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Jarvis RP, Li J, Lin R, Ling Q, Lyu Y, Sun Y, Yao Z. Reply: Does the polyubiquitination pathway operate inside intact chloroplasts to remove proteins? THE PLANT CELL 2024:koae105. [PMID: 38738499 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- R Paul Jarvis
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jialong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Qihua Ling
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuping Lyu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Zujie Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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2
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Adamowski M, Matijević I, Friml J. Developmental patterning function of GNOM ARF-GEF mediated from the cell periphery. eLife 2024; 13:e68993. [PMID: 38381485 PMCID: PMC10881123 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The GNOM (GN) Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor for ARF small GTPases (ARF-GEF) is among the best studied trafficking regulators in plants, playing crucial and unique developmental roles in patterning and polarity. The current models place GN at the Golgi apparatus (GA), where it mediates secretion/recycling, and at the plasma membrane (PM) presumably contributing to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The mechanistic basis of the developmental function of GN, distinct from the other ARF-GEFs including its closest homologue GNOM-LIKE1 (GNL1), remains elusive. Insights from this study largely extend the current notions of GN function. We show that GN, but not GNL1, localizes to the cell periphery at long-lived structures distinct from clathrin-coated pits, while CME and secretion proceed normally in gn knockouts. The functional GN mutant variant GNfewerroots, absent from the GA, suggests that the cell periphery is the major site of GN action responsible for its developmental function. Following inhibition by Brefeldin A, GN, but not GNL1, relocates to the PM likely on exocytic vesicles, suggesting selective molecular associations en route to the cell periphery. A study of GN-GNL1 chimeric ARF-GEFs indicates that all GN domains contribute to the specific GN function in a partially redundant manner. Together, this study offers significant steps toward the elucidation of the mechanism underlying unique cellular and development functions of GNOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research InstituteBłoniePoland
| | - Ivana Matijević
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
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3
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Rodriguez-Furlan C, Emami A, Van Norman JM. Distinct ADP-ribosylation factor-GTP exchange factors govern the opposite polarity of 2 receptor kinases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:673-683. [PMID: 37787604 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Polarity of plasma membrane proteins is essential for cell morphogenesis and control of cell division and, thus, influences organ and whole plant development. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root endodermal cells, 2 transmembrane kinases, INFLORESCENCE AND ROOT APICES RECEPTOR KINASE (IRK) and KINASE ON THE INSIDE (KOIN), accumulate at opposite lateral domains. Their polarization is tightly linked to their activities regulating cell division and ground tissue patterning. The polarization of IRK and KOIN relies solely on the secretion of newly synthesized protein. However, the secretion machinery by which their opposite, lateral polarity is achieved remains largely unknown. Here, we show that different sets of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs) mediate their secretion. ARF-GEF GNOM-like-1 (GNL1) regulates KOIN secretion to the inner polar domain, thereby directing KOIN sorting early in the secretion pathway. For IRK, combined chemical and genetic analyses showed that the ARG-GEF GNL1, GNOM, and the BREFELDIN A-INHIBITED-GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE-EXCHANGE FACTORs 1 to 4 (BIG1-BIG4) collectively regulate its polar secretion. The ARF-GEF-dependent mechanisms guiding IRK or KOIN lateral polarity were active across different root cell types and functioned regardless of the protein's inner/outer polarity in those cells. Therefore, we propose that specific polar trafficking of IRK and KOIN occurs via distinct mechanisms that are not constrained by cell identity or polar axis and likely rely on individual protein recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariana Emami
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jaimie M Van Norman
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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4
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Rodriguez-Furlan C, Borna R, Betz O. RAB7 GTPases as coordinators of plant endomembrane traffic. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1240973. [PMID: 37662169 PMCID: PMC10470000 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1240973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The ras gene from rat brain (RAB) family of small GTPases is highly conserved among eukaryotes and regulates endomembrane trafficking pathways. RAB7, in particular, has been linked to various processes involved in regulating endocytic and autophagic pathways. Plants have several copies of RAB7 proteins that reflect the intricacy of their endomembrane transport systems. RAB7 activity regulates different pathways of endomembrane trafficking in plants: (1) endocytic traffic to the vacuole; (2) biosynthetic traffic to the vacuole; and (3) recycling from the late endosome to the secretory pathway. During certain developmental and stress related processes another pathway becomes activated (4) autophagic trafficking towards the vacuole that is also regulated by RAB7. RAB7s carry out these functions by interacting with various effector proteins. Current research reveals many unexplored RAB7 functions in connection with stress responses. Thus, this review describes a comprehensive summary of current knowledge of plant RAB7's functions, discusses unresolved challenges, and recommends prospective future research directions.
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Ganotra J, Sharma B, Biswal B, Bhardwaj D, Tuteja N. Emerging role of small GTPases and their interactome in plants to combat abiotic and biotic stress. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1007-1029. [PMID: 36525153 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are frequently subjected to abiotic and biotic stress which causes major impediments in their growth and development. It is emerging that small guanosine triphosphatases (small GTPases), also known as monomeric GTP-binding proteins, assist plants in managing environmental stress. Small GTPases function as tightly regulated molecular switches that get activated with the aid of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and deactivated by the subsequent hydrolysis of GTP to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). All small GTPases except Rat sarcoma (Ras) are found in plants, including Ras-like in brain (Rab), Rho of plant (Rop), ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) and Ras-like nuclear (Ran). The members of small GTPases in plants interact with several downstream effectors to counteract the negative effects of environmental stress and disease-causing pathogens. In this review, we describe processes of stress alleviation by developing pathways involving several small GTPases and their associated proteins which are important for neutralizing fungal infections, stomatal regulation, and activation of abiotic stress-tolerant genes in plants. Previous reviews on small GTPases in plants were primarily focused on Rab GTPases, abiotic stress, and membrane trafficking, whereas this review seeks to improve our understanding of the role of all small GTPases in plants as well as their interactome in regulating mechanisms to combat abiotic and biotic stress. This review brings to the attention of scientists recent research on small GTPases so that they can employ genome editing tools to precisely engineer economically important plants through the overexpression/knock-out/knock-in of stress-related small GTPase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahanvi Ganotra
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Bhawana Sharma
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Brijesh Biswal
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Deepak Bhardwaj
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India.
