubation inhibits factor I-mediated proteolysis and blocks factor B zymogen activation into active Bb. ORF8 binding results in the occlusion of both factor H and factor B from C3b, rendering the complexes resistant to factor I-mediated proteolysis and inhibition of pro-C3-convertase (C3bB) formation, respectively. We also confirmed the complement inhibitory activity of ORF8 in our hemolysis-based assay, where ORF8 prevented human serum-induced lysis of rabbit erythrocytes with an IC50 value of about 2.3 μM. This inhibitory characteristic of ORF8 was also supported by in-silico protein-protein docking analysis, as it appeared to establish primary interactions with the β-chain of C3b, orienting itself near the C3b CUB (C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1) domain like a peptidomimetic compound, sterically hindering the binding of essential cofactors required for complement amplification. Thus, ORF8 has characteristics to act as an inhibitor of critical regulatory steps in the alternative pathway, converging to hasten the decay of C3-convertase and thereby, attenuating the complement amplification loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Neurobiology and Drug Discovery (NDD) Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Dhyani
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Neurobiology and Drug Discovery (NDD) Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Prateek Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Nishi Raj Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Neurobiology and Drug Discovery (NDD) Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Surajit Ganguly
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Neurobiology and Drug Discovery (NDD) Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
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16
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Li Y, Wang Q, Li J, Li A, Wang Q, Zhang Q, Chen Y. Therapeutic modulation of V Set and Ig domain-containing 4 (VSIG4) signaling in immune and inflammatory diseases. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:561-572. [PMID: 36642683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the result of acute and chronic stresses, caused by emotional or physical trauma, or nutritional or environmental pollutants, and brings serious harm to human life and health. As an important cellular component of the innate immune barrier, the macrophage plays a key role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and promoting tissue repair by controlling infection and resolving inflammation. Several studies suggest that V Set and Ig domain-containing 4 is specifically expressed in tissue macrophages and is associated with a variety of inflammatory diseases. In this paper, we mainly summarize the recent research on V Set and Ig domain-containing 4 structures, functions, function and roles in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, and provide a novel therapeutic avenue for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including nervous system, urinary, respiratory and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Aohan Li
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qinggao Zhang
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yingqing Chen
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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17
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Kolev M, Barbour T, Baver S, Francois C, Deschatelets P. With complements: C3 inhibition in the clinic. Immunol Rev 2023; 313:358-375. [PMID: 36161656 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
C3 is a key complement protein, located at the nexus of all complement activation pathways. Extracellular, tissue, cell-derived, and intracellular C3 plays critical roles in the immune response that is dysregulated in many diseases, making it an attractive therapeutic target. However, challenges such as very high concentration in blood, increased acute expression, and the elevated risk of infections have historically posed significant challenges in the development of C3-targeted therapeutics. This is further complicated because C3 activation fragments and their receptors trigger a complex network of downstream effects; therefore, a clear understanding of these is needed to provide context for a better understanding of the mechanism of action (MoA) of C3 inhibitors, such as pegcetacoplan. Because of C3's differential upstream position to C5 in the complement cascade, there are mechanistic differences between pegcetacoplan and eculizumab that determine their efficacy in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. In this review, we compare the MoA of pegcetacoplan and eculizumab in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and discuss the complement-mediated disease that might be amenable to C3 inhibition. We further discuss the current state and outlook for C3-targeted therapeutics and provide our perspective on which diseases might be the next success stories in the C3 therapeutics journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolev
- Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tara Barbour
- Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott Baver
- Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Zarantonello A, Revel M, Grunenwald A, Roumenina LT. C3-dependent effector functions of complement. Immunol Rev 2023; 313:120-138. [PMID: 36271889 PMCID: PMC10092904 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
C3 is the central effector molecule of the complement system, mediating its multiple functions through different binding sites and their corresponding receptors. We will introduce the C3 forms (native C3, C3 [H2 O], and intracellular C3), the C3 fragments C3a, C3b, iC3b, and C3dg/C3d, and the C3 expression sites. To highlight the important role that C3 plays in human biological processes, we will give an overview of the diseases linked to C3 deficiency and to uncontrolled C3 activation. Next, we will present a structural description of C3 activation and of the C3 fragments generated by complement regulation. We will proceed by describing the C3a interaction with the anaphylatoxin receptor, followed by the interactions of opsonins (C3b, iC3b, and C3dg/C3d) with complement receptors, divided into two groups: receptors bearing complement regulatory functions and the effector receptors without complement regulatory activity. We outline the molecular architecture of the receptors, their binding sites on the C3 activation fragments, the cells expressing them, the diversity of their functions, and recent advances. With this review, we aim to give an up-to-date analysis of the processes triggered by C3 activation fragments on different cell types in health and disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zarantonello
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Margot Revel
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Grunenwald
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lubka T Roumenina
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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19
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Pangburn MK. Initiation of the alternative pathway of complement and the history of "tickover". Immunol Rev 2023; 313:64-70. [PMID: 36089768 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary history of complement suggests that the alternative pathway arose prior to the arrival of the classical and lectin pathways. In these pathways, target specificity is provided by antibodies and sugar specific lectins. While these efficient initiation systems dominate activation on most targets, the alternative pathway produces most of the C3b and 80%-90% of the C5b-9. While the tickover process, originally proposed by Peter Lachmann, provided ancient hosts with a crude self/non-self-discriminatory system that initiated complement attack on everything foreign, tickover clearly plays a more minor role in complement activation in modern organisms possessing classical and lectin pathways. Spontaneous activation of the alternative pathway via tickover may play a major role in human pathologies where tissue damage is complement-mediated. The molecular mechanism of tickover is still not convincingly proven. Prevailing hypotheses include (a) spontaneous hydrolysis of the thioester in C3 forming the C3b-like C3(H2 O) in solution and (b) "enhanced tickover" in which surfaces cause specific or non-specific contact activated conformational changes in C3. Theoretical considerations, including computer simulations, suggest that the latter mechanism is more likely and that more research needs to be devoted to understanding interactions between biological surfaces and C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Pangburn
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
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20
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Anwar IJ, DeLaura I, Ladowski J, Gao Q, Knechtle SJ, Kwun J. Complement-targeted therapies in kidney transplantation-insights from preclinical studies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984090. [PMID: 36311730 PMCID: PMC9606228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the complement system contributes to solid-organ graft dysfunction and failure. In kidney transplantation, the complement system is implicated in the pathogenesis of antibody- and cell-mediated rejection, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and vascular injury. This has led to the evaluation of select complement inhibitors (e.g., C1 and C5 inhibitors) in clinical trials with mixed results. However, the complement system is highly complex: it is composed of more than 50 fluid-phase and surface-bound elements, including several complement-activated receptors-all potential therapeutic targets in kidney transplantation. Generation of targeted pharmaceuticals and use of gene editing tools have led to an improved understanding of the intricacies of the complement system in allo- and xeno-transplantation. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of the complement system as it relates to rejection in kidney transplantation, specifically reviewing evidence gained from pre-clinical models (rodent and nonhuman primate) that may potentially be translated to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stuart J. Knechtle
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jean Kwun
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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21
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Zhou X, Khan S, Huang D, Li L. V-Set and immunoglobulin domain containing (VSIG) proteins as emerging immune checkpoint targets for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938470. [PMID: 36189222 PMCID: PMC9520664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors is becoming a promising approach to fight cancers. Antibodies targeting immune checkpoint proteins such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 can reinvigorate endogenous antitumor T-cell responses and bring durable advantages to several malignancies. However, only a small subset of patients benefit from these checkpoint inhibitors. Identification of new immune checkpoints with the aim of combination blockade of multiple immune inhibitory pathways is becoming necessary to improve efficiency. Recently, several B7 family-related proteins, TIGIT, VSIG4, and VSIG3, which belong to the VSIG family, have attracted substantial attention as coinhibitory receptors during T-cell activation. By interacting with their corresponding ligands, these VSIG proteins inhibit T-cell responses and maintain an immune suppressive microenvironment in tumors. These results indicated that VSIG family members are becoming putative immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarized the function of each VSIG protein in regulating immune responses and in tumor progression, thus providing an overview of our current understanding of VSIG family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Sohail Khan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dabing Huang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Dabing Huang, ; Lu Li,
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Dabing Huang, ; Lu Li,
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22
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Hasa E, Hartmann P, Schnabl B. Liver cirrhosis and immune dysfunction. Int Immunol 2022; 34:455-466. [PMID: 35792761 PMCID: PMC9447994 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is end-stage liver disease resulting from various etiologies and is a common cause of death worldwide. The progression from compensated to decompensated cirrhosis to acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is due to multiple factors, including continuation of alcohol use or continued exposure to other toxins, an imbalance of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis), increased gut permeability and a disrupted immune response. This disrupted immune response is also named cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction, which is characterized by worsening systemic inflammation with concomitant immune paralysis, as liver disease deteriorates. This review highlights central immunologic events during the exacerbation of cirrhosis and characterizes the different immune cell populations involved therein.
