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Wang K, Shi M, Luk AOY, Kong APS, Ma RCW, Li C, Chen L, Chow E, Chan JCN. Impaired GK-GKRP interaction rather than direct GK activation worsens lipid profiles and contributes to long-term complications: a Mendelian randomization study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:228. [PMID: 38951793 PMCID: PMC11218184 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucokinase (GK) plays a key role in glucose metabolism. In the liver, GK is regulated by GK regulatory protein (GKRP) with nuclear sequestration at low plasma glucose level. Some GK activators (GKAs) disrupt GK-GKRP interaction which increases hepatic cytoplasmic GK level. Excess hepatic GK activity may exceed the capacity of glycogen synthesis with excess triglyceride formation. It remains uncertain whether hypertriglyceridemia associated with some GKAs in previous clinical trials was due to direct GK activation or impaired GK-GKRP interaction. METHODS Using publicly available genome-wide association study summary statistics, we selected independent genetic variants of GCKR and GCK associated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) as instrumental variables, to mimic the effects of impaired GK-GKRP interaction and direct GK activation, respectively. We applied two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) framework to assess their causal associations with lipid-related traits, risks of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and cardiovascular diseases. We verified these findings in one-sample MR analysis using individual-level statistics from the Hong Kong Diabetes Register (HKDR). RESULTS Genetically-proxied impaired GK-GKRP interaction increased plasma triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels with increased odds ratio (OR) of 14.6 (95% CI 4.57-46.4) per 1 mmol/L lower FPG for MASLD and OR of 2.92 (95% CI 1.78-4.81) for coronary artery disease (CAD). Genetically-proxied GK activation was associated with decreased risk of CAD (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.54-0.88) and not with dyslipidemia. One-sample MR validation in HKDR showed consistent results. CONCLUSIONS Impaired GK-GKRP interaction, rather than direct GK activation, may worsen lipid profiles and increase risks of MASLD and CAD. Development of future GKAs should avoid interfering with GK-GKRP interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Hua Medicine (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Mai Shi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Andrea O Y Luk
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alice P S Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Changhong Li
- Hua Medicine (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Hua Medicine (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Elaine Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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2
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Paliwal A, Paliwal V, Jain S, Paliwal S, Sharma S. Current Insight on the Role of Glucokinase and Glucokinase Regulatory Protein in Diabetes. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:674-688. [PMID: 37612862 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230823151927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The glucokinase regulator (GCKR) gene encodes an inhibitor of the glucokinase enzyme (GCK), found only in hepatocytes and responsible for glucose metabolism. A common GCKR coding variation has been linked to various metabolic traits in genome-wide association studies. Rare GCKR polymorphisms influence GKRP activity, expression, and localization. Despite not being the cause, these variations are linked to hypertriglyceridemia. Because of their crystal structures, we now better understand the molecular interactions between GKRP and the GCK. Finally, small molecules that specifically bind to GKRP and decrease blood sugar levels in diabetic models have been identified. GCKR allelic spectrum changes affect lipid and glucose homeostasis. GKRP dysfunction has been linked to a variety of molecular causes, according to functional analysis. Numerous studies have shown that GKRP dysfunction is not the only cause of hypertriglyceridemia, implying that type 2 diabetes could be treated by activating liver-specific GCK via small molecule GKRP inhibition. The review emphasizes current discoveries concerning the characteristic roles of glucokinase and GKRP in hepatic glucose metabolism and diabetes. This information has influenced the growth of directed molecular therapies for diabetes, which has improved our understanding of lipid and glucose physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajita Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vartika Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Smita Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
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3
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Li C, Juliana CA, Yuan Y, Li M, Lu M, Chen P, Boodhansingh KE, Doliba NM, Bhatti TR, Adzick NS, Stanley CA, De León DD. Phenotypic Characterization of Congenital Hyperinsulinism Due to Novel Activating Glucokinase Mutations. Diabetes 2023; 72:1809-1819. [PMID: 37725835 PMCID: PMC10658072 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The importance of glucokinase (GK) in the regulation of insulin secretion has been highlighted by the phenotypes of individuals with activating and inactivating mutations in the glucokinase gene (GCK). Here we report 10 individuals with congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) caused by eight unique activating mutations of GCK. Six are novel and located near previously identified activating mutations sites. The first recognized episode of hypoglycemia in these patients occurred between birth and 24 years, and the severity of the phenotype was also variable. Mutant enzymes were expressed and purified for enzyme kinetics in vitro. Mutant enzymes had low glucose half-saturation concentration values and an increased enzyme activity index compared with wild-type GK. We performed functional evaluation of islets from the pancreata of three children with GCK-HI who required pancreatectomy. Basal insulin secretion in perifused GCK-HI islets was normal, and the response to glyburide was preserved. However, the threshold for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in perifused glucokinase hyperinsulinism (GCK-HI) islets was decreased, and glucagon secretion was greatly suppressed. Our evaluation of novel GCK disease-associated mutations revealed that the detrimental effects of these mutations on glucose homeostasis can be attributed not only to a lowering of the glucose threshold of insulin secretion but also to a decreased counterregulatory glucagon secretory response. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Our evaluation of six novel and two previously published activating GCK mutations revealed that the detrimental effects of these mutations on glucose homeostasis can be attributed not only to a lowering of the glucose threshold of insulin secretion but also to a decreased counterregulatory glucagon secretory response. These studies provide insights into the pathophysiology of GCK-hyperinsulinism and the dual role of glucokinase in β-cells and α-cells to regulate glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Nanjing AscendRare Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Nanjing, China
| | - Christine A. Juliana
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yue Yuan
- Nanjing AscendRare Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Pan Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kara E. Boodhansingh
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nicolai M. Doliba
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tricia R. Bhatti
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - N. Scott Adzick
- Department of Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charles A. Stanley
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Diva D. De León
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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4
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Ueda M, Fukui K, Kamatani N, Kamitsuji S, Matsuo A, Sasase T, Nishiu J, Matsushita M. GLUT9 as a potential drug target for chronic kidney disease: Drug target validation by a Mendelian randomization study. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:699-704. [PMID: 37308567 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although chronic kidney disease (CKD) is recognized as a major public health concern, effective treatment strategies have yet to be developed. Identification and validation of drug targets are key issues in the development of therapeutic agents for CKD. Uric acid (UA), a major risk factor for gout, has also been suggested to be a risk factor for CKD, but the efficacy of existing urate-lowering therapies for CKD is controversial. We focused on five uric acid transporters (ABCG2, SLC17A1, SLC22A11, SLC22A12, SLC2A9) as potential drug targets and evaluated the causal association between serum UA levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using single-SNP Mendelian Randomization. The results showed a causal association between genetically predicted changes in serum UA levels and eGFR when genetic variants were selected from the SLC2A9 locus. Estimation based on a loss-of-function mutation (rs16890979) showed that the changes in eGFR per unit increase in serum UA level was -0.0082 ml/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI -0.014 to -0.0025, P = 0.0051). These results indicate that SLC2A9 may be a novel drug target for CKD that preserves renal function through its urate-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ueda
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kenji Fukui
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Akira Matsuo
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Nishiu
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
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5
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Zhang Z, Ji G, Li M. Glucokinase regulatory protein: a balancing act between glucose and lipid metabolism in NAFLD. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1247611. [PMID: 37711901 PMCID: PMC10497960 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1247611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease worldwide, affected by both genetics and environment. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) stands as an independent environmental risk factor that precipitates the onset of hepatic steatosis and accelerates its progression to severe stages of liver damage. Furthermore, the coexistence of T2D and NAFLD magnifies the risk of cardiovascular disease synergistically. However, the association between genetic susceptibility and metabolic risk factors in NAFLD remains incompletely understood. The glucokinase regulator gene (GCKR), responsible for encoding the glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP), acts as a regulator and protector of the glucose-metabolizing enzyme glucokinase (GK) in the liver. Two common variants (rs1260326 and rs780094) within the GCKR gene have been associated with a lower risk for T2D but a higher risk for NAFLD. Recent studies underscore that T2D presence significantly amplifies the effect of the GCKR gene, thereby increasing the risk of NASH and fibrosis in NAFLD patients. In this review, we focus on the critical roles of GKRP in T2D and NAFLD, drawing upon insights from genetic and biological studies. Notably, prior attempts at drug development targeting GK with glucokinase activators (GKAs) have shown potential risks of augmented plasma triglycerides or NAFLD. Conversely, overexpression of GKRP in diabetic rats improved glucose tolerance without causing NAFLD, suggesting the crucial regulatory role of GKRP in maintaining hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism balance. Collectively, this review sheds new light on the complex interaction between genes and environment in NAFLD, focusing on the GCKR gene. By integrating evidence from genetics, biology, and drug development, we reassess the therapeutic potential of targeting GK or GKRP for metabolic disease treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that selectively activating GK or enhancing GK-GKRP binding may represent a holistic strategy for restoring glucose and lipid metabolic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meng Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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Kenneth C, Anugrah DSB, Julianus J, Junedi S. Molecular insights into the inhibitory potential of anthocyanidins on glucokinase regulatory protein. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288810. [PMID: 37467274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational methods were used to investigate six anthocyanidins exhibiting antidiabetic activity by inhibiting glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) activity. Density functional theory was used to optimise the geometry of anthocyanidins and calculate their quantum chemical properties. A blind docking method was employed to conduct a molecular docking study, which revealed that delphinidin (Del), cyanidin (Cya), and pelargonidin (Pel) as potential GKRP inhibitors with the lowest binding free energy of -8.7, -8.6, and -8.6 kcal/mol, corresponding to high binding affinity. The molecular dynamics study further verified the blind docking results by showing high GKRP-F1P complex stability and high binding affinity calculated through the MM/GBSA method, upon the binding of pelargonidin. The lower RMSF values of pivotal GK-interacting residues for GKRP-F1P-Pel compared to GKRP-F1P, as a positive control, indicating pelargonidin ability to maintain the inactive conformation of GKRP through the inhibition of GK binding. The key residues that control the binding of the F1P to GKRP and anthocyanidin to GKRP-F1P were also identified in this study. Altogether, pelargonidin is anthocyanidins-derived natural products that have the most potential to act as inhibitors of GKRP and as antidiabetic nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kenneth
- Biotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Daru Seto Bagus Anugrah
- Biotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jeffry Julianus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sendy Junedi
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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7
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Yadav S, Bharti S, Mathur P. GlucoKinaseDB: A comprehensive, curated resource of glucokinase modulators for clinical and molecular research. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 103:107818. [PMID: 36680885 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK), an isoform of hexokinase expressed predominantly in liver, pancreas and hypothalamus is crucial to blood glucose management. It is a critical component of the glucose-sensing mechanism of the pancreatic islet cells and glycogen regulation in hepatocytes. GK modulators such as allosteric GKAs (glucokinase activators) and GK-GKRP (glucokinase regulatory protein) disruptors have found potential applications as safer antihyperglycemics. Recent studies have also demonstrated the potential of GK modulators as antiparasitic agents. Researchers targeting GK often undertake the time-consuming task of independently collecting and compiling modulator information due to the lack of any dedicated single-platform resource. Towards this, in the present study we demonstrate the design and development of GlucoKinaseDB (GKDB), a comprehensive, curated, online resource of GK modulators. GKDB contains experimentally derived structural and bioactivity information of 1723 modulators along with their detailed molecular descriptors. The web-interface is user-friendly with features such as in-browser visualization, advanced search queries, cross-links to other databases and original reference etc. The bioactivity and descriptor data can be downloaded in bulk (for entire database) or for individual modulators. The 3D structures are also downloadable in multiple formats. GKDB employs a PHP-based web design with Bootstrap styling and a MySQL database backend. GKDB can be utilized for clinical and molecular research via development of pharmacophore hypotheses, QSAR/QSPR models, predictive machine learning models etc. GKDB is freely accessible online at https://glucokinasedb.in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Yadav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Samuel Bharti
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Puniti Mathur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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8
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Simons PIHG, Valkenburg O, Stehouwer CDA, Brouwers MCGJ. Association between de novo lipogenesis susceptibility genes and coronary artery disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:2883-2889. [PMID: 36182335 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the principal cause of death in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to use genetic epidemiology to study the association between de novo lipogenesis (DNL), one of the major pathways leading to NAFLD, and CAD risk. METHODS AND RESULTS DNL susceptibility genes were used as instruments and selected using three approaches: 1) genes that are associated with both high serum triglycerides and low sex hormone-binding globulin, both downstream consequences of DNL (unbiased approach), 2) genes that have a known role in DNL (biased approach), and 3) genes that have been associated with serum fatty acids, used as a proxy of DNL. Gene-CAD effect estimates were retrieved from the meta-analysis of CARDIoGRAM and the UK Biobank (∼76014 cases and ∼264785 controls). Effect estimates were clustered using a fixed-effects meta-analysis. Twenty-two DNL susceptibility genes were identified by the unbiased approach, nine genes by the biased approach and seven genes were associated with plasma fatty acids. Clustering of genes selected in the unbiased and biased approach showed a statistically significant association with CAD (OR:1.016, 95%CI:1.012; 1.020 and OR:1.013, 95%CI:1.007; 1.020, respectively), while clustering of fatty acid genes did not (OR:1.004, 95%CI:0.996-1.011). Subsequent exclusion of potential influential outliers did reveal a statistically significant association (OR:1.009, 95%CI:1.000; 1.018). CONCLUSIONS DNL susceptibility genes are associated with an increased risk of CAD. These findings suggest that DNL may be involved in the pathogenesis of CAD and favor further development of strategies that target NAFLD through DNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pomme I H G Simons
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Olivier Valkenburg
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn C G J Brouwers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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9
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Kimura M, Iguchi T, Iwasawa K, Dunn A, Thompson WL, Yoneyama Y, Chaturvedi P, Zorn AM, Wintzinger M, Quattrocelli M, Watanabe-Chailland M, Zhu G, Fujimoto M, Kumbaji M, Kodaka A, Gindin Y, Chung C, Myers RP, Subramanian GM, Hwa V, Takebe T. En masse organoid phenotyping informs metabolic-associated genetic susceptibility to NASH. Cell 2022; 185:4216-4232.e16. [PMID: 36240780 PMCID: PMC9617783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genotype-phenotype associations for common diseases are often compounded by pleiotropy and metabolic state. Here, we devised a pooled human organoid-panel of steatohepatitis to investigate the impact of metabolic status on genotype-phenotype association. En masse population-based phenotypic analysis under insulin insensitive conditions predicted key non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-genetic factors including the glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR)-rs1260326:C>T. Analysis of NASH clinical cohorts revealed that GCKR-rs1260326-T allele elevates disease severity only under diabetic state but protects from fibrosis under non-diabetic states. Transcriptomic, metabolomic, and pharmacological analyses indicate significant mitochondrial dysfunction incurred by GCKR-rs1260326, which was not reversed with metformin. Uncoupling oxidative mechanisms mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction and permitted adaptation to increased fatty acid supply while protecting against oxidant stress, forming a basis for future therapeutic approaches for diabetic NASH. Thus, "in-a-dish" genotype-phenotype association strategies disentangle the opposing roles of metabolic-associated gene variant functions and offer a rich mechanistic, diagnostic, and therapeutic inference toolbox toward precision hepatology. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Takuma Iguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kentaro Iwasawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andrew Dunn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Wendy L Thompson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yosuke Yoneyama
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michelle Wintzinger
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mattia Quattrocelli
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Miki Watanabe-Chailland
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Core Facility, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gaohui Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Masanobu Fujimoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Meenasri Kumbaji
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Asuka Kodaka
- Communication Design Center, Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | | | | | - Robert P Myers
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA; The Liver Company, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - G Mani Subramanian
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA; The Liver Company, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Communication Design Center, Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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10
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Chew NW, Chong B, Ng CH, Kong G, Chin YH, Xiao W, Lee M, Dan YY, Muthiah MD, Foo R. The genetic interactions between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases. Front Genet 2022; 13:971484. [PMID: 36035124 PMCID: PMC9399730 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.971484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing debate on whether non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an active contributor or an innocent bystander in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has sparked interests in understanding the common mediators between the two biologically distinct entities. This comprehensive review identifies and curates genetic studies of NAFLD overlapping with CVD, and describes the colinear as well as opposing correlations between genetic associations for the two diseases. Here, CVD described in relation to NAFLD are coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation. Unique findings of this review included certain NAFLD susceptibility genes that possessed cardioprotective properties. Moreover, the complex interactions of genetic and environmental risk factors shed light on the disparity in genetic influence on NAFLD and its incident CVD. This serves to unravel NAFLD-mediated pathways in order to reduce CVD events, and helps identify targeted treatment strategies, develop polygenic risk scores to improve risk prediction and personalise disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W.S. Chew
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Nicholas W.S. Chew, ; Roger Foo,
| | - Bryan Chong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gwyneth Kong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yip Han Chin
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wang Xiao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Technology and Research, Bipolis way, Singapore
| | - Mick Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Technology and Research, Bipolis way, Singapore
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark D. Muthiah
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger Foo
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Technology and Research, Bipolis way, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Nicholas W.S. Chew, ; Roger Foo,
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11
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Chen Z, Gao XD, Li Z. Recent Advances Regarding the Physiological Functions and Biosynthesis of D-Allulose. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:881037. [PMID: 35495640 PMCID: PMC9048046 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.881037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
D-Allulose, a generally regarded as safe (GRAS) sugar, is rare in nature. It is among the most promising sweeteners for future use due to its low caloric content, sucrose-like taste, and unique functions. D-Allulose has many physiological effects, such as antiobesity, antihyperglycemia, antidiabetes, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. Therefore, D-allulose has important application value in the food, pharmaceutical, and healthcare industries. However, the high cost of D-allulose production limits its large-scale application. Currently, biotransformation is very attractive for D-allulose synthesis, with the two main methods of biosynthesis being the Izumoring strategy and the DHAP-dependent aldolase strategy. This article reviews recent advances regarding the physiological functions and biosynthesis of D-allulose. In addition, future perspectives on the production of D-allulose are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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12