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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6
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Bolaños L, Abreu I, Bonilla I, Camacho-Cristóbal JJ, Reguera M. What Can Boron Deficiency Symptoms Tell Us about Its Function and Regulation? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:777. [PMID: 36840125 PMCID: PMC9963425 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On the eve of the 100th anniversary of Dr. Warington's discovery of boron (B) as a nutrient essential for higher plants, "boronists" have struggled to demonstrate a role beyond its structural function in cell walls dimerizing pectin molecules of rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII). In this regard, B deficiency has been associated with a plethora of symptoms in plants that include macroscopic symptoms like growth arrest and cell death and biochemical or molecular symptoms that include changes in cell wall pore size, apoplast acidification, or a steep ROS production that leads to an oxidative burst. Aiming to shed light on B functions in plant biology, we proposed here a unifying model integrating the current knowledge about B function(s) in plants to explain why B deficiency can cause such remarkable effects on plant growth and development, impacting crop productivity. In addition, based on recent experimental evidence that suggests the existence of different B ligands other than RGII in plant cells, namely glycolipids, and glycoproteins, we proposed an experimental pipeline to identify putative missing ligands and to determine how they would integrate into the above-mentioned model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bolaños
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ildefonso Bonilla
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Camacho-Cristóbal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Reguera
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Zhang L, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Pei Y, Zhang M. Regulation of PIN-FORMED Protein Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010843. [PMID: 36614276 PMCID: PMC9821320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin action largely depends on the establishment of auxin concentration gradient within plant organs, where PIN-formed (PIN) auxin transporter-mediated directional auxin movement plays an important role. Accumulating studies have revealed the need of polar plasma membrane (PM) localization of PIN proteins as well as regulation of PIN polarity in response to developmental cues and environmental stimuli, amongst which a typical example is regulation of PIN phosphorylation by AGCVIII protein kinases and type A regulatory subunits of PP2A phosphatases. Recent findings, however, highlight the importance of PIN degradation in reestablishing auxin gradient. Although the underlying mechanism is poorly understood, these findings provide a novel aspect to broaden the current knowledge on regulation of polar auxin transport. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on controlling PIN degradation by endosome-mediated vacuolar targeting, autophagy, ubiquitin modification and the related E3 ubiquitin ligases, cytoskeletons, plant hormones, environmental stimuli, and other regulators, and discuss the possible mechanisms according to recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqin Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yifan Guo
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-023-68251883
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8
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Xi J, Zeng J, Fu X, Zhang L, Li G, Li B, Yan X, Chu Q, Xiao Y, Pei Y, Zhang M. GhROP6 GTPase modulates auxin accumulation in cotton fibers by regulating cell-specific GhPIN3a localization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:265-282. [PMID: 36255218 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PIN-FORMED- (PIN) mediated polar auxin transport plays a predominant role in most auxin-triggered organogenesis in plants. Global control of PIN polarity at the plasma membrane contributes to the essential establishment of auxin maxima in most multicellular tissues. However, establishment of auxin maxima in single cells is poorly understood. Cotton fibers, derived from ovule epidermal cells by auxin-triggered cell protrusion, provide an ideal model to explore the underlying mechanism. Here, we report that cell-specific degradation of GhPIN3a, which guides the establishment of the auxin gradient in cotton ovule epidermal cells, is associated with the preferential expression of GhROP6 GTPase in fiber cells. In turn, GhROP6 reduces GhPIN3a abundance at the plasma membrane and facilitates intracellular proteolysis of GhPIN3a. Overexpression and activation of GhROP6 promote cell elongation, resulting in a substantial improvement in cotton fiber length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jianyan Zeng
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xingxian Fu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liuqin Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Gailing Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Baoxia Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xingying Yan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qingqing Chu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yuehua Xiao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
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9
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Transcriptomic-Guided Phosphonate Utilization Analysis Unveils Evidence of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis and Phospholipid Synthesis in the Model Diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum. mSystems 2022; 7:e0056322. [PMID: 36317887 PMCID: PMC9765203 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00563-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphonates are important components of marine organic phosphorus, but their bioavailability and catabolism by eukaryotic phytoplankton remain enigmatic. Here, diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was used to investigate the bioavailability of phosphonates and describe the underlying molecular mechanism. The results showed that 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (2-AEP) can be utilized as an alternative phosphorus source. Comparative transcriptomics revealed that the utilization of 2-AEP comprised 2 steps, including molecular uptake through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and incorporation into the membrane phospholipids in the form of diacylglyceryl-2-AEP (DAG-2-AEP). In the global ocean, we found the prevalence and dynamic expression pattern of key genes that are responsible for vesicle formation (CLTC, AP-2) and DAG-AEP synthesis (PCYT2, EPT1) in diatom assemblages. This study elucidates a distinctive mechanism of phosphonate utilization by diatoms, and discusses the ecological implications. IMPORTANCE Phosphonates contribute ~25% of total dissolved organic phosphorus in the ocean, and are found to be important for marine phosphorus biogeochemical cycle. As a type of biogenic phosphonate produced by microorganisms, 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (2-AEP) widely exists in the ocean. It is well known that 2-AEP can be cleaved and utilized by prokaryotes, but its ability to support the growth of eukaryotic phytoplankton remains unclear. Our research identified the bioavailability of 2-AEP for the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and proposed a distinctive metabolic pathway of 2-AEP utilization. Different from the enzymatic hydrolysis of phosphonates, the results suggested that P. tricornutum utilizes 2-AEP by incorporating it into phospholipid instead of cleaving the C-P bond. Moreover, the ubiquitous distribution of associated representative gene transcripts in the environmental assemblages and the higher gene transcript abundance in the cold regions were observed, which suggests the possible environmental adaption of 2-AEP utilization by diatoms.
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10
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Brumm S, Singh MK, Kriechbaum C, Richter S, Huhn K, Kucera T, Baumann S, Wolters H, Takada S, Jürgens G. N-terminal domain of ARF-GEF GNOM prevents heterodimerization with functionally divergent GNL1 in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:772-785. [PMID: 36106415 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary change following gene duplication can lead to functionally divergent paralogous proteins. If comprising identical subunits their random assortment would also form potentially detrimental heteromeric proteins. In Arabidopsis, the ARF GTPase guanine-nucleotide exchange factor GNOM is essential for polar recycling of auxin-efflux transporter PIN1 from endosomes to the basal plasma membrane whereas its paralog GNL1 mediates retrograde Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum traffic. Here we show that both GNOM and GNL1 form homodimers but no heterodimers. To assess the biological significance of this, we generated transgenic plants expressing engineered heterodimer-compatible GNOM variants. Those plants showed developmental defects such as the failure to produce lateral roots. To identify mechanisms underlying heterodimer prevention, we analyzed interactions of the N-terminal dimerization and cyclophilin-binding (DCB) domain. Each DCB domain interacted with the complementary fragment (ΔDCB) both of their own and of the paralogous protein. However, only DCBGNOM interacted with itself whereas DCBGNL1 failed to interact with itself and with DCBGNOM . GNOM variants in which the DCB domain was removed or replaced by DCBGNL1 revealed a role for DCB-DCB interaction in the prevention of GNOM-GNL1 heterodimers whereas DCB-ΔDCB interaction was essential for dimer formation and GNOM function. Our data suggest a model of early DCB-DCB interaction that facilitates GNOM homodimer formation, indirectly precluding formation of detrimental heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Brumm
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manoj K Singh
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Choy Kriechbaum
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Richter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Huhn
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim Kucera
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Baumann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hanno Wolters
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shinobu Takada
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Cheng S, Wang Y. Subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification regulate PIN polarity in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923293. [PMID: 35968084 PMCID: PMC9363823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Auxin regulates plant growth and tropism responses. As a phytohormone, auxin is transported between its synthesis sites and action sites. Most natural auxin moves between cells via a polar transport system that is mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin exporters. The asymmetrically localized PINs usually determine the directionality of intercellular auxin flow. Different internal cues and external stimuli modulate PIN polar distribution and activity at multiple levels, including transcription, protein stability, subcellular trafficking, and post-translational modification, and thereby regulate auxin-distribution-dependent development. Thus, the different regulation levels of PIN polarity constitute a complex network. For example, the post-translational modification of PINs can affect the subcellular trafficking of PINs. In this review, we focus on subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification of PINs to summarize recent progress in understanding PIN polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Cheng
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Rui Q, Tan X, Liu F, Bao Y. An Update on the Key Factors Required for Plant Golgi Structure Maintenance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:933283. [PMID: 35837464 PMCID: PMC9274083 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.933283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant Golgi apparatus serves as the central station of the secretory pathway and is the site where protein modification and cell wall matrix polysaccharides synthesis occur. The polarized and stacked cisternal structure is a prerequisite for Golgi function. Our understanding of Golgi structure maintenance and trafficking are largely obtained from mammals and yeast, yet, plant Golgi has many different aspects. In this review, we summarize the key players in Golgi maintenance demonstrated by genetic studies in plants, which function in ER-Golgi, intra-Golgi and post-Golgi transport pathways. Among these, we emphasize on players in intra-Golgi trafficking.
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Nakano A. The Golgi Apparatus and its Next-Door Neighbors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:884360. [PMID: 35573670 PMCID: PMC9096111 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.884360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus represents a central compartment of membrane traffic. Its apparent architecture, however, differs considerably among species, from unstacked and scattered cisternae in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to beautiful ministacks in plants and further to gigantic ribbon structures typically seen in mammals. Considering the well-conserved functions of the Golgi, its fundamental structure must have been optimized despite seemingly different architectures. In addition to the core layers of cisternae, the Golgi is usually accompanied by next-door compartments on its cis and trans sides. The trans-Golgi network (TGN) can be now considered as a compartment independent from the Golgi stack. On the cis side, the intermediate compartment between the ER and the Golgi (ERGIC) has been known in mammalian cells, and its functional equivalent is now suggested for yeast and plant cells. High-resolution live imaging is extremely powerful for elucidating the dynamics of these compartments and has revealed amazing similarities in their behaviors, indicating common mechanisms conserved along the long course of evolution. From these new findings, I would like to propose reconsideration of compartments and suggest a new concept to describe their roles comprehensively around the Golgi and in the post-Golgi trafficking.
