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Carrier M, Robert MÈ, St-Pierre MK, Ibáñez FG, Gonçalves de Andrade E, Laroche A, Picard K, Vecchiarelli HA, Savage JC, Boilard É, Desjardins M, Tremblay MÈ. Bone marrow-derived myeloid cells transiently colonize the brain during postnatal development and interact with glutamatergic synapses. iScience 2024; 27:110037. [PMID: 39021809 PMCID: PMC11253522 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the roles of embryonic yolk sac-derived, resident microglia in neurodevelopment were extensively studied, the possible involvement of bone marrow-derived cells remains elusive. In this work, we used a fate-mapping strategy to selectively label bone marrow-derived cells and their progeny in the brain (FLT3+IBA1+). FLT3+IBA1+ cells were confirmed to be transiently present in the healthy brain during early postnatal development. FLT3+IBA1+ cells have a distinct morphology index at postnatal day(P)0, P7, and P14 compared with neighboring microglia. FLT3+IBA1+ cells also express the microglial markers P2RY12 and TMEM119 and interact with VGLUT1 synapses at P14. Scanning electron microscopy indeed showed that FLT3+ cells contact and engulf pre-synaptic elements. Our findings suggest FLT3+IBA1+ cells might assist microglia in their physiological functions in the developing brain including synaptic pruning which is performed using their purinergic sensors. Our findings stimulate further investigation on the involvement of peripheral macrophages during homeostatic and pathological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaël Carrier
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Département de psychiatrie et de neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 3E6, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Robert
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 3E6, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 3E6, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Audrée Laroche
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Katherine Picard
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 3E6, Canada
| | | | - Julie C. Savage
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Éric Boilard
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Michèle Desjardins
- Department of Physics, Physical Engineering and Optics, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Oncology Division, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 3E6, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4 Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health (IALH), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Brown TC, Crouse EC, Attaway CA, Oakes DK, Minton SW, Borghuis BG, McGee AW. Microglia are dispensable for experience-dependent refinement of mouse visual circuitry. Nat Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41593-024-01706-3. [PMID: 38977886 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
To test the hypothesized crucial role of microglia in the developmental refinement of neural circuitry, we depleted microglia from mice of both sexes with PLX5622 and examined the experience-dependent maturation of visual circuitry and function. We assessed retinal function, receptive field tuning of visual cortex neurons, acuity and experience-dependent plasticity. None of these measurements detectibly differed in the absence of microglia, challenging the role of microglia in sculpting neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Brown
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Emily C Crouse
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Cecilia A Attaway
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dana K Oakes
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sarah W Minton
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Bart G Borghuis
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aaron W McGee
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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3
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Cui Y, Rolova T, Fagerholm SC. The role of integrins in brain health and neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151441. [PMID: 39002282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric membrane proteins expressed on the surface of most cells. They mediate adhesion and signaling processes relevant for a wealth of physiological processes, including nervous system development and function. Interestingly, integrins are also recognized therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Here, we discuss the role of integrins in brain development and function, as well as in neurodegenerative diseases affecting the brain (Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke). Furthermore, we discuss therapeutic targeting of these adhesion receptors in inflammatory diseases of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Cui
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Taisia Rolova
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Susanna C Fagerholm
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland.
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4
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Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ. Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:796. [PMID: 39062245 PMCID: PMC11275248 DOI: 10.3390/children11070796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The formation of the human gut microbiome initiates in utero, and its maturation is established during the first 2-3 years of life. Numerous factors alter the composition of the gut microbiome and its functions, including mode of delivery, early onset of breastfeeding, exposure to antibiotics and chemicals, and maternal stress, among others. The gut microbiome-brain axis refers to the interconnection of biological networks that allow bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain, involving the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Evidence suggests that the gut microbiome and its metabolic byproducts are actively implicated in the regulation of the early brain development. Any disturbance during this stage may adversely affect brain functions, resulting in a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). In the present study, we reviewed recent evidence regarding the impact of the gut microbiome on early brain development, alongside its correlation with significant NDDs, such as autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, cerebral palsy, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, and genetic NDDs (Rett, Down, Angelman, and Turner syndromes). Understanding changes in the gut microbiome in NDDs may provide new chances for their treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Borrego-Ruiz
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan J. Borrego
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA, Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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5
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Berki P, Cserép C, Környei Z, Pósfai B, Szabadits E, Domonkos A, Kellermayer A, Nyerges M, Wei X, Mody I, Kunihiko A, Beck H, Kaikai H, Ya W, Lénárt N, Wu Z, Jing M, Li Y, Gulyás AI, Dénes Á. Microglia contribute to neuronal synchrony despite endogenous ATP-related phenotypic transformation in acute mouse brain slices. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5402. [PMID: 38926390 PMCID: PMC11208608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49773-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute brain slices represent a workhorse model for studying the central nervous system (CNS) from nanoscale events to complex circuits. While slice preparation inherently involves tissue damage, it is unclear how microglia, the main immune cells and damage sensors of the CNS react to this injury and shape neuronal activity ex vivo. To this end, we investigated microglial phenotypes and contribution to network organization and functioning in acute brain slices. We reveal time-dependent microglial phenotype changes influenced by complex extracellular ATP dynamics through P2Y12R and CX3CR1 signalling, which is sustained for hours in ex vivo mouse brain slices. Downregulation of P2Y12R and changes of microglia-neuron interactions occur in line with alterations in the number of excitatory and inhibitory synapses over time. Importantly, functional microglia modulate synapse sprouting, while microglial dysfunction results in markedly impaired ripple activity both ex vivo and in vivo. Collectively, our data suggest that microglia are modulators of complex neuronal networks with important roles to maintain neuronal network integrity and activity. We suggest that slice preparation can be used to model time-dependent changes of microglia-neuron interactions to reveal how microglia shape neuronal circuits in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Berki
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Behaviour, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Eszter Szabadits
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Andor Domonkos
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Anna Kellermayer
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Miklós Nyerges
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Xiaofei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Istvan Mody
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Araki Kunihiko
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Medical University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heinz Beck
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Medical University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - He Kaikai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Ya
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Jing
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Attila I Gulyás
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary.
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6
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Mei SY, Zhang N, Wang MJ, Lv PR, Liu Q. Microglial purinergic signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10029-8. [PMID: 38910192 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease. The prevalent features of AD pathogenesis are the appearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which cause microglial activation, synaptic deficiency, and neuronal loss. Microglia accompanies AD pathological processes and is also linked to cognitive deficits. Purinergic signaling has been shown to play a complex and tight interplay with the chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and production of pro-inflammatory factors in microglia, which is an important mechanism for regulating microglia activation. Here, we review recent evidence for interactions between AD, microglia, and purinergic signaling and find that the purinergic P2 receptors pertinently expressed on microglia are the ionotropic receptors P2X4 and P2X7, and the subtypes of P2YRs expressed by microglia are metabotropic receptors P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y12, and P2Y13. The adenosine P1 receptors expressed in microglia include A1R, A2AR, and A2BR. Among them, the activation of P2X4, P2X7, and adenosine A1, A2A receptors expressed in microglia can aggravate the pathological process of AD, whereas P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y12, and P2Y13 receptors expressed by microglia can induce neuroprotective effects. However, A1R activation also has a strong neuroprotective effect and has a significant anti-inflammatory effect in chronic neuroinflammation. These receptors regulate a variety of pathophysiological processes in AD, including APP processing, Aβ production, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review also provides key pharmacological advances in purinergic signaling receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ya Mei
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Jing Wang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ran Lv
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Soares AR, Garcia-Rivas V, Fai C, Thomas MA, Zheng X, Picciotto MR, Mineur YS. Role of microglia in stress-induced alcohol intake in female and male mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.05.597614. [PMID: 38895217 PMCID: PMC11185719 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.05.597614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Rates of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have escalated in recent years, with a particular increase among women. Women are more susceptible to stress-induced alcohol drinking, and preclinical data suggest that stress can increase alcohol intake in female rodents; however, a comprehensive understanding of sex-specific neurobiological substrates underlying this phenomenon is still emerging. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, are essential for reshaping neuronal processes, and microglial activity contributes to overall neuronal plasticity. We investigated microglial dynamics and morphology in limbic brain structures of male and female mice following exposure to stress, alcohol or both challenges. In a modified paradigm of intermittent binge drinking (repeated "drinking in the dark"), we determined that female, but not male, mice increased their alcohol consumption after exposure to a physical stressor and re-exposure trials in the stress-paired context. Ethanol (EtOH) drinking and stress altered a number of microglial parameters, including overall number, in subregions of the amygdala and hippocampus, with effects that were somewhat more pronounced in female mice. We used the CSF1R antagonist PLX3397 to deplete microglia in female mice to determine whether microglia contribute to stress-induced escalation of EtOH intake. We observed that microglial depletion attenuated stress-induced alcohol intake with no effect in the unstressed group. These findings suggest that microglial activity can contribute to alcohol intake under stressful conditions, and highlight the importance of evaluating sex-specific mechanisms that could result in tailored interventions for AUD in women.
