1
|
Hira R. Closed-loop experiments and brain machine interfaces with multiphoton microscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:033405. [PMID: 38375331 PMCID: PMC10876015 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.3.033405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In the field of neuroscience, the importance of constructing closed-loop experimental systems has increased in conjunction with technological advances in measuring and controlling neural activity in live animals. We provide an overview of recent technological advances in the field, focusing on closed-loop experimental systems where multiphoton microscopy-the only method capable of recording and controlling targeted population activity of neurons at a single-cell resolution in vivo-works through real-time feedback. Specifically, we present some examples of brain machine interfaces (BMIs) using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging and discuss applications of two-photon optogenetic stimulation and adaptive optics to real-time BMIs. We also consider conditions for realizing future optical BMIs at the synaptic level, and their possible roles in understanding the computational principles of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riichiro Hira
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lorca-Cámara A, Tourain C, de Sars V, Emiliani V, Accanto N. Multicolor two-photon light-patterning microscope exploiting the spatio-temporal properties of a fiber bundle. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:2094-2109. [PMID: 38633065 PMCID: PMC11019707 DOI: 10.1364/boe.507690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The development of efficient genetically encoded indicators and actuators has opened up the possibility of reading and manipulating neuronal activity in living tissues with light. To achieve precise and reconfigurable targeting of large numbers of neurons with single-cell resolution within arbitrary volumes, different groups have recently developed all-optical strategies based on two-photon excitation and spatio-temporal shaping of ultrashort laser pulses. However, such techniques are often complex to set up and typically operate at a single wavelength only. To address these issues, we have developed a novel optical approach that uses a fiber bundle and a spatial light modulator to achieve simple and dual-color two-photon light patterning in three dimensions. By leveraging the core-to-core temporal delay and the wavelength-independent divergence characteristics of fiber bundles, we have demonstrated the capacity to generate high-resolution excitation spots in a 3D region with two distinct laser wavelengths simultaneously, offering a suitable and simple alternative for precise multicolor cell targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Tourain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Vincent de Sars
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Valentina Emiliani
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Nicolò Accanto
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jia X, Wyart C. Holographic Optogenetic Activation of Neurons Eliciting Locomotion in Head-Embedded Larval Zebrafish. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2707:125-140. [PMID: 37668909 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3401-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how motor circuits are organized and recruited in order to perform complex behavior is an essential question of neuroscience. Here we present an optogenetic protocol on larval zebrafish that allows spatial selective control of neuronal activity within a genetically defined population. We combine holographic illumination with the use of effective opsin transgenic lines, alongside high-speed behavioral monitoring to dissect the motor circuits of the larval zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Jia
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Claire Wyart
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ding C, Shao R, He Q, Li LS, Yang J. Wavefront shaping improves the transparency of the scattering media: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S11507. [PMID: 38089445 PMCID: PMC10711682 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s1.s11507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Significance Wavefront shaping (WFS) can compensate for distortions by optimizing the wavefront of the input light or reversing the transmission matrix of the media. It is a promising field of research. A thorough understanding of principles and developments of WFS is important for optical research. Aim To provide insight into WFS for researchers who deal with scattering in biomedicine, imaging, and optical communication, our study summarizes the basic principles and methods of WFS and reviews recent progress. Approach The basic principles, methods of WFS, and the latest applications of WFS in focusing, imaging, and multimode fiber (MMF) endoscopy are described. The practical challenges and prospects of future development are also discussed. Results Data-driven learning-based methods are opening up new possibilities for WFS. High-resolution imaging through MMFs can support small-diameter endoscopy in the future. Conclusion The rapid development of WFS over the past decade has shown that the best solution is not to avoid scattering but to find ways to correct it or even use it. WFS with faster speed, more optical modes, and more modulation degrees of freedom will continue to drive exciting developments in various fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxu Ding
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongjun Shao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaozhi He
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Institute of Marine Equipment, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei S. Li
- Rice University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Jiamiao Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Institute of Marine Equipment, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Telliez C, De Sars V, Emiliani V, Ronzitti E. Descanned fast light targeting (deFLiT) two-photon optogenetics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:6222-6232. [PMID: 38420304 PMCID: PMC10898566 DOI: 10.1364/boe.499445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Two-photon light-targeting optogenetics allows controlling selected subsets of neurons with near single-cell resolution and high temporal precision. To push forward this approach, we recently proposed a fast light-targeting strategy (FLiT) to rapidly scan multiple holograms tiled on a spatial light modulator (SLM). This allowed generating sub-ms timely-controlled switch of light patterns enabling to reduce the power budget for multi-target excitation and increase the temporal precision for relative spike tuning in a circuit. Here, we modified the optical design of FLiT by including a de-scan unit (deFLiT) to keep the holographic illumination centered at the middle of the objective pupil independently of the position of the tiled hologram on the SLM. This enables enlarging the number of usable holograms and reaching extended on-axis excitation volumes, and therefore increasing even further the power gain and temporal precision of conventional FLiT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Telliez