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23
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De la O Becerra KI, Oosterheert W, van den Bos RM, Xenaki KT, Lorent JH, Ruyken M, Schouten A, Rooijakkers SHM, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Gros P. Multifaceted Activities of Seven Nanobodies against Complement C4b. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 208:2207-2219. [PMID: 35428691 PMCID: PMC9047069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cleavage of the mammalian plasma protein C4 into C4b initiates opsonization, lysis, and clearance of microbes and damaged host cells by the classical and lectin pathways of the complement system. Dysregulated activation of C4 and other initial components of the classical pathway may cause or aggravate pathologies, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Alzheimer disease, and schizophrenia. Modulating the activity of C4b by small-molecule or protein-based inhibitors may represent a promising therapeutic approach for preventing excessive inflammation and damage to host cells and tissue. Here, we present seven nanobodies, derived from llama (Lama glama) immunization, that bind to human C4b (Homo sapiens) with high affinities ranging from 3.2 nM to 14 pM. The activity of the nanobodies varies from no to complete inhibition of the classical pathway. The inhibiting nanobodies affect different steps in complement activation, in line with blocking sites for proconvertase formation, C3 substrate binding to the convertase, and regulator-mediated inactivation of C4b. For four nanobodies, we determined single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structures in complex with C4b at 3.4–4 Å resolution. The structures rationalize the observed functional effects of the nanobodies and define their mode of action during complement activation. Thus, we characterized seven anti-C4b nanobodies with diverse effects on the classical pathway of complement activation that may be explored for imaging, diagnostic, or therapeutic applications. Diverse binding properties are revealed for seven nanobodies against C4b. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of C4b–nanobody complexes indicate nanobodies’ modes of action. Nanobodies have therapeutic potential and are useful for labeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla I De la O Becerra
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wout Oosterheert
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon M van den Bos
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Katerina T Xenaki
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph H Lorent
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Maartje Ruyken
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arie Schouten
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Piet Gros
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands;
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24
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Widyagarini A, Nishii N, Kawano Y, Zhang C, Azuma M. VSIG4/CRIg directly regulates early CD8 + T cell activation through its counter-receptor in a narrow window. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 614:100-106. [PMID: 35576680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
T-cell responses are fine-tuned by positive and negative co-signal molecules expressed on immune cells and adjacent tissues. VSIG4 is a newly identified member of the B7 family of ligands, which negatively regulates innate inflammatory and CD4+ T cell-mediated responses. However, little is known about the direct effects of VSIG4, which are exerted through an unidentified counter-receptor on CD8+ T cells. We investigated the binding of the VSIG4-Ig fusion protein during CD8+ T cell activation, and the functional involvement of VSIG4 pathway, using VSIG4-Ig and VSIG4-transfectants. VSIG4-Ig binding to CD8+ T cells was temporally observed in the CD44high phenotype during initial activation. VSIG4-Ig binding was observed earlier than the induction of PD-1, LAG3, and TIM-3, which are immune checkpoint receptors for exhausted CD8+ T cells. Immobilized VSIG4-Ig inhibited anti-CD3/CD28 mAb-induced CD8+ T cell activation, as indicated by proliferation and IFN-γ production, similar to the downregulation of T-bet and Eomesodermin transcription factors. VSIG4 on FcγR+ P815 or specific antigen-presenting E.G7 cells inhibited the generation of effector CD8+ T cells, as indicated by proliferation, IFN-γ and TNF-α expression, and granule degradation, compared to parental cells. However, the window for the regulatory function of VSIG4 was narrow and dependent on the strength of TCR (and CD28)-mediated signals. Our results suggested that VSIG4 directly delivers co-inhibitory signals via an as-yet unidentified counter-receptor on activated CD8+ T cells. VSIG4-mediated CD8+ T cell tolerance might contribute to the steady-state maintenance of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Widyagarini
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Nishii
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawano
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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25
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Song J, Zhao R, Yan C, Luo S, Xi J, Ding P, Li L, Hu W, Zhao C. A Targeted Complement Inhibitor CRIg/FH Protects Against Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis in Rats via Immune Modulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:746068. [PMID: 35154091 PMCID: PMC8825366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.746068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-induced complement activation may cause injury of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and is thus considered as a primary pathogenic factor in human myasthenia gravis (MG) and animal models of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). In this study, we tested whether CRIg/FH, a targeted complement inhibitor, could attenuate NMJ injury in rat MG models. We first demonstrated that CRIg/FH could inhibit complement-dependent cytotoxicity on human rhabdomyosarcoma TE671 cells induced by MG patient-derived IgG in vitro. Furthermore, we investigated the therapeutic effect of CRIg/FH in a passive and an active EAMG rodent model. In both models, administration of CRIg/FH could significantly reduce the complement-mediated end-plate damage and suppress the development of EAMG. In the active EAMG model, we also found that CRIg/FH treatment remarkably reduced the serum concentration of autoantibodies and of the cytokines including IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-17, and upregulated the percentage of Treg cells in the spleen, which was further verified in vitro. Therefore, our findings indicate that CRIg/FH may hold the potential for the treatment of MG via immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Yan
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Sushan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianying Xi
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Ding
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongbo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
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26
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Complement component C3: A structural perspective and potential therapeutic implications. Semin Immunol 2022; 59:101627. [PMID: 35760703 PMCID: PMC9842190 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As the most abundant component of the complement system, C3 and its proteolytic derivatives serve essential roles in the function of all three complement pathways. Central to this is a network of protein-protein interactions made possible by the sequential proteolysis and far-reaching structural changes that accompany C3 activation. Beginning with the crystal structures of C3, C3b, and C3c nearly twenty years ago, the physical transformations underlying C3 function that had long been suspected were finally revealed. In the years that followed, a compendium of crystallographic information on C3 derivatives bound to various enzymes, regulators, receptors, and inhibitors generated new levels of insight into the structure and function of the C3 molecule. This Review provides a concise classification, summary, and interpretation of the more than 50 unique crystal structure determinations for human C3. It also highlights other salient features of C3 structure that were made possible through solution-based methods, including Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Small Angle X-ray Scattering. At this pivotal time when the first C3-targeted therapeutics begin to see use in the clinic, some perspectives are also offered on how this continually growing body of structural information might be leveraged for future development of next-generation C3 inhibitors.