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Ren Y, Li L, Wan L, Huang Y, Cao S. Glucokinase as an emerging anti-diabetes target and recent progress in the development of its agonists. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:606-615. [PMID: 35067153 PMCID: PMC8788356 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.2025362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with complicated pathogenesis, and mono-target therapy often fails to effectively manage the levels of blood glucose. In recent years, the anti-diabetes target glucokinase (GK) has attracted the attention of researchers. It acts as a glucose sensor, triggering counter regulatory responses following a change in glucose levels to aid restoration of normoglycemia. Activation of GK induces glucose metabolism and reduces glucose levels for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. GK agonists (GKA) are a new class of antidiabetic drugs. Among these agents, dorzagliatin is currently being investigated in phase III clinical trials, while PB-201 and AZD-1656 have reached phase II clinical trials. This article describes the mechanism of action of GK in diabetes and of action of GKA at the protein level, and provides a review of the research, trends, and prospects regarding the use of GKA in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Li Wan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
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13
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Udrea AM, Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G, Boboc AA, Mares C, Dinache A, Mernea M, Avram S. Advanced Bioinformatics Tools in the Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Natural and Synthetic Compounds with Anti-Diabetic Activity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1692. [PMID: 34827690 PMCID: PMC8615418 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes represents a major health problem, involving a severe imbalance of blood sugar levels, which can disturb the nerves, eyes, kidneys, and other organs. Diabes management involves several synthetic drugs focused on improving insulin sensitivity, increasing insulin production, and decreasing blood glucose levels, but with unclear molecular mechanisms and severe side effects. Natural chemicals extracted from several plants such as Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia or Ophiopogon planiscapus Niger have aroused great interest for their anti-diabetes activity, but also their hypolipidemic and anti-obesity activity. Here, we focused on the anti-diabetic activity of a few natural and synthetic compounds, in correlation with their pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles, especially with their blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. We reviewed studies that used bioinformatics methods such as predicted BBB, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) to elucidate the proper action mechanisms of antidiabetic compounds. Currently, it is evident that BBB damage plays a significant role in diabetes disorders, but the molecular mechanisms are not clear. Here, we presented the efficacy of natural (gymnemic acids, quercetin, resveratrol) and synthetic (TAK-242, propofol, or APX3330) compounds in reducing diabetes symptoms and improving BBB dysfunctions. Bioinformatics tools can be helpful in the quest for chemical compounds with effective anti-diabetic activity that can enhance the druggability of molecular targets and provide a deeper understanding of diabetes mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Udrea
- Laser Department, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Maurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.)
- Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences Section, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 1 B. P. Hașdeu St., 50567 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru
- Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences Section, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 1 B. P. Hașdeu St., 50567 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Anca Andreea Boboc
- “Maria Sklodowska Curie” Emergency Children’s Hospital, 20, Constantin Brancoveanu Bd., 077120 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pediatrics 8, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eroii Sanitari Bd., 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalina Mares
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91–95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Andra Dinache
- Laser Department, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Maurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.)
| | - Maria Mernea
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91–95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Speranta Avram
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91–95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (S.A.)
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14
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Wu C, Borné Y, Gao R, López Rodriguez M, Roell WC, Wilson JM, Regmi A, Luan C, Aly DM, Peter A, Machann J, Staiger H, Fritsche A, Birkenfeld AL, Tao R, Wagner R, Canouil M, Hong MG, Schwenk JM, Ahlqvist E, Kaikkonen MU, Nilsson P, Shore AC, Khan F, Natali A, Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Nilsson J, Häring HU, Renström E, Wollheim CB, Engström G, Weng J, Pearson ER, Franks PW, White MF, Duffin KL, Vaag AA, Laakso M, Stefan N, Groop L, De Marinis Y. Elevated circulating follistatin associates with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6486. [PMID: 34759311 PMCID: PMC8580990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatokine follistatin is elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and promotes hyperglycemia in mice. Here we explore the relationship of plasma follistatin levels with incident T2D and mechanisms involved. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation (SD) increase in follistatin levels for T2D is 1.24 (CI: 1.04–1.47, p < 0.05) during 19-year follow-up (n = 4060, Sweden); and 1.31 (CI: 1.09–1.58, p < 0.01) during 4-year follow-up (n = 883, Finland). High circulating follistatin associates with adipose tissue insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 210, Germany). In human adipocytes, follistatin dose-dependently increases free fatty acid release. In genome-wide association study (GWAS), variation in the glucokinase regulatory protein gene (GCKR) associates with plasma follistatin levels (n = 4239, Sweden; n = 885, UK, Italy and Sweden) and GCKR regulates follistatin secretion in hepatocytes in vitro. Our findings suggest that GCKR regulates follistatin secretion and that elevated circulating follistatin associates with an increased risk of T2D by inducing adipose tissue insulin resistance. Follistatin promotes in type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathogenesis in model animals and is elevated in patients with T2D. Here the authors report that plasma follistatin associates with increased risk of incident T2D in two longitudinal cohorts, and show that follistatin regulates insulin-induced suppression lipolysis in cultured human adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyan Wu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Intelligent Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Borné
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rui Gao
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Maykel López Rodriguez
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - William C Roell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan M Wilson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ajit Regmi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cheng Luan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.,Section of Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rongya Tao
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- Inserm U1283 / CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille; University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Mun-Gwan Hong
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Angela C Shore
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Faisel Khan
- Division of Systems Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erik Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Claes B Wollheim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Life Sciences of Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Division of Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Morris F White
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin L Duffin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yang De Marinis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. .,School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Life Sciences of Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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15
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Kading J, Finck BN, DeBosch BJ. Targeting hepatocyte carbohydrate transport to mimic fasting and calorie restriction. FEBS J 2021; 288:3784-3798. [PMID: 32654397 PMCID: PMC8662989 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pervasion of three daily meals and snacks is a relatively new introduction to our shared experience and is coincident with an epidemic rise in obesity and cardiometabolic disorders of overnutrition. The past two decades have yielded convincing evidence regarding the adaptive, protective effects of calorie restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF) against cardiometabolic, neurodegenerative, proteostatic, and inflammatory diseases. Yet, durable adherence to intensive lifestyle changes is rarely attainable. New evidence now demonstrates that restricting carbohydrate entry into the hepatocyte by itself mimics several key signaling responses and physiological outcomes of IF and CR. This discovery raises the intriguing proposition that targeting hepatocyte carbohydrate transport to mimic fasting and caloric restriction can abate cardiometabolic and perhaps other fasting-treatable diseases. Here, we review the metabolic and signaling fates of a hepatocyte carbohydrate, identify evidence to target the key mediators within these pathways, and provide rationale and data to highlight carbohydrate transport as a broad, proximal intervention to block the deleterious sequelae of hepatic glucose and fructose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kading
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian J DeBosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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16
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Zhou F, Zhang L, Zhu K, Bai M, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Wang S, Sheng C, Yuan M, Liu Y, Lu J, Shao L, Wang X, Zhou L. SIRT2 ablation inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through decreasing glycolytic flux. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4825-4838. [PMID: 33754030 PMCID: PMC7978320 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent protein deacylases known to have protective effects against age-related diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. SIRT2 is the only primarily cytoplasmic isoform and its overall role in glucose homeostasis remains uncertain. Methods: SIRT2-knockout (KO) rats were constructed to evaluate the role of SIRT2 in glucose homeostasis. The effect of SIRT2 on β-cell function was detected by investigating the morphology, insulin secretion, and metabolomic state of islets. The deacetylation and stabilization of GKRP in β-cells by SIRT2 were determined by western blot, adenoviral infection, and immunoprecipitation. Results: SIRT2-KO rats exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), without change in insulin sensitivity. SIRT2 deficiency or inhibition by AGK2 decreased GSIS in isolated rat islets, with lowered oxygen consumption rate. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of SIRT2 enhanced insulin secretion from rat islets. Metabolomics analysis revealed a decrease in metabolites of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle in SIRT2-KO islets compared with control islets. Our study further demonstrated that glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP), an endogenous inhibitor of glucokinase (GCK), was expressed in rat islets. SIRT2 overexpression deacetylated GKRP in INS-1 β-cells. SIRT2 knockout or inhibition elevated GKRP protein stability in islet β-cells, leading to an increase in the interaction of GKRP and GCK. On the contrary, SIRT2 inhibition promoted the protein degradation of ALDOA, a glycolytic enzyme. Conclusions: SIRT2 ablation inhibits GSIS through blocking GKRP protein degradation and promoting ALDOA protein degradation, resulting in a decrease in glycolytic flux.