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Vincent De Sars
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Valentina Emiliani
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Emiliano Ronzitti
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brunstein M, Lubetzki J, Moutoussamy C, Li W, Barral J. Fast 2-photon stimulation using holographic patterns. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:39222-39238. [PMID: 38018006 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Two decades after its introduction, optogenetics - a biological technique to control the activity of neurons or other cell types with light - remains a cutting edge and promising tool to study biological processes. Its increasing usage in research varies widely from causally exploring biological mechanisms and neural computations, to neurostimulation and sensory restauration. To stimulate neurons in the brain, a variety of approaches have been developed to generate precise spatiotemporal light patterns. Yet certain constrains still exists in the current optical techniques to activate a neuronal population with both cellular resolution and millisecond precision. Here, we describe an experimental setup allowing to stimulate a few tens of neurons in a plane at sub-millisecond rates using 2-photon activation. A liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (LCoS-SLM) was used to generate spatial patterns in 2 dimensions. The image of the patterns was formed on the plane of a digital micromirror device (DMD) that was used as a fast temporal modulator of each region of interest. Using fluorescent microscopy and patch-clamp recording of neurons in culture expressing the light-gated ion channels, we characterized the temporal and spatial resolution of the microscope. We described the advantages of combining the LCoS-SLM with the DMD to maximize the temporal precision, modulate the illumination amplitude, and reduce background activation. Finally, we showed that this approach can be extended to patterns in 3 dimensions. We concluded that the methodology is well suited to address important questions about the role of temporal information in neuronal coding.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tong L, Han S, Xue Y, Chen M, Chen F, Ke W, Shu Y, Ding N, Bewersdorf J, Zhou ZJ, Yuan P, Grutzendler J. Single cell in vivo optogenetic stimulation by two-photon excitation fluorescence transfer. iScience 2023; 26:107857. [PMID: 37752954 PMCID: PMC10518705 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic manipulation with single-cell resolution can be achieved by two-photon excitation. However, this frequently requires relatively high laser powers. Here, we developed a novel strategy that can improve the efficiency of current two-photon stimulation technologies by positioning fluorescent proteins or small fluorescent molecules with high two-photon cross-sections in the vicinity of opsins. This generates a highly localized source of endogenous single-photon illumination that can be tailored to match the optimal opsin absorbance. Through neuronal and vascular stimulation in the live mouse brain, we demonstrate the utility of this technique to achieve efficient opsin stimulation, without loss of cellular resolution. We also provide a theoretical framework for understanding the potential advantages and constrains of this methodology, with directions for future improvements. Altogether, this fluorescence transfer illumination method opens new possibilities for experiments difficult to implement in the live brain such as all-optical neural interrogation and control of regional cerebral blood flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tong
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Shanshan Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yao Xue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Minggang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Fuyi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Wei Ke
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yousheng Shu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Joerg Bewersdorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Z. Jimmy Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Peng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jaime Grutzendler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Faini G, Tanese D, Molinier C, Telliez C, Hamdani M, Blot F, Tourain C, de Sars V, Del Bene F, Forget BC, Ronzitti E, Emiliani V. Ultrafast light targeting for high-throughput precise control of neuronal networks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1888. [PMID: 37019891 PMCID: PMC10074378 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon, single-cell resolution optogenetics based on holographic light-targeting approaches enables the generation of precise spatiotemporal neuronal activity patterns and thus a broad range of experimental applications, such as high throughput connectivity mapping and probing neural codes for perception. Yet, current holographic approaches limit the resolution for tuning the relative spiking time of distinct cells to a few milliseconds, and the achievable number of targets to 100-200, depending on the working depth. To overcome these limitations and expand the capabilities of single-cell optogenetics, we introduce an ultra-fast sequential light targeting (FLiT) optical configuration based on the rapid switching of a temporally focused beam between holograms at kHz rates. We used FLiT to demonstrate two illumination protocols, termed hybrid- and cyclic-illumination, and achieve sub-millisecond control of sequential neuronal activation and high throughput multicell illumination in vitro (mouse organotypic and acute brain slices) and in vivo (zebrafish larvae and mice), while minimizing light-induced thermal rise. These approaches will be important for experiments that require rapid and precise cell stimulation with defined spatio-temporal activity patterns and optical control of large neuronal ensembles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Faini
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Dimitrii Tanese
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Clément Molinier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Telliez
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Massilia Hamdani
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Francois Blot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Tourain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Vincent de Sars
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Del Bene
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Benoît C Forget
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Emiliano Ronzitti
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France.
