1
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Lu KP, Zhou XZ. Pin1-catalyzed conformational regulation after phosphorylation: A distinct checkpoint in cell signaling and drug discovery. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadi8743. [PMID: 38889227 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adi8743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most common mechanisms regulating cellular signaling pathways, and many kinases and phosphatases are proven drug targets. Upon phosphorylation, protein functions can be further regulated by the distinct isomerase Pin1 through cis-trans isomerization. Numerous protein targets and many important roles have now been elucidated for Pin1. However, no tools are available to detect or target cis and trans conformation events in cells. The development of Pin1 inhibitors and stereo- and phospho-specific antibodies has revealed that cis and trans conformations have distinct and often opposing cellular functions. Aberrant conformational changes due to the dysregulation of Pin1 can drive pathogenesis but can be effectively targeted in age-related diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review advances in understanding the roles of Pin1 signaling in health and disease and highlight conformational regulation as a distinct signal transduction checkpoint in disease development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ping Lu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Xiao Zhen Zhou
- Departments of Biochemistry and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
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2
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Seifu YW, Pukyšová V, Rýdza N, Bilanovičová V, Zwiewka M, Sedláček M, Nodzyński T. Mapping the membrane orientation of auxin homeostasis regulators PIN5 and PIN8 in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells reveals their divergent topology. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:84. [PMID: 38825682 PMCID: PMC11145782 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
PIN proteins establish the auxin concentration gradient, which coordinates plant growth. PIN1-4 and 7 localized at the plasma membrane (PM) and facilitate polar auxin transport while the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized PIN5 and PIN8 maintain the intracellular auxin homeostasis. Although an antagonistic activity of PIN5 and PIN8 proteins in regulating the intracellular auxin homeostasis and other developmental events have been reported, the membrane topology of these proteins, which might be a basis for their antagonistic function, is poorly understood. In this study we optimized digitonin based PM-permeabilizing protocols coupled with immunocytochemistry labeling to map the membrane topology of PIN5 and PIN8 in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells. Our results indicate that, except for the similarities in the orientation of the N-terminus, PIN5 and PIN8 have an opposite orientation of the central hydrophilic loop and the C-terminus, as well as an unequal number of transmembrane domains (TMDs). PIN8 has ten TMDs with groups of five alpha-helices separated by the central hydrophilic loop (HL) residing in the ER lumen, and its N- and C-terminals are positioned in the cytoplasm. However, the topology of PIN5 comprises nine TMDs. Its N-terminal end and the central HL face the cytoplasm while its C-terminus resides in the ER lumen. Overall, this study shows that PIN5 and PIN8 proteins have a divergent membrane topology while introducing a toolkit of methods for studying membrane topology of integral proteins including those localized at the ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewubnesh Wendimu Seifu
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Pukyšová
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Rýdza
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Bilanovičová
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Sedláček
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic.
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3
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Bai Q, Xuan S, Li W, Ali K, Zheng B, Ren H. Molecular mechanism of brassinosteroids involved in root gravity response based on transcriptome analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:485. [PMID: 38822229 PMCID: PMC11143716 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of phytohormones that regulate a wide range of developmental processes in plants. BR-associated mutants display impaired growth and response to developmental and environmental stimuli. RESULTS Here, we found that a BR-deficient mutant det2-1 displayed abnormal root gravitropic growth in Arabidopsis, which was not present in other BR mutants. To further elucidate the role of DET2 in gravity, we performed transcriptome sequencing and analysis of det2-1 and bri1-116, bri1 null mutant allele. Expression levels of auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, and other related genes in the two mutants of det2-1 and bri1-116 were basically the same. However, we only found that a large number of JAZ (JASMONATE ZIM-domain) genes and jasmonate synthesis-related genes were upregulated in det2-1 mutant, suggesting increased levels of endogenous JA. CONCLUSIONS Our results also suggested that DET2 not only plays a role in BR synthesis but may also be involved in JA regulation. Our study provides a new insight into the molecular mechanism of BRs on the root gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunwei Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710119, PR China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, 716000, PR China
| | - Shurong Xuan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710119, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710119, PR China
| | - Khawar Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710119, PR China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710119, PR China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710119, PR China.
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4
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Zhao L, Fong SH, Yang Q, Jiang YJ, Korzh V, Liou YC. The prolyl isomerase Pin1 stabilizes NeuroD during differentiation of mechanoreceptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1225128. [PMID: 37791075 PMCID: PMC10543749 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1225128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase Pin1 plays vital roles in diverse cellular processes and pathological conditions. NeuroD is a differentiation and survival factor for a subset of neurons and pancreatic endocrine cells. Although multiple phosphorylation events are known to be crucial for NeuroD function, their mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that zebrafish embryos deficient in Pin1 displayed phenotypes resembling those associated with NeuroD depletion, characterized by defects in formation of mechanosensory hair cells. Furthermore, zebrafish Pin1 interacts with NeuroD in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. In Pin1-deficient cell lines, NeuroD is rapidly degraded. However, the protein stability of NeuroD is restored upon overexpression of Pin1. These findings suggest that Pin1 functionally regulates NeuroD protein levels by post-phosphorylation cis-trans isomerization during neuronal specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steven H. Fong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Genes and Development Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiaoyun Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun-Jin Jiang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Genes and Development Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yih-Cherng Liou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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5
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WAVY GROWTH Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligases affect apical PIN sorting decisions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5147. [PMID: 36050482 PMCID: PMC9437102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32888-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Directionality in the intercellular transport of the plant hormone auxin is determined by polar plasma membrane localization of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transport proteins. However, apart from PIN phosphorylation at conserved motifs, no further determinants explicitly controlling polar PIN sorting decisions have been identified. Here we present Arabidopsis WAVY GROWTH 3 (WAV3) and closely related RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligases, whose loss-of-function mutants show a striking apical-to-basal polarity switch in PIN2 localization in root meristem cells. WAV3 E3 ligases function as essential determinants for PIN polarity, acting independently from PINOID/WAG-dependent PIN phosphorylation. They antagonize ectopic deposition of de novo synthesized PIN proteins already immediately following completion of cell division, presumably via preventing PIN sorting into basal, ARF GEF-mediated trafficking. Our findings reveal an involvement of E3 ligases in the selective targeting of apically localized PINs in higher plants.