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27
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Reißing J, Lutz P, Frissen M, Ibidapo-Obe O, Reuken PA, Wirtz TH, Stengel S, Quickert S, Rooney M, Große K, Zimmermann HW, Trautwein C, Stallmach A, Bruns T. Immunomodulatory receptor VSIG4 is released during spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and predicts short-term mortality. JHEP REPORTS : INNOVATION IN HEPATOLOGY 2021; 4:100391. [PMID: 34917912 PMCID: PMC8666561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background & Aims V-set Ig-domain-containing 4 (VSIG4) is an immunomodulatory macrophage complement receptor modulating innate and adaptive immunity and affecting the resolution of bacterial infections. Given its expression on peritoneal macrophages (PMs), we hypothesised a prognostic role of peritoneal VSIG4 concentrations in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). Methods We isolated PMs from patients with cirrhosis and analysed VSIG4 expression and release by flow cytometry, quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, and confocal microscopy. We measured soluble VSIG4 concentrations in ascites from 120 patients with SBP and 40 patients without SBP and investigated the association of soluble VSIG4 in ascites with 90-day survival after SBP using Kaplan–Meier statistics, Cox regression, and competing-risks regression analysis. Results VSIG4 expression was high on resting, large PMs, which co-expressed CD206, CD163, and tyrosine-protein kinase Mer (MERTK). VSIG4 gene expression in PMs decreased in patients with SBP and normalised after resolution. During SBP, VSIG4hi PMs were depleted (25% vs. 57%; p <0.001) and soluble VSIG4 in ascites were higher in patients with SBP than in patients without (0.73 vs. 0.35 μg/ml; p <0.0001). PM activation by Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists or infection with live bacteria in vitro resulted in a loss of surface VSIG4 and the release of soluble VSIG4. Mechanistically, shedding of VSIG4 from PMs was protease-dependent and susceptible to microtubule transport inhibition. Soluble VSIG4 in ascites exceeded serum concentrations and correlated with serum creatinine, model for end-stage liver disease score and C-reactive protein during SBP. Concentrations of 1.0206 μg/ml or higher indicated increased 90-day mortality (hazard ratio 1.70; 95% CI 1.01–2.86; p = 0.046). Conclusions VSIG4 is released from activated PMs into ascites during SBP. Higher peritoneal VSIG4 levels indicate patients with organ failure and poor prognosis. Lay summary Patients with liver cirrhosis who develop ascites have an increased risk of infection and mortality. Our study shows that in patients with infected ascites, the complement receptor VSIG4 is released by resident macrophages into the abdominal fluid where it can be measured. Patients with elevated levels of this protein in ascites are at high risk of dying within 90 days. VSIG4 expression is high on human resting, large peritoneal macrophages (PMs) that co-express CD206, CD163, and MERTK. PM activation by TLR agonists or infection results in the loss of surface VSIG4 and release of soluble VSIG4 (sVSIG4). Ascites sVSIG4 correlates with organ dysfunction and inflammation during SBP. Higher ascitic fluid sVSIG4 concentrations indicated increased risk of 90-day mortality in 120 patients with SBP. Addition of an antibody binding to the extracellular domain of VSIG4 enhanced phagocytosis of bacteria in vitro.
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Key Words
- AF, ascitic fluid
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Bacterial infection
- Biomarker
- C3, complement component 3
- CCR2, C-C chemokine receptor type 2
- EEA1, early endosome antigen 1
- FCS, foetal calf serum
- FMO, fluorescence minus one
- HLA-DR, human leucocyte antigen-DR isotype
- IMC, isotype-matched control
- INR, international normalised ratio
- LAMP2, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MACS, magnet-activated cell sorting
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- MERTK, tyrosine-protein kinase Mer
- MFI, median fluorescence intensity
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- MPLA, monophosphoryl lipid A
- PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PD-L1, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- PM, peritoneal macrophage
- Prognostic factor
- Risk of death
- SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
- TAPI-2, tumour necrosis factor protease inhibitor 2
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- VSIG4, V-set Ig-domain-containing 4
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- sVSIG4, soluble V-set Ig-domain-containing 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Reißing
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mick Frissen
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oluwatomi Ibidapo-Obe
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp A. Reuken
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Theresa H. Wirtz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Stengel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Quickert
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Rooney
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Karsten Große
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henning W. Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Tony Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany. Tel.: +49-241-80-80-866; Fax: +49-3641-9-32-42-22
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28
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Duan Y, Chu H, Brandl K, Jiang L, Zeng S, Meshgin N, Papachristoforou E, Argemi J, Mendes BG, Wang Y, Su H, Sun W, Llorente C, Hendrikx T, Liu X, Hosseini M, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Bataller R, Ramachandran P, Karin M, Fu W, Schnabl B. CRIg on liver macrophages clears pathobionts and protects against alcoholic liver disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7172. [PMID: 34887405 PMCID: PMC8660815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement receptor of immunoglobulin superfamily (CRIg) is expressed on liver macrophages and directly binds complement component C3b or Gram-positive bacteria to mediate phagocytosis. CRIg plays important roles in several immune-mediated diseases, but it is not clear how its pathogen recognition and phagocytic functions maintain homeostasis and prevent disease. We previously associated cytolysin-positive Enterococcus faecalis with severity of alcohol-related liver disease. Here, we demonstrate that CRIg is reduced in liver tissues from patients with alcohol-related liver disease. CRIg-deficient mice developed more severe ethanol-induced liver disease than wild-type mice; disease severity was reduced with loss of toll-like receptor 2. CRIg-deficient mice were less efficient than wild-type mice at clearing Gram-positive bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis that had translocated from gut to liver. Administration of the soluble extracellular domain CRIg-Ig protein protected mice from ethanol-induced steatohepatitis. Our findings indicate that ethanol impairs hepatic clearance of translocated pathobionts, via decreased hepatic CRIg, which facilitates progression of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Duan
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Huikuan Chu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Katharina Brandl
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Lu Jiang
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Suling Zeng
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Nairika Meshgin
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Eleni Papachristoforou
- grid.511172.10000 0004 0613 128XUniversity of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.5924.a0000000419370271Hepatology Program, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Liver Unit, Clinica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), Instituto de Investigacion de Navarra (IdisNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Mendes
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Yanhan Wang
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Hua Su
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Weizhong Sun
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Tim Hendrikx
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - David A. Brenner
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- grid.511172.10000 0004 0613 128XUniversity of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Karin
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Wenxian Fu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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29