| | - Valentina Emiliani
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sims RR, Bendifallah I, Grimm C, Mohamed-Lafirdeen A, Lu X, St-Pierre F, Papagiakoumou E, Emiliani V. Scanless two-photon voltage imaging. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2412371. [PMID: 36747617 PMCID: PMC9900978 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2412371/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Parallel light-sculpting methods have been used to perform scanless two-photon photostimulation of multiple neurons simultaneously during all-optical neurophysiology experiments. We demonstrate that scanless two-photon excitation also enables high-resolution, high-contrast, voltage imaging by efficiently exciting fluorescence in a large fraction of the cellular soma. We present a thorough characterisation of scanless two-photon voltage imaging using existing parallel approaches and lasers with different repetition rates. We demonstrate voltage recordings of high frequency spike trains and sub-threshold depolarizations in intact brain tissue from neurons expressing the soma-targeted genetically encoded voltage indicator JEDI-2P-kv. Using a low repetition-rate laser, we perform recordings from up to ten neurons simultaneously. Finally, by co-expressing JEDI-2P-kv and the channelrhodopsin ChroME-ST in neurons of hippocampal organotypic slices, we perform single-beam, simultaneous, two-photon voltage imaging and photostimulation. This enables in-situ validation of the precise number and timing of light evoked action potentials and will pave the way for rapid and scalable identification of functional brain connections in intact neural circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth R. Sims
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Imane Bendifallah
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Christiane Grimm
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - François St-Pierre
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Valentina Emiliani
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Accanto N, Blot FGC, Lorca-Cámara A, Zampini V, Bui F, Tourain C, Badt N, Katz O, Emiliani V. A flexible two-photon fiberscope for fast activity imaging and precise optogenetic photostimulation of neurons in freely moving mice. Neuron 2023; 111:176-189.e6. [PMID: 36395773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed a flexible two-photon microendoscope (2P-FENDO) capable of all-optical brain investigation at near cellular resolution in freely moving mice. The system performs fast two-photon (2P) functional imaging and 2P holographic photostimulation of single and multiple cells using axially confined extended spots. Proof-of-principle experiments were performed in freely moving mice co-expressing jGCaMP7s and the opsin ChRmine in the visual or barrel cortex. On a field of view of 250 μm in diameter, we demonstrated functional imaging at a frame rate of up to 50 Hz and precise photostimulation of selected groups of cells. With the capability to simultaneously image and control defined neuronal networks in freely moving animals, 2P-FENDO will enable a precise investigation of neuronal functions in the brain during naturalistic behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Accanto
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - François G C Blot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Valeria Zampini
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Florence Bui
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Tourain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Noam Badt
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ori Katz
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Valentina Emiliani
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vierock J, Peter E, Grimm C, Rozenberg A, Chen IW, Tillert L, Castro Scalise AG, Casini M, Augustin S, Tanese D, Forget BC, Peyronnet R, Schneider-Warme F, Emiliani V, Béjà O, Hegemann P. WiChR, a highly potassium-selective channelrhodopsin for low-light one- and two-photon inhibition of excitable cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd7729. [PMID: 36383037 PMCID: PMC9733931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add7729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The electric excitability of muscle, heart, and brain tissue relies on the precise interplay of Na+- and K+-selective ion channels. The involved ion fluxes are controlled in optogenetic studies using light-gated channelrhodopsins (ChRs). While non-selective cation-conducting ChRs are well established for excitation, K+-selective ChRs (KCRs) for efficient inhibition have only recently come into reach. Here, we report the molecular analysis of recently discovered KCRs from the stramenopile Hyphochytrium catenoides and identification of a novel type of hydrophobic K+ selectivity filter. Next, we demonstrate that the KCR signature motif is conserved in related stramenopile ChRs. Among them, WiChR from Wobblia lunata features a so far unmatched preference for K+ over Na+, stable photocurrents under continuous illumination, and a prolonged open-state lifetime. Showing high expression levels in cardiac myocytes and neurons, WiChR allows single- and two-photon inhibition at low irradiance and reduced tissue heating. Therefore, we recommend WiChR as the long-awaited efficient and versatile optogenetic inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Vierock
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Peter
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Grimm
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Andrey Rozenberg
- Faculty of Biology, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - I-Wen Chen
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Linda Tillert
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marilù Casini
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg · Bad Krozingen, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Regenerative Medicine and Heart Transplantation Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe and ITACA Institute (COR), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Augustin
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitrii Tanese
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Benoît C. Forget
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Peyronnet
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg · Bad Krozingen, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Franziska Schneider-Warme
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg · Bad Krozingen, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Valentina Emiliani
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Oded Béjà