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6
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Lee YM, Teoh DEJ, Yeung K, Liou YC. The kingdom of the prolyl-isomerase Pin1: The structural and functional convergence and divergence of Pin1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:956071. [PMID: 36111342 PMCID: PMC9468764 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.956071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 20 years since its discovery, our understanding of Pin1 function in various diseases continues to improve. Pin1 plays a crucial role in pathogenesis and has been implicated in metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, viral infection, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease. In particular, the role of Pin1 in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer has been extensively studied. Our understanding of Pin1 in cancer also led to the development of cancer therapeutic drugs targeting Pin1, with some currently in clinical trial phases. However, identifying a Pin1-specific drug with good cancer therapeutic effect remains elusive, thus leading to the continued efforts in Pin1 research. The importance of Pin1 is highlighted by the presence of Pin1 orthologs across various species: from vertebrates to invertebrates and Kingdom Animalia to Plantae. Among these Pin1 orthologs, their sequence and structural similarity demonstrate the presence of conservation. Moreover, their similar functionality between species further highlights the conservancy of Pin1. As researchers continue to unlock the mysteries of Pin1 in various diseases, using different Pin1 models might shed light on how to better target Pin1 for disease therapeutics. This review aims to highlight the various Pin1 orthologs in numerous species and their divergent functional roles. We will examine their sequence and structural similarities and discuss their functional similarities and uniqueness to demonstrate the interconnectivity of Pin1 orthologs in multiple diseases.
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7
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Bilanovičová V, Rýdza N, Koczka L, Hess M, Feraru E, Friml J, Nodzyński T. The Hydrophilic Loop of Arabidopsis PIN1 Auxin Efflux Carrier Harbors Hallmarks of an Intrinsically Disordered Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6352. [PMID: 35683031 PMCID: PMC9181416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of plant development depends on cell-to-cell redistribution of the plant hormone auxin, which is facilitated by the plasma membrane (PM) localized PIN FORMED (PIN) proteins. Auxin export activity, developmental roles, subcellular trafficking, and polarity of PINs have been well studied, but their structure remains elusive besides a rough outline that they contain two groups of 5 alpha-helices connected by a large hydrophilic loop (HL). Here, we focus on the PIN1 HL as we could produce it in sufficient quantities for biochemical investigations to provide insights into its secondary structure. Circular dichroism (CD) studies revealed its nature as an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP), manifested by the increase of structure content upon thermal melting. Consistent with IDPs serving as interaction platforms, PIN1 loops homodimerize. PIN1 HL cytoplasmic overexpression in Arabidopsis disrupts early endocytic trafficking of PIN1 and PIN2 and causes defects in the cotyledon vasculature formation. In summary, we demonstrate that PIN1 HL has an intrinsically disordered nature, which must be considered to gain further structural insights. Some secondary structures may form transiently during pairing with known and yet-to-be-discovered interactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Bilanovičová
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (N.R.); (L.K.); (M.H.)
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Rýdza
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (N.R.); (L.K.); (M.H.)
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lilla Koczka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (N.R.); (L.K.); (M.H.)
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hess
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (N.R.); (L.K.); (M.H.)
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Feraru
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (E.F.); (J.F.)
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (IMPB), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (E.F.); (J.F.)
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (N.R.); (L.K.); (M.H.)
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8
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Schroeder MM, Gomez MY, McLain N, Gachomo EW. Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 Alters Arabidopsis thaliana Root Architecture via Regulation of Auxin Efflux Transporters PIN2, PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:215-229. [PMID: 34941379 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-21-0118-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial rhizobacteria can stimulate changes in plant root development. Although root system growth is mediated by multiple factors, the regulated distribution of the phytohormone auxin within root tissues plays a principal role. Auxin transport facilitators help to generate the auxin gradients and maxima that determine root structure. Here, we show that the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterial strain Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 influences specific auxin efflux transporters to alter Arabidopsis thaliana root morphology. Gene expression profiling of host transcripts in control and B. japonicum-inoculated roots of the wild-type A. thaliana accession Col-0 confirmed upregulation of PIN2, PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 with B. japonicum and identified genes potentially contributing to a diverse array of auxin-related responses. Cocultivation of the bacterium with loss-of-function auxin efflux transport mutants revealed that B. japonicum requires PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 to increase lateral root development and utilizes PIN2 to reduce primary root length. Accelerated lateral root primordia production due to B. japonicum was not observed in single pin3, pin7, or abcb19 mutants, suggesting independent roles for PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 during the plant-microbe interaction. Our work demonstrates B. japonicum's influence over host transcriptional reprogramming during plant interaction with this beneficial microbe and the subsequent alterations to root system architecture.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes M Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Melissa Y Gomez
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Nathan McLain
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Emma W Gachomo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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9
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Wu H, Zhang H, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang Q, Wan Y. Optimized synthesis of layered double hydroxide lactate nanosheets and their biological effects on Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:17. [PMID: 35144635 PMCID: PMC8830088 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00850-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Layered double hydroxide lactate nanosheets (LDH-lactate-NS) are powerful carriers for delivering macro-molecules into intact plant cells. In the past few years, some studies have been carried out on DNA/RNA transformation and plant disease resistance, but little attention has been paid to these factors during LDH-lactate-NS synthesis and delamination, nor has their relationship to the DNA adsorption capacity or transformation efficiency of plant cells been considered. RESULTS Since the temperature during delamination alters particle sizes and zeta potentials of LDH-lactate-NS products, we compared the LDH-lactate-NS stability, DNA adsorption rate and delivery efficiency of fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer I (FITC) of them, found that the LDH-lactate-NS obtained at 25 °C has the best characters for delivering biomolecules into plant cell. To understand the potential side effects and cytotoxicity of LDH-lactate-NS to plants, we compared the root growth rate between the Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grown in the culture medium with 1-300 μg/mL LDH-lactate-NS and equivalent raw material, Mg(lactate)2 and Al (lactate)3. Phenotypic analysis showed LDH in a range of 1-300 μg/mL can enhance the root elongation, whereas the same concentration of raw materials dramatically inhibited root elongation, suggesting the nanocrystallization has a dramatical de-toxic effect to Mg(lactate)2 and Al (lactate)3. Since enhancing of root elongation by LDH is an unexpected phenomenon, we further designed experiments to investigate influence of LDH to Arabidopsis seedlings. We further used the gravitropic bending test, qRT-PCR analysis of auxin transport proteins, non-invasive micro-test technology and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate the auxin transport and distribution in Arabidopsis root. Results indicated that LDH-lactate-NS affect root growth by increasing the polar auxin transport. CONCLUSIONS Optimal synthesized LDH-lactate-NS can delivery biomolecules into intact plant cells with high efficiency and low cytotoxity. The working solution of LDH-lactate-NS can promote root elongation via increase the polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Wu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - He Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiankun Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yinglang Wan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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10