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17
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Vincent O, Gutierrez-Nogués A, Trejo-Herrero A, Navas MA. A novel reverse two-hybrid method for the identification of missense mutations that disrupt protein-protein binding. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21043. [PMID: 33273586 PMCID: PMC7713115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The reverse two-hybrid system is a powerful method to select mutations that disrupt the interaction between two proteins and therefore to identify the residues involved in this interaction. However, the usefulness of this technique has been limited by its relative complexity when compared to the classical two-hybrid system, since an additional selection step is required to eliminate the high background of uninformative truncation mutants. We have developed a new method that combines the classical and reverse two-hybrid systems to select loss-of-binding missense mutations in a single step. The strategy used to select against truncation mutants is based on the two-hybrid interaction between a C-terminal fusion peptide and the Tsg101 protein. We have applied this method to identify mutations in human glucokinase (GK) that disrupt glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) binding. Our results indicate that this method is very efficient and eliminates all the truncation mutants and false positives. The mutated residues identified in GK are involved in the GKRP binding interface or in stabilizing the super-open conformation of GK that binds GKRP. This technique offers an improvement over existing methods in terms of speed, efficiency and simplicity and can be used to study any detectable protein interaction in the two-hybrid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Vincent
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Angel Gutierrez-Nogués
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrían Trejo-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Angeles Navas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Zeng Z, Huang SY, Sun T. Pharmacogenomic Studies of Current Antidiabetic Agents and Potential New Drug Targets for Precision Medicine of Diabetes. Diabetes Ther 2020; 11:2521-2538. [PMID: 32930968 PMCID: PMC7548012 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-020-00922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a major threat to people's health and has become a burden worldwide. Current drugs for diabetes have limitations, such as different drug responses among individuals, failure to achieve glycemic control, and adverse effects. Exploring more effective therapeutic strategies for patients with diabetes is crucial. Currently pharmacogenomics has provided potential for individualized drug therapy based on genetic and genomic information of patients, and has made precision medicine possible. Responses and adverse effects to antidiabetic drugs are significantly associated with gene polymorphisms in patients. Many new targets for diabetes also have been discovered and developed, and even entered clinical trial phases. This review summarizes pharmacogenomic evidence of some current antidiabetic agents applied in clinical settings, and highlights potential drugs with new targets for diabetes, which represent a more effective treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zeng
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shi-Ying Huang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Mäder P, Kattner L. Sulfoximines as Rising Stars in Modern Drug Discovery? Current Status and Perspective on an Emerging Functional Group in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14243-14275. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mäder
- Endotherm GmbH, Science Park 2, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Lars Kattner
- Endotherm GmbH, Science Park 2, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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20
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Synthesis of (R) and (S)-3-Chloro-5-(3-methylmorpholino)-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-ones. MOLBANK 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/m1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction of 3,5-dichloro-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-one with (R) and (S)-3-methylmorpholines (2 equiv), in THF, at ca. 20 °C gave (R) and (S)-3-chloro-5-(3-methylmorpholino)-4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-ones in 95 and 97% yields, respectively. The new compounds were fully characterized.
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21
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Brouwers MCGJ, Simons N, Stehouwer CDA, Isaacs A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease: assessing the evidence for causality. Diabetologia 2020; 63:253-260. [PMID: 31713012 PMCID: PMC6946734 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent among individuals with type 2 diabetes. Although epidemiological studies have shown that NAFLD is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), it remains unknown whether NAFLD is an active contributor or an innocent bystander. Plasma lipids, low-grade inflammation, impaired fibrinolysis and hepatokines are potential mediators of the relationship between NAFLD and CVD. The Mendelian randomisation approach can help to make causal inferences. Studies that used common variants in PNPLA3, TM6SF2 and GCKR as instruments to investigate the relationship between NAFLD and coronary artery disease (CAD) have reported contrasting results. Variants in PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 were found to protect against CAD, whereas variants in GCKR were positively associated with CAD. Since all three genes have been associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, the second stage of NAFLD, the question of whether low-grade inflammation is an important mediator of the relationship between NAFLD and CAD arises. In contrast, the differential effects of these genes on plasma lipids (i.e. lipid-lowering for PNPLA3 and TM6SF2, and lipid-raising for GCKR) strongly suggest that plasma lipids account for their differential effects on CAD risk. This concept has recently been confirmed in an extended set of 12 NAFLD susceptibility genes. From these studies it appears that plasma lipids are an important mediator between NAFLD and CVD risk. These findings have important clinical implications, particularly for the design of anti-NAFLD drugs that also affect lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C G J Brouwers
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Nynke Simons
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Sanghera DK, Hopkins R, Malone-Perez MW, Bejar C, Tan C, Mussa H, Whitby P, Fowler B, Rao CV, Fung KA, Lightfoot S, Frazer JK. Targeted sequencing of candidate genes of dyslipidemia in Punjabi Sikhs: Population-specific rare variants in GCKR promote ectopic fat deposition. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211661. [PMID: 31369557 PMCID: PMC6675050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Although, advances in genome-wide technologies have enabled the discovery of hundreds of genes associated with blood lipid phenotypes, most of the heritability remains unexplained. Here we performed targeted resequencing of 13 bona fide candidate genes of dyslipidemia to identify the underlying biological functions. We sequenced 940 Sikh subjects with extreme serum levels of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) and 2,355 subjects were used for replication studies; all 3,295 participants were part of the Asian Indians Diabetic Heart Study. Gene-centric analysis revealed burden of variants for increasing HTG risk in GCKR (p = 2.1x10-5), LPL (p = 1.6x10-3) and MLXIPL (p = 1.6x10-2) genes. Of these, three missense and damaging variants within GCKR were further examined for functional consequences in vivo using a transgenic zebrafish model. All three mutations were South Asian population-specific and were largely absent in other multiethnic populations of Exome Aggregation Consortium. We built different transgenic models of human GCKR with and without mutations and analyzed the effects of dietary changes in vivo. Despite the short-term of feeding, profound phenotypic changes were apparent in hepatocyte histology and fat deposition associated with increased expression of GCKR in response to a high fat diet (HFD). Liver histology of the GCKRmut showed severe fatty metamorphosis which correlated with ~7 fold increase in the mRNA expression in the GCKRmut fish even in the absence of a high fat diet. These findings suggest that functionally disruptive GCKR variants not only increase the risk of HTG but may enhance ectopic lipid/fat storage defects in absence of obesity and HFD. To our knowledge, this is the first transgenic zebrafish model of a putative human disease gene built to accurately assess the influence of genetic changes and their phenotypic consequences in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharambir K. Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ruth Hopkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Megan W. Malone-Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Bejar
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Chengcheng Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Huda Mussa
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Paul Whitby
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ben Fowler
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Imaging Core Facility, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Chinthapally V. Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - KarMing A. Fung
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Stan Lightfoot
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - J. Kimble Frazer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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PAQR3 regulates phosphorylation of FoxO1 in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells via NF-κB signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2019; 381:301-310. [PMID: 31095939 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a significant feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus and glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. Activation of NF-κB signaling pathway plays an important role in the formation of insulin resistance. FoxO1 plays a major role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as insulin signaling pathway. Previous studies have shown that Progestin and AdipoQ Receptor 3 (PAQR3) suppresses the activity of PI3K/Akt, which is an upstream pathway of FoxO1, and additionally promotes the pathological process of diabetic renal inflammatory fibrosis via activating NF-κB pathway. On this basis, it has caused us great concern whether NF-κB is involved in PAQR3 regulation of FoxO1 under insulin resistance. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether PAQR3 regulates phosphorylation of FoxO1 via NF-κB pathway in palmitic acid (PA)-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 cells, thereby causing glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. We found that PA stimulation and PAQR3 overexpression decreased the phosphorylation of FoxO1 and the expressions of glucokinase (GCK) and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), in addition, promoted the nuclear accumulation of NF-κB. Inhibition of NF-κB pathway increased the phosphorylation of FoxO1 and the expressions of GCK and LDLR which were downregulated by PA stimulation and PAQR3 overexpression. Taken together, in PA-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 cells, PAQR3 might regulate the phosphorylation of FoxO1 and the expressions of GCK and LDLR through NF-κB pathway, thereby regulating the glucose and lipid metabolism disorders induced by insulin resistance.