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14
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Ichino T, Yazaki K. Modes of secretion of plant lipophilic metabolites via ABCG transporter-dependent transport and vesicle-mediated trafficking. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 66:102184. [PMID: 35217474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many lipophilic metabolites produced by terrestrial plants are deposited on plant surfaces to protect them from abiotic and biotic stresses. Plant-derived lipophilic metabolites include apoplastic biopolymers, such as wax, cutin, sporopollenin, suberin, and lignin, as well as low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites. These secreted molecules confer adaptive toughness and robustness on plants. The mechanisms responsible for the secretion of these lipophilic metabolites remain unclear, although two pathways, mediated by transporters and vesicles, have been proposed. Recent genetic and biochemical studies have shown that G-type ATP-binding cassette (ABCG) transporters and membrane trafficking factors are involved in the apoplastic accumulation of lipophilic metabolites in plants. These two distinctive modes of secretion may be either exclusive or collaborative. This review describes these transporter-dependent and vesicle-mediated mechanisms underlying the secretion of lipophilic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Ichino
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan.
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15
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De Bellis D, Kalmbach L, Marhavy P, Daraspe J, Geldner N, Barberon M. Extracellular vesiculo-tubular structures associated with suberin deposition in plant cell walls. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1489. [PMID: 35304458 PMCID: PMC8933581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Suberin is a fundamental plant biopolymer, found in protective tissues, such as seed coats, exodermis and endodermis of roots. Suberin is deposited in most suberizing cells in the form of lamellae just outside of the plasma membrane, below the primary cell wall. How monomeric suberin precursors, thought to be synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum, are transported outside of the cell, for polymerization into suberin lamellae has remained obscure. Using electron-microscopy, we observed large numbers of extracellular vesiculo-tubular structures (EVs) to accumulate specifically in suberizing cells, in both chemically and cryo-fixed samples. EV presence correlates perfectly with root suberization and we could block suberin deposition and vesicle accumulation by affecting early, as well as late steps in the secretory pathway. Whereas many previous reports have described EVs in the context of biotic interactions, our results suggest a developmental role for extracellular vesicles in the formation of a major cell wall polymer. Suberizing plant cells export suberin monomers outside of the cell to form a hydrophobic barrier. Here the authors propose a role for extracellular vesiculo-tubular structures in the deposition of suberin monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, DBMV, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lothar Kalmbach
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, DBMV, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Sainsbury Laboratory University Cambridge, CB2 1LR, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Marhavy
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, DBMV, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, 90736, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jean Daraspe
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, DBMV, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Marie Barberon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, DBMV, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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16
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Distinct mechanisms orchestrate the contra-polarity of IRK and KOIN, two LRR-receptor-kinases controlling root cell division. Nat Commun 2022; 13:235. [PMID: 35017541 PMCID: PMC8752632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, cell polarity plays key roles in coordinating developmental processes. Despite the characterization of several polarly localized plasma membrane proteins, the mechanisms connecting protein dynamics with cellular functions often remain unclear. Here, we introduce a polarized receptor, KOIN, that restricts cell divisions in the Arabidopsis root meristem. In the endodermis, KOIN polarity is opposite to IRK, a receptor that represses endodermal cell divisions. Their contra-polar localization facilitates dissection of polarity mechanisms and the links between polarity and function. We find that IRK and KOIN are recognized, sorted, and secreted through distinct pathways. IRK extracellular domains determine its polarity and partially rescue the mutant phenotype, whereas KOIN’s extracellular domains are insufficient for polar sorting and function. Endodermal expression of an IRK/KOIN chimera generates non-cell-autonomous misregulation of root cell divisions that impacts patterning. Altogether, we reveal two contrasting mechanisms determining these receptors’ polarity and link their polarity to cell divisions in root tissue patterning. Protein polarization coordinates many plant developmental processes. Here the authors show that IRK and KOIN, two LRR-receptor-kinases polarized to opposite sides of cells in the root meristem, rely on distinct mechanisms to achieve polarity.
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Kanazawa T, Nishihama R, Ueda T. Normal oil body formation in Marchantia polymorpha requires functional coat protein complex I proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:979066. [PMID: 36046592 PMCID: PMC9420845 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.979066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells possess endomembrane organelles equipped with specific sets of proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides that are fundamental for realizing each organelle's specific function and shape. A tightly regulated membrane trafficking system mediates the transportation and localization of these substances. Generally, the secretory/exocytic pathway is responsible for transporting cargo to the plasma membrane and/or the extracellular space. However, in the case of oil body cells in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, the oil body, a liverwort-unique organelle, is thought to be formed by secretory vesicle fusion through redirection of the secretory pathway inside the cell. Although their formation mechanism remains largely unclear, oil bodies exhibit a complex and bumpy surface structure. In this study, we isolated a mutant with spherical oil bodies through visual screening of mutants with abnormally shaped oil bodies. This mutant harbored a mutation in a coat protein complex I (COPI) subunit MpSEC28, and a similar effect on oil body morphology was also detected in knockdown mutants of other COPI subunits. Fluorescently tagged MpSEC28 was localized to the periphery of the Golgi apparatus together with other subunits, suggesting that it is involved in retrograde transport from and/or in the Golgi apparatus as a component of the COPI coat. The Mpsec28 mutants also exhibited weakened stiffness of the thalli, suggesting impaired cell-cell adhesion and cell wall integrity. These findings suggest that the mechanism of cell wall biosynthesis is also involved in shaping the oil body in M. polymorpha, supporting the redirection of the secretory pathway inward the cell during oil body formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Kanazawa
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takashi Ueda,
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18
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Yamaoka Y, Shin S, Lee Y, Ito M, Lee Y, Nishida I. Phosphatidylserine Is Required for the Normal Progression of Cell Plate Formation in Arabidopsis Root Meristems. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1396-1408. [PMID: 34115854 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is involved in various cellular processes in yeast and animals. However, PS functions in plants remain unclear. In Arabidopsis, PS is relatively enriched in flower and root tissues, and the genetic disturbance of PS biosynthesis in phosphatidylserine synthase1 (PSS1)/ pss1 heterozygotes induces sporophytic and gametophytic defects during pollen maturation. This study functionally characterized PS in Arabidopsis roots and observed that pss1 seedlings exhibited a short-root phenotype by reducing the meristem size and cell elongation capacity. Confocal microscopy imaging analyses of PS with GFP-LactC2 and the endocytic activity with FM 4-64 revealed that although GFP-LactC2 (or PS) was localized in the plasma membrane and endocytic membranes, the lack of PS in pss1 roots did not affect the constitutive endocytosis. Instead, a fluorescence imaging analysis of the cytokinetic phases in the dividing zone of pss1-2 roots revealed a significant delay in telophase progression, requiring active cargo vesicle trafficking for cell plate formation. Confocal microscopy imaging analysis of transgenic GFP-LactC2 root cells with developing cell plates indicated that GFP-LactC2 was localized at the cell plate. Moreover, confocal microscopy images of transgenic pss1-2 and PSS1 roots expressing the cell plate-specific syntaxin construct ProKNOLLE:eGFP-KNOLLE showed abnormal cell plate development in pss1-2ProKNOLLE:eGFP-KNOLLE roots. These results suggested that PS is required for root cytokinesis, possibly because it helps mediate the cargo vesicular trafficking required for cell plate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo Yamaoka
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-Ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuree Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Masaki Ito
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikuo Nishida
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-Ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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19
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McFarlane HE, Mutwil-Anderwald D, Verbančič J, Picard KL, Gookin TE, Froehlich A, Chakravorty D, Trindade LM, Alonso JM, Assmann SM, Persson S. A G protein-coupled receptor-like module regulates cellulose synthase secretion from the endomembrane system in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1484-1497.e7. [PMID: 33878345 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is produced at the plasma membrane of plant cells by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs). CSCs are assembled in the endomembrane system and then trafficked to the plasma membrane. Because CESAs are only active in the plasma membrane, control of CSC secretion regulates cellulose synthesis. We identified members of a family of seven transmembrane domain-containing proteins (7TMs) that are important for cellulose production during cell wall integrity stress. 7TMs are often associated with guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein signaling and we found that mutants affecting the Gβγ dimer phenocopied the 7tm mutants. Unexpectedly, the 7TMs localized to the Golgi/trans-Golgi network where they interacted with G protein components. Here, the 7TMs and Gβγ regulated CESA trafficking but did not affect general protein secretion. Our results outline how a G protein-coupled module regulates CESA trafficking and reveal that defects in this process lead to exacerbated responses to cell wall integrity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Daniela Mutwil-Anderwald
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; School of the Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jana Verbančič
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kelsey L Picard
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001 TAS, Australia
| | - Timothy E Gookin
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Anja Froehlich
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - David Chakravorty