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Lanassa Bassukas AE, Xiao Y, Schwechheimer C. Phosphorylation control of PIN auxin transporters. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:102146. [PMID: 34974229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The directional transport of the phytohormone auxin is required for proper plant development and tropic growth. Auxin cell-to-cell transport gains directionality through the polar distribution of 'canonical' long PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers. In recent years, AGC kinases, MAP kinases, Ca2+/CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE-RELATED KINASEs and receptor kinases have been implicated in the control of PIN activity, polarity and trafficking. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in understanding the posttranslational regulation of PINs by these different protein kinase families. The proposed regulation of PINs by AGC kinases after salt stress and by the stress-activated MAP kinases suggest that abiotic and biotic stress factors may modulate auxin transport and thereby plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkistis E Lanassa Bassukas
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Yao Xiao
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
From embryogenesis to fruit formation, almost every aspect of plant development and differentiation is controlled by the cellular accumulation or depletion of auxin from cells and tissues. The respective auxin maxima and minima are generated by cell-to-cell auxin transport via transporter proteins. Differential auxin accumulation as a result of such transport processes dynamically regulates auxin distribution during differentiation. In this review, we introduce all auxin transporter (families) identified to date and discuss the knowledge on prominent family members, namely, the PIN-FORMED exporters, ATP-binding cassette B (ABCB)-type transporters, and AUX1/LAX importers. We then concentrate on the biochemical features of these transporters and their regulation by posttranslational modifications and interactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Angus S Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture
- Agriculture Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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12
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Selles B, Dhalleine T, Boutilliat A, Rouhier N, Couturier J. A Redox-Sensitive Cysteine Is Required for PIN1At Function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:735423. [PMID: 34975936 PMCID: PMC8716364 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.735423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Parvulins are ubiquitous peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases) required for protein folding and regulation. Among parvulin members, Arabidopsis PIN1At, human PIN1, and yeast ESS1 share a conserved cysteine residue but differ by the presence of an N-terminal WW domain, absent in PIN1At. In this study, we have explored whether the cysteine residue of Arabidopsis PIN1At is involved in catalysis and subject to oxidative modifications. From the functional complementation of yeast ess1 mutant, we concluded that the cysteine at position 69 is mandatory for PIN1At function in vivo, unless being replaced by an Asp which is found in a few parvulin members. This result correlates with a decrease of the in vitro PPIase activity of non-functional PIN1At cysteinic variants. A decrease of PIN1At activity was observed upon H2O2 treatment. The in vitro oxidation of cysteine 69, which has an acidic pKa value of 4.9, leads to the formation of covalent dimers that are reduced by thioredoxins, or to sulfinic or sulfonic acid forms at higher H2O2 excess. These investigations highlight the importance of the sole cysteine residue of PIN1At for activity. The reversible formation of an intermolecular disulfide bond might constitute a protective or regulatory mechanism under oxidizing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jérémy Couturier
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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Samakovli D, Roka L, Dimopoulou A, Plitsi PK, Žukauskait A, Georgopoulou P, Novák O, Milioni D, Hatzopoulos P. HSP90 affects root growth in Arabidopsis by regulating the polar distribution of PIN1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1814-1831. [PMID: 34086995 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin homeostasis and signaling affect a broad range of developmental processes in plants. The interplay between HSP90 and auxin signaling is channeled through the chaperoning capacity of the HSP90 on the TIR1 auxin receptor. The sophisticated buffering capacity of the HSP90 system through the interaction with diverse signaling protein components drastically shapes genetic circuitries regulating various developmental aspects. However, the elegant networking capacity of HSP90 in the global regulation of auxin response and homeostasis has not been appreciated. Arabidopsis hsp90 mutants were screened for gravity response. Phenotypic analysis of root meristems and cotyledon veins was performed. PIN1 localization in hsp90 mutants was determined. Our results showed that HSP90 affected the asymmetrical distribution of PIN1 in plasma membranes and influenced its expression in prompt cell niches. Depletion of HSP90 distorted polar distribution of auxin, as the acropetal auxin transport was highly affected, leading to impaired root gravitropism and lateral root formation. The essential role of the HSP90 in auxin homeostasis was profoundly evident from early development, as HSP90 depletion affected embryo development and the pattern formation of veins in cotyledons. Our data suggest that the HSP90-mediated distribution of PIN1 modulates auxin distribution and thereby auxin signaling to properly promote plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Samakovli
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Loukia Roka
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Anastasia Dimopoulou
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Panagiota Konstantinia Plitsi
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Asta Žukauskait
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Paraskevi Georgopoulou
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Dimitra Milioni
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
| | - Polydefkis Hatzopoulos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
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Freytag C, Máthé C, Rigó G, Nodzyński T, Kónya Z, Erdődi F, Cséplő Á, Pózer E, Szabados L, Kelemen A, Vasas G, Garda T. Microcystin-LR, a cyanobacterial toxin affects root development by changing levels of PIN proteins and auxin response in Arabidopsis roots. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130183. [PMID: 34088085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCY-LR) is a heptapeptide toxin produced mainly by freshwater cyanobacteria. It strongly inhibits protein phosphatases PP2A and PP1. Functioning of the PIN family of auxin efflux carriers is crucial for plant ontogenesis and their functions depend on their reversible phosphorylation. We aimed to reveal the adverse effects of MCY-LR on PIN and auxin distribution in Arabidopsis roots and its consequences for root development. Relatively short-term (24 h) MCY-LR treatments decreased the levels of PIN1, PIN2 and PIN7, but not of PIN3 in tips of primary roots. In contrast, levels of PIN1 and PIN2 increased in emergent lateral roots and their levels depended on the type of PIN in lateral root primordia. DR5:GFP reporter activity showed that the cyanotoxin-induced decrease of auxin levels/responses in tips of main roots in parallel to PIN levels. Those alterations did not affect gravitropic response of roots. However, MCY-LR complemented the altered gravitropic response of crk5-1 mutants, defective in a protein kinase with essential role in the correct membrane localization of PIN2. For MCY-LR treated Col-0 plants, the number of lateral root primordia but not of emergent laterals increased and lateral root primordia showed early development. In conclusion, inhibition of protein phosphatase activities changed PIN and auxin levels, thus altered root development. Previous data on aquatic plants naturally co-occurring with the cyanotoxin showed similar alterations of root development. Thus, our results on the model plant Arabidopsis give a mechanistic explanation of MCY-LR phytotoxicity in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csongor Freytag