- Faculty of Biology, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hsu FC, Lin CY, Hu YY, Hwu YK, Chiang AS, Chen SJ. Light-field microscopy with temporal focusing multiphoton illumination for scanless volumetric bioimaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:6610-6620. [PMID: 36589593 PMCID: PMC9774856 DOI: 10.1364/boe.473807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A temporal focusing multiphoton illumination (TFMI) method is proposed for achieving selective volume illumination (SVI) (i.e., illuminating only the volume of interest) in light-field microscopy (LFM). The proposed method minimizes the background noise of the LFM images and enhances the contrast, and thus improves the imaging quality. Three-dimensional (3D) volumetric imaging is achieved by reconstructing the LFM images using a phase-space deconvolution algorithm. The experimental results obtained using 100-nm fluorescent beads show that the proposed TFMI-LFM system achieves lateral and axial resolutions of 1.2 µm and 1.1 µm, respectively, at the focal plane. Furthermore, the TFMI-LFM system enables 3D images of the single lobe of the drosophila mushroom body with GFP biomarker (OK-107) to be reconstructed in a one-snapshot record.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chun Hsu
- College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan 112, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Lin
- College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan 112, Taiwan
| | - Yvonne Yuling Hu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yeu-kuang Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Shyn Chiang
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Shean-Jen Chen
- College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan 112, Taiwan
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xue Y. Computational optics for high-throughput imaging of neural activity. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:041408. [PMID: 35607516 PMCID: PMC9122092 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.4.041408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy offers a noninvasive way to image neural activity in the mouse brain. To simultaneously record neural activity across a large population of neurons, optical systems that have high spatiotemporal resolution and can access a large volume are necessary. The throughput of a system, that is, the number of resolvable spots acquired by the system at a given time, is usually limited by optical hardware. To overcome this limitation, computation optics that designs optical hardware and computer software jointly becomes a new approach that achieves micronscale resolution, millimeter-scale field-of-view, and hundreds of hertz imaging speed at the same time. This review article summarizes recent advances in computational optics for high-throughput imaging of neural activity, highlighting technologies for three-dimensional parallelized excitation and detection. Computational optics can substantially accelerate the study of neural circuits with previously unattainable precision and speed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xue
- University of California, Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tang WC, Liu YT, Yeh CH, Lu CH, Tu CH, Lin YL, Lin YC, Hsu TL, Gao L, Chang SW, Chen P, Chen BC. Optogenetic manipulation of cell migration with high spatiotemporal resolution using lattice lightsheet microscopy. Commun Biol 2022; 5:879. [PMID: 36028551 PMCID: PMC9418249 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lattice lightsheet microscopy (LLSM) featuring three-dimensional recording is improved to manipulate cellular behavior with subcellular resolution through optogenetic activation (optoLLSM). A position-controllable Bessel beam as a stimulation source is integrated into the LLSM to achieve spatiotemporal photoactivation by changing the spatial light modulator (SLM) patterns. Unlike the point-scanning in a confocal microscope, the lattice beams are capable of wide-field optical sectioning for optogenetic activation along the Bessel beam path.We show that the energy power required for optogenetic activations is lower than 1 nW (or 24 mWcm-2) for time-lapses of CRY2olig clustering proteins, and membrane ruffling can be induced at different locations within a cell with subcellular resolution through light-triggered recruitment of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Moreover, with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) fused with CRY2olig, we are able to demonstrate guided cell migration using optogenetic stimulation for up to 6 h, where 463 imaging volumes are collected, without noticeable cellular damages. Using a Bessel beam as a simulation source allows the use of lattice lightsheet microscopy for spatiotemporal control of photoactivation, illustrated by the control of cellular migration behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Tang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Liu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Yeh
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Han Lu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Hui Tu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Ling Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Liang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Shu-Wei Chang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Roy S, Field GD. An optical approach for mapping functional connectivity at single-cell resolution in brain circuits. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100272. [PMID: 36046621 PMCID: PMC9421506 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the current issue of Cell Reports Methods, Spampinato et al. demonstrate a multiplexed system combining holographic photo-stimulation and functional imaging that may offer a generalizable approach for revealing how signals interact in complex neural circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suva Roy
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Greg D. Field
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Emiliani V, Entcheva E, Hedrich R, Hegemann P, Konrad KR, Lüscher C, Mahn M, Pan ZH, Sims RR, Vierock J, Yizhar O. Optogenetics for light control of biological systems. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:55. [PMID: 37933248 PMCID: PMC10627578 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and light. Optogenetics employs natural and engineered photoreceptors, mostly of microbial origin, to be genetically introduced into the cells of interest. As a result, cells that are naturally light-insensitive can be made photosensitive and addressable by illumination and precisely controllable in time and space. The selectivity of expression and subcellular targeting in the host is enabled by applying control elements such as promoters, enhancers and specific targeting sequences to the employed photoreceptor-encoding DNA. This powerful approach allows precise characterization and manipulation of cellular functions and has motivated the development of advanced optical methods for patterned photostimulation. Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience during the past 15 years and is primed to have a similar impact in other fields, including cardiology, cell biology and plant sciences. In this Primer, we describe the principles of optogenetics, review the most commonly used optogenetic tools, illumination approaches and scientific applications and discuss the possibilities and limitations associated with optogenetic manipulations across a wide variety of optical techniques, cells, circuits and organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Emiliani
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Emilia Entcheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai R. Konrad
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lüscher