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24
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Rohm M, Zeigerer A, Machado J, Herzig S. Energy metabolism in cachexia. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201847258. [PMID: 30890538 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a wasting disorder that accompanies many chronic diseases including cancer and results from an imbalance of energy requirements and energy uptake. In cancer cachexia, tumor-secreted factors and/or tumor-host interactions cause this imbalance, leading to loss of adipose tissue and skeletal and cardiac muscle, which weakens the body. In this review, we discuss how energy enters the body and is utilized by the different organs, including the gut, liver, adipose tissue, and muscle, and how these organs contribute to the energy wasting observed in cachexia. We also discuss futile cycles both between the organs and within the cells, which are often used to fine-tune energy supply under physiologic conditions. Ultimately, understanding the complex interplay of pathologic energy-wasting circuits in cachexia can bring us closer to identifying effective treatment strategies for this devastating wasting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rohm
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Zeigerer
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juliano Machado
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany .,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Chair Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Vella A, Freeman JLR, Dunn I, Keller K, Buse JB, Valcarce C. Targeting hepatic glucokinase to treat diabetes with TTP399, a hepatoselective glucokinase activator. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:11/475/eaau3441. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic success of interventions targeting glucokinase (GK) activation for the treatment of type 2 diabetes has been limited by hypoglycemia, steatohepatitis, and loss of efficacy over time. The clinical characteristics of patients with GK-activating mutations or GK regulatory protein (GKRP) loss-of-function mutations suggest that a hepatoselective GK activator (GKA) that does not activate GK in β cells or affect the GK-GKRP interaction may reduce hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes while limiting hypoglycemia and liver-associated adverse effects. Here, we review the rationale for TTP399, an oral hepatoselective GKA, and its progression from preclinical to clinical development, with an emphasis on the results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled phase 2 study of TTP399 in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this 6-month study, TTP399 (800 mg/day) was associated with a clinically significant and sustained reduction in glycated hemoglobin, with a placebo-subtracted least squares mean HbA1c change from baseline of −0.9% (P < 0.01). Compared to placebo, TTP399 (800 mg/day) also increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.2 mg/dl; P < 0.05), decreased fasting plasma glucagon (−20 pg/ml; P < 0.05), and decreased weight in patients weighing ≥100 kg (−3.4 kg; P < 0.05). TTP399 did not cause hypoglycemia, had no detrimental effect on plasma lipids or liver enzymes, and did not increase blood pressure, highlighting the importance of tissue selectivity and preservation of physiological regulation when targeting key metabolic regulators such as GK.
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26
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Sternisha SM, Miller BG. Molecular and cellular regulation of human glucokinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 663:199-213. [PMID: 30641049 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism in humans is tightly controlled by the activity of glucokinase (GCK). GCK is predominantly produced in the pancreas, where it catalyzes the rate-limiting step of insulin secretion, and in the liver, where it participates in glycogen synthesis. A multitude of disease-causing mutations within the gck gene have been identified. Activating mutations manifest themselves in the clinic as congenital hyperinsulinism, while loss-of-function mutations produce several diabetic conditions. Indeed, pharmaceutical companies have shown great interest in developing GCK-associated treatments for diabetic patients. Due to its essential role in maintaining whole-body glucose homeostasis, GCK activity is extensively regulated at multiple levels. GCK possesses a unique ability to self-regulate its own activity via slow conformational dynamics, which allows for a cooperative response to glucose. GCK is also subject to a number of protein-protein interactions and post-translational modification events that produce a broad range of physiological consequences. While significant advances in our understanding of these individual regulatory mechanisms have been recently achieved, how these strategies are integrated and coordinated within the cell is less clear. This review serves to synthesize the relevant findings and offer insights into the connections between molecular and cellular control of GCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Sternisha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Brian G Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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Meng Y, Cui Y, Zhang W, Fu S, Huang L, Dong H, Du H. Integrative Analysis of Genome and Expression Profile Data Reveals the Genetic Mechanism of the Diabetic Pathogenesis in Goto Kakizaki (GK) Rats. Front Genet 2019; 9:724. [PMID: 30687391 PMCID: PMC6335273 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Goto Kakizaki (GK) rats which can spontaneously develop type 2 diabetes (T2D), are generated by repeated inbreeding of Wistar rats with glucose intolerance. The glucose intolerance in GK rat is mainly attributed to the impairment in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). In addition, GK rat display a decrease in beta cell mass, and a change in insulin action. However, the genetic mechanism of these features remain unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the population variants of GK rats and control Wistar rats by whole genome sequencing and identified 1,839 and 1,333 specific amino acid changed (SAAC) genes in GK and Wistar rats, respectively. We also detected the putative artificial selective sweeps (PASS) regions in GK rat which were enriched with GK fixed variants and were under selected in the initial diabetic-driven derivation by homogeneity test with the fixed and polymorphic sites between GK and Wistar populations. Finally, we integrated the SAAC genes, PASS region genes and differentially expressed genes in GK pancreatic beta cells to reveal the genetic mechanism of the impairment in GSIS, a decrease in beta cell mass, and a change in insulin action in GK rat. The results showed that Slc2a2 gene was related to impaired glucose transport and Adcy3, Cacna1f, Bmp4, Fam3b, and Ptprn2 genes were related to Ca2+ channel dysfunction which may responsible for the impaired GSIS. The genes Hnf4g, Bmp4, and Bad were associated with beta cell development and may be responsible for a decrease in beta cell mass while genes Ide, Ppp1r3c, Hdac9, Ghsr, and Gckr may be responsible for the change in insulin action in GK rats. The overexpression or inhibition of Bmp4, Fam3b, Ptprn2, Ide, Hnf4g, and Bad has been reported to change the glucose tolerance in rodents. However, the genes Bmp4, Fam3b, and Ptprn2 were found to be associated with diabetes in GK rats for the first time in the present study. Our findings provide a comprehensive genetic map of the abnormalities in GK genome which will be helpful in understand the underlying genetic mechanism of pathogenesis of diabetes in GK rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Meng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering - Department of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Cui
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering - Department of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering - Department of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuying Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering - Department of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering - Department of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Dong
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering - Department of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Du
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering - Department of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Carbohydrate kinases activate a wide variety of monosaccharides by adding a phosphate group, usually from ATP. This modification is fundamental to saccharide utilization, and it is likely a very ancient reaction. Modern organisms contain carbohydrate kinases from at least five main protein families. These range from the highly specialized inositol kinases, to the ribokinases and galactokinases, which belong to families that phosphorylate a wide range of substrates. The carbohydrate kinases utilize a common strategy to drive the reaction between the sugar hydroxyl and the donor phosphate. Each sugar is held in position by a network of hydrogen bonds to the non-reactive hydroxyls (and other functional groups). The reactive hydroxyl is deprotonated, usually by an aspartic acid side chain acting as a catalytic base. The deprotonated hydroxyl then attacks the donor phosphate. The resulting pentacoordinate transition state is stabilized by an adjacent divalent cation, and sometimes by a positively charged protein side chain or the presence of an anion hole. Many carbohydrate kinases are allosterically regulated using a wide variety of strategies, due to their roles at critical control points in carbohydrate metabolism. The evolution of a similar mechanism in several folds highlights the elegance and simplicity of the catalytic scheme.