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Máthé
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári Krt 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Chemistry, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Chemistry, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári Krt 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erik Pózer
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári Krt 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Kelemen
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Garda
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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15
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Sheng Y, Hao Z, Peng Y, Liu S, Hu L, Shen Y, Shi J, Chen J. Morphological, phenological, and transcriptional analyses provide insight into the diverse flowering traits of a mutant of the relic woody plant Liriodendron chinense. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:174. [PMID: 34333549 PMCID: PMC8325688 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Flowering is crucial to plant reproduction and controlled by multiple factors. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of flowering in perennial plants are still largely unknown. Here, we first report a super long blooming 1 (slb1) mutant of the relict tree Liriodendron chinense possessing a prolonged blooming period of more than 5 months, in contrast to the 1 month blooming period in the wild type (WT). Phenotypic characterization showed that earlier maturation of lateral shoots was caused by accelerated axillary bud fate, leading to the phenotype of continuous flowering in slb1 mutants. The transcriptional activity of genes related to hormone signaling (auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone), nutrient availability, and oxidative stress relief further indicated active outgrowth of lateral buds in slb1 mutants. Interestingly, we discovered a unique FT splicing variant with intron retention specific to slb1 mutants, representing a potential causal mutation in the slb1 mutants. Surprisingly, most slb1 inbred offspring flowered precociously with shorter juvenility (~4 months) than that (usually 8-10 years) required in WT plants, indicating heritable variation underlying continuous flowering in slb1 mutants. This study reports an example of a perennial tree mutant that flowers continuously, providing a rare resource for both breeding and genetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Peng
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongbao Shen
- Southern Tree Seed Inspection Center National Forestry Administration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
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16
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Máthé C, M-Hamvas M, Freytag C, Garda T. The Protein Phosphatase PP2A Plays Multiple Roles in Plant Development by Regulation of Vesicle Traffic-Facts and Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:975. [PMID: 33478110 PMCID: PMC7835740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein phosphatase PP2A is essential for the control of integrated eukaryotic cell functioning. Several cellular and developmental events, e.g., plant growth regulator (PGR) mediated signaling pathways are regulated by reversible phosphorylation of vesicle traffic proteins. Reviewing present knowledge on the relevant role of PP2A is timely. We discuss three aspects: (1) PP2A regulates microtubule-mediated vesicle delivery during cell plate assembly. PP2A dephosphorylates members of the microtubule associated protein family MAP65, promoting their binding to microtubules. Regulation of phosphatase activity leads to changes in microtubule organization, which affects vesicle traffic towards cell plate and vesicle fusion to build the new cell wall between dividing cells. (2) PP2A-mediated inhibition of target of rapamycin complex (TORC) dependent signaling pathways contributes to autophagy and this has possible connections to the brassinosteroid signaling pathway. (3) Transcytosis of vesicles transporting PIN auxin efflux carriers. PP2A regulates vesicle localization and recycling of PINs related to GNOM (a GTP-GDP exchange factor) mediated pathways. The proper intracellular traffic of PINs is essential for auxin distribution in the plant body, thus in whole plant development. Overall, PP2A has essential roles in membrane interactions of plant cell and it is crucial for plant development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.-H.); (C.F.); (T.G.)
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17
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Geisler MM. A Retro-Perspective on Auxin Transport. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756968. [PMID: 34675956 PMCID: PMC8524130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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18
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Wang H, Niu H, Li C, Shen G, Liu X, Weng Y, Wu T, Li Z. WUSCHEL-related homeobox1 (WOX1) regulates vein patterning and leaf size in Cucumis sativus. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:182. [PMID: 33328463 PMCID: PMC7603520 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00404-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In plants, WUSCHEL-related homeobox1 (WOX1) homologs promote lamina mediolateral outgrowth. However, the downstream components linking WOX1 and lamina development remain unclear. In this study, we revealed the roles of WOX1 in palmate leaf expansion in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). A cucumber mango fruit (mf) mutant, resulting from truncation of a WOX1-type protein (CsWOX1), displayed abnormal lamina growth and defects in the development of secondary and smaller veins. CsWOX1 was expressed in the middle mesophyll and leaf margins and rescued defects of the Arabidopsis wox1 prs double mutant. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that genes involved in auxin polar transport and auxin response were highly associated with leaf development. Analysis of the cucumber mf rl (round leaf) double mutant revealed that CsWOX1 functioned in vein development via PINOID (CsPID1)-controlled auxin transport. Overexpression of CsWOX1 in cucumber (CsWOX1-OE) affected vein patterning and produced 'butterfly-shaped' leaves. CsWOX1 physically interacted with CsTCP4a, which may account for the abnormal lamina development in the mf mutant line and the smaller leaves in the CsWOX1-OE plants. Our findings demonstrated that CsWOX1 regulates cucumber leaf vein development by modulating auxin polar transport; moreover, CsWOX1 regulates leaf size by controlling CIN-TCP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huanhuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guoyan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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19
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Hao P, Xia J, Liu J, Di Donato M, Pakula K, Bailly A, Jasinski M, Geisler M. Auxin-transporting ABC transporters are defined by a conserved D/E-P motif regulated by a prolylisomerase. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13094-13105. [PMID: 32699109 PMCID: PMC7489919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin must be transported throughout plants in a cell-to-cell manner to affect its various physiological functions. ABCB transporters are critical for this polar auxin distribution, but the regulatory mechanisms controlling their function is not fully understood. The auxin transport activity of ABCB1 was suggested to be regulated by a physical interaction with FKBP42/Twisted Dwarf1 (TWD1), a peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), but all attempts to demonstrate such a PPIase activity by TWD1 have failed so far. By using a structure-based approach, we identified several surface-exposed proline residues in the nucleotide binding domain and linker of Arabidopsis ABCB1, mutations of which do not alter ABCB1 protein stability or location but do affect its transport activity. P1008 is part of a conserved signature D/E-P motif that seems to be specific for auxin-transporting ABCBs, which we now refer to as ATAs. Mutation of the acidic residue also abolishes auxin transport activity by ABCB1. All higher plant ABCBs for which auxin transport has been conclusively proven carry this conserved motif, underlining its predictive potential. Introduction of this D/E-P motif into malate importer, ABCB14, increases both its malate and its background auxin transport activity, suggesting that this motif has an impact on transport capacity. The D/E-P1008 motif is also important for ABCB1-TWD1 interactions and activation of ABCB1-mediated auxin transport by TWD1. In summary, our data imply a new function for TWD1 acting as a putative activator of ABCB-mediated auxin transport by cis-trans isomerization of peptidyl-prolyl bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Hao