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinic of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Mahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhuo-Hua Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ruth R. Sims
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Vierock
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité – Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ofer Yizhar
- Departments of Brain Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Skirnewskaja J, Wilkinson TD. Automotive Holographic Head-Up Displays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110463. [PMID: 35148445 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Driver's access to information about navigation and vehicle data through in-car displays and personal devices distract the driver from safe vehicle management. The discrepancy between road safety and infotainment must be addressed to develop safely operated modern vehicles. Head-up displays (HUDs) aim to introduce a seamless uptake of visual information for the driver while securely operating a vehicle. HUDs projected on the windshield provide the driver with visual navigation and vehicle data within the comfort of the driver's personal eye box through a customizable extended display space. Windshield HUDs do not require the driver to shift the gaze away from the road to attain road information. This article presents a review of technological advances and future perspectives in holographic HUDs by analyzing the optoelectronics devices and the user experience of the driver. The review elucidates holographic displays and full augmented reality in 3D with depth perception when projecting the visual information on the road within the driver's gaze. Design factors, functionality, and the integration of personalized machine learning technologies into holographic HUDs are discussed. Application examples of the display technologies regarding road safety and security are presented. An outlook is provided to reflect on display trends and autonomous driving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Skirnewskaja
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Timothy D Wilkinson
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Enhanced Single-Beam Multiple-Intensity Phase Retrieval Using Holographic Illumination. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9030187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Single-beam multiple-intensity iterative phase retrieval is a high-precision and lens-free computational imaging method, which reconstructs the complex-valued distribution of the object from a volume of axially captured diffraction intensities using the post-processing algorithm. However, for the object with slowly-varying waves, the method may encounter the problem of convergence stagnation since the lack of diversity between the captured intensity patterns. In this paper, a novel technique to enhance phase retrieval using holographic illumination is proposed. One special computer-generated hologram is designed, which can generate multiple significantly different images at the required distances. The incident plane wave is firstly modulated by the hologram, and then the exit wave is used to illuminate the object. Benefitting from this holographic illumination, remarkable intensity changes in the given detector planes can be produced, which is conducive to fast and high-accuracy reconstruction. Simulation and optical experiments are performed to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.
Collapse
|
19
|
Sacconi L, Silvestri L, Rodríguez EC, Armstrong GA, Pavone FS, Shrier A, Bub G. KHz-rate volumetric voltage imaging of the whole Zebrafish heart. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2022; 2:100046. [PMID: 36425080 PMCID: PMC9680780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2022.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fast volumetric imaging is essential for understanding the function of excitable tissues such as those found in the brain and heart. Measuring cardiac voltage transients in tissue volumes is challenging, especially at the high spatial and temporal resolutions needed to give insight to cardiac function. We introduce a new imaging modality based on simultaneous illumination of multiple planes in the tissue and parallel detection with multiple cameras, avoiding compromises inherent in any scanning approach. The system enables imaging of voltage transients in situ, allowing us, for the first time to our knowledge, to map voltage activity in the whole heart volume at KHz rates. The high spatiotemporal resolution of our method enabled the observation of novel dynamics of electrical propagation through the zebrafish atrioventricular canal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sacconi
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, and National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Ludovico Silvestri
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, and National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Gary A.B. Armstrong
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Francesco S. Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, and National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alvin Shrier
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gil Bub
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fluorescence imaging of large-scale neural ensemble dynamics. Cell 2022; 185:9-41. [PMID: 34995519 PMCID: PMC8849612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in fluorescence imaging allows neuroscientists to observe the dynamics of thousands of individual neurons, identified genetically or by their connectivity, across multiple brain areas and for extended durations in awake behaving mammals. We discuss advances in fluorescent indicators of neural activity, viral and genetic methods to express these indicators, chronic animal preparations for long-term imaging studies, and microscopes to monitor and manipulate the activity of large neural ensembles. Ca2+ imaging studies of neural activity can track brain area interactions and distributed information processing at cellular resolution. Across smaller spatial scales, high-speed voltage imaging reveals the distinctive spiking patterns and coding properties of targeted neuron types. Collectively, these innovations will propel studies of brain function and dovetail with ongoing neuroscience initiatives to identify new neuron types and develop widely applicable, non-human primate models. The optical toolkit's growing sophistication also suggests that "brain observatory" facilities would be useful open resources for future brain-imaging studies.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abdelfattah AS, Ahuja S, Akkin T, Allu SR, Brake J, Boas DA, Buckley EM, Campbell RE, Chen AI, Cheng X, Čižmár T, Costantini I, De Vittorio M, Devor A, Doran PR, El Khatib M, Emiliani V, Fomin-Thunemann N, Fainman Y, Fernandez-Alfonso T, Ferri CGL, Gilad A, Han X, Harris A, Hillman EMC, Hochgeschwender U, Holt MG, Ji N, Kılıç K, Lake EMR, Li L, Li T, Mächler P, Miller EW, Mesquita RC, Nadella KMNS, Nägerl UV, Nasu Y, Nimmerjahn A, Ondráčková P, Pavone FS, Perez Campos C, Peterka DS, Pisano F, Pisanello F, Puppo F, Sabatini BL, Sadegh S, Sakadzic S, Shoham S, Shroff SN, Silver RA, Sims RR, Smith SL, Srinivasan VJ, Thunemann M, Tian L, Tian L, Troxler T, Valera A, Vaziri A, Vinogradov SA, Vitale F, Wang LV, Uhlířová H, Xu C, Yang C, Yang MH, Yellen G, Yizhar O, Zhao Y. Neurophotonic tools for microscopic measurements and manipulation: status report. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:013001. [PMID: 35493335 PMCID: PMC9047450 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.s1.013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Neurophotonics was launched in 2014 coinciding with the launch of the BRAIN Initiative focused on development of technologies for advancement of neuroscience. For the last seven years, Neurophotonics' agenda has been well aligned with this focus on neurotechnologies featuring new optical methods and tools applicable to brain studies. While the BRAIN Initiative 2.0 is pivoting towards applications of these novel tools in the quest to understand the brain, this status report reviews an extensive and diverse toolkit of novel methods to explore brain function that have emerged from the BRAIN Initiative and related large-scale efforts for measurement and manipulation of brain structure and function. Here, we focus on neurophotonic tools mostly applicable to animal studies. A companion report, scheduled to appear later this year, will cover diffuse optical imaging methods applicable to noninvasive human studies. For each domain, we outline the current state-of-the-art of the respective technologies, identify the areas where innovation is needed, and provide an outlook for the future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Abdelfattah
- Brown University, Department of Neuroscience, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Sapna Ahuja
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Taner Akkin
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joshua Brake
- Harvey Mudd College, Department of Engineering, Claremont, California, United States
| | - David A. Boas
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Erin M. Buckley
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- University of Tokyo, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Alberta, Department of Chemistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anderson I. Chen
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Xiaojun Cheng
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tomáš Čižmár
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Irene Costantini
- University of Florence, European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Department of Biology, Florence, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo De Vittorio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, Italy
| | - Anna Devor
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Patrick R. Doran
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mirna El Khatib
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Natalie Fomin-Thunemann
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yeshaiahu Fainman
- University of California San Diego, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Tomas Fernandez-Alfonso
- University College London, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher G. L. Ferri
- University of California San Diego, Departments of Neurosciences, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Ariel Gilad
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute for Medical Research Israel–Canada, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Xue Han
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Andrew Harris
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Brain Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Ute Hochgeschwender
- Central Michigan University, Department of Neuroscience, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States
| | - Matthew G. Holt
- University of Porto, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
| | - Na Ji
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Physics, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Kıvılcım Kılıç
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Evelyn M. R. Lake
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Lei Li
- California Institute of Technology, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Tianqi Li
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Philipp Mächler
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Evan W. Miller
- University of California Berkeley, Departments of Chemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, California, United States
| | | | | | - U. Valentin Nägerl
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience University of Bordeaux & CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yusuke Nasu
- University of Tokyo, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Axel Nimmerjahn
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Petra Ondráčková
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco S. Pavone
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
- University of Florence, European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, Florence, Italy
| | - Citlali Perez Campos
- Columbia University, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, United States
| | - Darcy S. Peterka
- Columbia University, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, United States
| | - Filippo Pisano
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Pisanello
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, Italy
| | - Francesca Puppo
- University of California San Diego, Departments of Neurosciences, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Bernardo L. Sabatini
- Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sanaz Sadegh
- University of California San Diego, Departments of Neurosciences, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Sava Sakadzic
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Shy Shoham
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Tech4Health and Neuroscience Institutes, New York, New York, United States
| | - Sanaya N. Shroff
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - R. Angus Silver
- University College London, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth R. Sims
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Spencer L. Smith
- University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Vivek J. Srinivasan
- New York University Langone Health, Departments of Ophthalmology and Radiology, New York, New York, United States
| | - Martin Thunemann
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lei Tian
- Boston University, Departments of Electrical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lin Tian
- University of California Davis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Davis, California, United States
| | - Thomas Troxler
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Antoine Valera
- University College London, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alipasha Vaziri
- Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics, New York, New York, United States
- The Rockefeller University, The Kavli Neural Systems Institute, New York, New York, United States
| | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Flavia Vitale
- Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, Departments of Neurology, Bioengineering, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- California Institute of Technology, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Hana Uhlířová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Chris Xu