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Kamala O, Malik TH, Hallam TM, Cox TE, Yang Y, Vyas F, Luli S, Connelly C, Gibson B, Smith-Jackson K, Denton H, Pappworth IY, Huang L, Kavanagh D, Pickering MC, Marchbank KJ. Homodimeric Minimal Factor H: In Vivo Tracking and Extended Dosing Studies in Factor H Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752916. [PMID: 34956184 PMCID: PMC8696033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is associated with dysregulation of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement and treatment options remain inadequate. Factor H (FH) is a potent regulator of the AP. An in-depth analysis of FH-related protein dimerised minimal (mini)-FH constructs has recently been published. This analysis showed that addition of a dimerisation module to mini-FH not only increased serum half-life but also improved complement regulatory function, thus providing a potential treatment option for C3G. Herein, we describe the production of a murine version of homodimeric mini-FH [mHDM-FH (mFH1-5^18-20^R1-2)], developed to reduce the risk of anti-drug antibody formation during long-term experiments in murine models of C3G and other complement-driven pathologies. Our analysis of mHDM-FH indicates that it binds with higher affinity and avidity to WT mC3b when compared to mouse (m)FH (mHDM-FH KD=505 nM; mFH KD=1370 nM) analogous to what we observed with the respective human proteins. The improved binding avidity resulted in enhanced complement regulatory function in haemolytic assays. Extended interval dosing studies in CFH-/- mice (5mg/kg every 72hrs) were partially effective and bio-distribution analysis in CFH-/- mice, through in vivo imaging technologies, demonstrates that mHDM-FH is preferentially deposited and remains fixed in the kidneys (and liver) for up to 4 days. Extended dosing using an AAV- human HDM-FH (hHDM-FH) construct achieved complete normalisation of C3 levels in CFH-/- mice for 3 months and was associated with a significant reduction in glomerular C3 staining. Our data demonstrate the ability of gene therapy delivery of mini-FH constructs to enhance complement regulation in vivo and support the application of this approach as a novel treatment strategy in diseases such as C3G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Kamala
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Talat H. Malik
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Hallam
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Cox
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Yang
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Falguni Vyas
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Saimir Luli
- Preclinical In Vivo Imaging, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Connelly
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Gibson
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Smith-Jackson
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Denton
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Y. Pappworth
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Huang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David Kavanagh
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Pickering
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Marchbank
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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30
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He Z, Li J, Gong S, Xing L, Sun Y, Wang J, Li T, Ning N, Zhang L, Yu W, Luo D, Wang H. B7 Family Molecule VSIG4 Regulates Intestinal Anti- Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Immunity by Altering Gut Flora Diversity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081769. [PMID: 34442848 PMCID: PMC8398431 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As an essential member of the B7 family, V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing 4 (VSIG4) is expressed explicitly in tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) and plays an essential role in maintaining the homeostasis of the environmental immune system. Here, we demonstrate that gene-targeted VSIG4-deficient mice infected with Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) display reduced bacterial burden. To reveal the role of VSIG4 in the fight against EHEC infection, we collected mice feces and used high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicons to detect changes in the flora. A total of 657330 sequences were sequenced on the PacBio platform, with an average length of 1498 bp. We found that VSIG4 deficiency could alter the gut microbiota by increasing diversity and shifting community composition. In particular, G_Akkermansia and G_Oscillo spiraceae increased significantly. These findings expand upon a prior observation that VSIG4 deficiency reduced EHEC colonization by changing the gut microbiota diversity and shifting community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Deyan Luo
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-10-66948549 (H.W.)
| | - Hui Wang
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-10-66948549 (H.W.)
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31
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Complement inhibition at the level of C3 or C5: mechanistic reasons for ongoing terminal pathway activity. Blood 2021; 137:443-455. [PMID: 33507296 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the terminal complement pathway with the C5 inhibitor eculizumab has revolutionized the clinical management of several complement-mediated diseases and has boosted the clinical development of new inhibitors. Data on the C3 inhibitor Compstatin and the C5 inhibitors eculizumab and Coversin reported here demonstrate that C3/C5 convertases function differently from prevailing concepts. Stoichiometric C3 inhibition failed to inhibit C5 activation and lytic activity during strong classical pathway activation, demonstrating a "C3 bypass" activation of C5. We show that, instead of C3b, surface-deposited C4b alone can also recruit and prime C5 for consecutive proteolytic activation. Surface-bound C3b and C4b possess similar affinities for C5. By demonstrating that the fluid phase convertase C3bBb is sufficient to cleave C5 as long as C5 is bound on C3b/C4b-decorated surfaces, we show that surface fixation is necessary only for the C3b/C4b opsonins that prime C5 but not for the catalytic convertase unit C3bBb. Of note, at very high C3b densities, we observed membrane attack complex formation in absence of C5-activating enzymes. This is explained by a conformational activation in which C5 adopts a C5b-like conformation when bound to densely C3b-opsonized surfaces. Stoichiometric C5 inhibitors failed to prevent conformational C5 activation, which explains the clinical phenomenon of residual C5 activity documented for different inhibitors of C5. The new insights into the mechanism of C3/C5 convertases provided here have important implications for the development and therapeutic use of complement inhibitors as well as the interpretation of former clinical and preclinical data.
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32
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Antunes Andrade F, Goeldner Eibofner I, Pieczarka C, van Tong H, Sena L, Skare T, Ramos da Rosa Utiyama S, Jose de Messias-Reason I, P Velavan T. Impact of VSIG4 gene polymorphisms on susceptibility and functional status of rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Immunogenet 2021; 48:260-265. [PMID: 33645007 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The complement receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily (CRIg, encoded by the VSIG4 gene) is a macrophage receptor involved in the clearance of immune complexes and autologous cells. Our results suggest that the VSIG4 rs1044165T allele is a risk factor for severe functional status of rheumatoid arthritis in women, possibly by affecting VSIG4 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Antunes Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinic Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Positive University, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Isabela Goeldner Eibofner
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinic Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cristhine Pieczarka
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinic Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Hoang van Tong
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Leia Sena
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinic Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thelma Skare
- Rheumatology Unit, Evangelical Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.,Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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33
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Zarantonello A, Pedersen H, Laursen NS, Andersen GR. Nanobodies Provide Insight into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Complement Cascade and Offer New Therapeutic Strategies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020298. [PMID: 33671302 PMCID: PMC7922070 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is part of the innate immune response, where it provides immediate protection from infectious agents and plays a fundamental role in homeostasis. Complement dysregulation occurs in several diseases, where the tightly regulated proteolytic cascade turns offensive. Prominent examples are atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and Alzheimer’s disease. Therapeutic intervention targeting complement activation may allow treatment of such debilitating diseases. In this review, we describe a panel of complement targeting nanobodies that allow modulation at different steps of the proteolytic cascade, from the activation of the C1 complex in the classical pathway to formation of the C5 convertase in the terminal pathway. Thorough structural and functional characterization has provided a deep mechanistic understanding of the mode of inhibition for each of the nanobodies. These complement specific nanobodies are novel powerful probes for basic research and offer new opportunities for in vivo complement modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zarantonello
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.Z.); (H.P.)