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martin Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Pakula
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland; NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- Institute for Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Jasinski
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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20
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Huang X, Bai X, Guo T, Xie Z, Laimer M, Du D, Gbokie T, Zhang Z, He C, Lu Y, Wu W, Yi K. Genome-Wide Analysis of the PIN Auxin Efflux Carrier Gene Family in Coffee. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091061. [PMID: 32825074 PMCID: PMC7570243 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages around the world, which is mainly produced from the allopolyploid Coffea arabica. The genomes of C. arabica and its two ancestors C. canephora and C. eugenioides have been released due to the development of next generation sequencing. However, few studies on C. arabica are related to the PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporter despite its importance in auxin-mediated plant growth and development. In the present study, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the PIN gene family in the three coffee species. Totals of 17, 9 and 10 of the PIN members were characterized in C. Arabica, C. canephora and C. eugenioides, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed gene loss of PIN1 and PIN2 homologs in C. arabica, as well as gene duplication of PIN5 homologs during the fractionation process after tetraploidy. Furthermore, we conducted expression analysis of PIN genes in C. arabica by in silico and qRT-PCR. The results revealed the existence of gene expression dominance in allopolyploid coffee and illustrated several PIN candidates in regulating auxin transport and homeostasis under leaf rust fungus inoculation and the tissue-specific expression pattern of C. arabica. Together, this study provides the basis and guideline for future functional characterization of the PIN gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xuehui Bai
- Dehong Tropical Agriculture Research Institute of Yunnan, Ruili 678600, China; (X.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Tieying Guo
- Dehong Tropical Agriculture Research Institute of Yunnan, Ruili 678600, China; (X.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Zhouli Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Margit Laimer
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Dengxiang Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Thomas Gbokie
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Zhirun Zhang
- Coffee Engineering Research Center of China, Mangshi 678400, China;
| | - Chunping He
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Weihuai Wu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Kexian Yi
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
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21
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Oyiga BC, Palczak J, Wojciechowski T, Lynch JP, Naz AA, Léon J, Ballvora A. Genetic components of root architecture and anatomy adjustments to water-deficit stress in spring barley. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:692-711. [PMID: 31734943 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Roots perform vital roles for adaptation and productivity under water-deficit stress, even though their specific functions are poorly understood. In this study, the genetic control of the nodal-root architectural and anatomical response to water deficit were investigated among diverse spring barley accessions. Water deficit induced substantial variations in the nodal root traits. The cortical, stele, and total root cross-sectional areas of the main-shoot nodal roots decreased under water deficit, but increased in the tiller nodal roots. Root xylem density and arrested nodal roots increased under water deficit, with the formation of root suberization/lignification and large cortical aerenchyma. Genome-wide association study implicated 11 QTL intervals in the architectural and anatomical nodal root response to water deficit. Among them, three and four QTL intervals had strong effects across seasons and on both root architectural and anatomical traits, respectively. Genome-wide epistasis analysis revealed 44 epistatically interacting SNP loci. Further analyses showed that these QTL intervals contain important candidate genes, including ZIFL2, MATE, and PPIB, whose functions are shown to be related to the root adaptive response to water deprivation in plants. These results give novel insight into the genetic architectures of barley nodal root response to soil water deficit stress in the fields, and thus offer useful resources for root-targeted marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Wojciechowski
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali A Naz
- INRES-Plant Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Léon
- INRES-Plant Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Agim Ballvora
- INRES-Plant Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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22
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Skokan R, Medvecká E, Viaene T, Vosolsobě S, Zwiewka M, Müller K, Skůpa P, Karady M, Zhang Y, Janacek DP, Hammes UZ, Ljung K, Nodzyński T, Petrášek J, Friml J. PIN-driven auxin transport emerged early in streptophyte evolution. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:1114-1119. [PMID: 31712756 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PIN-FORMED (PIN) transporters mediate directional, intercellular movement of the phytohormone auxin in land plants. To elucidate the evolutionary origins of this developmentally crucial mechanism, we analysed the single PIN homologue of a simple green alga Klebsormidium flaccidum. KfPIN functions as a plasma membrane-localized auxin exporter in land plants and heterologous models. While its role in algae remains unclear, PIN-driven auxin export is probably an ancient and conserved trait within streptophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Skokan
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Medvecká
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tom Viaene
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Müller
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skůpa
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Karady
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dorina P Janacek
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
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Guan L, Tayengwa R, Cheng ZM, Peer WA, Murphy AS, Zhao M. Auxin regulates adventitious root formation in tomato cuttings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:435. [PMID: 31638898 PMCID: PMC6802334 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adventitious root (AR) formation is a critical developmental process in cutting propagation for the horticultural industry. While auxin has been shown to regulate this process, the exact mechanism and details preceding AR formation remain unclear. Even though AR and lateral root (LR) formation share common developmental processes, there are exist some differences that need to be closely examined at the cytological level. Tomato stem cuttings, which readily form adventitious roots, represent the perfect system to study the influence of auxin on AR formation and to compare AR and LR organogenesis. RESULTS Here we show the progression by which AR form from founder cells in the basal pericycle cell layers in tomato stem cuttings. The first disordered clumps of cells assumed a dome shape that later differentiated into functional AR cell layers. Further growth resulted in emergence of mature AR through the epidermis following programmed cell death of epidermal cells. Auxin and ethylene levels increased in the basal stem cutting within 1 h. Tomato lines expressing the auxin response element DR5pro:YFP showed an increase in auxin distribution during the AR initiation phase, and was mainly concentrated in the meristematic cells of the developing AR. Treatment of stem cuttings with auxin, increased the number of AR primordia and the length of AR, while stem cuttings treated with the pre-emergent herbicide/auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) occasionally developed thick, agravitropic AR. Hormone profile analyses showed that auxin positively regulated AR formation, whereas perturbations to zeatin, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid homeostasis suggested minor roles during tomato stem rooting. The gene expression of specific auxin transporters increased during specific developmental phases of AR formation. CONCLUSION These data show that AR formation in tomato stems is a complex process. Upon perception of a wounding stimulus, expression of auxin transporter genes and accumulation of auxin at founder cell initiation sites in pericycle cell layers and later in the meristematic cells of the AR primordia were observed. A clear understanding and documentation of these events in tomato is critical to resolve AR formation in recalcitrant species like hardwoods and improve stem cutting propagation efficiency and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guan