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jose M Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Zou X, Li L, Liao F, Chen W. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals NtGNL1-dependent regulatory network underlying endosome trafficking for pollen tube polar growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 161:200-209. [PMID: 33636685 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endosome trafficking has been reported to play an essential role in pollen tube polar growth and NtGNL1 (Nicotiana tabacum GNOM-LIKE 1) regulates the polar growth through endosome trafficking. However, the regulation network and detailed molecular mechanisms underlying endosome trafficking remain unclear. Here, comparative proteomic analysis was carried out to survey the overall effect of NtGNL1 on pollen tube polar growth and NtGNL1-dependent endosome trafficking. With multiple comparative systems (RNAi, Wild type, and BFA or wortmannin treatments), 481 distinct proteins were identified including 43 common DEPs (differentially expressed proteins), of which 16 significant DEPs were common among RNAi, BFA, and wortmannin treated pollen tubes, indicating their close relation to the endosome trafficking. GO annotation indicates that the vesicle trafficking of gnl1HE pollen tubes differs from that of the BFA and wortmannin treated pollen tubes in the COPII-coated vesicle budding process. KEGG pathway analysis suggests that the Pentose phosphate pathway is critical for the NtGNL1-dependent endosome trafficking. Yeast two-hybrid further confirmed that the NtGNL1-Sec7 domain interacted strongly with VPS32.2, TCTP, PIS2, and PDIL2-1, suggesting that the core functional region of NtGNL1 is the Sec7 domain. Therefore, NtGNL1 likely functions via its Sec7 binding with these proteins to affect endosome trafficking. Our results provide a clear outline of proteins involving in NtGNL1-dependent endosome trafficking and valuable clues for understanding the regulatory mechanism of NtGNL1 guided pollen tube polar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Zou
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Fanglei Liao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Wenrong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
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21
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Fujii S, Kurokawa K, Tago T, Inaba R, Takiguchi A, Nakano A, Satoh T, Satoh AK. Sec71 separates Golgi stacks in Drosophila S2 cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs245571. [PMID: 33262309 PMCID: PMC10668125 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.245571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Golgi stacks are the basic structural units of the Golgi. Golgi stacks are separated from each other and scattered in the cytoplasm of Drosophila cells. Here, we report that the ARF-GEF inhibitor Brefeldin A (BFA) induces the formation of BFA bodies, which are aggregates of Golgi stacks, trans-Golgi networks and recycling endosomes. Recycling endosomes are located in the centers of BFA bodies, while Golgi stacks surround them on their trans sides. Live imaging of S2 cells revealed that Golgi stacks repeatedly merged and separated on their trans sides, and BFA caused successive merger by inhibiting separation, forming BFA bodies. S2 cells carrying genome-edited BFA-resistant mutant Sec71M717L did not form BFA bodies at high concentrations of BFA; S2 cells carrying genome-edited BFA-hypersensitive mutant Sec71F713Y produced BFA bodies at low concentrations of BFA. These results indicate that Sec71 is the sole BFA target for BFA body formation and controls Golgi stack separation. Finally, we showed that impairment of Sec71 in fly photoreceptors induces BFA body formation, with accumulation of both apical and basolateral cargoes, resulting in inhibition of polarized transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syara Fujii
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tago
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Ryota Inaba
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Arata Takiguchi
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takunori Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akiko K Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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22
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Deciphering the Novel Role of AtMIN7 in Cuticle Formation and Defense against the Bacterial Pathogen Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155547. [PMID: 32756392 PMCID: PMC7432873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticle is the outermost layer of plant aerial tissue that interacts with the environment and protects plants against water loss and various biotic and abiotic stresses. ADP ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide exchange factor proteins (ARF-GEFs) are key components of the vesicle trafficking system. Our study discovers that AtMIN7, an Arabidopsis ARF-GEF, is critical for cuticle formation and related leaf surface defense against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato (Pto). Our transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies indicate that the atmin7 mutant leaves have a thinner cuticular layer, defective stomata structure, and impaired cuticle ledge of stomata compared to the leaves of wild type plants. GC–MS analysis further revealed that the amount of cutin monomers was significantly reduced in atmin7 mutant plants. Furthermore, the exogenous application of either of three plant hormones—salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, or abscisic acid—enhanced the cuticle formation in atmin7 mutant leaves and the related defense responses to the bacterial Pto infection. Thus, transport of cutin-related components by AtMIN7 may contribute to its impact on cuticle formation and related defense function.
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23
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Foissner I, Hoeftberger M, Hoepflinger MC, Sommer A, Bulychev AA. Brefeldin A inhibits clathrin-dependent endocytosis and ion transport in Chara internodal cells. Biol Cell 2020; 112:317-334. [PMID: 32648585 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Characeae are multicellular green algae, which are closely related to higher plants. Their internodal cells are a convenient model to study membrane transport and organelle interactions. RESULTS In this study, we report on the effect of brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of vesicle trafficking, on internodal cells of Chara australis. BFA induced the commonly observed agglomeration of Golgi bodies and trans Golgi network into 'brefeldin compartments' at concentrations between 6 and 500 μM and within 30-120 min treatment. In contrast to most other cells, however, BFA inhibited endocytosis and significantly decreased the number of clathrin-coated pits and clathrin-coated vesicles at the plasma membrane. BFA did not inhibit secretion of organelles at wounds induced by puncturing or local light damage but prevented the formation of cellulosic wound walls probably because of insufficient membrane recycling. We also found that BFA inhibited the formation of alkaline and acid regions along the cell surface ('pH banding pattern') which facilitates carbon uptake required for photosynthesis; we hypothesise that this is due to insufficient recycling of ion transporters. During long-term treatments over several days, BFA delayed the formation of complex 3D plasma membranes (charasomes). Interestingly, BFA had no detectable effect on clathrin-dependent charasome degradation. Protein sequence analysis suggests that the peculiar effects of BFA in Chara internodal cells are due to a mutation in the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor GNOM required for recruitment of membrane coats via activation of ADP-ribosylation factor proteins. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE This work provides an overview on the effects of BFA on different processes in C. australis. It revealed similarities but also distinct differences in vesicle trafficking between higher plant and algal cells. It shows that characean internodal cells are a promising model to study interactions between seemingly distant metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Foissner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Aniela Sommer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander A Bulychev
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Huang L, Zhang C. Perturbation and imaging of exocytosis in plant cells. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 160:3-20. [PMID: 32896324 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
The exocytosis process delivers proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates to the plasma membrane or the extracellular space to sustain plant cell growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli. Plant exocytosis is highly dynamic and requires the coordinated functions of multiple cellular components such as tethering complexes, GTPase signaling, and vesicle fusion machinery. Accurate spatio-temporal control of plant exocytosis is critical for the proper functions of plant cells. Live-cell imaging of fluorescence-tagged cargo proteins allows for quantitative analysis of exocytosis dynamics in plant cells. Small molecule inhibitors that target important components in the exocytosis machinery allow for transient manipulation of the exocytosis process. In this chapter, we describe procedures that use Endosidin2 (ES2) and Brefeldin A (BFA) as small molecule inhibitors to disrupt plant exocytic processes and use fluorescent protein-tagged PIN-formed 2 (PIN2) and Cellulose Synthase (CESA) as cargo proteins to quantify exocytosis dynamics in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Dragwidge JM, VAN Damme D. Visualising endocytosis in plants: past, present, and future. J Microsc 2020; 280:104-110. [PMID: 32441767 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chris Hawes had a lively fascination for the immensely complex organisation of the endomembrane system, including the process of endocytosis. This is the method by which eukaryotic cells internalise membrane proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and cell wall enzymes from the cell surface through membrane bound vesicles. Endocytosis occurs progressively, starting with early membrane deformation, scission, and finally the release of the vesicle into the cytoplasm. Next to secretion, endocytosis allows the cell to control the proteome composition of its inner and outer surface membrane and as such, its communication with the outside world. Whereas endocytosis was initially considered theoretically impossible in plants due to their high turgor pressure, it is now established as essential for plant life. Furthermore, endocytosis remains a highly active field of research, both in yeast, animal, and plant model systems. Over the past three decades, the tools and techniques used to visualise, quantify, and characterise endocytosis have resulted in an increasingly higher spatiotemporal understanding of this process. Here we provide a brief history of plant endocytosis research from the time when Chris Hawes was investigating the process, to the current state-of-the-art in the field. We will end this chapter with a discussion on some promising future developments for plant endocytosis research. LAY DESCRIPTION: Endocytosis is a key process whereby eukaryotic cells can selectively take up membrane proteins, extracellular material and lipids. As this process controls the abundance and protein composition of the plasma membrane, it also controls the communication of the cell with the outside world. Whereas endocytosis was initially considered theoretically impossible in plants due to their high turgor pressure, it is now established as essential for plant life. Today, endocytosis remains a highly active field of research, both in yeast, animal, and plant model systems. Endocytosis was one of the favourite research topics of Chris Hawes, which is why this mini-review is part of the Festschrift issue in his honour. We provide here a brief history of plant endocytosis research from the time when Chris Hawes was investigating the process, to the current state-of-the-art in the field. Over the past three decades, the tools and techniques that were developed to visualise, quantify, and characterise endocytosis have allowed to achieve an increasingly higher spatiotemporal understanding of this process. We end this chapter with a discussion on some promising future developments for plant endocytosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dragwidge