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8
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Planas AM. Role of microglia in stroke. Glia 2024; 72:1016-1053. [PMID: 38173414 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play key roles in the post-ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron-microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post-ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region- and injury-dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro-repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post-ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Planas
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Diseases, Area of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Beiter RM, Sheehan PW, Schafer DP. Microglia phagocytic mechanisms: Development informing disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 86:102877. [PMID: 38631077 PMCID: PMC11162951 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages and professional phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). In development, microglia-mediated phagocytosis is important for sculpting the cellular architecture. This includes the engulfment of dead/dying cells, pruning extranumerary synapses and axons, and phagocytosing fragments of myelin sheaths. Intriguingly, these developmental phagocytic mechanisms by which microglia sculpt the CNS are now appreciated as important for eliminating synapses, myelin, and proteins during neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss parallels between neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration, which highlights how development is informing disease. We further discuss recent advances and challenges towards therapeutically targeting these phagocytic pathways and how we can leverage development to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Beiter
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Patrick W Sheehan
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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10
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Power D, Elstrott J, Schallek J. Photoreceptor loss does not recruit neutrophils despite strong microglial activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.25.595864. [PMID: 38854151 PMCID: PMC11160676 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.25.595864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In response to central nervous system (CNS) injury, tissue resident immune cells such as microglia and circulating systemic neutrophils are often first responders. The degree to which these cells interact in response to CNS damage is poorly understood, and even less so, in the neural retina which poses a challenge for high resolution imaging in vivo. In this study, we deploy fluorescence adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) to study fluorescent microglia and neutrophils in mice. We simultaneously track immune cell dynamics using label-free phase-contrast AOSLO at micron-level resolution. Retinal lesions were induced with 488 nm light focused onto photoreceptor (PR) outer segments. These lesions focally ablated PRs, with minimal collateral damage to cells above and below the plane of focus. We used in vivo (AOSLO, SLO and OCT) imaging to reveal the natural history of the microglial and neutrophil response from minutes-to-months after injury. While microglia showed dynamic and progressive immune response with cells migrating into the injury locus within 1-day after injury, neutrophils were not recruited despite close proximity to vessels carrying neutrophils only microns away. Post-mortem confocal microscopy confirmed in vivo findings. This work illustrates that microglial activation does not recruit neutrophils in response to acute, focal loss of photoreceptors, a condition encountered in many retinal diseases.
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11
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Zhang P, Gao C, Guo Q, Yang D, Zhang G, Lu H, Zhang L, Zhang G, Li D. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the evolution of the immune landscape during perihematomal edema progression after intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:140. [PMID: 38807233 PMCID: PMC11131315 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perihematomal edema (PHE) after post-intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has complex pathophysiological mechanisms that are poorly understood. The complicated immune response in the post-ICH brain constitutes a crucial component of PHE pathophysiology. In this study, we aimed to characterize the transcriptional profiles of immune cell populations in human PHE tissue and explore the microscopic differences between different types of immune cells. METHODS 9 patients with basal ganglia intracerebral hemorrhage (hematoma volume 50-100 ml) were enrolled in this study. A multi-stage profile was developed, comprising Group1 (n = 3, 0-6 h post-ICH, G1), Group2 (n = 3, 6-24 h post-ICH, G2), and Group3 (n = 3, 24-48 h post-ICH, G3). A minimal quantity of edematous tissue surrounding the hematoma was preserved during hematoma evacuation. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to map immune cell populations within comprehensively resected PHE samples collected from patients at different stages after ICH. RESULTS We established, for the first time, a comprehensive landscape of diverse immune cell populations in human PHE tissue at a single-cell level. Our study identified 12 microglia subsets and 5 neutrophil subsets in human PHE tissue. What's more, we discovered that the secreted phosphoprotein-1 (SPP1) pathway served as the basis for self-communication between microglia subclusters during the progression of PHE. Additionally, we traced the trajectory branches of different neutrophil subtypes. Finally, we also demonstrated that microglia-produced osteopontin (OPN) could regulate the immune environment in PHE tissue by interacting with CD44-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS As a result of our research, we have gained valuable insight into the immune-microenvironment within PHE tissue, which could potentially be used to develop novel treatment modalities for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Cong Gao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Emergency Stroke, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Dongxu Yang
- Department of Emergency Stroke, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Guangning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Emergency Stroke, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Liman Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Guorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Daojing Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
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Shui X, Chen J, Fu Z, Zhu H, Tao H, Li Z. Microglia in Ischemic Stroke: Pathogenesis Insights and Therapeutic Challenges. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:3335-3352. [PMID: 38800598 PMCID: PMC11128258 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s461795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, which is the main cause of death and disability on a global scale. As the primary immune cells in the brain that are crucial for preserving homeostasis of the central nervous system microenvironment, microglia have been found to exhibit dual or even multiple effects at different stages of ischemic stroke. The anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia and release of neurotrophic factors may provide benefits by promoting neurological recovery at the lesion in the early phase after ischemic stroke. However, the pro-inflammatory polarization of microglia and secretion of inflammatory factors in the later phase of injury may exacerbate the ischemic lesion, suggesting the therapeutic potential of modulating the balance of microglial polarization to predispose them to anti-inflammatory transformation in ischemic stroke. Microglia-mediated signaling crosstalk with other cells may also be key to improving functional outcomes following ischemic stroke. Thus, this review provides an overview of microglial functions and responses under physiological and ischemic stroke conditions, including microglial activation, polarization, and interactions with other cells. We focus on approaches that promote anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia, inhibit microglial activation, and enhance beneficial cell-to-cell interactions. These targets may hold promise for the creation of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Shui
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyue Fu
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoyue Zhu
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualin Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyinqian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Wang J, Song W, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Song J, Zhou Y. Electroacupuncture Alleviates Pain by Suppressing P2Y12R-Dependent Microglial Activation in Monoarthritic Rats. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1268-1277. [PMID: 38337134 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) effectively improves arthritis-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia by repressing spinal microglial activation, which plays a crucial role in pain hypersensitivity following tissue inflammation. However, the mechanism by which EA suppresses spinal microglial activation in monoarthritis (MA) remains unclear. In the present study, a rat model of MA was established through unilateral ankle intra-articular injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The relationship among P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) expression, spinal microglial activation, and EA analgesia was investigated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT‒PCR), western blotting, immunofluorescence (IF), and behavioral testing. The results found that EA treatment at the ipsilateral "Huantiao" (GB30) and "Yanglingquan" (GB34) acupoints markedly attenuated pain and spinal microglia M1 polarization in MA rats. In particular, P2Y12R expression was significantly increased at the mRNA and protein levels in the spinal dorsal horn in MA rats, whereas EA treatment effectively repressed the MA-induced upregulation of P2Y12R. IF analysis further revealed that most P2Y12R was expressed in microglia in the spinal dorsal horn. Pharmacological inhibition of P2Y12R by its antagonist (AR-C69931MX) decreased MA-induced spinal microglial activation and subsequent proinflammatory cytokine production. Consequently, AR-C69931MX significantly intensified the anti-pain hypersensitive function of EA in MA rats. Taken together, these results demonstrate that EA alleviates MA-induced pain by suppressing P2Y12R-dependent microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiangang Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yalan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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14
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Surala M, Soso-Zdravkovic L, Munro D, Rifat A, Ouk K, Vida I, Priller J, Madry C. Lifelong absence of microglia alters hippocampal glutamatergic networks but not synapse and spine density. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2348-2374. [PMID: 38589666 PMCID: PMC11094096 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia sculpt developing neural circuits by eliminating excess synapses in a process called synaptic pruning, by removing apoptotic neurons, and by promoting neuronal survival. To elucidate the role of microglia during embryonic and postnatal brain development, we used a mouse model deficient in microglia throughout life by deletion of the fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE) in the Csf1r locus. Surprisingly, young adult Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice display no changes in excitatory and inhibitory synapse number and spine density of CA1 hippocampal neurons compared with Csf1r+/+ littermates. However, CA1 neurons are less excitable, receive less CA3 excitatory input and show altered synaptic properties, but this does not affect novel object recognition. Cytokine profiling indicates an anti-inflammatory state along with increases in ApoE levels and reactive astrocytes containing synaptic markers in Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice. Notably, these changes in Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice closely resemble the effects of acute microglial depletion in adult mice after normal development. Our findings suggest that microglia are not mandatory for synaptic pruning, and that in their absence pruning can be achieved by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Surala