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Reuben Tayengwa
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Zongming Max Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Wendy Ann Peer
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Agriculture Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Angus S Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Agriculture Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mizhen Zhao
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
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Lusa M, Help H, Honkanen AP, Knuutinen J, Parkkonen J, Kalasová D, Bomberg M. The reduction of selenium(IV) by boreal Pseudomonas sp. strain T5-6-I - Effects on selenium(IV) uptake in Brassica oleracea. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108642. [PMID: 31430668 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient but toxic when taken in excessive amounts. Therefore, understanding the metabolic processes related to selenium uptake and bacteria-plant interactions coupled with selenium metabolism are of high importance. We cultivated Brassica oleracea with the previously isolated heterotrophic aerobic Se(IV)-reducing Pseudomonas sp. T5-6-I strain to better understand the phenomena of bacteria-mediated Se(IV) reduction on selenium availability to the plants. B. oleracea grown on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS-salt agar) with and without of Pseudomonas sp. were amended with Se(IV)/75Se(IV), and selenium transfer into plants was studied using autoradiography and gamma spectroscopy. XANES was in addition used to study the speciation of selenium in the B. oleracea plants. In addition, the effects of Se(IV) on the protein expression in B. oleracea was studied using HPLC-SEC. TEM and confocal microscopy were used to follow the bacterial/Se-aggregate accumulation in plants and the effects of bacterial inoculation on root-hair growth. In the tests using 75Se(IV) on average 130% more selenium was translocated to the B. oleracea plants grown with Pseudomonas sp. compared to the plants grown with selenium, but without Pseudomonas sp.. In addition, these bacteria notably increased root hair density. Changes in the protein expression of B. oleracea were observed on the ∼30-58 kDa regions in the Se(IV) treated samples, probably connected e.g. to the oxidative stress induced by Se(IV) or expression of proteins connected to the Se(IV) metabolism. Based on the XANES measurements, selenium appears to accumulate in B. oleracea mainly in organic C-Se-H and C-Se-C bonds with and without bacteria inoculation. We conclude that the Pseudomonas sp. T5-6-I strain seems to contribute positively to the selenium accumulation in plants, establishing the high potential of Se0-producing bacteria in the use of phytoremediation and biofortification of selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Lusa
- Department of Chemistry, Radiochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hanna Help
- Department of Physics, X-Ray Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari-Pekka Honkanen
- Department of Physics, X-Ray Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenna Knuutinen
- Department of Chemistry, Radiochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Dominika Kalasová
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Malin Bomberg
- Material Recycling and Geotechnology, VTT, Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, Finland
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Sauer M, Kleine-Vehn J. PIN-FORMED and PIN-LIKES auxin transport facilitators. Development 2019; 146:146/15/dev168088. [PMID: 31371525 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin influences virtually all aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin transport across membranes is facilitated by, among other proteins, members of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) and the structurally similar PIN-LIKES (PILS) families, which together govern directional cell-to-cell transport and intracellular accumulation of auxin. Canonical PIN proteins, which exhibit a polar localization in the plasma membrane, determine many patterning and directional growth responses. Conversely, the less-studied non-canonical PINs and PILS proteins, which mostly localize to the endoplasmic reticulum, attenuate cellular auxin responses. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we provide a brief summary of current knowledge of the structure, evolution, function and regulation of these auxin transport facilitators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sauer
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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26
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Hydrofunctionalization of Olefins to Higher Aliphatic Alcohols via Visible-Light Photocatalytic Coupling. Catal Letters 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-02737-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xiao G, Zhao P, Zhang Y. A Pivotal Role of Hormones in Regulating Cotton Fiber Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:87. [PMID: 30838005 PMCID: PMC6382683 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is the main source of renewable fiber in the world and is primarily used for textile production. Cotton fibers are single cells differentiated from the ovule epidermis and are an excellent model system for studying cell elongation, polyploidization, and cell wall biosynthesis. Plant hormones, which are present in relatively low concentrations, play important roles in various developmental processes, and recently, multiple reports have revealed the pivotal roles of hormones in regulating cotton fiber development. For example, exogenous application of hormones has been shown to promote the initiation and growth of fiber cells. However, a comprehensive understanding about phytohormone regulating fiber development is still unknown. Here, we focus on recent advances in elucidating the roles of multiple phytohormones in the control of fiber development, namely auxin, gibberellin, brassinosteroid, ethylene, cytokinin, abscisic acid, and strigolactones. We not only review the identification of genes involved in hormone biosynthetic and signaling pathways but also discuss the mechanisms of these phytohormones in regulating the initiation and elongation of fiber cells in cotton. Auxin, gibberellin, brassinosteroid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and strigolactones play positive roles in fiber development, whereas cytokinin and abscisic acid inhibit fiber growth. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive review of the role of phytohormones in cotton fiber development that will serve as the basis for further elucidation of the mechanisms by which plant hormones regulate fiber growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Guanghui Xiao,
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Zwiewka M, Bilanovičová V, Seifu YW, Nodzyński T. The Nuts and Bolts of PIN Auxin Efflux Carriers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:985. [PMID: 31417597 PMCID: PMC6685051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific proteins named PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers facilitate the direction of auxin flow and thus play a vital role in the establishment of local auxin maxima within plant tissues that subsequently guide plant ontogenesis. They are membrane integral proteins with two hydrophobic regions consisting of alpha-helices linked with a hydrophilic loop, which is usually longer for the plasma membrane-localized PINs. The hydrophilic loop harbors molecular cues important for the subcellular localization and thus auxin efflux function of those transporters. The three-dimensional structure of PIN has not been solved yet. However, there are scattered but substantial data concerning the functional characterization of amino acid strings that constitute these carriers. These sequences include motifs vital for vesicular trafficking, residues regulating membrane diffusion, cellular polar localization, and activity of PINs. Here, we summarize those bits of information striving to provide a reference to structural motifs that have been investigated experimentally hoping to stimulate the efforts toward unraveling of PIN structure-function connections.