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D VAN Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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ROBINSON DAVIDG. Plant Golgi ultrastructure. J Microsc 2020; 280:111-121. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DAVID G. ROBINSON
- Centre for Organismal Studies University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
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Zhang J, Chen J, Wang L, Zhao S, Wang W, Li J, Liu B, Qi X, Zheng H, Lu M. An essential role for Arabidopsis Trs33 in cell growth and organization in plant apical meristems. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:381-391. [PMID: 31828377 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trafficking protein particle (TRAPP) complexes subunit gene AtTrs33 plays an important role in keeping apical meristematic activity and dominance in Arabidopsis. TRAPP complexes, composed of multimeric subunits, are guanine-nucleotide exchange factors for certain Rab GTPases and are believed to be involved in the regulation of membrane trafficking, but the cases in Arabidopsis are largely unknown. Trs33, recently proposed to be a component of TRAPP IV, is non-essential in yeast cells. A single copy of Trs33 gene, AtTrs33, was identified in Arabidopsis. GUS activity assay indicated that AtTrs33 was ubiquitously expressed. Based on a T-DNA insertion line, we found that loss-of-function of AtTrs33 is lethal for apical growth. Knock-down or knock-in of AtTrs33 affects apical meristematic growth and fertility, which indicates that AtTrs33 plays an important role in keeping apical meristematic activity and dominance in Arabidopsis. Analysis of auxin responses and PIN1/2 localization indicate that impaired apical meristematic activity and dominance were caused by altered auxin responses through non-polarized PIN1 localization. The present study reported that AtTrs33 plays an essential role in Arabidopsis cell growth and organization, which is different with its homologue in yeast. These findings provide new insights into the functional divergence of TRAPP subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Lijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China
| | - Shutang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China
| | - Weina Wang
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Jianbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China
| | - Bobin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China
| | - Xingyun Qi
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hanzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China.
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Shao W, Sharma R, Clausen MH, Scheller HV. Microscale thermophoresis as a powerful tool for screening glycosyltransferases involved in cell wall biosynthesis. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:99. [PMID: 32742297 PMCID: PMC7389378 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification and characterization of key enzymes associated with cell wall biosynthesis and modification is fundamental to gain insights into cell wall dynamics. However, it is a challenge that activity assays of glycosyltransferases are very low throughput and acceptor substrates are generally not available. RESULTS We optimized and validated microscale thermophoresis (MST) to achieve high throughput screening for glycosyltransferase substrates. MST is a powerful method for the quantitative analysis of protein-ligand interactions with low sample consumption. The technique is based on the motion of molecules along local temperature gradients, measured by fluorescence changes. We expressed glycosyltransferases as YFP-fusion proteins in tobacco and optimized the MST method to allow the determination of substrate binding affinity without purification of the target protein from the cell lysate. The application of this MST method to the β-1,4-galactosyltransferase AtGALS1 validated the capability to screen both nucleotide-sugar donor substrates and acceptor substrates. We also expanded the application to members of glycosyltransferase family GT61 in sorghum for substrate screening and function prediction. CONCLUSIONS This method is rapid and sensitive to allow determination of both donor and acceptor substrates of glycosyltransferases. MST enables high throughput screening of glycosyltransferases for likely substrates, which will narrow down their in vivo function and help to select candidates for further studies. Additionally, this method gives insight into biochemical mechanism of glycosyltransferase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Shao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Rita Sharma
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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Verna C, Ravichandran SJ, Sawchuk MG, Linh NM, Scarpella E. Coordination of tissue cell polarity by auxin transport and signaling. eLife 2019; 8:51061. [PMID: 31793881 PMCID: PMC6890459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants coordinate the polarity of hundreds of cells during vein formation, but how they do so is unclear. The prevailing hypothesis proposes that GNOM, a regulator of membrane trafficking, positions PIN-FORMED auxin transporters to the correct side of the plasma membrane; the resulting cell-to-cell, polar transport of auxin would coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Contrary to predictions of the hypothesis, we find that vein formation occurs in the absence of PIN-FORMED or any other intercellular auxin-transporter; that the residual auxin-transport-independent vein-patterning activity relies on auxin signaling; and that a GNOM-dependent signal acts upstream of both auxin transport and signaling to coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Our results reveal synergism between auxin transport and signaling, and their unsuspected control by GNOM in the coordination of tissue cell polarity during vein patterning, one of the most informative expressions of tissue cell polarization in plants. Plants, animals and other living things grow and develop over their lifetimes: for example, oak trees come from acorns and chickens begin their lives as eggs. To achieve these transformations, the cells in those living things must grow, divide and change their shape and other features. Plants and animals specify the directions in which their cells will grow and develop by gathering specific proteins to one side of the cells. This makes one side different from all the other sides, which the cells use as an internal compass that points in one direction. To align their internal compasses, animal cells touch one another and often move around inside the body. Plant cells, on the other hand, are surrounded by a wall that keeps them apart and prevents them from moving around. So how do plant cells align their internal compasses? Scientists have long thought that a protein called GNOM aligns the internal compasses of plant cells. The hypothesis proposes that GNOM gathers another protein, called PIN1, to one side of a cell. PIN1 would then pump a plant hormone known as auxin out of this first cell and, in doing so, would also drain auxin away from the cell on the opposite side. In this second cell, GNOM would then gather PIN1 to the side facing the first cell, and this process would repeat until all the cells' compasses were aligned. To test this hypothesis, Verna et al. combined microscopy with genetic approaches to study how cells' compasses are aligned in the leaves of a plant called Arabidopsis thaliana. The experiments revealed that auxin needs to move from cell-to-cell to align the cells’ compasses. However, contrary to the above hypothesis, this movement of auxin was not sufficient: the cells also needed to be able to detect and respond to the auxin that entered them. Along with controlling how auxin moved between the cells, GNOM also regulated how the cells responded to the auxin. These findings reveal how plants specify which directions their cells grow and develop. In the future, this knowledge may eventually aid efforts to improve crop yields by controlling the growth and development of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Verna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Megan G Sawchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Huang L, Li X, Zhang C. Progress in using chemical biology as a tool to uncover novel regulators of plant endomembrane trafficking. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:106-113. [PMID: 31546132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The regulated dynamic transport of materials among organelles through endomembrane trafficking pathways is essential for plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation, and thus is a major topic of plant biology research. Large-scale chemical library screens have identified small molecules that could potentially inhibit different plant endomembrane trafficking steps. Further characterization of these molecules has provided valuable tools for understanding plant endomembrane trafficking and uncovered novel regulators of trafficking processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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31
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Ling Q, Broad W, Trösch R, Töpel M, Demiral Sert T, Lymperopoulos P, Baldwin A, Jarvis RP. Ubiquitin-dependent chloroplast-associated protein degradation in plants. Science 2019; 363:363/6429/eaav4467. [PMID: 30792274 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav4467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts contain thousands of nucleus-encoded proteins that are imported from the cytosol by translocases in the chloroplast envelope membranes. Proteolytic regulation of the translocases is critically important, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. We applied forward genetics and proteomics in Arabidopsis to identify factors required for chloroplast outer envelope membrane (OEM) protein degradation. We identified SP2, an Omp85-type β-barrel channel of the OEM, and CDC48, a cytosolic AAA+ (ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities) chaperone. Both proteins acted in the same pathway as the ubiquitin E3 ligase SP1, which regulates OEM translocase components. SP2 and CDC48 cooperated to bring about retrotranslocation of ubiquitinated substrates from the OEM (fulfilling conductance and motor functions, respectively), enabling degradation of the substrates by the 26S proteasome in the cytosol. Such chloroplast-associated protein degradation (CHLORAD) is vital for organellar functions and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihua Ling
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - William Broad
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Raphael Trösch
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mats Töpel
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | | | | | - Amy Baldwin
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK. .,Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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Xue S, Zou J, Liu Y, Wang M, Zhang C, Le J. Involvement of BIG5 and BIG3 in BRI1 Trafficking Reveals Diverse Functions of BIG-subfamily ARF-GEFs in Plant Growth and Gravitropism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092339. [PMID: 31083521 PMCID: PMC6539719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs) act as key regulators of vesicle trafficking in all eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis, there are eight ARF-GEFs, including three members of the GBF1 subfamily and five members of the BIG subfamily. These ARF-GEFs have different subcellular localizations and regulate different trafficking pathways. Until now, the roles of these BIG-subfamily ARF-GEFs have not been fully revealed. Here, analysis of the BIGs expression patterns showed that BIG3 and BIG5 have similar expression patterns. big5-1 displayed a dwarf growth and big3-1 big5-1 double mutant showed more severe defects, indicating functional redundancy between BIG3 and BIG5. Moreover, both big5-1 and big3-1 big5-1 exhibited a reduced sensitivity to Brassinosteroid (BR) treatment. Brefeldin A (BFA)-induced BR receptor Brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1) aggregation was reduced in big5-1 mutant, indicating that the action of BIG5 is required for BRI1 recycling. Furthermore, BR-induced dephosphorylation of transcription factor BZR1 was decreased in big3-1 big5-1 double mutants. The introduction of the gain-of-function of BZR1 mutant BZR1-1D in big3-1 big5-1 mutants can partially rescue the big3-1 big5-1 growth defects. Our findings revealed that BIG5 functions redundantly with BIG3 in plant growth and gravitropism, and BIG5 participates in BR signal transduction pathway through regulating BRI1 trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Junjie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Yangfan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Jie Le