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luna Soso-Zdravkovic
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Munro
- University of Edinburgh and UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ali Rifat
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Koliane Ouk
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Imre Vida
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- University of Edinburgh and UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- DZNE Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich and German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Madry
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Komori T, Okamura K, Ikehara M, Yamamuro K, Endo N, Okumura K, Yamauchi T, Ikawa D, Ouji-Sageshima N, Toritsuka M, Takada R, Kayashima Y, Ishida R, Mori Y, Kamikawa K, Noriyama Y, Nishi Y, Ito T, Saito Y, Nishi M, Kishimoto T, Tanaka KF, Hiroi N, Makinodan M. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor from microglia regulates neuronal development in the medial prefrontal cortex and its associated social behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1338-1349. [PMID: 38243072 PMCID: PMC11189755 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Microglia and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are essential for the neuroplasticity that characterizes critical developmental periods. The experience-dependent development of social behaviors-associated with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)-has a critical period during the juvenile period in mice. However, whether microglia and BDNF affect social development remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the effects of microglia-derived BDNF on social behaviors and mPFC development. Mice that underwent social isolation during p21-p35 had increased Bdnf in the microglia accompanied by reduced adulthood sociability. Additionally, transgenic mice overexpressing microglial Bdnf-regulated using doxycycline at different time points-underwent behavioral, electrophysiological, and gene expression analyses. In these mice, long-term overexpression of microglial BDNF impaired sociability and excessive mPFC inhibitory neuronal circuit activity. However, administering doxycycline to normalize BDNF from p21 normalized sociability and electrophysiological function in the mPFC, whereas normalizing BDNF from later ages (p45-p50) did not normalize electrophysiological abnormalities in the mPFC, despite the improved sociability. To evaluate the possible role of BDNF in human sociability, we analyzed the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and BDNF expression in human macrophages, a possible proxy for microglia. Results show that adverse childhood experiences positively correlated with BDNF expression in M2 but not M1 macrophages. In summary, our study demonstrated the influence of microglial BDNF on the development of experience-dependent social behaviors in mice, emphasizing its specific impact on the maturation of mPFC function, particularly during the juvenile period. Furthermore, our results propose a translational implication by suggesting a potential link between BDNF secretion from macrophages and childhood experiences in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Komori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuya Okamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Minobu Ikehara
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Nozomi Endo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okumura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takahira Yamauchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | | | - Michihiro Toritsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Ryohei Takada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kayashima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Rio Ishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kohei Kamikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yuki Noriyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Noboru Hiroi
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
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16
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Nelson N, Vita DJ, Broadie K. Experience-dependent glial pruning of synaptic glomeruli during the critical period. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9110. [PMID: 38643298 PMCID: PMC11032375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Critical periods are temporally-restricted, early-life windows when sensory experience remodels synaptic connectivity to optimize environmental input. In the Drosophila juvenile brain, critical period experience drives synapse elimination, which is transiently reversible. Within olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) classes synapsing onto single projection neurons extending to brain learning/memory centers, we find glia mediate experience-dependent pruning of OSN synaptic glomeruli downstream of critical period odorant exposure. We find glial projections infiltrate brain neuropil in response to critical period experience, and use Draper (MEGF10) engulfment receptors to prune synaptic glomeruli. Downstream, we find antagonistic Basket (JNK) and Puckered (DUSP) signaling is required for the experience-dependent translocation of activated Basket into glial nuclei. Dependent on this signaling, we find critical period experience drives expression of the F-actin linking signaling scaffold Cheerio (FLNA), which is absolutely essential for the synaptic glomeruli pruning. We find Cheerio mediates experience-dependent regulation of the glial F-actin cytoskeleton for critical period remodeling. These results define a sequential pathway for experience-dependent brain synaptic glomeruli pruning in a strictly-defined critical period; input experience drives neuropil infiltration of glial projections, Draper/MEGF10 receptors activate a Basket/JNK signaling cascade for transcriptional activation, and Cheerio/FLNA induction regulates the glial actin cytoskeleton to mediate targeted synapse phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichalas Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Dominic J Vita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Kendal Broadie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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17
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Uweru OJ, Okojie AK, Trivedi A, Benderoth J, Thomas LS, Davidson G, Cox K, Eyo UB. A P2RY12 deficiency results in sex-specific cellular perturbations and sexually dimorphic behavioral anomalies. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:95. [PMID: 38622726 PMCID: PMC11017545 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are sexually dimorphic, yet, this critical aspect is often overlooked in neuroscientific studies. Decades of research have revealed the dynamic nature of microglial-neuronal interactions, but seldom consider how this dynamism varies with microglial sex differences, leaving a significant gap in our knowledge. This study focuses on P2RY12, a highly expressed microglial signature gene that mediates microglial-neuronal interactions, we show that adult females have a significantly higher expression of the receptor than adult male microglia. We further demonstrate that a genetic deletion of P2RY12 induces sex-specific cellular perturbations with microglia and neurons in females more significantly affected. Correspondingly, female mice lacking P2RY12 exhibit unique behavioral anomalies not observed in male counterparts. These findings underscore the critical, sex-specific roles of P2RY12 in microglial-neuronal interactions, offering new insights into basal interactions and potential implications for CNS disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogochukwu J Uweru
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Akhabue K Okojie
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Aparna Trivedi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jordan Benderoth
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lauren S Thomas
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Georgia Davidson
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kendall Cox
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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18
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Kim W, Kim M, Kim B. Unraveling the enigma: housekeeping gene Ugt1a7c as a universal biomarker for microglia. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1364201. [PMID: 38666091 PMCID: PMC11043603 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1364201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia, brain resident macrophages, play multiple roles in maintaining homeostasis, including immunity, surveillance, and protecting the central nervous system through their distinct activation processes. Identifying all types of microglia-driven populations is crucial due to the presence of various phenotypes that differ based on developmental stages or activation states. During embryonic development, the E8.5 yolk sac contains erythromyeloid progenitors that go through different growth phases, eventually resulting in the formation of microglia. In addition, microglia are present in neurological diseases as a diverse population. So far, no individual biomarker for microglia has been discovered that can accurately identify and monitor their development and attributes. Summary Here, we highlight the newly defined biomarker of mouse microglia, UGT1A7C, which exhibits superior stability in expression during microglia development and activation compared to other known microglia biomarkers. The UGT1A7C sensing chemical probe labels all microglia in the 3xTG AD mouse model. The expression of Ugt1a7c is stable during development, with only a 4-fold variation, while other microglia biomarkers, such as Csf1r and Cx3cr1, exhibit at least a 10-fold difference. The UGT1A7C expression remains constant throughout its lifespan. In addition, the expression and activity of UGT1A7C are the same in response to different types of inflammatory activators' treatment in vitro. Conclusion We propose employing UGT1A7C as the representative biomarker for microglia, irrespective of their developmental state, age, or activation status. Using UGT1A7C can reduce the requirement for using multiple biomarkers, enhance the precision of microglia analysis, and even be utilized as a standard for gene/protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beomsue Kim
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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19
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Yu Y, Chen R, Mao K, Deng M, Li Z. The Role of Glial Cells in Synaptic Dysfunction: Insights into Alzheimer's Disease Mechanisms. Aging Dis 2024; 15:459-479. [PMID: 37548934 PMCID: PMC10917533 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that impacts a substantial number of individuals globally. Despite its widespread prevalence, there is currently no cure for AD. It is widely acknowledged that normal synaptic function holds a key role in memory, cognitive abilities, and the interneuronal transfer of information. As AD advances, symptoms including synaptic impairment, decreased synaptic density, and cognitive decline become increasingly noticeable. The importance of glial cells in the formation of synapses, the growth of neurons, brain maturation, and safeguarding the microenvironment of the central nervous system is well recognized. However, during AD progression, overactive glial cells can cause synaptic dysfunction, neuronal death, and abnormal neuroinflammation. Both neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction are present in the early stages of AD. Therefore, focusing on the changes in glia-synapse communication could provide insights into the mechanisms behind AD. In this review, we aim to provide a summary of the role of various glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells, in regulating synaptic dysfunction. This may offer a new perspective on investigating the underlying mechanisms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ran Chen
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Kaiyue Mao
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Maoyan Deng
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhigang Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, China.