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29
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Lu C, Chen MX, Liu R, Zhang L, Hou X, Liu S, Ding X, Jiang Y, Xu J, Zhang J, Zhao X, Liu YG. Abscisic Acid Regulates Auxin Distribution to Mediate Maize Lateral Root Development Under Salt Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:716. [PMID: 31231407 PMCID: PMC6560076 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Roots are important plant organs. Lateral root (LR) initiation (LRI) and development play a central role in environmental adaptation. The mechanism of LR development has been well investigated in Arabidopsis. When we evaluated the distribution of auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) in maize, we found that the mechanism differed from that in Arabidopsis. The distribution of ABA and auxin within the primary roots (PRs) and LRs was independent of each other. Auxin localization was observed below the quiescent center of the root tips, while ABA localized at the top of the quiescent center. Furthermore, NaCl inhibited LRI by increasing ABA accumulation, which mainly regulates auxin distribution, while auxin biosynthesis was inhibited by ABA in Arabidopsis. The polar localization of ZmPIN1 in maize was disrupted by NaCl and exogenous ABA. An inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, fluridone (FLU), and the ABA biosynthesis mutant vp14 rescued the phenotype under NaCl treatment. Together, all the evidence suggested that NaCl promoted ABA accumulation in LRs and that ABA altered the polar localization of ZmPIN1, disrupted the distribution of auxin and inhibited LRI and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongchong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shatin, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuanxuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Shouxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- National Oceanography Centre, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiandi Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Shandong Agricultural Research Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shatin, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Ying-Gao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- *Correspondence: Ying-Gao Liu, ;
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30
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Barbosa ICR, Hammes UZ, Schwechheimer C. Activation and Polarity Control of PIN-FORMED Auxin Transporters by Phosphorylation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:523-538. [PMID: 29678589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Auxin controls almost every aspect of plant development. Auxin is distributed within the plant by passive diffusion and active cell-to-cell transport. PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters are polarly distributed in the plasma membranes of many cells, and knowledge about their distribution can predict auxin transport and explain auxin distribution patterns, even in complex tissues. Recent studies have revealed that phosphorylation is essential for PIN activation, suggesting that PIN phosphorylation needs to be taken into account in understanding auxin transport. These findings also ask for a re-examination of previously proposed mechanisms for phosphorylation-dependent PIN polarity control. We provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on PIN regulation by phosphorylation, and discuss possible mechanisms of PIN polarity control in the context of recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C R Barbosa
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, Unil-Sorge, Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; These authors contributed equally to this review article and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354 Freising, Germany; These authors contributed equally to this review article and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354 Freising, Germany; These authors contributed equally to this review article and are listed in alphabetical order.
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31
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Sun J, Wang L, Li S, Yin L, Huang J, Chen C. Toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Arabidopsis: Inhibition of root gravitropism by interfering with auxin pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2773-2780. [PMID: 28440569 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of polyvinylpyrrolidine-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on root gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated at the physiological, cellular, and molecular levels. Our results showed that AgNPs were taken up by the root and primarily localized at the cell wall and intercellular spaces. Root gravitropism was inhibited by exposure to AgNPs, and the inhibition in root gravitropism caused by exposure to AgNPs exhibited a dose-response relationship. Auxin accumulation was reduced in the root tips because of exposure to AgNPs. However, increased indole-3-acetic acid level could not rescue the inhibition of root gravitropism. Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed significant downregulation of expression of auxin receptor-related genes, which is the TIR1/AFB family of F-box proteins including AFB1, AFB2, AFB3, AFB5, and TIR1. Therefore, the present study suggests that AgNPs have toxicity to the model plant A. thaliana as shown by inhibition of root gravitropism along with a reduction in auxin accumulation and expression of auxin receptors. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2773-2780. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juzhi Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Likai Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liyan Yin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Agricultural College, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jin Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunli Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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32
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Zhang Y, He P, Yang Z, Huang G, Wang L, Pang C, Xiao H, Zhao P, Yu J, Xiao G. A Genome-Scale Analysis of the PIN Gene Family Reveals Its Functions in Cotton Fiber Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:461. [PMID: 28424725 PMCID: PMC5371604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The PIN-FORMED (PIN) protein, the most important polar auxin transporter, plays a critical role in the distribution of auxin and controls multiple biological processes. However, characterizations and functions of this gene family have not been identified in cotton. Here, we identified the PIN family in Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium raimondii. This gene family was divided into seven subgroups. A chromosomal distribution analysis showed that GhPIN genes were evenly distributed in eight chromosomes and that the whole genome and dispersed duplications were the main duplication events for GhPIN expansion. qRT-PCR analysis showed a tissue-specific expression pattern for GhPIN. Likely due to the cis-element variations in their promoters, transcripts of PIN6 and PIN8 genes from the At (tetraploid genome orginated from G. arboreum) subgenome and PIN1a from the Dt (tetraploid genome orginated from G. raimondii) subgenome in G. hirsutum was significantly increased compared to the transcripts in the diploids. The differential regulation of these PIN genes after the polyploidization may be conducive to fiber initiation and elongation. Exogenously applied auxin polar transport inhibitor significantly suppressed fiber growth, which is consistent with the essential function of these PIN genes for regulating cotton fiber development. Furthermore, the overexpression of GhPIN1a_Dt, GhPIN6_At, and GhPIN8_At in Arabidopsis promoted the density and length of trichomes in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi’an, China
- Institute for Advanced Studies/College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Peng He
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi’an, China
| | - Zuoren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Cotton Research Institute – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyang, China
| | - Gai Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Limin Wang