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Luo Z, Tomasi P, Fahlgren N, Abdel-Haleem H. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) of leaf cuticular wax components in Camelina sativa identifies genetic loci related to intracellular wax transport. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:187. [PMID: 31064322 PMCID: PMC6505076 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to explore renewable alternatives (e.g. biofuels) that can produce energy sources to help reduce reliance on fossil oils, and reduce greenhouse gases and waste solids resulted from fossil oils consumption. Camelina sativa is an oilseed crop which has received increasing attention due to its short life cycle, broader adaptation regions, high oil content, high level of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids, and low-input requirements in agriculture practices. To expand its Camelina production areas into arid regions, there is a need to breed for new drought-tolerant cultivars. Leaf cuticular wax is known to facilitate plant development and growth under water-limited conditions. Dissecting the genetic loci underlying leaf cuticular waxes is important to breed for cultivars with improved drought tolerance. RESULTS Here we combined phenotypic data and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from a spring C. sativa diversity panel using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology, to perform a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) on leaf wax compositions. A total of 42 SNP markers were significantly associated with 15 leaf wax traits including major wax components such as total primary alcohols, total alkanes, and total wax esters as well as their constituents. The vast majority of significant SNPs were associated with long-chain carbon monomers (carbon chain length longer than C28), indicating the important effects of long-chain carbon monomers on leaf total wax biosynthesis. These SNP markers are located on genes directly or indirectly related to wax biosynthesis such as maintaining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphology and enabling normal wax secretion from ER to plasma membrane or Golgi network-mediated transport. CONCLUSIONS These loci could potentially serve as candidates for the genetic control involved in intracellular wax transport that might directly or indirectly facilitate leaf wax accumulation in C. sativa and can be used in future marker-assisted selection (MAS) to breed for the cultivars with high wax content to improve drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinan Luo
- US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA ARS, Maricopa, AZ 85138 USA
| | - Pernell Tomasi
- US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA ARS, Maricopa, AZ 85138 USA
| | - Noah Fahlgren
- Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132 USA
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Dejonghe W, Sharma I, Denoo B, De Munck S, Lu Q, Mishev K, Bulut H, Mylle E, De Rycke R, Vasileva M, Savatin DV, Nerinckx W, Staes A, Drozdzecki A, Audenaert D, Yperman K, Madder A, Friml J, Van Damme D, Gevaert K, Haucke V, Savvides SN, Winne J, Russinova E. Disruption of endocytosis through chemical inhibition of clathrin heavy chain function. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:641-649. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hawes
- Plant Cell Biology, BMS, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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36
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Ashraf MA, Rahman A. Cold stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by GNOM ARF-GEF. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:500-516. [PMID: 30362633 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal trafficking plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development both at optimal and stressed conditions. Cold stress response in Arabidopsis root is directly linked to inhibition of the endosomal trafficking of auxin efflux carriers. However, the cellular components that link cold stress and the endosomal trafficking remain elusive. By screening available endosomal trafficking mutants against root growth recovery response under cold stress, we identified GNOM, a SEC7 containing ARF-GEF, as a major modulator of cold response. Contrasting response of partial loss of function mutant gnomB4049/emb30-1 and the engineered Brefeldin A (BFA)-resistant GNOM line, both of which contain mutations within SEC7 domain, to cold stress at the whole-plant level highlights the importance of this domain in modulating the cold response pathway of plants. Cold stress selectively and transiently inhibits GNOM expression. The engineered point mutation at 696 amino acid position (Methionine to Leucine) that makes GNOM resistant to BFA in fact results in overexpression of GNOM both at transcriptional and translational levels, and also alters its subcellular localization. Overexpression and altered cellular localization of GNOM were found to be directly linked to conferring striking cold-resistant phenotype in Arabidopsis. Collectively, these results provide a mechanistic link between GNOM, BFA-sensitive GNOM-regulated trafficking and cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Ashraf
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Abidur Rahman
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
- Agro-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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37
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Tu J, Bush J, Bonham-Smith P, Wei Y. Live cell imaging of Plasmodiophora brassicae-host plant interactions based on a two-step axenic culture system. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00765. [PMID: 30427123 PMCID: PMC6562123 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae, a parasitic protist, induces club-shaped tumor-like growth of host Brassicas roots and hypocotyls after infection. Due to its soil-borne nature and intracellular, biotrophic parasitism the infection biology and early pathogenesis remains in doubt. In this study, we have established a new protocol, based on a two-step axenic culture of P. brassicae with its host tissues, for easy and in planta observation of cellular interactions between P. brassicae and host plants: first, coculture of P. brassicae with infected canola root tissues, on growth-medium plates, enables the propagation of P. brassicae that serves as pure inoculum for pathogenicity assays, and second, the pure inoculum is subsequently used for pathogenicity tests on both canola and Arabidopsis seedlings grown on medium plates in Petri dishes. During the first axenic culture, we established a staining protocol by which the pathogen was fluorescently labeled with Nile red and calcofluor white, thus allowing in planta observation of pathogen development. In the pathogenicity assays, our results showed that axenic cultures of P. brassicae, in calli, remains fully virulent and completes its life cycle in both canola and Arabidopsis roots grown in Petri dishes. Combining visualization of fluorescent probe-labeled P. brassicae structures with fluorescent protein tagging of Arabidopsis cellular components, further revealed dynamic responses of host cells at the early stages of P. brassicae infection. Thus, established protocols for in planta detection of P. brassicae structures and the live cell imaging of P. brassicae-Arabidopsis interactions provide a novel strategy for improving our detailed knowledge of P. brassicae infection in host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangying Tu
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - James Bush
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Peta Bonham-Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Zhou JJ, Luo J. The PIN-FORMED Auxin Efflux Carriers in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2759. [PMID: 30223430 PMCID: PMC6164769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays crucial roles in multiple developmental processes, such as embryogenesis, organogenesis, cell determination and division, as well as tropic responses. These processes are finely coordinated by the auxin, which requires the polar distribution of auxin within tissues and cells. The intercellular directionality of auxin flow is closely related to the asymmetric subcellular location of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters. All PIN proteins have a conserved structure with a central hydrophilic loop domain, which harbors several phosphosites targeted by a set of protein kinases. The activities of PIN proteins are finely regulated by diverse endogenous and exogenous stimuli at multiple layers-including transcriptional and epigenetic levels, post-transcriptional modifications, subcellular trafficking, as well as PINs' recycling and turnover-to facilitate the developmental processes in an auxin gradient-dependent manner. Here, the recent advances in the structure, evolution, regulation and functions of PIN proteins in plants will be discussed. The information provided by this review will shed new light on the asymmetric auxin-distribution-dependent development processes mediated by PIN transporters in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Zhang J, Chen J, Wang L, Zhao S, Li J, Liu B, Li H, Qi X, Zheng H, Lu M. AtBET5 is essential for exine pattern formation and apical meristem organization in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:231-241. [PMID: 30080609 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BET5 is a component of trafficking protein particle (TRAPP) which has been studied extensively in non-plant organisms where they are involved in membrane trafficking within Golgi and between Golgi and early endosomes. Recent analysis of TRAPP in different classes of organisms indicates that TRAPP function might exhibit differences among organisms. A single copy of the BET5 gene named AtBET5 was found in the Arabidopsis genome based on sequence similarity. Developmental phenotype and the underlying mechanisms have been characterized upon transcriptional knock-down lines generated by both T-DNA insertion and RNAi. Pollen grains of the T-DNA insertional line present reduced fertility and pilate exine instead of tectate exine. Perturbation of the AtBET5 expression by RNAi leads to apical meristematic organization defects and reduced fertility as well. The reduced fertility was due to the pollination barrier caused by an altered composition and structure of pollen walls. Auxin response in root tip cells is altered and there is a severe disruption in polar localization of PIN1-GFP, but to a less extent of PIN2-GFP in the root tips, which causes the apical meristematic organization defects and might also be responsible for the secretion of sporopollenin precursor or polar targeting of sporopollenin precursor transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China; Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Lijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China
| | - Shutang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China
| | - Bobin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China
| | - Hongying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China
| | - Xingyun Qi
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100 091, China.