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Ithaca, New York, United States
| | - Changhuei Yang
- California Institute of Technology, Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering and Medical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Mu-Han Yang
- University of California San Diego, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Gary Yellen
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ofer Yizhar
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Brain Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Linghu C, Chen IW, Tanese D, Zampini V, Shemesh OA. Single-Cell Resolution Optogenetics Via Expression of Soma-Targeted Rhodopsins. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2501:229-257. [PMID: 35857231 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2329-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics allows control of neural activity in genetically targeted neuron populations by light. Optogenetic control of individual neurons in neural circuits would enable powerful, causal investigations of neural connectivity and function at single-cell level and provide insights into how neural circuits operate. Such single-cell resolution optogenetics in neuron populations requires precise sculpting of light and subcellular targeting of optogenetic molecules. Here we describe a group of methods for single-cell resolution optogenetics in neuron cultures, in mouse brain slices, and in mouse cortex in-vivo, via patterned light and soma-targeted optogenetic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - I-Wen Chen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Dimitrii Tanese
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Valeria Zampini
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Or A Shemesh
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Piñeiro M, Mena W, Ewer J, Orio P. Extracting temporal relationships between weakly coupled peptidergic and motoneuronal signaling: Application to Drosophila ecdysis behavior. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008933. [PMID: 34910730 PMCID: PMC8716061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulators, such as neuropeptides, can regulate and reconfigure neural circuits to alter their output, affecting in this way animal physiology and behavior. The interplay between the activity of neuronal circuits, their modulation by neuropeptides, and the resulting behavior, is still poorly understood. Here, we present a quantitative framework to study the relationships between the temporal pattern of activity of peptidergic neurons and of motoneurons during Drosophila ecdysis behavior, a highly stereotyped motor sequence that is critical for insect growth. We analyzed, in the time and frequency domains, simultaneous intracellular calcium recordings of peptidergic CCAP (crustacean cardioactive peptide) neurons and motoneurons obtained from isolated central nervous systems throughout fictive ecdysis behavior induced ex vivo by Ecdysis triggering hormone. We found that the activity of both neuronal populations is tightly coupled in a cross-frequency manner, suggesting that CCAP neurons modulate the frequency of motoneuron firing. To explore this idea further, we used a probabilistic logistic model to show that calcium dynamics in CCAP neurons can predict the oscillation of motoneurons, both in a simple model and in a conductance-based model capable of simulating many features of the observed neural dynamics. Finally, we developed an algorithm to quantify the motor behavior observed in videos of pupal ecdysis, and compared their features to the patterns of neuronal calcium activity recorded ex vivo. We found that the motor activity of the intact animal is more regular than the motoneuronal activity recorded from ex vivo preparations during fictive ecdysis behavior; the analysis of the patterns of movement also allowed us to identify a new post-ecdysis phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Piñeiro
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Wilson Mena
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - John Ewer
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- * E-mail: (JE); (PO)
| | - Patricio Orio
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- * E-mail: (JE); (PO)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Durst ME, Yurak S, Moscatelli J, Linhares I, Vargas R. Remote Focusing in a Temporal Focusing Microscope. OSA CONTINUUM 2021; 4:2757-2770. [PMID: 35531308 PMCID: PMC9075704 DOI: 10.1364/osac.443116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In a temporal focusing microscope, dispersion can remotely shift the temporal focal plane axially, but only a single depth can be in focus at a time on a fixed camera. In this paper, we demonstrate remote focusing in a temporal focusing microscope. Dispersion tuning with an electrically tunable lens (ETL) in a 4 f pulse shaper scans the excitation plane axially, and another ETL in the detection path keeps the shifted excitation plane in focus on the camera. Image stacks formed using two ETLs versus a traditional stage scan are equivalent.
Collapse
|
25
|
Sadeh S, Clopath C. Excitatory-inhibitory balance modulates the formation and dynamics of neuronal assemblies in cortical networks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg8411. [PMID: 34731002 PMCID: PMC8565910 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg8411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive activation of subpopulations of neurons leads to the formation of neuronal assemblies, which can guide learning and behavior. Recent technological advances have made the artificial induction of these assemblies feasible, yet how various parameters of induction can be optimized is not clear. Here, we studied this question in large-scale cortical network models with excitatory-inhibitory balance. We found that the background network in which assemblies are embedded can strongly modulate their dynamics and formation. Networks with dominant excitatory interactions enabled a fast formation of assemblies, but this was accompanied by recruitment of other non-perturbed neurons, leading to some degree of nonspecific induction. On the other hand, networks with strong excitatory-inhibitory interactions ensured that the formation of assemblies remained constrained to the perturbed neurons, but slowed down the induction. Our results suggest that these two regimes can be suitable for computational and cognitive tasks with different trade-offs between speed and specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadra Sadeh
- Bioengineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Quan X, Kato D, Daria V, Matoba O, Wake H. Holographic microscope and its biological application. Neurosci Res 2021; 179:57-64. [PMID: 34740727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Holographic structured illumination combined with optogenetics enables patterned stimulation of neurons and glial cells in an intact living brain. Moreover, in vivo functional imaging of cellular activity with recent advanced microscope technologies allows for visualization of the cellular responses during learning, emotion and cognition. Integrating these techniques can be used to verify the link between cell function and behavior output. However, there are technical limitations to stimulate multiple cells with high spatial and temporal resolution with available techniques of optogenetic stimulation. Here, we summarized a two-photon microscope combined with holographic system to stimulate multiple cells with high spatial and temporal resolution for living mice and their biological application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Quan