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20
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Chagas LDS, Serfaty CA. The Influence of Microglia on Neuroplasticity and Long-Term Cognitive Sequelae in Long COVID: Impacts on Brain Development and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3819. [PMID: 38612629 PMCID: PMC11011312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are key elements regulating brain development and brain health. These cells are fully responsive to stressors, microenvironmental alterations and are actively involved in the construction of neural circuits in children and the ability to undergo full experience-dependent plasticity in adults. Since neuroinflammation is a known key element in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, one might expect the dysregulation of microglial function to severely impact both functional and structural plasticity, leading to the cognitive sequelae that appear in the pathogenesis of Long COVID. Therefore, understanding this complex scenario is mandatory for establishing the possible molecular mechanisms related to these symptoms. In the present review, we will discuss Long COVID and its association with reduced levels of BDNF, altered crosstalk between circulating immune cells and microglia, increased levels of inflammasomes, cytokines and chemokines, as well as the alterations in signaling pathways that impact neural synaptic remodeling and plasticity, such as fractalkines, the complement system, the expression of SIRPα and CD47 molecules and altered matrix remodeling. Together, these complex mechanisms may help us understand consequences of Long COVID for brain development and its association with altered brain plasticity, impacting learning disabilities, neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as cognitive decline in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana da Silva Chagas
- Program of Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24210-201, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation—INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alberto Serfaty
- Program of Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24210-201, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation—INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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VonKaenel E, Feidler A, Lowery R, Andersh K, Love T, Majewska A, McCall MN. A model-based hierarchical Bayesian approach to Sholl analysis. Bioinformatics 2024; 40:btae156. [PMID: 38514403 PMCID: PMC10985672 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btae156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Due to the link between microglial morphology and function, morphological changes in microglia are frequently used to identify pathological immune responses in the central nervous system. In the absence of pathology, microglia are responsible for maintaining homeostasis, and their morphology can be indicative of how the healthy brain behaves in the presence of external stimuli and genetic differences. Despite recent interest in high throughput methods for morphological analysis, Sholl analysis is still widely used for quantifying microglia morphology via imaging data. Often, the raw data are naturally hierarchical, minimally including many cells per image and many images per animal. However, existing methods for performing downstream inference on Sholl data rely on truncating this hierarchy so rudimentary statistical testing procedures can be used. RESULTS To fill this longstanding gap, we introduce a parametric hierarchical Bayesian model-based approach for analyzing Sholl data, so that inference can be performed without aggressive reduction of otherwise very rich data. We apply our model to real data and perform simulation studies comparing the proposed method with a popular alternative. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Software to reproduce the results presented in this article is available at: https://github.com/vonkaenelerik/hierarchical_sholl. An R package implementing the proposed models is available at: https://github.com/vonkaenelerik/ShollBayes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik VonKaenel
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Alexis Feidler
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Rebecca Lowery
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Katherine Andersh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Tanzy Love
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Ania Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Matthew N McCall
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
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22
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Sancho L, Boisvert MM, Dawoodtabar T, Burgado J, Wang E, Allen NJ. Astrocyte CCN1 stabilizes neural circuits in the adult brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.14.585077. [PMID: 38559139 PMCID: PMC10979986 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.585077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Neural circuits in many brain regions are refined by experience. Sensory circuits support higher plasticity at younger ages during critical periods - times of circuit refinement and maturation - and limit plasticity in adulthood for circuit stability. The mechanisms underlying these differing plasticity levels and how they serve to maintain and stabilize the properties of sensory circuits remain largely unclear. By combining a transcriptomic approach with ex vivo electrophysiology and in vivo imaging techniques, we identify that astrocytes release cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1) to maintain synapse and circuit stability in the visual cortex. By overexpressing CCN1 in critical period astrocytes, we find that it promotes the maturation of inhibitory circuits and limits ocular dominance plasticity. Conversely, by knocking out astrocyte CCN1 in adults, binocular circuits are destabilized. These studies establish CCN1 as a novel astrocyte-secreted factor that stabilizes neuronal circuits. Moreover, they demonstrate that the composition and properties of sensory circuits require ongoing maintenance in adulthood, and that these maintenance cues are provided by astrocytes.
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23
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Stowell R, Wang KH. Dopaminergic signaling regulates microglial surveillance and adolescent plasticity in the frontal cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.584167. [PMID: 38559264 PMCID: PMC10979918 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.584167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence is a sensitive period for frontal cortical development and cognitive maturation. The dopaminergic (DA) mesofrontal circuit is particularly malleable in response to changes in adolescent experience and DA activity. However, the cellular mechanisms engaged in this plasticity remain unexplored. Here, we report that microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, are uniquely sensitive to adolescent mesofrontal DA signaling. Longitudinal in vivo two-photon imaging in mice shows that frontal cortical microglia respond dynamically to plasticity-inducing behavioral or optogenetic DA axon stimulation with increased parenchymal and DA bouton surveillance. Microglial-axon contact precedes new bouton formation, and both D1 and D2-type DA receptors regulate microglial-bouton interactions and axonal plasticity. Moreover, D2 antagonism in adults reinstates adolescent plasticity, including increased microglial surveillance and new DA bouton formation. Our results reveal that DA signaling regulates microglial surveillance and axonal plasticity uniquely in the adolescent frontal cortex, presenting potential interventions for restoring plasticity in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Stowell
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Kuan Hong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642
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24
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Wallis GJ, Bell LA, Wagner JN, Buxton L, Balachandar L, Wilcox KS. Reactive microglia fail to respond to environmental damage signals in a viral-induced mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.06.583768. [PMID: 38558969 PMCID: PMC10979929 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.06.583768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are highly adaptable innate immune cells that rapidly respond to damage signals in the brain through adoption of a reactive phenotype and production of defensive inflammatory cytokines. Microglia express a distinct transcriptome, encoding receptors that allow them to dynamically respond to pathogens, damage signals, and cellular debris. Expression of one such receptor, the microglia-specific purinergic receptor P2ry12, is known to be downregulated in reactive microglia. Here, we explore the microglial response to purinergic damage signals in reactive microglia in the TMEV mouse model of viral brain infection and temporal lobe epilepsy. Using two-photon calcium imaging in acute hippocampal brain slices, we found that the ability of microglia to detect damage signals, engage calcium signaling pathways, and chemoattract towards laser-induced tissue damage was dramatically reduced during the peak period of seizures, cytokine production, and infection. Using combined RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we found that during this same stage of heightened infection and seizures, microglial P2ry12 expression was reduced, while the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a expression was upregulated in microglia, suggesting that the depressed ability of microglia to respond to new damage signals via P2ry12 occurs during the time when local elevated cytokine production contributes to seizure generation following infection. Therefore, changes in microglial purinergic receptors during infection likely limit the ability of reactive microglia to respond to new threats in the CNS and locally contain the scale of the innate immune response in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenna J Wallis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
| | - Laura A Bell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 80904
| | - John N Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
| | - Lauren Buxton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
| | - Lakshmini Balachandar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
| | - Karen S Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 80904
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25
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Sepulveda J, Kim JY, Binder J, Vicini S, Rebeck GW. APOE4 genotype and aging impair injury-induced microglial behavior in brain slices, including toward Aβ, through P2RY12. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:24. [PMID: 38468308 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are highly dynamic cells that play a critical role in tissue homeostasis through the surveillance of brain parenchyma and response to cues associated with damage. Aging and APOE4 genotype are the strongest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but how they affect microglial dynamics remains unclear. Using ex vivo confocal microscopy, we analyzed microglial dynamic behaviors in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus CA1 of 6-, 12-, and 21-month-old mice APOE3 or APOE4 knock-in mice expressing GFP under the CX3CR1 promoter. To study microglia surveillance, we imaged microglia baseline motility for 20 min and measured the extension and retraction of processes. We found that APOE4 microglia exhibited significantly less brain surveillance (27%) compared to APOE3 microglia in 6-month-old mice; aging exacerbated this deficit. To measure microglia response to damage, we imaged process motility in response to ATP, an injury-associated signal, for 30 min. We found APOE4 microglia extended their processes significantly slower (0.9 µm/min, p < 0.005) than APOE3 microglia (1.1 μm/min) in 6-month-old animals. APOE-associated alterations in microglia motility were observed in 12- and 21-month-old animals, and this effect was exacerbated with aging in APOE4 microglia. We measured protein and mRNA levels of P2RY12, a core microglial receptor required for process movement in response to damage. We found that APOE4 microglia express significantly less P2RY12 receptors compared to APOE3 microglia despite no changes in P2RY12 transcripts. To examine if the effect of APOE4 on the microglial response to ATP also applied to amyloid β (Aβ), we infused locally Hi-Lyte Fluor 555-labeled Aβ in acute brain slices of 6-month-old mice and imaged microglia movement for 2 h. APOE4 microglia showed a significantly slower (p < 0.0001) process movement toward the Aβ, and less Aβ coverage at early time points after Aβ injection. To test whether P2RY12 is involved in process movement in response to Aβ, we treated acute brain slices with a P2RY12 antagonist before Aβ injection; microglial processes no longer migrated towards Aβ. These results provide mechanistic insights into the impact of APOE4 genotype and aging in dynamic microglial behaviors prior to gross Aβ pathology and could help explain how APOE4 brains are more susceptible to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Sepulveda
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Jennifer Yejean Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Joseph Binder
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Stefano Vicini
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
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26
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Uweru OJ, Okojie KA, Trivedi A, Benderoth J, Thomas LS, Davidson G, Cox K, Eyo U. A P2RY12 Deficiency Results in Sex-specific Cellular Perturbations and Sexually Dimorphic Behavioral Anomalies. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3997803. [PMID: 38496602 PMCID: PMC10942488 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3997803/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are sexually dimorphic, yet, this critical aspect is often overlooked in neuroscientific studies. Decades of research have revealed the dynamic nature of microglial-neuronal interactions, but seldom consider how this dynamism varies with microglial sex differences, leaving a significant gap in our knowledge. This study focuses on P2RY12, a highly expressed microglial signature gene that mediates microglial-neuronal interactions, we show that adult females have a significantly higher expression of the receptor than adult male microglia. We further demonstrate that a genetic deletion of P2RY12 induces sex-specific cellular perturbations with microglia and neurons in females more significantly affected. Correspondingly, female mice lacking P2RY12 exhibit unique behavioral anomalies not observed in male counterparts. These findings underscore the critical, sex-specific roles of P2RY12 in microglial-neuronal interactions, offering new insights into basal interactions and potential implications for CNS disease mechanisms.