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Crop Molecular Breeding Technology, National Center of Oil Crop Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Chaoyou Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Cotton Research Institute – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyang, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi’an, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi’an, China
| | - Jianing Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi’an, China
| | - Guanghui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi’an, China
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Nodzyński T, Vanneste S, Zwiewka M, Pernisová M, Hejátko J, Friml J. Enquiry into the Topology of Plasma Membrane-Localized PIN Auxin Transport Components. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1504-1519. [PMID: 27622590 PMCID: PMC5106287 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Auxin directs plant ontogenesis via differential accumulation within tissues depending largely on the activity of PIN proteins that mediate auxin efflux from cells and its directional cell-to-cell transport. Regardless of the developmental importance of PINs, the structure of these transporters is poorly characterized. Here, we present experimental data concerning protein topology of plasma membrane-localized PINs. Utilizing approaches based on pH-dependent quenching of fluorescent reporters combined with immunolocalization techniques, we mapped the membrane topology of PINs and further cross-validated our results using available topology modeling software. We delineated the topology of PIN1 with two transmembrane (TM) bundles of five α-helices linked by a large intracellular loop and a C-terminus positioned outside the cytoplasm. Using constraints derived from our experimental data, we also provide an updated position of helical regions generating a verisimilitude model of PIN1. Since the canonical long PINs show a high degree of conservation in TM domains and auxin transport capacity has been demonstrated for Arabidopsis representatives of this group, this empirically enhanced topological model of PIN1 will be an important starting point for further studies on PIN structure-function relationships. In addition, we have established protocols that can be used to probe the topology of other plasma membrane proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Nodzyński
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejátko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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Enrichment of hydroxylated C24- and C26-acyl-chain sphingolipids mediates PIN2 apical sorting at trans-Golgi network subdomains. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12788. [PMID: 27681606 PMCID: PMC5056404 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The post-Golgi compartment trans-Golgi Network (TGN) is a central hub divided into multiple subdomains hosting distinct trafficking pathways, including polar delivery to apical membrane. Lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols have been implicated in polar trafficking from the TGN but the underlying mechanisms linking lipid composition to functional polar sorting at TGN subdomains remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that sphingolipids with α-hydroxylated acyl-chains of at least 24 carbon atoms are enriched in secretory vesicle subdomains of the TGN and are critical for de novo polar secretory sorting of the auxin carrier PIN2 to apical membrane of Arabidopsis root epithelial cells. We show that sphingolipid acyl-chain length influences the morphology and interconnections of TGN-associated secretory vesicles. Our results uncover that the sphingolipids acyl-chain length links lipid composition of TGN subdomains with polar secretory trafficking of PIN2 to apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells. Sphingolipids in the trans-Golgi network have been implicated in polar trafficking. Here Wattelet-Boyer et al. show that hydroxylated C24- and C26-acyl-chain sphingolipids are enriched in trans-Golgi network subdomains that are critical for polar sorting of the PIN2 auxin carrier in plant cells.
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Jia W, Li B, Li S, Liang Y, Wu X, Ma M, Wang J, Gao J, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li J, Wang Y. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade MKK7-MPK6 Plays Important Roles in Plant Development and Regulates Shoot Branching by Phosphorylating PIN1 in Arabidopsis. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002550. [PMID: 27618482 PMCID: PMC5019414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidences exhibit that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/MPK) signaling pathways are connected with many aspects of plant development. The complexity of MAPK cascades raises challenges not only to identify the MAPK module in planta but also to define the specific role of an individual module. So far, our knowledge of MAPK signaling has been largely restricted to a small subset of MAPK cascades. Our previous study has characterized an Arabidopsis bushy and dwarf1 (bud1) mutant, in which the MAP Kinase Kinase 7 (MKK7) was constitutively activated, resulting in multiple phenotypic alterations. In this study, we found that MPK3 and MPK6 are the substrates for phosphorylation by MKK7 in planta. Genetic analysis showed that MKK7-MPK6 cascade is specifically responsible for the regulation of shoot branching, hypocotyl gravitropism, filament elongation, and lateral root formation, while MKK7-MPK3 cascade is mainly involved in leaf morphology. We further demonstrated that the MKK7-MPK6 cascade controls shoot branching by phosphorylating Ser 337 on PIN1, which affects the basal localization of PIN1 in xylem parenchyma cells and polar auxin transport in the primary stem. Our results not only specify the functions of the MKK7-MPK6 cascade but also reveal a novel mechanism for PIN1 phosphorylation, establishing a molecular link between the MAPK cascade and auxin-regulated plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shujia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyue Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (YW)
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (YW)
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Armengot L, Marquès-Bueno MM, Jaillais Y. Regulation of polar auxin transport by protein and lipid kinases. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4015-4037. [PMID: 27242371 PMCID: PMC4968656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The directional transport of auxin, known as polar auxin transport (PAT), allows asymmetric distribution of this hormone in different cells and tissues. This system creates local auxin maxima, minima, and gradients that are instrumental in both organ initiation and shape determination. As such, PAT is crucial for all aspects of plant development but also for environmental interaction, notably in shaping plant architecture to its environment. Cell to cell auxin transport is mediated by a network of auxin carriers that are regulated at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. Here we review our current knowledge on some aspects of the 'non-genomic' regulation of auxin transport, placing an emphasis on how phosphorylation by protein and lipid kinases controls the polarity, intracellular trafficking, stability, and activity of auxin carriers. We describe the role of several AGC kinases, including PINOID, D6PK, and the blue light photoreceptor phot1, in phosphorylating auxin carriers from the PIN and ABCB families. We also highlight the function of some receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and two-component histidine kinase receptors in PAT, noting that there are probably RLKs involved in co-ordinating auxin distribution yet to be discovered. In addition, we describe the emerging role of phospholipid phosphorylation in polarity establishment and intracellular trafficking of PIN proteins. We outline these various phosphorylation mechanisms in the context of primary and lateral root development, leaf cell shape acquisition, as well as root gravitropism and shoot phototropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Armengot
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Maria Mar Marquès-Bueno
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
- Correspondence to:
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