| | - Henrik Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.Z.); (H.P.)
| | - Nick S. Laursen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Gregers R. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.Z.); (H.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-30256646
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34
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Vandendriessche S, Cambier S, Proost P, Marques PE. Complement Receptors and Their Role in Leukocyte Recruitment and Phagocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624025. [PMID: 33644062 PMCID: PMC7905230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is deeply embedded in our physiology and immunity. Complement activation generates a multitude of molecules that converge simultaneously on the opsonization of a target for phagocytosis and activation of the immune system via soluble anaphylatoxins. This response is used to control microorganisms and to remove dead cells, but also plays a major role in stimulating the adaptive immune response and the regeneration of injured tissues. Many of these effects inherently depend on complement receptors expressed on leukocytes and parenchymal cells, which, by recognizing complement-derived molecules, promote leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis of microorganisms and clearance of immune complexes. Here, the plethora of information on the role of complement receptors will be reviewed, including an analysis of how this functionally and structurally diverse group of molecules acts jointly to exert the full extent of complement regulation of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandendriessche
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seppe Cambier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro E Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Walbaum S, Ambrosy B, Schütz P, Bachg AC, Horsthemke M, Leusen JHW, Mócsai A, Hanley PJ. Complement receptor 3 mediates both sinking phagocytosis and phagocytic cup formation via distinct mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100256. [PMID: 33839682 PMCID: PMC7948798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-standing hypothesis is that complement receptors (CRs), especially CR3, mediate sinking phagocytosis, but evidence is lacking. Alternatively, CRs have been reported to induce membrane ruffles or phagocytic cups, akin to those induced by Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), but the details of these events are unclear. Here we used real-time 3D imaging and KO mouse models to clarify how particles (human red blood cells) are internalized by resident peritoneal F4/80+ cells (macrophages) via CRs and/or FcγRs. We first show that FcγRs mediate highly efficient, rapid (2-3 min) phagocytic cup formation, which is completely abolished by deletion or mutation of the FcR γ chain or conditional deletion of the signal transducer Syk. FcγR-mediated phagocytic cups robustly arise from any point of cell-particle contact, including filopodia. In the absence of CR3, FcγR-mediated phagocytic cups exhibit delayed closure and become aberrantly elongated. Independent of FcγRs, CR3 mediates sporadic ingestion of complement-opsonized particles by rapid phagocytic cup-like structures, typically emanating from membrane ruffles and largely prevented by deletion of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) adaptors FcR γ chain and DAP12 or Syk. Deletion of ITAM adaptors or Syk clearly revealed that there is a slow (10-25 min) sinking mode of phagocytosis via a restricted orifice. In summary, we show that (1) CR3 indeed mediates a slow sinking mode of phagocytosis, which is accentuated by deletion of ITAM adaptors or Syk, (2) CR3 induces phagocytic cup-like structures, driven by ITAM adaptors and Syk, and (3) CR3 is involved in forming and closing FcγR-mediated phagocytic cups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Walbaum
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ambrosy
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Paula Schütz
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anne C Bachg
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Horsthemke
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter J Hanley
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology and ZBAF (Centre for Biomedical Education and Research), Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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36
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Elieh Ali Komi D, Shafaghat F, Kovanen PT, Meri S. Mast cells and complement system: Ancient interactions between components of innate immunity. Allergy 2020; 75:2818-2828. [PMID: 32446274 DOI: 10.1111/all.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and evolution of the complement system and mast cells (MCs) can be traced back to sea urchins and the ascidian Styela plicata, respectively. Acting as a cascade of enzymatic reactions, complement is activated through the classical (CP), the alternative (AP), and the lectin pathway (LP) based on the recognized molecules. The system's main biological functions include lysis, opsonization, and recruitment of phagocytes. MCs, beyond their classic role as master cells of allergic reactions, play a role in other settings, as well. Thus, MCs are considered as extrahepatic producers of complement proteins. They express various complement receptors, including those for C3a and C5a. C3a and C5a not only activate the C3aR and C5aR expressing MCs but also act as chemoattractants for MCs derived from different anatomic sites, such as from the bone marrow, human umbilical cord blood, or skin in vitro. Cross talk between MCs and complement is facilitated by the production of complement proteins by MCs and their activation by the MC tryptase. The coordinated activity between MCs and the complement system plays a key role, for example, in a number of allergic, cutaneous, and vascular diseases. At a molecular level, MCs and complement system interactions are based on the production of several complement zymogens by MCs and their activation by MC-released proteases. Additionally, at a cellular level, MCs act as potent effector cells of complement activation by expressing receptors for C3a and C5a through which their chemoattraction and activation are mediated by anaphylatoxins in a paracrine and autocrine fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elieh Ali Komi
- Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shafaghat
- Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | | | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology Immunobiology Research Program University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- HUSLAB Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki Finland
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37
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Rehman A, Baloch NUA, Morrow JP, Pacher P, Haskó G. Targeting of G-protein coupled receptors in sepsis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107529. [PMID: 32197794 PMCID: PMC7388546 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Third International Consensus Definitions (Sepsis-3) define sepsis as life-threatening multi-organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis can progress to septic shock-an even more lethal condition associated with profound circulatory, cellular and metabolic abnormalities. Septic shock remains a leading cause of death in intensive care units and carries a mortality of almost 25%. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the pathobiology of sepsis, therapeutic interventions have not translated into tangible differences in the overall outcome for patients. Clinical trials of antagonists of various pro-inflammatory mediators in sepsis have been largely unsuccessful in the past. Given the diverse physiologic roles played by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), modulation of GPCR signaling for the treatment of sepsis has also been explored. Traditional pharmacologic approaches have mainly focused on ligands targeting the extracellular domains of GPCR. However, novel techniques aimed at modulating GPCR intracellularly through aptamers, pepducins and intrabodies have opened a fresh avenue of therapeutic possibilities. In this review, we summarize the diverse roles played by various subfamilies of GPCR in the pathogenesis of sepsis and identify potential targets for pharmacotherapy through these novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Noor Ul-Ain Baloch
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - John P Morrow
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States.