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40
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Ke M, Gao Z, Chen J, Qiu Y, Zhang L, Chen X. Auxin controls circadian flower opening and closure in the waterlily. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:143. [PMID: 29996787 PMCID: PMC6042438 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flowers open at sunrise and close at sunset, establishing a circadian floral movement rhythm to facilitate pollination as part of reproduction. By the coordination of endogenous factors and environmental stimuli, such as circadian clock, photoperiod, light and temperature, an appropriate floral movement rhythm has been established; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. RESULTS In our study, we use waterlily as a model which represents an early-diverging grade of flowering plants, and we aim to reveal the general mechanism of flower actions. We found that the intermediate segment of petal cells of waterlily are highly flexible, followed by a circadian cell expansion upon photoperiod stimuli. Auxin causes constitutively flower opening while auxin inhibitor suppresses opening event. Subsequent transcriptome profiles generated from waterlily's intermediate segment of petals at different day-time points showed that auxin is a crucial phytohormone required for floral movement rhythm via the coordination of YUCCA-controlled auxin synthesis, GH3-mediated auxin homeostasis, PIN and ABCB-dependent auxin efflux as well as TIR/AFB-AUX/IAA- and SAUR-triggered auxin signaling. Genes involved in cell wall organization were downstream of auxin events, resulting in the output phenotypes of rapid cell expansion during flower opening and cell shrinkage at flower closure stage. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data demonstrate a central regulatory role of auxin in floral movement rhythm and provide a global understanding of flower action in waterlily, which could be a conserved feature of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Ke
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Zhen Gao
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Jianqing Chen
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Yuting Qiu
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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Naramoto S, Kyozuka J. ARF GTPase machinery at the plasma membrane regulates auxin transport-mediated plant growth. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:155-159. [PMID: 31819717 PMCID: PMC6879391 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
VAN3 is a plant ACAP-type ADP-ribosylation factor-GTPase activating protein (ARF-GAP) that regulates auxin transport-mediated plant morphogenesis such as continuous venation and lateral root development in Arabidopsis. Previous studies suggested that VAN3 localizes at the plasma membrane (PM) and intracellular structures. However, the role of PM localization in mediating the van3 mutant phenotype is not clear. Here we performed subcellular localization analysis of VAN3 and its regulators CVP2 and VAB to determine their endogenous functions. We found that GFP-tagged CVP2 and VAB preferentially localize at the PM in stably transformed plants. We determined that transgenic plants with lower expression levels of GFP- or mRFP-tagged VAN3 displayed PM localization, which was sufficient to rescue the van3 mutant. Functional VAN3-mRFP and VAB-GFP colocalized at PMs. The van3 mutant phenotype was suppressed by mutation of VAN7/GNOM, which encodes an ARF-GEF that localizes at the PM and Golgi apparatus. These combined results suggest that ARF-GTPase machinery at the PM regulates auxin transport-mediated plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Naramoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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42
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Abu-Abied M, Belausov E, Hagay S, Peremyslov V, Dolja V, Sadot E. Myosin XI-K is involved in root organogenesis, polar auxin transport, and cell division. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2869-2881. [PMID: 29579267 PMCID: PMC5972647 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between myosin- and auxin-mediated processes was investigated by following root development in the triple myosin knockout mutant xi-k xi-1 xi-2 (3KO). It was found that the 3KO plants generated significantly more lateral and adventitious roots than the wild-type plants or the rescued plant line expressing functional myosin XI-K:yellow fluorescent protein (YFP; 3KOR). Using the auxin-dependent reporter DR5:venus, a significant change in the auxin gradient toward the root tip was found in 3KO plants, which correlated with the loss of polar localization of the auxin transporter PIN1 in the stele and with the increased number of stele cells with oblique cell walls. Interestingly, myosin XI-K:YFP was localized to the cell division apparatus in the root and shoot meristems. In anaphase and early telophase, XI-K:YFP was concentrated in the midzone and the forming cell plate. In late telophase, XI-K:YFP formed a ring that overlapped with the growing phragmoplast. Myosin receptors MyoB1 and MyoB2 that are highly expressed throughout the plant were undetectable in dividing cells, suggesting that the myosin function in cell division relies on distinct adaptor proteins. These results suggest that myosin XIs are involved in orchestrating root organogenesis via effects on polar distribution of auxin responses and on cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Abu-Abied
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sapir Hagay
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Valera Peremyslov
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Valerian Dolja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Einat Sadot
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Plant vacuoles are multifunctional organelles. On the one hand, most vegetative tissues develop lytic vacuoles that have a role in degradation. On the other hand, seed cells have two types of storage vacuoles: protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in endosperm and embryonic cells and metabolite storage vacuoles in seed coats. Vacuolar proteins and metabolites are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the vacuoles via Golgi-dependent and Golgi-independent pathways. Proprotein precursors delivered to the vacuoles are converted into their respective mature forms by vacuolar processing enzyme, which also regulates various kinds of programmed cell death in plants. We summarize two types of vacuolar membrane dynamics that occur during defense responses: vacuolar membrane collapse to attack viral pathogens and fusion of vacuolar and plasma membranes to attack bacterial pathogens. We also describe the chemical defense against herbivores brought about by the presence of PSVs in the idioblast myrosin cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
| | - Junpei Takagi
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
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44
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Barlow LD, Nývltová E, Aguilar M, Tachezy J, Dacks JB. A sophisticated, differentiated Golgi in the ancestor of eukaryotes. BMC Biol 2018; 16:27. [PMID: 29510703 PMCID: PMC5840792 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Golgi apparatus is a central meeting point for the endocytic and exocytic systems in eukaryotic cells, and the organelle's dysfunction results in human disease. Its characteristic morphology of multiple differentiated compartments organized into stacked flattened cisternae is one of the most recognizable features of modern eukaryotic cells, and yet how this is maintained is not well understood. The Golgi is also an ancient aspect of eukaryotes, but the extent and nature of its complexity in the ancestor of eukaryotes is unclear. Various proteins have roles in organizing the Golgi, chief among them being the golgins. RESULTS We address Golgi evolution by analyzing genome sequences from organisms which have lost stacked cisternae as a feature of their Golgi and those that have not. Using genomics and immunomicroscopy, we first identify Golgi in the anaerobic amoeba Mastigamoeba balamuthi. We then searched 87 genomes spanning eukaryotic diversity for presence of the most prominent proteins implicated in Golgi structure, focusing on golgins. We show some candidates as animal specific and others as ancestral to eukaryotes. CONCLUSIONS None of the proteins examined show a phyletic distribution that correlates with the morphology of stacked cisternae, suggesting the possibility of stacking as an emergent property. Strikingly, however, the combination of golgins conserved among diverse eukaryotes allows for the most detailed reconstruction of the organelle to date, showing a sophisticated Golgi with differentiated compartments and trafficking pathways in the common eukaryotic ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lael D Barlow
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Eva Nývltová
- Department of Parasitology (BIOCEV), Faculty of Science, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 42, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Rosenstiel Medical Science Building (RMSB) # 2067, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Maria Aguilar
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology (BIOCEV), Faculty of Science, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 42, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada. .,Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
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45
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Takagi J, Uemura T. Use of Brefeldin A and Wortmannin to Dissect Post-Golgi Organelles Related to Vacuolar Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1789:155-165. [PMID: 29916078 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7856-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells comprise various organelles surrounded by the membrane. Each organelle is characterized by unique proteins and lipids and has its own specific functions. Single membrane-bounded organelles, including the Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and vacuoles are connected by membrane trafficking. Identifying the organelle localization of a protein of interest is essential for determining the proteins physiological functions. Here, we describe methods for determining protein subcellular localization using the inhibitors brefeldin A and wortmannin in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Takagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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46