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Kaushik A, Kaushik M. Recent Updates on Glucokinase Activators and Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Disrupters for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 15:205-212. [PMID: 30039763 DOI: 10.2174/1573399814666180724100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impairment of glucose metabolism leads to hyperglycemia and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Glucokinase enzyme is the key regulator of glucose homeostasis that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in liver and pancreatic cells. In hepatocytes, GK controls the glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. The action of liver GK is controlled by Glucokinase Regulatory Protein (GKRP) partially. In fasting conditions the GKRP binds with GK and inactivate it from carbohydrate metabolism and serve as new target for treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, the GK activators as potential antidiabetic agents but results in increased risks of hypoglycemia. CONCLUSION The allosteric inhibitors of the GK-GKRP interaction are coming as alternative agents that can mitigate the risk associated with GK activators. This review discusses the recent advances and current status of potential molecules targeted to GK activators and GK-GKRP disrupters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Kaushik
- I.K.Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar - Kapurthala Highway, Kapurthala, Punjab, India
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López Rodríguez M, Fernandes Silva L, Vangipurapu J, Modi S, Kuusisto J, Kaikkonen MU, Laakso M. Functional Variant in the GCKR Gene Affects Lactate Levels Differentially in the Fasting State and During Hyperglycemia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15989. [PMID: 30375486 PMCID: PMC6207693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The rs780094 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; C/T) of glucokinase regulatory protein gene (GCKR) is a regulatory genetic variant that has been associated with lactate levels in the fasting state. However, the association of this locus with lactate during hyperglycemia, and the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unknown. We investigated the association of rs780094 with lactate levels in a frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance test in humans and evaluated the effect of increasing GCKR expression on lactate production in liver cells. The C allele of rs780094 was associated with lower lactate levels in fasting but increased lactate level during hyperglycemia independently of insulin levels. Increased expression of GKRP induced higher lactate level in HepG2 cells and in human primary hepatocytes (HPH) upon glucose stimulation by increasing the amount of GCK. Glucagon induced the expression of GCKR in HepG2 and HPH cells. Our results suggest that the association of rs780094 with lactate levels may involve differential GCKR expression between the carriers of the C and T alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel López Rodríguez
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lilian Fernandes Silva
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jagadish Vangipurapu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Shalem Modi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100 FI 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100 FI 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland.
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Association of common gene variants in glucokinase regulatory protein with cardiorenal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206174. [PMID: 30352097 PMCID: PMC6198948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small-molecules that disrupt the binding between glucokinase and glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) in the liver represent a potential new class of glucose-lowering drugs. It will, however, take years before their effects on clinically relevant cardiovascular endpoints are known. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of these drugs on cardiorenal outcomes by studying variants in the GKRP gene (GCKR) that mimic glucokinase-GKRP disruptors. Methods The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for studies reporting on the association between GCKR variants (rs1260326, rs780094, and rs780093) and coronary artery disease (CAD), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Results In total 5 CAD studies (n = 274,625 individuals), 7 eGFR studies (n = 195,195 individuals), and 4 CKD studies (n = 31,642 cases and n = 408,432 controls) were included. Meta-analysis revealed a significant association between GCKR variants and CAD (OR:1.02 per risk allele, 95%CI:1.00–1.04, p = 0.01). Sensitivity analyses showed that replacement of one large, influential CAD study by two other, partly overlapping studies resulted in similar point estimates, albeit less precise (OR:1.02; 95%CI:0.98–1.06 and OR: 1.02; 95%CI: 0.99–1.04). GCKR was associated with an improved eGFR (+0.49 ml/min, 95%CI:0.10–0.89, p = 0.01) and a trend towards protection from CKD (OR:0.98, 95%CI:0.95–1.01, p = 0.13). Conclusion This study suggests that increased glucokinase-GKRP disruption has beneficial effects on eGFR, but these may be offset by a disadvantageous effect on coronary artery disease risk. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanistic link between hepatic glucose metabolism and eGFR.
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Patel V, Dwivedi AK, Deodhar S, Mishra I, Cistola DP. Aptamer-based search for correlates of plasma and serum water T 2: implications for early metabolic dysregulation and metabolic syndrome. Biomark Res 2018; 6:28. [PMID: 30237882 PMCID: PMC6142358 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-018-0143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of abnormalities that increases the risk for type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Plasma and serum water T2 from benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry are early, global and practical biomarkers for metabolic syndrome and its underlying abnormalities. In a prior study, water T2 was analyzed against ~ 130 strategically selected proteins and metabolites to identify associations with insulin resistance, inflammation and dyslipidemia. In the current study, the analysis was broadened ten-fold using a modified aptamer (SOMAmer) library, enabling an unbiased search for new proteins correlated with water T2 and thus, metabolic health. Methods Water T2 measurements were recorded using fasting plasma and serum from non-diabetic human subjects. In parallel, plasma samples were analyzed using a SOMAscan assay that employed modified DNA aptamers to determine the relative concentrations of 1310 proteins. A multi-step statistical analysis was performed to identify the biomarkers most predictive of water T2. The steps included Spearman rank correlation, followed by principal components analysis with variable clustering, random forests for biomarker selection, and regression trees for biomarker ranking. Results The multi-step analysis unveiled five new proteins most predictive of water T2: hepatocyte growth factor, receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3, bone sialoprotein 2, glucokinase regulatory protein and endothelial cell-specific molecule 1. Three of the five strongest predictors of water T2 have been previously implicated in cardiometabolic diseases. Hepatocyte growth factor has been associated with incident type 2 diabetes, and endothelial cell specific molecule 1, with atherosclerosis in subjects with diabetes. Glucokinase regulatory protein plays a critical role in hepatic glucose uptake and metabolism and is a drug target for type 2 diabetes. By contrast, receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 and bone sialoprotein 2 have not been previously associated with metabolic conditions. In addition to the five most predictive biomarkers, the analysis unveiled other strong correlates of water T2 that would not have been identified in a hypothesis-driven biomarker search. Conclusions The identification of new proteins associated with water T2 demonstrates the value of this approach to biomarker discovery. It provides new insights into the metabolic significance of water T2 and the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40364-018-0143-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipulkumar Patel
- 1Nanoparticle Diagnostics Laboratory, Institute for Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA.,2Center of Emphasis in Diabetes & Metabolism, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905 USA
| | - Alok K Dwivedi
- 3Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905 USA
| | - Sneha Deodhar
- 1Nanoparticle Diagnostics Laboratory, Institute for Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Ina Mishra
- 1Nanoparticle Diagnostics Laboratory, Institute for Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA.,2Center of Emphasis in Diabetes & Metabolism, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905 USA
| | - David P Cistola
- 1Nanoparticle Diagnostics Laboratory, Institute for Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA.,2Center of Emphasis in Diabetes & Metabolism, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905 USA
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Gutierrez-Nogués A, García-Herrero CM, Oriola J, Vincent O, Navas MA. Functional characterization of MODY2 mutations in the nuclear export signal of glucokinase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2385-2394. [PMID: 29704611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GCK) plays a key role in glucose homeostasis. Heterozygous inactivating mutations in the GCK gene cause the familial, mild fasting hyperglycaemia named MODY2. Besides its particular kinetic characteristics, glucokinase is regulated by subcellular compartmentation in hepatocytes. Glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) binds to GCK, leading to enzyme inhibition and import into the nucleus at fasting. When glucose concentration increases, GCK-GKRP dissociates and GCK is exported to the cytosol due to a nuclear export signal (NES). With the aim to characterize the GCK-NES, we have functionally analysed nine MODY2 mutations located within the NES sequence. Recombinant GCK mutants showed reduced catalytic activity and, in most cases, protein instability. Most of the mutants interact normally with GKRP, although mutations L306R and L309P impair GCK nuclear import in cotransfected cells. We demonstrated that GCK-NES function depends on exportin 1. We further showed that none of the mutations fully inactivate the NES, with the exception of mutation L304P, which likely destabilizes its α-helicoidal structure. Finally, we found that residue Glu300 negatively modulates the NES activity, whereas other residues have the opposite effect, thus suggesting that some of the NES spacer residues contribute to the low affinity of the NES for exportin 1, which is required for its proper functioning. In conclusion, our results have provided functional and structural insights regarding the GCK-NES and contributed to a better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of glucokinase. Impairment of this regulatory mechanism by some MODY2 mutations might contribute to the hyperglycaemia in the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gutierrez-Nogués
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen-María García-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Oriola
- Servicio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Hospital Clínic, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivier Vincent
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Angeles Navas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), www.ciberdem.net, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
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Li Q, Gakhar L, Ashley Spies M. Determinants of human glucokinase activation and implications for small molecule allosteric control. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1902-1912. [PMID: 29885360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is an enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate, and it is a tightly regulated checkpoint in glucose homeostasis. GK is known to undergo substantial conformational changes upon glucose binding. The monomeric enzyme possesses a highly exotic kinetic activity profile with an unusual sigmoidal dependence on glucose concentration. In this interdisciplinary study, which draws on small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) integrated with 250 ns of atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experimental glucose binding thermodynamics, we reveal that the critical regulation of this glucose sensor is due to a solvent controlled "switch". We demonstrate that the "solvent switch" is driven by specific protein structural dynamics, which leads to an enzyme structure that has a much more favorable solvation energy than most of the protein ensemble. These findings uncover the physical workings of an agile and flexible protein scaffold, which derives its long-range allosteric control through specific regions with favorable solvation energy. The physiological framework presented herein provides insights that have direct implications for the design of small molecule GK activators as anti-diabetes therapeutics as well as for understanding how proteins can be designed to have built-in regulatory functions via solvation energy dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn Li
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Protein Crystallography Facility, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - M Ashley Spies
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Medicinal Natural Products Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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Dietary Supplement of Large Yellow Tea Ameliorates Metabolic Syndrome and Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis in db/db Mice. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10010075. [PMID: 29329215 PMCID: PMC5793303 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow tea has been widely recognized for its health benefits. However, its effects and mechanism are largely unknown. The current study investigated the mechanism of dietary supplements of large yellow tea and its effects on metabolic syndrome and the hepatic steatosis in male db/db mice. Our data showed that dietary supplements of large yellow tea and water extract significantly reduced water intake and food consumption, lowered the serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and significantly reduced blood glucose level and increased glucose tolerance in db/db mice when compared to untreated db/db mice. In addition, the dietary supplement of large yellow tea prevented the fatty liver formation and restored the normal hepatic structure of db/db mice. Furthermore, the dietary supplement of large yellow tea obviously reduced the lipid synthesis related to gene fatty acid synthase, the sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase α, as well as fatty acid synthase and sterol response element-binding protein 1 expression, while the lipid catabolic genes were not altered in the liver of db/db mice. This study substantiated that the dietary supplement of large yellow tea has potential as a food additive for ameliorating type 2 diabetes-associated symptoms.