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38
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Pedersen H, Jensen RK, Hansen AG, Gadeberg TAF, Thiel S, Laursen NS, Andersen GR. A C3-specific nanobody that blocks all three activation pathways in the human and murine complement system. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8746-8758. [PMID: 32376685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a tightly controlled proteolytic cascade in the innate immune system, which tags intruding pathogens and dying host cells for clearance. An essential protein in this process is complement component C3. Uncontrolled complement activation has been implicated in several human diseases and disorders and has spurred the development of therapeutic approaches that modulate the complement system. Here, using purified proteins and several biochemical assays and surface plasmon resonance, we report that our nanobody, hC3Nb2, inhibits C3 deposition by all complement pathways. We observe that the hC3Nb2 nanobody binds human native C3 and its degradation products with low nanomolar affinity and does not interfere with the endogenous regulation of C3b deposition mediated by Factors H and I. Using negative stain EM analysis and functional assays, we demonstrate that hC3Nb2 inhibits the substrate-convertase interaction by binding to the MG3 and MG4 domains of C3 and C3b. Furthermore, we notice that hC3Nb2 is cross-reactive and inhibits the lectin and alternative pathway in murine serum. We conclude that hC3Nb2 is a potent, general, and versatile inhibitor of the human and murine complement cascades. Its cross-reactivity suggests that this nanobody may be valuable for analysis of complement activation within animal models of both acute and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus K Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Trine A F Gadeberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nick S Laursen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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39
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Synovial Macrophages in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Past, Present, and Future. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:1583647. [PMID: 32351318 PMCID: PMC7174945 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1583647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ontogeny of macrophages in most organs has already been established. Owing to the limited number and inaccessibility of synovial macrophages (SMs), the origin of SMs has not been fully elucidated. Previous studies suggested that SMs have two major origins, namely, tissue-resident and monocyte-derived SMs. However, no systematic analysis to identify SM ontology in either physiological or pathological conditions has been available to date. In this review, we summarize relevant studies on the two main origins of SMs in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and forecast the future research directions for this field. Furthermore, we discuss the current state of RA therapy that is based on targeting different SM subsets.
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40
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Lukácsi S, Mácsik-Valent B, Nagy-Baló Z, Kovács KG, Kliment K, Bajtay Z, Erdei A. Utilization of complement receptors in immune cell-microbe interaction. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2695-2713. [PMID: 31989596 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a major humoral component of immunity and is essential for the fast elimination of pathogens invading the body. In addition to its indispensable role in innate immunity, the complement system is also involved in pathogen clearance during the effector phase of adaptive immunity. The fastest way of killing the invader is lysis by the membrane attack complex, which is formed by the terminal components of the complement cascade. Not all pathogens are lysed however and, if opsonized by a variety of molecules, they undergo phagocytosis and disposal inside immune cells. The most important complement-derived opsonins are C1q, the first component of the classical pathway, MBL, the initiator of the lectin pathway and C3-derived activation fragments, including C3b, iC3b and C3d, which all serve as ligands for their corresponding receptors. In this review, we discuss how complement receptors are utilized by various immune cells to tackle invading microbes, or by pathogens to evade host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Lukácsi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zsuzsa Nagy-Baló
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf G Kovács
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Erdei
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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41
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Munawara U, Perveen K, Small AG, Putty T, Quach A, Gorgani NN, Hii CS, Abbott CA, Ferrante A. Human Dendritic Cells Express the Complement Receptor Immunoglobulin Which Regulates T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2892. [PMID: 31921153 PMCID: PMC6914870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The B7 family-related protein V-set and Ig containing 4 (VSIG4), also known as Z39Ig and Complement Immunoglobulin Receptor (CRIg), is the most recent of the complement receptors to be identified, with substantially distinct properties from the classical complement receptors. The receptor displays both phagocytosis-promoting and anti-inflammatory properties. The receptor has been reported to be exclusively expressed in macrophages. We now present evidence, that CRIg is also expressed in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC), including on the cell surface, implicating its role in adaptive immunity. Three CRIg transcripts were detected and by Western blotting analysis both the known Long (L) and Short (S) forms were prominent but we also identified another form running between these two. Cytokines regulated the expression of CRIg on dendritic cells, leading to its up- or down regulation. Furthermore, the steroid dexamethasone markedly upregulated CRIg expression, and in co-culture experiments, the dexamethasone conditioned dendritic cells caused significant inhibition of the phytohemagglutinin-induced and alloantigen-induced T cell proliferation responses. In the alloantigen-induced response the production of IFNγ, TNF-α, IL-13, IL-4, and TGF-β1, were also significantly reduced in cultures with dexamethasone-treated DCs. Under these conditions dexamethasone conditioned DCs did not increase the percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg). Interestingly, this suppression could be overcome by the addition of an anti-CRIg monoclonal antibody to the cultures. Thus, CRIg expression may be a control point in dendritic cell function through which drugs and inflammatory mediators may exert their tolerogenic- or immunogenic-promoting effects on dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usma Munawara
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, School of Biological Sciences and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Khalida Perveen
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, School of Biological Sciences and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Annabelle G Small
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, School of Biological Sciences and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Trishni Putty
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, School of Biological Sciences and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alex Quach
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, School of Biological Sciences and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nick N Gorgani
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, School of Biological Sciences and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Charles S Hii
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, School of Biological Sciences and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catherine A Abbott
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, School of Biological Sciences and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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42
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Abstract
The complement system is a critical component of both the innate and adaptive immune systems that augments the function of antibodies and phagocytes. Antigen-antibody immune complexes, lectin binding, and accelerated C3 tick-over can activate this well-coordinated and carefully regulated process. The importance of this system is highlighted by the disorders that arise when complement components or regulators are deficient or dysregulated. This article describes the pathways involved in complement activation and function, the regulation of these various pathways, and the interpretation of laboratory testing performed for the diagnosis of diseases of complement deficiency, exuberant complement activation, and complement dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Ling
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Mandakolathur Murali
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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43