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Naramoto S. Polar transport in plants mediated by membrane transporters: focus on mechanisms of polar auxin transport. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 40:8-14. [PMID: 28686910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Directional cell-to-cell transport of functional molecules, called polar transport, enables plants to sense and respond to developmental and environmental signals. Transporters that localize to plasma membranes (PMs) in a polar manner are key components of these systems. PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers, which are the most studied polar-localized PM proteins, are implicated in the polar transport of auxin that in turn regulates plant development and tropic growth. In this review, the regulatory mechanisms underlying polar localization of PINs, control of auxin efflux activity, and PIN abundance at PMs are considered. Up to date information on polar-localized nutrient transporters that regulate directional nutrient movement from soil into the root vasculature is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Naramoto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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47
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Gao YQ, Chen JG, Chen ZR, An D, Lv QY, Han ML, Wang YL, Salt DE, Chao DY. A new vesicle trafficking regulator CTL1 plays a crucial role in ion homeostasis. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2002978. [PMID: 29284002 PMCID: PMC5746208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion homeostasis is essential for plant growth and environmental adaptation, and maintaining ion homeostasis requires the precise regulation of various ion transporters, as well as correct root patterning. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes remain largely elusive. Here, we reported that a choline transporter gene, CTL1, controls ionome homeostasis by regulating the secretory trafficking of proteins required for plasmodesmata (PD) development, as well as the transport of some ion transporters. Map-based cloning studies revealed that CTL1 mutations alter the ion profile of Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that the phenotypes associated with these mutations are caused by a combination of PD defects and ion transporter misregulation. We also established that CTL1 is involved in regulating vesicle trafficking and is thus required for the trafficking of proteins essential for ion transport and PD development. Characterizing choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1) as a new regulator of protein sorting may enable researchers to understand not only ion homeostasis in plants but also vesicle trafficking in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-Geng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Ru Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong An
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao-Yan Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Ling Han
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Ling Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - David E. Salt
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Dai-Yin Chao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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48
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Singh MK, Jürgens G. Specificity of plant membrane trafficking - ARFs, regulators and coat proteins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 80:85-93. [PMID: 29024759 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of all eukaryotic proteins are delivered to their destination by trafficking within the endomembrane system. Such cargo proteins are incorporated into forming membrane vesicles on donor compartments and delivered to acceptor compartments by vesicle fusion. How cargo proteins are sorted into forming vesicles is still largely unknown. Here we review the roles of small GTPases of the ARF/SAR1 family, their regulators designated ARF guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs) and ARF GTPase-activating proteins (ARF-GAPs) as well as coat protein complexes during membrane vesicle formation. Although conserved across eukaryotes, these four functional groups of proteins display plant-specific modifications in composition, structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Singh
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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49
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Kitakura S, Adamowski M, Matsuura Y, Santuari L, Kouno H, Arima K, Hardtke CS, Friml J, Kakimoto T, Tanaka H. BEN3/BIG2 ARF GEF is Involved in Brefeldin A-Sensitive Trafficking at the trans-Golgi Network/Early Endosome in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1801-1811. [PMID: 29016942 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane traffic at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is crucial for correctly distributing various membrane proteins to their destination. Polarly localized auxin efflux proteins, including PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1), are dynamically transported between the endosomes and the plasma membrane (PM) in the plant cells. The intracellular trafficking of PIN1 protein is sensitive to the fungal toxin brefeldin A (BFA), which is known to inhibit guanine nucleotide exchange factors for ADP ribosylation factors (ARF GEFs) such as GNOM. However, the molecular details of the BFA-sensitive trafficking pathway have not been fully revealed. In a previous study, we identified an Arabidopsis mutant BFA-visualized endocytic trafficking defective 3 (ben3) which exhibited reduced sensitivity to BFA in terms of BFA-induced intracellular PIN1 agglomeration. Here, we show that BEN3 encodes a member of BIG family ARF GEFs, BIG2. BEN3/BIG2 tagged with fluorescent proteins co-localized with markers for the TGN/early endosome (EE). Inspection of conditionally induced de novo synthesized PIN1 confirmed that its secretion to the PM is BFA sensitive, and established BEN3/BIG2 as a crucial component of this BFA action at the level of the TGN/EE. Furthermore, ben3 mutation alleviated BFA-induced agglomeration of another TGN-localized ARF GEF, BEN1/MIN7. Taken together, our results suggest that BEN3/BIG2 is an ARF GEF component, which confers BFA sensitivity to the TGN/EE in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Kitakura
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yuki Matsuura
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
- Interdisciplinary Program for Biomedical Sciences (IPBS), Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Luca Santuari
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hirotaka Kouno
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Kohei Arima
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jirí Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00 Czech Republic
| | - Tatsuo Kakimoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
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Xue H, Veit C, Abas L, Tryfona T, Maresch D, Ricardi MM, Estevez JM, Strasser R, Seifert GJ. Arabidopsis thaliana FLA4 functions as a glycan-stabilized soluble factor via its carboxy-proximal Fasciclin 1 domain. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:613-630. [PMID: 28482115 PMCID: PMC5575511 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs) are involved in numerous important functions in plants but the relevance of their complex structure to physiological function and cellular fate is unresolved. Using a fully functional fluorescent version of Arabidopsis thaliana FLA4 we show that this protein is localized at the plasma membrane as well as in endosomes and soluble in the apoplast. FLA4 is likely to be GPI-anchored, is highly N-glycosylated and carries two O-glycan epitopes previously associated with arabinogalactan proteins. The activity of FLA4 was resistant against deletion of the amino-proximal fasciclin 1 domain and was unaffected by removal of the GPI-modification signal, a highly conserved N-glycan or the deletion of predicted O-glycosylation sites. Nonetheless these structural changes dramatically decreased endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-exit and plasma membrane localization of FLA4, with N-glycosylation acting at the level of ER-exit and O-glycosylation influencing post-secretory fate. We show that FLA4 acts predominantly by molecular interactions involving its carboxy-proximal fasciclin 1 domain and that its amino-proximal fasciclin 1 domain is required for stabilization of plasma membrane localization. FLA4 functions as a soluble glycoprotein via its carboxy-proximal Fas1 domain and its normal cellular trafficking depends on N- and O-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xue
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life ScienceBOKU ViennaMuthgasse 11A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Christiane Veit
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life ScienceBOKU ViennaMuthgasse 11A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Lindy Abas
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life ScienceBOKU ViennaMuthgasse 11A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Theodora Tryfona
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life ScienceBOKU ViennaMuthgasse 11A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Martiniano M. Ricardi
- Biología Molecular y Neurociencias–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(IFIByNE‐CONICET)Instituto de FisiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresC1428EGAArgentina
| | - José Manuel Estevez
- Biología Molecular y Neurociencias–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(IFIByNE‐CONICET)Instituto de FisiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresC1428EGAArgentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires CPC1405BWEArgentina
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life ScienceBOKU ViennaMuthgasse 11A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Georg J. Seifert
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life ScienceBOKU ViennaMuthgasse 11A‐1190ViennaAustria
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