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27
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Durán Laforet V, Schafer DP. Microglia: Activity-dependent regulators of neural circuits. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1533:38-50. [PMID: 38294960 PMCID: PMC10976428 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
It has been more than a century since Pío del Río-Hortega first characterized microglia in histological stains of brain tissue. Since then, significant advances have been made in understanding the role of these resident central nervous system (CNS) macrophages. In particular, it is now known that microglia can sense neural activity and modulate neuronal circuits accordingly. We review the mechanisms by which microglia detect changes in neural activity to then modulate synapse numbers in the developing and mature CNS. This includes responses to both spontaneous and experience-driven neural activity. We further discuss activity-dependent mechanisms by which microglia regulate synaptic function and neural circuit excitability. Together, our discussion provides a comprehensive review of the activity-dependent functions of microglia within neural circuits in the healthy CNS, and highlights exciting new open questions related to understanding more fully microglia as key components and regulators of neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Durán Laforet
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Zhao S, Umpierre AD, Wu LJ. Tuning neural circuits and behaviors by microglia in the adult brain. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:181-194. [PMID: 38245380 PMCID: PMC10939815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cells of the CNS, contributing to both inflammatory damage and tissue repair in neurological disorder. In addition, emerging evidence highlights the role of homeostatic microglia in regulating neuronal activity, interacting with synapses, tuning neural circuits, and modulating behaviors. Herein, we review how microglia sense and regulate neuronal activity through synaptic interactions, thereby directly engaging with neural networks and behaviors. We discuss current studies utilizing microglial optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches to modulate adult neural circuits. These manipulations of microglia across different CNS regions lead to diverse behavioral consequences. We propose that spatial heterogeneity of microglia-neuron interaction lays the groundwork for understanding diverse functions of microglia in neural circuits and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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29
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Majewska A, Le L, Feidler A, Li H, Kara-Pabani K, Lamantia C, O'Banion MK. Noradrenergic signaling controls Alzheimer's disease pathology via activation of microglial β2 adrenergic receptors. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3976896. [PMID: 38464247 PMCID: PMC10925421 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3976896/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent in the brain. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the loss of NE signaling heightens neuroinflammation and exacerbates amyloid pathology. NE inhibits surveillance activity of microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, via their β2 adrenergic receptors (β2ARs). Here, we investigate the role of microglial β2AR signaling in AD pathology in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD. We found that loss of cortical NE projections preceded the degeneration of NE-producing neurons and that microglia in 5xFAD mice, especially those microglia that were associated with plaques, significantly downregulated β2AR gene expression early in amyloid pathology. Importantly, dampening microglial β2AR signaling worsened plaque load and the associated neuritic damage, while stimulating microglial β2AR signaling attenuated amyloid pathology. Our results suggest that microglial β2AR could be explored as a potential therapeutic target to modify AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Herman Li
- University of Rochester Medical Center
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30
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Cealie MY, Douglas JC, Swan HK, Vonkaenel ED, McCall MN, Drew PD, Majewska AK. Developmental Ethanol Exposure Impacts Purkinje Cells but Not Microglia in the Young Adult Cerebellum. Cells 2024; 13:386. [PMID: 38474350 PMCID: PMC10930603 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) caused by developmental ethanol exposure lead to cerebellar impairments, including motor problems, decreased cerebellar weight, and cell death. Alterations in the sole output of the cerebellar cortex, Purkinje cells, and central nervous system immune cells, microglia, have been reported in animal models of FASD. To determine how developmental ethanol exposure affects adult cerebellar microglia and Purkinje cells, we used a human third-trimester binge exposure model in which mice received ethanol or saline from postnatal (P) days 4-9. In adolescence, cerebellar cranial windows were implanted and mice were aged to young adulthood for examination of microglia and Purkinje cells in vivo with two-photon imaging or in fixed tissue. Ethanol had no effect on microglia density, morphology, dynamics, or injury response. However, Purkinje cell linear frequency was reduced by ethanol. Microglia-Purkinje cell interactions in the Purkinje Cell Layer were altered in females compared to males. Overall, developmental ethanol exposure had few effects on cerebellar microglia in young adulthood and Purkinje cells appeared to be more susceptible to its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaKenna Y. Cealie
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA;
| | - James C. Douglas
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (J.C.D.); (P.D.D.)
| | - Hannah K. Swan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (H.K.S.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Erik D. Vonkaenel
- Earth and Biological Systems Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA;
| | - Matthew N. McCall
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (H.K.S.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Paul D. Drew
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (J.C.D.); (P.D.D.)
| | - Ania K. Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA;
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31
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Bobotis BC, Halvorson T, Carrier M, Tremblay MÈ. Established and emerging techniques for the study of microglia: visualization, depletion, and fate mapping. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1317125. [PMID: 38425429 PMCID: PMC10902073 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1317125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is an essential hub for neuronal communication. As a major component of the CNS, glial cells are vital in the maintenance and regulation of neuronal network dynamics. Research on microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, has advanced considerably in recent years, and our understanding of their diverse functions continues to grow. Microglia play critical roles in the formation and regulation of neuronal synapses, myelination, responses to injury, neurogenesis, inflammation, and many other physiological processes. In parallel with advances in microglial biology, cutting-edge techniques for the characterization of microglial properties have emerged with increasing depth and precision. Labeling tools and reporter models are important for the study of microglial morphology, ultrastructure, and dynamics, but also for microglial isolation, which is required to glean key phenotypic information through single-cell transcriptomics and other emerging approaches. Strategies for selective microglial depletion and modulation can provide novel insights into microglia-targeted treatment strategies in models of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions, cancer, and autoimmunity. Finally, fate mapping has emerged as an important tool to answer fundamental questions about microglial biology, including their origin, migration, and proliferation throughout the lifetime of an organism. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of these established and emerging techniques, with applications to the study of microglia in development, homeostasis, and CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Caroline Bobotis
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Torin Halvorson
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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32
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Saito K, Shigetomi E, Shinozaki Y, Kobayashi K, Parajuli B, Kubota Y, Sakai K, Miyakawa M, Horiuchi H, Nabekura J, Koizumi S. Microglia sense astrocyte dysfunction and prevent disease progression in an Alexander disease model. Brain 2024; 147:698-716. [PMID: 37955589 PMCID: PMC10834242 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alexander disease (AxD) is an intractable neurodegenerative disorder caused by GFAP mutations. It is a primary astrocyte disease with a pathological hallmark of Rosenthal fibres within astrocytes. AxD astrocytes show several abnormal phenotypes. Our previous study showed that AxD astrocytes in model mice exhibit aberrant Ca2+ signals that induce AxD aetiology. Here, we show that microglia have unique phenotypes with morphological and functional alterations, which are related to the pathogenesis of AxD. Immunohistochemical studies of 60TM mice (AxD model) showed that AxD microglia exhibited highly ramified morphology. Functional changes in microglia were assessed by Ca2+ imaging using hippocampal brain slices from Iba1-GCaMP6-60TM mice and two-photon microscopy. We found that AxD microglia showed aberrant Ca2+ signals, with high frequency Ca2+ signals in both the processes and cell bodies. These microglial Ca2+ signals were inhibited by pharmacological blockade or genetic knockdown of P2Y12 receptors but not by tetrodotoxin, indicating that these signals are independent of neuronal activity but dependent on extracellular ATP from non-neuronal cells. Our single-cell RNA sequencing data showed that the expression level of Entpd2, an astrocyte-specific gene encoding the ATP-degrading enzyme NTPDase2, was lower in AxD astrocytes than in wild-type astrocytes. In situ ATP imaging using the adeno-associated virus vector GfaABC1D ATP1.0 showed that exogenously applied ATP was present longer in 60TM mice than in wild-type mice. Thus, the increased ATP level caused by the decrease in its metabolizing enzyme in astrocytes could be responsible for the enhancement of microglial Ca2+ signals. To determine whether these P2Y12 receptor-mediated Ca2+ signals in AxD microglia play a significant role in the pathological mechanism, a P2Y12 receptor antagonist, clopidogrel, was administered. Clopidogrel significantly exacerbated pathological markers in AxD model mice and attenuated the morphological features of microglia, suggesting that microglia play a protective role against AxD pathology via P2Y12 receptors. Taken together, we demonstrated that microglia sense AxD astrocyte dysfunction via P2Y12 receptors as an increase in extracellular ATP and alter their morphology and Ca2+ signalling, thereby protecting against AxD pathology. Although AxD is a primary astrocyte disease, our study may facilitate understanding of the role of microglia as a disease modifier, which may contribute to the clinical diversity of AxD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Saito
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Eiji Shigetomi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Youichi Shinozaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kenji Kobayashi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Bijay Parajuli
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yuto Kubota
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kent Sakai
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Miho Miyakawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Horiuchi
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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33
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Li GS, Yang YZ, Ma GR, Li PF, Cheng QH, Zhang AR, Zhang ZZ, Zhang FK, Yang X, Fan H, Guo HZ. Rheumatoid arthritis is a protective factor against Alzheimer's disease: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:863-871. [PMID: 38151584 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence suggests that there is an association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the causal relationship between RA and AD remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between RA and AD. METHODS Using publicly available genome-wide association study datasets, bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) was performed using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, MR‒Egger regression, simple mode, and weighted mode methods. RESULTS The results of MR for the causal effect of RA on AD (IVW, odds ratio [OR] = 0.959, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.941-0.978, P = 2.752E-05; weighted median, OR = 0.960, 95% CI: 0.937-0.984, P = 0.001) revealed a causal association between genetic susceptibility to RA and an increased risk of AD. The results of MR for the causal effect of AD on RA (IVW, OR = 0.978, 95% CI: 0.906-1.056, P = 0.576; weighted median, OR = 0.966, 95% CI: 0.894-1.043, P = 0.382) indicated that there was no causal association between genetic susceptibility to AD and an increased risk of RA. CONCLUSIONS The results of this two-way two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis revealed a causal association between genetic susceptibility to RA and a reduced risk of AD but did not reveal a causal association between genetic susceptibility to AD and an increased or reduced risk of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Shuai Li
- Gansu Wuwei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuwei, China
| | - Yong-Ze Yang