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Battin C, De Sousa Linhares A, Paster W, Isenman DE, Wahrmann M, Leitner J, Zlabinger GJ, Steinberger P, Hofer J. Neuropilin-1 Acts as a Receptor for Complement Split Products. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2209. [PMID: 31572401 PMCID: PMC6753332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement split products (CSPs), such as the fragments C4d and C3d, which are generated as a consequence of complement regulatory processes, are established markers for disease activity in autoimmunity or antibody-mediated graft rejection. Since immunoglobulin-like transcript 4 (ILT4) was previously shown to interact with soluble CSPs, but not with CSPs covalently-bound to target surfaces following classical complement activation, the present study aimed to identify novel cellular receptors interacting with covalently-deposited CSPs. By applying an unbiased screening approach using a cDNA mammalian expression library generated from human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and probed with recombinant human C4d, we identified neuropilin-1 (NRP1) as a novel receptor for C4d, C3d, and iC3b. NRP1, a highly conserved type 1 transmembrane protein, plays important roles in the development of the nervous and cardiovascular system as well as in tumorigenesis through interaction with its established binding partners, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and semaphorin 3A (Sema3A). NRP1 is also expressed on immune cells and serves as a marker for murine Tregs. Although NRP1 contains domains homologous to ones found in some complement proteins, it has not been linked to the complement system. We demonstrate that binding of C4d to NRP1 expressing cells was dose-dependent and saturable, and had a KD value of 0.71 μM. Importantly, and in contrast to ILT4, NRP1 interacted with CSPs that were covalently bound to target surfaces in the course of complement activation, therefore representing a classical complement receptor. The binding site of CSPs was mapped to the b1 domain of the coagulation factor V/VIII homology domain of NRP1. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel role for NRP1 as a receptor for CSPs deposited on surfaces during complement activation. Further work is required to elucidate the functional consequences of the NRP1-CSP interactions in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Battin
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika De Sousa Linhares
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Clinical Cell Biology and FACS Core Unit, Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - David E Isenman
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Markus Wahrmann
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J Zlabinger
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Hofer
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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44
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Ramyar KX, Xu X, White NM, Keightley A, Geisbrecht BV. Expression, purification, and characterization of a human complement component C3 analog that lacks the C-terminal C345c domain. J Immunol Methods 2019; 473:112633. [PMID: 31319063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The complement system consists of a series of soluble and cell-surface proteins that serve numerous roles in innate immunity, development, and homeostasis. Despite its many functions, the central event in the complement system is the proteolytic activation of the 185 kDa complement component 3 (C3) into its opsonin and anaphylatoxin fragments known as C3b (175 kDa) and C3a (10 kDa), respectively. The C3 protein is comprised of thirteen separate structural domains, several of which undergo extensive structural rearrangement upon activation to C3b. In addition to this, the C-terminal C345c domain found in C3, C3b, and the terminal degradation product, C3c (135 kDa), appears to adopt multiple conformations relative to the remainder of the molecule. To facilitate various structure/function studies, we designed two C3 analogs that could be activated to a C345c-less, C3c-like state following treatment with Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease. We generated stably transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines that secrete approximately 1.5 mg of the highest-expressing C3 analog per liter of conditioned culture medium. We purified this C3 analog by sequential immobilized metal ion affinity and size exclusion chromatographies, activated the protein by digestion with TEV protease, and purified the resulting C3c analog by a final size exclusion chromatography. The conformations and activities of our C3 and C3c analogs were assessed by measuring their binding profiles to known C3/b/c ligands by surface plasmon resonance. Together, this work demonstrates the feasibility of producing a C3 analog that can be site-specifically activated by an exogenous proteolytic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra X Ramyar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, 1711 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, 1711 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America
| | - Natalie M White
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, 1711 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America
| | - Andrew Keightley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States of America
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, 1711 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America.
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45
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Zeng M, Liu J, Yang W, Zhang S, Liu F, Dong Z, Peng Y, Sun L, Xiao L. Identification of key biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy via bioinformatic analysis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:8676-8688. [PMID: 30485525 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of end-stage renal disease. Although intense efforts have been made to elucidate the pathogenesis, the molecular mechanisms of DN remain to be clarified. To identify the candidate genes in the progression of DN, microarray datasets GSE30122, GSE30528, and GSE47183 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and function enrichment analyses were performed. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed and the module analysis was performed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes and Cytoscape. A total of 61 DEGs were identified. The enriched functions and pathways of the DEGs included glomerulus development, extracellular exosome, collagen binding, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Fifteen hub genes were identified and biological process analysis revealed that these genes were mainly enriched in acute inflammatory response, inflammatory response, and blood vessel development. Correlation analysis between unexplored hub genes and clinical features of DN suggested that COL6A3, MS4A6A,PLCE1, TNNC1, TNNI1, TNN2, and VSIG4 may involve in the progression of DN. In conclusion, DEGs and hub genes identified in this study may deepen our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of DN, and provide candidate targets for diagnosis and treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jialu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenxia Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fuyou Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Youming Peng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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46
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Hu C, Li L, Ding P, Li L, Ge X, Zheng L, Wang X, Wang J, Zhang W, Wang N, Gu H, Zhong F, Xu M, Rong R, Zhu T, Hu W. Complement Inhibitor CRIg/FH Ameliorates Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury via Activation of PI3K/AKT Signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:3717-3730. [PMID: 30429287 PMCID: PMC6287101 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation is involved in the pathogenesis of ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), which is an inevitable process during kidney transplantation. Therefore, complement-targeted therapeutics hold great potential in protecting the allografts from IRI. We observed universal deposition of C3d and membrane attack complex in human renal allografts with delayed graft function or biopsy-proved rejection, which confirmed the involvement of complement in IRI. Using FB-, C3-, C4-, C5-, C5aR1-, C5aR2-, and C6-deficient mice, we found that all components, except C5aR2 deficiency, significantly alleviated renal IRI to varying degrees. These gene deficiencies reduced local (deposition of C3d and membrane attack complex) and systemic (serum levels of C3a and C5a) complement activation, attenuated pathological damage, suppressed apoptosis, and restored the levels of multiple local cytokines (e.g., reduced IL-1β, IL-9, and IL-12p40 and increased IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13) in various gene-deficient mice, which resulted in the eventual recovery of renal function. In addition, we demonstrated that CRIg/FH, which is a targeted complement inhibitor for the classical and primarily alternative pathways, exerted a robust renoprotective effect that was comparable to gene deficiency using similar mechanisms. Further, we revealed that PI3K/AKT activation, predominantly in glomeruli that was remarkably inhibited by IRI, played an essential role in the CRIg/FH renoprotective effect. The specific PI3K antagonist duvelisib almost completely abrogated AKT phosphorylation, thus abolishing the renoprotective role of CRIg/FH. Our findings suggested that complement activation at multiple stages induced renal IRI, and CRIg/FH and/or PI3K/AKT agonists may hold the potential in ameliorating renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peipei Ding
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaowen Ge
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; and
| | - Long Zheng
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuanchuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jina Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weitao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Na Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongyu Gu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fan Zhong
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruiming Rong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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47