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Sirt2 facilitates hepatic glucose uptake by deacetylating glucokinase regulatory protein. Nat Commun 2018; 9:30. [PMID: 29296001 PMCID: PMC5750207 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired hepatic glucose uptake (HGU) causes postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Here, we show that diminished hepatic Sirt2 activity impairs HGU in obese diabetic mice. Hepatic Sirt2 overexpression increases HGU in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese diabetic mice and mitigates their impaired glucose tolerance. Hepatic Sirt2 knockdown in non-diabetic mice reduces HGU and causes impaired glucose tolerance. Sirt2 promotes glucose-dependent HGU by deacetylating K126 of glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP). Glucokinase and GKRP glucose-dependent dissociation is necessary for HGU but is inhibited in hepatocytes derived from obese diabetic mice, depleted of Sirt2 or transfected with GKRP acetylation-mimicking mutants. GKRP deacetylation-mimicking mutants dissociate from glucokinase in a glucose concentration-dependent manner in obese diabetic mouse-derived hepatocytes and increase HGU and glucose tolerance in HFD-induced or db/db obese diabetic mice. We demonstrate that Sirt2-dependent GKRP deacetylation improves impaired HGU and suggest that it may be a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. During diabetes, postprandial hyperglycemia is caused by impaired glucose uptake. Here, Watanabe and colleagues show that impaired hepatic glucose uptake during obesity is caused by a reduction in Sirt2 activity, which promotes glucokinase regulatory protein acetylation and its dissociation from glucokinase.
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Hiyoshi T, Fujiwara M, Yao Z. Postprandial hyperglycemia and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in type 2 diabetes. J Biomed Res 2017; 33:1. [PMID: 29089472 PMCID: PMC6352876 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial glucose level is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease that exerts effects greater than glucose levels at fasting state, whereas increase in serum triglyceride level, under both fasting and postprandial conditions, contributes to the development of arteriosclerosis. Insulin resistance is a prevailing cause of abnormalities in postabsorptive excursion of blood glucose and postprandial lipid profile. Excess fat deposition renders a vicious cycle of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia in the postprandial state, and both of which are contributors to atherosclerotic change of vessels especially in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several therapeutic approaches for ameliorating each of these abnormalities have been attempted, including various antidiabetic agents or new compounds targeting lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hiyoshi
- . Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsunori Fujiwara
- . Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- . Department of Laboratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zemin Yao
- . Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
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Al-Oanzi ZH, Fountana S, Moonira T, Tudhope SJ, Petrie JL, Alshawi A, Patman G, Arden C, Reeves HL, Agius L. Opposite effects of a glucokinase activator and metformin on glucose-regulated gene expression in hepatocytes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1078-1087. [PMID: 28206714 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM Small molecule activators of glucokinase (GKAs) have been explored extensively as potential anti-hyperglycaemic drugs for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Several GKAs were remarkably effective in lowering blood glucose during early therapy but then lost their glycaemic efficacy chronically during clinical trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used rat hepatocytes to test the hypothesis that GKAs raise hepatocyte glucose 6-phosphate (G6P, the glucokinase product) and down-stream metabolites with consequent repression of the liver glucokinase gene ( Gck). We compared a GKA with metformin, the most widely prescribed drug for T2D. RESULTS Treatment of hepatocytes with 25 mM glucose raised cell G6P, concomitantly with Gck repression and induction of G6pc (glucose 6-phosphatase) and Pklr (pyruvate kinase). A GKA mimicked high glucose by raising G6P and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, a regulatory metabolite, causing a left-shift in glucose responsiveness on gene regulation. Fructose, like the GKA, repressed Gck but modestly induced G6pc. 2-Deoxyglucose, which is phosphorylated by glucokinase but not further metabolized caused Gck repression but not G6pc induction, implicating the glucokinase product in Gck repression. Metformin counteracted the effect of high glucose on the elevated G6P and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and on Gck repression, recruitment of Mlx-ChREBP to the G6pc and Pklr promoters and induction of these genes. CONCLUSIONS Elevation in hepatocyte G6P and downstream metabolites, with consequent liver Gck repression, is a potential contributing mechanism to the loss of GKA efficacy during chronic therapy. Cell metformin loads within the therapeutic range attenuate the effect of high glucose on G6P and on glucose-regulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad H Al-Oanzi
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Medical Laboratory Science, Aljouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophia Fountana
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tabassum Moonira
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Susan J Tudhope
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John L Petrie
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ahmed Alshawi
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gillian Patman
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine Arden
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen L Reeves
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Loranne Agius
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Martinez JA, Xiao Q, Zakarian A, Miller BG. Antidiabetic Disruptors of the Glucokinase-Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Complex Reorganize a Coulombic Interface. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3150-3157. [PMID: 28516783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) plays an essential role in glucose homeostasis by acting as a competitive inhibitor of glucokinase (GCK) and triggering its localization to the hepatocyte nucleus upon glucose deprivation. Metabolites such as fructose 6-phosphate and sorbitol 6-phosphate promote assembly of the GCK-GKRP complex, whereas fructose 1-phosphate and functionalized piperazines with potent in vivo antidiabetic activity disrupt the complex. Here, we establish the molecular basis by which these natural and synthetic ligands modulate the GCK-GKRP interaction. We demonstrate that a small-molecule disruptor of the protein-protein interaction utilizes a two-step conformational selection mechanism to associate with a rare GKRP conformation constituting 3% of the total population. Conformational heterogeneity of GKRP is localized to the N-terminus and deleting this region eliminates the ability of sorbitol 6-phosphate to promote the GCK-GKRP interaction. Stabilizing ligands favor an extended N-terminus, which sterically positions two arginine residues for optimal Coulombic interaction with a pair of carboxylate side chains from GCK. Conversely, disruptors promote a more compact N-terminus in which an interfacial arginine residue is stabilized in an unproductive orientation through a cation-π interaction with tyrosine 75. Eliminating the ability to sample this binding impaired conformation enhances the intrinsic inhibitory activity of GKRP. Elucidating the molecular basis of ligand-mediated control over the GCK-GKRP interaction is expected to impact the development and future refinement of therapeutic agents for diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which result from improper GKRP regulation of GCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32303, United States
| | - Qing Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Brian G Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32303, United States
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Thomsen SK, Gloyn AL. Human genetics as a model for target validation: finding new therapies for diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:960-970. [PMID: 28447115 PMCID: PMC5423999 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a global epidemic with major effects on healthcare expenditure and quality of life. Currently available treatments are inadequate for the prevention of comorbidities, yet progress towards new therapies remains slow. A major barrier is the insufficiency of traditional preclinical models for predicting drug efficacy and safety. Human genetics offers a complementary model to assess causal mechanisms for target validation. Genetic perturbations are 'experiments of nature' that provide a uniquely relevant window into the long-term effects of modulating specific targets. Here, we show that genetic discoveries over the past decades have accurately predicted (now known) therapeutic mechanisms for type 2 diabetes. These findings highlight the potential for use of human genetic variation for prospective target validation, and establish a framework for future applications. Studies into rare, monogenic forms of diabetes have also provided proof-of-principle for precision medicine, and the applicability of this paradigm to complex disease is discussed. Finally, we highlight some of the limitations that are relevant to the use of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in the search for new therapies for diabetes. A key outstanding challenge is the translation of GWAS signals into disease biology and we outline possible solutions for tackling this experimental bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren K Thomsen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK.