- First Clinical Medical College of Gansu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- People's Hospital of Gansu Province, 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Guo-Rong Ma
- First Clinical Medical College of Gansu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- People's Hospital of Gansu Province, 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- First Clinical Medical College of Gansu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- People's Hospital of Gansu Province, 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qing-Hao Cheng
- People's Hospital of Gansu Province, 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - An-Ren Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College of Gansu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- People's Hospital of Gansu Province, 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College of Gansu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- People's Hospital of Gansu Province, 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fu-Kang Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College of Gansu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- People's Hospital of Gansu Province, 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Yang
- First Clinical Medical College of Gansu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- People's Hospital of Gansu Province, 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hua Fan
- First Clinical Medical College of Gansu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- People's Hospital of Gansu Province, 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hong-Zhang Guo
- People's Hospital of Gansu Province, 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Salvi J, Andreoletti P, Audinat E, Balland E, Ben Fradj S, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Heurtaux T, Liénard F, Nédélec E, Rovère C, Savary S, Véjux A, Trompier D, Benani A. Microgliosis: a double-edged sword in the control of food intake. FEBS J 2024; 291:615-631. [PMID: 35880408 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining energy balance is essential for survival and health. This physiological function is controlled by the brain, which adapts food intake to energy needs. Indeed, the brain constantly receives a multitude of biological signals that are derived from digested foods or that originate from the gastrointestinal tract, energy stores (liver and adipose tissues) and other metabolically active organs (muscles). These signals, which include circulating nutrients, hormones and neuronal inputs from the periphery, collectively provide information on the overall energy status of the body. In the brain, several neuronal populations can specifically detect these signals. Nutrient-sensing neurons are found in discrete brain areas and are highly enriched in the hypothalamus. In turn, specialized brain circuits coordinate homeostatic responses acting mainly on appetite, peripheral metabolism, activity and arousal. Accumulating evidence shows that hypothalamic microglial cells located at the vicinity of these circuits can influence the brain control of energy balance. However, microglial cells could have opposite effects on energy balance, that is homeostatic or detrimental, and the conditions for this shift are not totally understood yet. One hypothesis relies on the extent of microglial activation, and nutritional lipids can considerably change it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Salvi
- CSGA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Etienne Audinat
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Eglantine Balland
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia
| | - Selma Ben Fradj
- IPMC, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Tony Heurtaux
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Fabienne Liénard
- CSGA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Nédélec
- CSGA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- IPMC, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Stéphane Savary
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Véjux
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Doriane Trompier
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Alexandre Benani
- CSGA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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35
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Ma C, Li B, Silverman D, Ding X, Li A, Xiao C, Huang G, Worden K, Muroy S, Chen W, Xu Z, Tso CF, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Luo Q, Saijo K, Dan Y. Microglia regulate sleep through calcium-dependent modulation of norepinephrine transmission. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:249-258. [PMID: 38238430 PMCID: PMC10849959 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Sleep interacts reciprocally with immune system activity, but its specific relationship with microglia-the resident immune cells in the brain-remains poorly understood. Here, we show in mice that microglia can regulate sleep through a mechanism involving Gi-coupled GPCRs, intracellular Ca2+ signaling and suppression of norepinephrine transmission. Chemogenetic activation of microglia Gi signaling strongly promoted sleep, whereas pharmacological blockade of Gi-coupled P2Y12 receptors decreased sleep. Two-photon imaging in the cortex showed that P2Y12-Gi activation elevated microglia intracellular Ca2+, and blockade of this Ca2+ elevation largely abolished the Gi-induced sleep increase. Microglia Ca2+ level also increased at natural wake-to-sleep transitions, caused partly by reduced norepinephrine levels. Furthermore, imaging of norepinephrine with its biosensor in the cortex showed that microglia P2Y12-Gi activation significantly reduced norepinephrine levels, partly by increasing the adenosine concentration. These findings indicate that microglia can regulate sleep through reciprocal interactions with norepinephrine transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Ma
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Silverman
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xinlu Ding
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anan Li
- Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Chi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ganghua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Kurtresha Worden
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sandra Muroy
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zhengchao Xu
- Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chak Foon Tso
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- , Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | - Yixuan Huang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yufan Zhang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qingming Luo
- Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Kaoru Saijo
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yang Dan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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36
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Dadkhah M, Baziar M, Rezaei N. The regulatory role of BDNF in neuroimmune axis function and neuroinflammation induced by chronic stress: A new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders. Cytokine 2024; 174:156477. [PMID: 38147741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders account for a high proportion of neurological diseases that significantly threaten public health worldwide. Various factors are involved in the pathophysiology of such diseases which can lead to neurodegeneration and neural damage. Furthermore, neuroinflammation is a well-known factor in predisposing factors of neurological and especially neurodegenerative disorders which can be strongly suppressed by "anti-inflammatory" actions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Stress has has also been identified as a risk factor in developing neurodegenerative disorders potentially leading to increased neuroinflammation in the brain and progressive loss in neuronal structures and impaired functions in the CNS. Recently, more studies have increasingly been focused on the role of neuroimmune system in regulating the neurobiology of stress. Emerging evidence indicate that exposure to chronic stress might alter the susceptibility to neurodegeneration via influencing the microglia function. Microglia is considered as the first responding group of cells in suppressing neuroinflammation, leading to an increased inflammatory cytokine signaling that promote the synaptic plasticity deficiencies, impairment in neurogenesis, and development of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review we discuss how exposure to chronic stress might alter the neuroimmune response potentially leading to progress of neurodegenerative disorders. We also emphasize on the role of BDNF in regulating the neuroimmune axis function and microglia modulation in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Milad Baziar
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733151, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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37
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Bollinger JL, Horchar MJ, Wohleb ES. Repeated Activation of Pyramidal Neurons in the Prefrontal Cortex Alters Microglial Phenotype in Male Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:715-723. [PMID: 38129124 PMCID: PMC10801771 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant neuronal activity in the cortex alters microglia phenotype and function in several contexts, including chronic psychologic stress and neurodegenerative disease. Recent findings even suggest that heightened levels of neuronal activity spur microglia to phagocytose synapses, with potential impacts on cognition and behavior. Thus, the present studies were designed to determine if activation of neurons alone-independent of disease or dysfunction-is sufficient to alter microglial phenotype in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a brain region critical in emotion regulation and cognition. In these studies, we used both an adeno-associated virus-mediated and Cre-dependent chemogenetic [designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD)] approach to repeatedly activate excitatory pyramidal neurons (CaMKIIa+) neurons in the mPFC. Various molecular, cytometric, and behavioral endpoints were examined. Recurrent DREADD-induced neuronal activation led to pronounced changes in microglial density, clustering, and morphology in the mPFC and increased microglia-specific transcripts implicated in synaptic pruning (e.g., Csf1r, Cd11b). Further analyses revealed that the magnitude of DREADD-induced neuronal activation was significantly correlated with measures of microglial morphology in the mPFC. These alterations in microglial phenotype coincided with an increase in microglial lysosome volume in the mPFC and selective deficits in working memory function. Altogether, these findings indicate that repeated neuronal activation alone is sufficient to drive changes in microglia phenotype and function in the mPFC. Future studies using optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches to manipulate neural circuits need to consider microglial and other nonneuronal contributions to physiologic and behavioral outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Microglia are highly attuned to fluctuations in neuronal activity. Here we show that repeated activation of pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex induces broad changes in microglia phenotype; this includes upregulation of pathways associated with microglial proliferation, microglia-neuron interactions, and lysosome induction. Our findings suggest that studies using chemogenetic or optogenetic approaches to manipulate neural circuits should be mindful of indirect effects on nonneuronal cells and their potential contribution to measured outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew J Horchar
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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38
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Hu Y, Tao W. Current perspectives on microglia-neuron communication in the central nervous system: Direct and indirect modes of interaction. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00006-7. [PMID: 38195039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incessant communication that takes place between microglia and neurons is essential the development, maintenance, and pathogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS). As mobile phagocytic cells, microglia serve a critical role in surveilling and scavenging the neuronal milieu to uphold homeostasis. AIM OF REVIEW This review aims to discuss the various mechanisms that govern the interaction between microglia and neurons, from the molecular to the organ system level, and to highlight the importance of these interactions in the development, maintenance, and pathogenesis of the CNS. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Recent research has revealed that microglia-neuron interaction is vital for regulating fundamental neuronal functions, such as synaptic pruning, axonal remodeling, and neurogenesis. The review will elucidate the intricate signaling pathways involved in these interactions, both direct and indirect, to provide a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of brain function. Furthermore, gaining insights into these signals could lead to the development of innovative therapies for neural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 220023, China; School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 220023, China; School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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39