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Fridkis-Hareli M, Storek M, Or E, Altman R, Katti S, Sun F, Peng T, Hunter J, Johnson K, Wang Y, Lundberg AS, Mehta G, Banda NK, Michael Holers V. The human complement receptor type 2 (CR2)/CR1 fusion protein TT32, a novel targeted inhibitor of the classical and alternative pathway C3 convertases, prevents arthritis in active immunization and passive transfer mouse models. Mol Immunol 2018; 105:150-164. [PMID: 30513451 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complement activation in human diseases is characterized by the local covalent deposition of the long-lived C3 fragments iC3b/C3dg/C3d. Previously, TT30, a complement alternative pathway (AP)-selective inhibitor, was designed as a fusion protein linking the first four short consensus repeats (SCRs) of human complement receptor type 2 (CR2) with the first five SCRs of human factor H (fH). TT30 acts by utilizing CR2 SCR1-4 to bind the initially formed iC3b/C3dg/C3d fragments and delivering surface-targeted inhibition of AP C3 and C5 convertases through fH SCR 1-5. In order to combine classical (CP) and lectin (LP) pathway inhibitory abilities employing CR2-mediated targeting, TT32 was developed. TT32 is a CR2-CR1 fusion protein using the first ten SCRs of CR1, chosen because they contain both C3 and C5 convertase inhibitory activity through utilization of decay-acceleration and cofactor activity for both AP and CP. In Wieslab assays, TT32 showed potent inhibition of the CP and AP with IC50 of 11 and 46 nM, respectively. The TT32 inhibitory activity is partially blocked with a molar excess of a competing anti-CR2 mAb, thus demonstrating the importance of the CR2 targeting. TT32 was studied in the type II (CII) collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an active immunization model, and the CII antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) passive transfer model. In CIA, injection of 2.0 mg TT32 at day 21 and 28 post disease induction, but not untargeted CR1 alone, resulted in a 51.5% decrease in clinical disease activity (CDA). In CAIA, treatment with TT32 resulted in a 47.4% decrease in CDA. Therefore, a complement inhibitor that targets both the AP and CP/LP C3/C5 convertases was shown to limit complement-mediated tissue damage and inflammation in disease models in which all three complement activation pathways are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Storek
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College street New Haven CT, 06510, USA
| | - Eran Or
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College street New Haven CT, 06510, USA
| | - Richard Altman
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College street New Haven CT, 06510, USA
| | - Suresh Katti
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College street New Haven CT, 06510, USA
| | - Fang Sun
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College street New Haven CT, 06510, USA
| | - Tao Peng
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College street New Haven CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jeff Hunter
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College street New Haven CT, 06510, USA
| | - Krista Johnson
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College street New Haven CT, 06510, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College street New Haven CT, 06510, USA
| | - Ante S Lundberg
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College street New Haven CT, 06510, USA
| | - Gaurav Mehta
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Nirmal K Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
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Miceli E, Kuropka B, Rosenauer C, Osorio Blanco ER, Theune LE, Kar M, Weise C, Morsbach S, Freund C, Calderón M. Understanding the elusive protein corona of thermoresponsive nanogels. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2657-2668. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We analyzed the protein corona of thermoresponsive, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)- or poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide)-based nanogels. Materials & methods: Traces of protein corona detected after incubation in human serum were characterized by proteomics and dynamic light scattering in undiluted serum. Results: Apolipoprotein B-100 and albumin were the main components of the protein coronae. For dendritic polyglycerol-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanogels at 37°C, an increase in adsorbed immunoglobulin light chains was detected, followed by partially reversible nanogel aggregation. All nanogels in their hydrophilic state are colloidally stable in serum and bear a dysopsonin-rich protein corona. Conclusion: We observed strong changes in NG stability upon slight alterations in the composition of the protein coronae according to nanogel solvation state. Nanogels in their hydrophilic state possess safe protein coronae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Miceli
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute ‘Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine,’ Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Rosenauer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ernesto R Osorio Blanco
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Loryn E Theune
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mrityunjoy Kar
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute ‘Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine,’ Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Svenja Morsbach
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute ‘Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine,’ Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
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Zwarthoff SA, Berends ETM, Mol S, Ruyken M, Aerts PC, Józsi M, de Haas CJC, Rooijakkers SHM, Gorham RD. Functional Characterization of Alternative and Classical Pathway C3/C5 Convertase Activity and Inhibition Using Purified Models. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1691. [PMID: 30083158 PMCID: PMC6064732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is essential for the protection against infections; however, dysregulation of complement activation can cause onset and progression of numerous inflammatory diseases. Convertase enzymes play a central role in complement activation and produce the key mediators of complement: C3 convertases cleave C3 to generate chemoattractant C3a and label target cells with C3b, which promotes phagocytosis; C5 convertases cleave C5 into chemoattractant C5a, and C5b, which drives formation of the membrane attack complex. Since convertases mediate nearly all complement effector functions, they are ideal targets for therapeutic complement inhibition. A unique feature of convertases is their covalent attachment to target cells, which effectively confines complement activation to the cell surface. However, surface localization precludes detailed analysis of convertase activation and inhibition. In our previous work, we developed a model system to form purified alternative pathway (AP) C5 convertases on C3b-coated beads and quantify C5 conversion via functional analysis of released C5a. Here, we developed a C3aR cell reporter system that enables functional discrimination between C3 and C5 convertases. By regulating the C3b density on the bead surface, we observe that high C3b densities are important for conversion of C5, but not C3, by AP convertases. Screening of well-characterized complement-binding molecules revealed that differential inhibition of AP C3 convertases (C3bBb) and C5 convertases [C3bBb(C3b)n] is possible. Although both convertases contain C3b, the C3b-binding molecules Efb-C/Ecb and FHR5 specifically inhibit C5 conversion. Furthermore, using a new classical pathway convertase model, we show that these C3b-binding proteins not only block AP C3/C5 convertases but also inhibit formation of a functional classical pathway C5 convertase under well-defined conditions. Our models enable functional characterization of purified convertase enzymes and provide a platform for the identification and development of specific convertase inhibitors for treatment of complement-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seline A Zwarthoff
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Evelien T M Berends
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Mol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maartje Ruyken
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Piet C Aerts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Carla J C de Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ronald D Gorham
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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50
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Wang X, Van Lookeren Campagne M, Katschke KJ, Gullipalli D, Miwa T, Ueda Y, Wang Y, Palmer M, Xing G, Song WC. Prevention of Fatal C3 Glomerulopathy by Recombinant Complement Receptor of the Ig Superfamily. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:2053-2059. [PMID: 29895552 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018030270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is a life-threatening kidney disease caused by dysregulation of the alternative pathway of complement (AP) activation. No approved specific therapy is available for C3G, although an anti-C5 mAb has been used off-label in some patients with C3G, with mixed results. Thus, there is an unmet medical need to develop other inhibitors of complement for C3G.Methods We used a murine model of lethal C3G to test the potential efficacy of an Fc fusion protein of complement receptor of the Ig superfamily (CRIg-Fc) in the treatment of C3G. CRIg-Fc binds C3b and inhibits C3 and C5 convertases of the AP. Mice with mutations in the factor H and properdin genes (FHm/mP-/-) develop early-onset C3G, with AP consumption, high proteinuria, and lethal crescentic GN.Results Treatment of FHm/mP-/- mice with CRIg-Fc, but not a control IgG, inhibited AP activation and diminished the consumption of plasma C3, factor B, and C5. CRIg-Fc-treated FHm/mP-/- mice also had significantly improved survival and reduced proteinuria, hematuria, BUN, glomerular C3 fragment, C9 and fibrin deposition, and GN pathology scores.Conclusions Therapeutics developed on the basis of the mechanism of action of soluble CRIg may be effective for the treatment of C3G and should be explored clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Departments of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and
| | | | | | | | - Takashi Miwa
- Departments of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and
| | - Yoshiyasu Ueda
- Departments of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and
| | - Yuan Wang
- Departments of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and
| | - Matthew Palmer
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Guolan Xing
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Departments of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and
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