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Xu J, Lin S, Myers RW, Addona G, Berger JP, Campbell B, Chen HS, Chen Z, Eiermann GJ, Elowe NH, Farrer BT, Feng W, Fu Q, Kats-Kagan R, Kavana M, Malkani S, McMasters DR, Mitra K, Pachanski MJ, Tong X, Trujillo ME, Xu L, Zhang B, Zhang F, Zhang R, Parmee ER. Novel, highly potent systemic glucokinase activators for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2069-2073. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xu J, Lin S, Myers RW, Trujillo ME, Pachanski MJ, Malkani S, Chen HS, Chen Z, Campbell B, Eiermann GJ, Elowe N, Farrer BT, Feng W, Fu Q, Kats-Kagan R, Kavana M, McMasters DR, Mitra K, Tong X, Xu L, Zhang F, Zhang R, Addona GH, Berger JP, Zhang B, Parmee ER. Discovery of orally active hepatoselective glucokinase activators for treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2063-2068. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ajala ON, Huffman DM, Ghobrial II. Glucokinase mutation-a rare cause of recurrent hypoglycemia in adults: a case report and literature review. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2016; 6:32983. [PMID: 27802864 PMCID: PMC5089152 DOI: 10.3402/jchimp.v6.32983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoglycemia occurs frequently in patients both in the inpatient and outpatient settings. While most hypoglycemia unrelated to diabetes treatment results from excessive endogenous insulin action, rare cases involve functional and congenital mutations in glycolytic enzymes of insulin regulation. Case A 21-year-old obese woman presented to the emergency department with complaints of repeated episodes of lethargy, syncope, dizziness, and sweating. She was referred from an outside facility on suspicion of insulinoma, with severe hypoglycemia unresponsive to repeated dextrose infusions. Her plasma glucose was 20 mg/dl at presentation, 44 mg/dl on arrival at our facility, and remained low in spite of multiple dextrose infusions. The patient had been treated for persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy at our neonatal facility and 4 years ago was diagnosed as having an activating glucokinase (GCK) mutation. She was then treated with octreotide and diazoxide with improvement in symptoms and blood glucose levels. Conclusion Improved diagnostication and management of uncommon genetic mutations as typified in this patient with an activating mutation of the GCK gene has expanded the spectrum of disease in adult medicine. This calls for improved patient information dissemination across different levels and aspects of the health care delivery system to ensure cost-effective and timely health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluremi N Ajala
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, McKeesport, PA, USA;
| | - David M Huffman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | - Ibrahim I Ghobrial
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, McKeesport, PA, USA
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Simons N, Dekker JM, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Nijpels G, 't Hart LM, van der Kallen CJH, Schalkwijk CG, Schaper NC, Stehouwer CDA, Brouwers MCGJ. A Common Gene Variant in Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Interacts With Glucose Metabolism on Diabetic Dyslipidemia: the Combined CODAM and Hoorn Studies. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:1811-7. [PMID: 27660121 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Small molecules that disrupt the binding between glucokinase and glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) are potential new glucose-lowering targets. They stimulate hepatic glucose disposal by increasing glucokinase activity in the liver. It can, however, be anticipated that increased hepatic glucokinase activity might be accompanied by the development of hypertriglyceridemia, particularly in type 2 diabetes. We examined whether the strength of association between rs1260326, a common, functional gene variant in GKRP, and plasma lipids is affected by glucose metabolism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS rs1260326 was genotyped in subjects with normal glucose metabolism (n = 497), subjects with impaired glucose metabolism (n = 256), and patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 351) in the combined Hoorn and Cohort on Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Maastricht (CODAM) studies. RESULTS The strength of association between the rs1260326 minor T allele and plasma triglycerides increased from normal glucose metabolism to impaired glucose metabolism to type 2 diabetes (P for interaction = 0.002). The inverse relation between rs1260326 and plasma HDL cholesterol was again most prominent in type 2 diabetes (P for interaction = 0.004). Similar trends were observed when the Hoorn and CODAM cohorts were analyzed separately. Comparable results were obtained when glucose metabolism strata were replaced by continuous indices of glucose metabolism, i.e., HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate that common gene variants, such as rs1260326, can have substantial effect sizes when they are studied in specific populations, such as type 2 diabetes. Moreover, our results shed light on potential side effects of small molecule disruptors of the GKRP-glucokinase complex, especially when glucose control is suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Simons
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Dekker
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen M J van Greevenbroek
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Giel Nijpels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leen M 't Hart
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Carla J H van der Kallen
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas C Schaper
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn C G J Brouwers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Rines AK, Sharabi K, Tavares CDJ, Puigserver P. Targeting hepatic glucose metabolism in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:786-804. [PMID: 27516169 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, resulting in hyperglycaemia. Although current diabetes treatments have exhibited some success in lowering blood glucose levels, their effect is not always sustained and their use may be associated with undesirable side effects, such as hypoglycaemia. Novel antidiabetic drugs, which may be used in combination with existing therapies, are therefore needed. The potential of specifically targeting the liver to normalize blood glucose levels has not been fully exploited. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms controlling hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage, and assess the prospect of therapeutically targeting associated pathways to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Rines
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kfir Sharabi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Clint D J Tavares
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Davis MI, Auld DS, Inglese J. Bioluminescence Methods for Assaying Kinases in Quantitative High-Throughput Screening (qHTS) Format Applied to Yes1 Tyrosine Kinase, Glucokinase, and PI5P4Kα Lipid Kinase. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1360:47-58. [PMID: 26501901 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3073-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Assays in which the detection of a biological phenomenon is coupled to the production of bioluminescence by luciferase have gained widespread use. As firefly luciferases (FLuc) and kinases share a common substrate (ATP), coupling of a kinase to FLuc allows for the amount of ATP remaining following a kinase reaction to be assessed by quantitating the amount of luminescence produced. Alternatively, the amount of ADP produced by the kinase reaction can be coupled to FLuc through a two-step process. This chapter describes the bioluminescent assays that were developed for three classes of kinases (lipid, protein, and metabolic kinases) and miniaturized to 1536-well format, enabling their use for quantitative high-throughput (qHTS) of small-molecule libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy I Davis
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Douglas S Auld
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Inglese
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Loranne Agius
- Institutes of Cellular Medicine and Ageing and Health, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH United Kingdom;
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48
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Brouwers MCGJ, Jacobs C, Bast A, Stehouwer CDA, Schaper NC. Modulation of Glucokinase Regulatory Protein: A Double-Edged Sword? Trends Mol Med 2016; 21:583-594. [PMID: 26432016 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The continuous search for drugs targeting type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has led to the identification of small molecules that disrupt the binding between glucokinase and glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP). Although mice studies are encouraging, it will take years before these disruptors can be introduced to T2DM patients. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that variants in the gene encoding GKRP protect against T2DM and kidney disease but predispose to gout, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and dyslipidemia. These genetic data, together with previous experience with systemic and hepatospecific glucokinase activators, provide insight into the anticipated efficacy and safety of small-molecule disruptors in humans. Interestingly, they suggest that the opposite--enhanced GKRP-glucokinase binding--could be beneficial in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C G J Brouwers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Chantal Jacobs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- General Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas C Schaper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Casey AK, Miller BG. Kinetic Basis of Carbohydrate-Mediated Inhibition of Human Glucokinase by the Glucokinase Regulatory Protein. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2899-902. [PMID: 27174229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) is a competitive inhibitor of glucokinase (GCK), triggering its localization to the hepatocyte nucleus upon glucose deprivation. Here we establish the kinetic mechanism of GKRP action by analyzing its association with a genetically encoded, fluorescent variant of human GCK. Our results demonstrate that binding of GKRP to GCK involves two steps, formation of an initial encounter complex followed by conformational equilibration between two GKRP-GCK states. Fructose 6-phosphate, a known enhancer of GKRP action, promotes formation of the initial encounter complex via a 2.6-fold increase in kon and stabilizes the complex through a 60-fold decrease in koff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Casey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 4005 Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32303, United States
| | - Brian G Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 4005 Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32303, United States
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50
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Therapeutic Targets of Triglyceride Metabolism as Informed by Human Genetics. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:328-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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