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Strohm AO, O'Connor TN, Oldfield S, Young S, Hammond C, McCall M, Dirksen RT, Majewska AK. Cortical microglia dynamics are conserved during voluntary wheel running. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:89-108. [PMID: 37969082 PMCID: PMC11212787 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00311.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the first demonstration of chronic in vivo imaging of microglia in mice undergoing voluntary wheel running. We find that healthy mice undergoing voluntary wheel running have similar microglia dynamics, morphologies, and responses to injury when compared to sedentary mice. This suggests that exercise over a period of 1 mo does not grossly alter cortical microglial phenotypes and that exercise may exert its beneficial effects on the brain through other mechanisms. Future work examining how microglia dynamics may be altered during exercise in disease or injury models could provide further insights into the therapeutic benefit of exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate the first use of chronic in vivo imaging of microglia over time during physical exercise. We found that microglia movement, morphology, and process motility were remarkably stable during voluntary wheel running (VWR). Additionally, microglia in running mice respond similarly to laser ablation injury compared to sedentary mice. These findings indicate that VWR does not induce changes in microglia dynamics in healthy adults. Exercise may elicit positive effects on the brain through other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra O Strohm
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Thomas N O'Connor
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Sadie Oldfield
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Sala Young
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Christian Hammond
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Matthew McCall
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Robert T Dirksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Ania K Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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40
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He Y, Liu T, He Q, Ke W, Li X, Du J, Deng S, Shu Z, Wu J, Yang B, Wang Y, Mao Y, Rao Y, Shu Y, Peng B. Microglia facilitate and stabilize the response to general anesthesia via modulating the neuronal network in a brain region-specific manner. eLife 2023; 12:RP92252. [PMID: 38131301 PMCID: PMC10746144 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia leads to a loss of consciousness and an unrousable state in patients. Although general anesthetics are widely used in clinical practice, their underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The potential involvement of nonneuronal cells is unknown. Microglia are important immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play critical roles in CNS function and dysfunction. We unintentionally observed delayed anesthesia induction and early anesthesia emergence in microglia-depleted mice. We found that microglial depletion differentially regulates neuronal activities by suppressing the neuronal network of anesthesia-activated brain regions and activating emergence-activated brain regions. Thus, microglia facilitate and stabilize the anesthesia status. This influence is not mediated by dendritic spine plasticity. Instead, it relies on the activation of microglial P2Y12 and subsequent calcium influx, which facilitates the general anesthesia response. Together, we elucidate the regulatory role of microglia in general anesthesia, extending our knowledge of how nonneuronal cells modulate neuronal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Taohui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Quansheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Ke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jinjin Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Suixin Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenfeng Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jialin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Baozhi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanxia Rao
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Laboratory Animal Science, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yousheng Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Co-Innovation Center of Neurodegeneration, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
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Ferrucci L, Cantando I, Cordella F, Di Angelantonio S, Ragozzino D, Bezzi P. Microglia at the Tripartite Synapse during Postnatal Development: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders and Schizophrenia. Cells 2023; 12:2827. [PMID: 38132147 PMCID: PMC10742295 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapses are the fundamental structures of neural circuits that control brain functions and behavioral and cognitive processes. Synapses undergo formation, maturation, and elimination mainly during postnatal development via a complex interplay with neighboring astrocytes and microglia that, by shaping neural connectivity, may have a crucial role in the strengthening and weakening of synaptic functions, that is, the functional plasticity of synapses. Indeed, an increasing number of studies have unveiled the roles of microglia and astrocytes in synapse formation, maturation, and elimination as well as in regulating synaptic function. Over the past 15 years, the mechanisms underlying the microglia- and astrocytes-dependent regulation of synaptic plasticity have been thoroughly studied, and researchers have reported that the disruption of these glial cells in early postnatal development may underlie the cause of synaptic dysfunction that leads to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (F.C.); (S.D.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Iva Cantando
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Federica Cordella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (F.C.); (S.D.A.); (D.R.)
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, IIT, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (F.C.); (S.D.A.); (D.R.)
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, IIT, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (F.C.); (S.D.A.); (D.R.)
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (F.C.); (S.D.A.); (D.R.)
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Le L, Feidler AM, Li H, Kara-Pabani K, Lamantia C, O'Banion MK, Majewska KA. Noradrenergic signaling controls Alzheimer's disease pathology via activation of microglial β2 adrenergic receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569564. [PMID: 38106167 PMCID: PMC10723313 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology, plaque and tangle accumulation trigger an inflammatory response that mounts positive feed-back loops between inflammation and protein aggregation, aggravating neurite damage and neuronal death. One of the earliest brain regions to undergo neurodegeneration is the locus coeruleus (LC), the predominant site of norepinephrine (NE) production in the central nervous system (CNS). In animal models of AD, dampening the impact of noradrenergic signaling pathways, either through administration of beta blockers or pharmacological ablation of the LC, heightened neuroinflammation through increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. Since microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS, it is reasonable to postulate that they are responsible for translating the loss of NE tone into exacerbated disease pathology. Recent findings from our lab demonstrated that noradrenergic signaling inhibits microglia dynamics via β2 adrenergic receptors (β2ARs), suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory role for microglial β2AR signaling. Thus, we hypothesize that microglial β2 adrenergic signaling is progressively impaired during AD progression, which leads to the chronic immune vigilant state of microglia that worsens disease pathology. First, we characterized changes in microglial β2AR signaling as a function of amyloid pathology. We found that LC neurons and their projections degenerate early and progressively in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD; accompanied by mild decrease in the levels of norepinephrine and its metabolite normetanephrine. Interestingly, while 5xFAD microglia, especially plaque-associated microglia, significant downregulated β2AR gene expression early in amyloid pathology, they did not lose their responsiveness to β2AR stimulation. Most importantly, we demonstrated that specific microglial β2AR deletion worsened disease pathology while chronic β2AR stimulation resulted in attenuation of amyloid pathology and associated neuritic damage, suggesting microglial β2AR might be used as potential therapeutic target to modify AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Le
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - A M Feidler
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - H Li
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester, Rochester NY
| | - K Kara-Pabani
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - C Lamantia
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - M K O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - K A Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester NY
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Starkey J, Horstick EJ, Ackerman SD. Glial regulation of critical period plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1247335. [PMID: 38034592 PMCID: PMC10687281 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1247335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal behavior, from simple to complex, is dependent on the faithful wiring of neurons into functional neural circuits. Neural circuits undergo dramatic experience-dependent remodeling during brief developmental windows called critical periods. Environmental experience during critical periods of plasticity produces sustained changes to circuit function and behavior. Precocious critical period closure is linked to autism spectrum disorders, whereas extended synaptic remodeling is thought to underlie circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia. Thus, resolving the mechanisms that instruct critical period timing is important to our understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders. Control of critical period timing is modulated by neuron-intrinsic cues, yet recent data suggest that some determinants are derived from neighboring glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes). As glia make up 50% of the human brain, understanding how these diverse cells communicate with neurons and with each other to sculpt neural plasticity, especially during specialized critical periods, is essential to our fundamental understanding of circuit development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Starkey
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Eric J. Horstick
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Sarah D. Ackerman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Brain Immunology and Glia Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Sorokina SS, Malkov AE, Rozanova OM, Smirnova EN, Shemyakov AE. Behavioral performance and microglial status in mice after moderate dose of proton irradiation. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2023; 62:497-509. [PMID: 37794305 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-023-01044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a remote effect of gamma radiation treatment of malignancies. The major part of the studies on the effect of proton irradiation (a promising alternative in the treatment of radio-resistant tumors and tumors located close to critical organs) on the cognitive abilities of laboratory animals and their relation to morphological changes in the brain is rather contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate cognitive functions and the dynamics of changes in morphological parameters of hippocampal microglial cells after 7.5 Gy of proton irradiation. Two months after the cranial irradiation, 8- to 9-week-old male SHK mice were tested for total activity, spatial learning, as well as long- and short-term hippocampus-dependent memory. To estimate the morphological parameters of microglia, brain slices of control and irradiated animals each with different time after proton irradiation (24 h, 7 days, 1 month) were stained for microglial marker Iba-1. No changes in behavior or deficits in short-term and long-term hippocampus-dependent memory were found, but an impairment of episodic memory was observed. A change in the morphology of hippocampal microglial cells, which is characteristic of the transition of cells to an activated state, was detected. One day after proton exposure in the brain tissue, a slight decrease in cell density was observed, which was restored to the control level by the 30th day after treatment. The results obtained may be promising with regard to the future use of using high doses of protons per fraction in the irradiation of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Sorokina
- Laboratory of Isotope Investigations, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - A E Malkov
- Laboratory of Neurons Systematic Organization, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - O M Rozanova
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - E N Smirnova
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - A E Shemyakov
- Theranostics and Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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Zheng H, Zhang C, Zhang J, Duan L. "Sentinel or accomplice": gut microbiota and microglia crosstalk in disorders of gut-brain interaction. Protein Cell 2023; 14:726-742. [PMID: 37074139 PMCID: PMC10599645 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal brain-gut interaction is considered the core pathological mechanism behind the disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), in which the intestinal microbiota plays an important role. Microglia are the "sentinels" of the central nervous system (CNS), which participate in tissue damage caused by traumatic brain injury, resist central infection and participate in neurogenesis, and are involved in the occurrence of various neurological diseases. With in-depth research on DGBI, we could find an interaction between the intestinal microbiota and microglia and that they are jointly involved in the occurrence of DGBI, especially in individuals with comorbidities of mental disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This bidirectional regulation of microbiota and microglia provides a new direction for the treatment of DGBI. In this review, we focus on the role and underlying mechanism of the interaction between gut microbiota and microglia in DGBI, especially IBS, and the corresponding clinical application prospects and highlight its potential to treat DGBI in individuals with psychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jindong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liping Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Beijing 100191, China
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46
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Brown TC, Crouse EC, Attaway CA, Oakes DK, Minton SW, Borghuis BG, McGee AW. Microglia are dispensable for experience-dependent refinement of visual circuitry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.17.562708. [PMID: 37905138 PMCID: PMC10614920 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.17.562708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are proposed to be critical for the refinement of developing neural circuitry. However, evidence identifying specific roles for microglia has been limited and often indirect. Here we examined whether microglia are required for the experience-dependent refinement of visual circuitry and visual function during development. We ablated microglia by administering the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX5622, and then examined the consequences for retinal function, receptive field tuning of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1), visual acuity, and experience-dependent plasticity in visual circuitry. Eradicating microglia by treating mice with PLX5622 beginning at postnatal day (P) 14 did not alter visual response properties of retinal ganglion cells examined three or more weeks later. Mice treated with PLX5622 from P14 lacked more than 95% of microglia in V1 by P18, prior to the opening of the critical period. Despite the absence of microglia, the receptive field tuning properties of neurons in V1 were normal at P32. Similarly, eradicating microglia did not affect the maturation of visual acuity. Mice treated with PLX5622 displayed typical ocular dominance plasticity in response to brief monocular deprivation. Thus, none of these principal measurements of visual circuit development and function detectibly differed in the absence of microglia. We conclude that microglia are dispensable for experience-dependent refinement of visual circuitry. These findings challenge the proposed critical role of microglia in refining neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Brown
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
| | - Emily C. Crouse
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
| | - Cecilia A. Attaway
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
| | - Dana K. Oakes
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
| | - Sarah W. Minton
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
| | - Bart G. Borghuis
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
| | - Aaron W. McGee
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202
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Zhu H, Guan A, Liu J, Peng L, Zhang Z, Wang S. Noteworthy perspectives on microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:223. [PMID: 37794488 PMCID: PMC10548593 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are so versatile that they not only provide immune surveillance for central nervous system, but participate in neural circuitry development, brain blood vessels formation, blood-brain barrier architecture, and intriguingly, the regulation of emotions and behaviors. Microglia have a profound impact on neuronal survival, brain wiring and synaptic plasticity. As professional phagocytic cells in the brain, they remove dead cell debris and neurotoxic agents via an elaborate mechanism. The functional profile of microglia varies considerately depending on age, gender, disease context and other internal or external environmental factors. Numerous studies have demonstrated a pivotal involvement of microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders, including negative affection, social deficit, compulsive behavior, fear memory, pain and other symptoms associated with major depression disorder, anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. In this review, we summarized the latest discoveries regarding microglial ontogeny, cell subtypes or state spectrum, biological functions and mechanistic underpinnings of emotional and behavioral disorders. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of microglia-targeted therapies of neuropsychiatric disorders, and propose outstanding questions to be addressed in future research of human microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Ao Guan
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiayuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
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Zeng T, Li J, Xie L, Dong Z, Chen Q, Huang S, Xie S, Lai Y, Li J, Yan W, Wang Y, Xie Z, Hu C, Zhang J, Kuang S, Song Y, Gao L, Lv Z. Nrf2 regulates iron-dependent hippocampal synapses and functional connectivity damage in depression. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:212. [PMID: 37735410 PMCID: PMC10512501 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02875-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal iron overload contributes to synaptic damage and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying iron deposition in depression remain largely unexplored. Our study aims to investigate how nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) ameliorates hippocampal synaptic dysfunction and reduces brain functional connectivity (FC) associated with excessive iron in depression. We treated mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) with the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate (DFOM) and a high-iron diet (2.5% carbonyl iron) to examine the role of iron overload in synaptic plasticity. The involvement of Nrf2 in iron metabolism and brain function was assessed using molecular biological techniques and in vivo resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) through genetic deletion or pharmacologic activation of Nrf2. The results demonstrated a significant correlation between elevated serum iron levels and impaired hippocampal functional connectivity (FC), which contributed to the development of depression-induced CUMS. Iron overload plays a crucial role in CUMS-induced depression and synaptic dysfunction, as evidenced by the therapeutic effects of a high-iron diet and DFOM. The observed iron overload in this study was associated with decreased Nrf2 levels and increased expression of transferrin receptors (TfR). Notably, inhibition of iron accumulation effectively attenuated CUMS-induced synaptic damage mediated by downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Nrf2-/- mice exhibited compromised FC within the limbic system and the basal ganglia, particularly in the hippocampus, and inhibition of iron accumulation effectively attenuated CUMS-induced synaptic damage mediated by downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Activation of Nrf2 restored iron homeostasis and reversed vulnerability to depression. Mechanistically, we further identified that Nrf2 deletion promoted iron overload via upregulation of TfR and downregulation of ferritin light chain (FtL), leading to BDNF-mediated synapse damage in the hippocampus. Therefore, our findings unveil a novel role for Nrf2 in regulating iron homeostasis while providing mechanistic insights into poststress susceptibility to depression. Targeting Nrf2-mediated iron metabolism may offer promising strategies for developing more effective antidepressant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Department of Brain Diseases, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjie Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingpeng Xie
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Zhaoyang Dong
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Sha Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuwen Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqi Lai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Weixin Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - YuHua Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zeping Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Changlei Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanshan Kuang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhong Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhiping Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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Monsorno K, Ginggen K, Ivanov A, Buckinx A, Lalive AL, Tchenio A, Benson S, Vendrell M, D'Alessandro A, Beule D, Pellerin L, Mameli M, Paolicelli RC. Loss of microglial MCT4 leads to defective synaptic pruning and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5749. [PMID: 37717033 PMCID: PMC10505217 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, actively participate in brain development by supporting neuronal maturation and refining synaptic connections. These cells are emerging as highly metabolically flexible, able to oxidize different energetic substrates to meet their energy demand. Lactate is particularly abundant in the brain, but whether microglia use it as a metabolic fuel has been poorly explored. Here we show that microglia can import lactate, and this is coupled with increased lysosomal acidification. In vitro, loss of the monocarboxylate transporter MCT4 in microglia prevents lactate-induced lysosomal modulation and leads to defective cargo degradation. Microglial depletion of MCT4 in vivo leads to impaired synaptic pruning, associated with increased excitation in hippocampal neurons, enhanced AMPA/GABA ratio, vulnerability to seizures and anxiety-like phenotype. Overall, these findings show that selective disruption of the MCT4 transporter in microglia is sufficient to alter synapse refinement and to induce defects in mouse brain development and adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Monsorno
- University of Lausanne, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kyllian Ginggen
- University of Lausanne, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andranik Ivanov
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - An Buckinx
- University of Lausanne, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud L Lalive
- University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Tchenio
- University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sam Benson
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Vendrell
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Dieter Beule
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Inserm U1313, University of Poitiers and CHU of Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Mameli
- University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Paul M, Paul JW, Hinwood M, Hood RJ, Martin K, Abdolhoseini M, Johnson SJ, Pollack M, Nilsson M, Walker FR. Clopidogrel Administration Impairs Post-Stroke Learning and Memory Recovery in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11706. [PMID: 37511466 PMCID: PMC10380815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel, which is one of the most prescribed antiplatelet medications in the world, is given to stroke survivors for the prevention of secondary cardiovascular events. Clopidogrel exerts its antiplatelet activity via antagonism of the P2Y12 receptor (P2RY12). Although not widely known or considered during the initial clinical trials for clopidogrel, P2RY12 is also expressed on microglia, which are the brain's immune cells, where the receptor facilitates chemotactic migration toward sites of cellular damage. If microglial P2RY12 is blocked, microglia lose the ability to migrate to damaged sites and carry out essential repair processes. We aimed to investigate whether administering clopidogrel to mice post-stroke was associated with (i) impaired motor skills and cognitive recovery; (ii) physiological changes, such as survival rate and body weight; (iii) changes in the neurovascular unit, including blood vessels, microglia, and neurons; and (iv) changes in immune cells. Photothrombotic stroke (or sham surgery) was induced in adult male mice. From 24 h post-stroke, mice were treated daily for 14 days with either clopidogrel or a control. Cognitive performance (memory and learning) was assessed using a mouse touchscreen platform (paired associated learning task), while motor impairment was assessed using the cylinder task for paw asymmetry. On day 15, the mice were euthanized and their brains were collected for immunohistochemistry analysis. Clopidogrel administration significantly impaired learning and memory recovery, reduced mouse survival rates, and reduced body weight post-stroke. Furthermore, clopidogrel significantly increased vascular leakage, significantly increased the number and appearance of microglia, and significantly reduced the number of T cells within the peri-infarct region post-stroke. These data suggest that clopidogrel hampers cognitive performance post-stroke. This effect is potentially mediated by an increase in vascular permeability post-stroke, providing a pathway for clopidogrel to access the central nervous system, and thus, interfere in repair and recovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Paul
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jonathan W Paul
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Madeleine Hinwood
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Hood
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kristy Martin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Mahmoud Abdolhoseini
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Michael Pollack
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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