- Department of System Science, Kobe University Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kato
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Vincent Daria
- Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Osamu Matoba
- Department of System Science, Kobe University Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wake
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Division of Multicellular Circuit Dynamics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Adesnik H, Abdeladim L. Probing neural codes with two-photon holographic optogenetics. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1356-1366. [PMID: 34400843 PMCID: PMC9793863 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics ushered in a revolution in how neuroscientists interrogate brain function. Because of technical limitations, the majority of optogenetic studies have used low spatial resolution activation schemes that limit the types of perturbations that can be made. However, neural activity manipulations at finer spatial scales are likely to be important to more fully understand neural computation. Spatially precise multiphoton holographic optogenetics promises to address this challenge and opens up many new classes of experiments that were not previously possible. More specifically, by offering the ability to recreate extremely specific neural activity patterns in both space and time in functionally defined ensembles of neurons, multiphoton holographic optogenetics could allow neuroscientists to reveal fundamental aspects of the neural codes for sensation, cognition and behavior that have been beyond reach. This Review summarizes recent advances in multiphoton holographic optogenetics that substantially expand its capabilities, highlights outstanding technical challenges and provides an overview of the classes of experiments it can execute to test and validate key theoretical models of brain function. Multiphoton holographic optogenetics could substantially accelerate the pace of neuroscience discovery by helping to close the loop between experimental and theoretical neuroscience, leading to fundamental new insights into nervous system function and disorder.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ishikawa T, Isobe K, Inazawa K, Namiki K, Miyawaki A, Kannari F, Midorikawa K. Adaptive optics with spatio-temporal lock-in detection for temporal focusing microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:29021-29033. [PMID: 34615020 DOI: 10.1364/oe.432414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wavefront distortion in temporal focusing microscopy (TFM) results in a distorted temporal profile of the excitation pulses owing to spatio-temporal coupling. Since the pulse duration is dramatically changed in the excitation volume, it is difficult to correct the temporal profile for a thick sample. Here, we demonstrate adaptive optics (AO) correction in a thick sample. We apply structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to an AO correction in wide-field TFM to decrease the change in the pulse duration in the signal detection volume. The AO correction with SIM was very successful in a thick sample for which AO correction with TFM failed.
Collapse
|
29
|
Jin C, Liu C, Shi R, Kong L. Precise 3D computer-generated holography based on non-convex optimization with spherical aberration compensation (SAC-NOVO) for two-photon optogenetics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:20795-20807. [PMID: 34266161 DOI: 10.1364/oe.426578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Computer-generated holography (CGH) has been adopted in two-photon optogenetics as a promising technique for selective excitation of neural ensembles. However, 3D CGH by nonconvex optimization, the state of art method, is susceptible to imprecise axial positioning, due to the quadratic phase approximation in 3D target generation. Even though the misplacement of targets in conventional CGH can be solved by pre-calibration, it still suffers from low efficiency and poor axial resolution of two-photon excitation. Here, we propose a novel CGH method based on non-convex optimization with spherical aberration compensation (SAC-NOVO). Through numerical simulations and two-photon excitation experiments, we verify that SAC-NOVO could achieve precise axial positioning for single and multiple expanded disk patterns, while ensuring high two-photon excitation efficiency. Besides, we experimentally show that SAC-NOVO enables the suppression of dark target areas. This work shows the superiority of SAC-NOVO for two-photon optogenetics.
Collapse
|
30
|
Repina NA, McClave T, Johnson HJ, Bao X, Kane RS, Schaffer DV. Engineered Illumination Devices for Optogenetic Control of Cellular Signaling Dynamics. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107737. [PMID: 32521262 PMCID: PMC9357365 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially and temporally varying patterns of morphogen signals during development drive cell fate specification at the proper location and time. However, current in vitro methods typically do not allow for precise, dynamic spatiotemporal control of morphogen signaling and are thus insufficient to readily study how morphogen dynamics affect cell behavior. Here, we show that optogenetic Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation can be controlled at user-defined intensities, temporal sequences, and spatial patterns using engineered illumination devices for optogenetic photostimulation and light activation at variable amplitudes (LAVA). By patterning human embryonic stem cell (hESC) cultures with varying light intensities, LAVA devices enabled dose-responsive control of optoWnt activation and Brachyury expression. Furthermore, time-varying and spatially localized patterns of light revealed tissue patterning that models the embryonic presentation of Wnt signals in vitro. LAVA devices thus provide a low-cost, user-friendly method for high-throughput and spatiotemporal optogenetic control of cell signaling for applications in developmental and cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Repina
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Thomas McClave
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hunter J Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ravi S Kane
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yang W, Yuste R. Holographic Imaging and Stimulation of Neural Circuits. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:613-639. [PMID: 33398846 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A critical neuroscience challenge is the need to optically image and manipulate neural activity with high spatiotemporal resolution over large brain volumes. The last three decades have seen the development of calcium imaging to record activity from neuronal populations, as well as optochemistry and optogenetics to optically manipulate neural activity. These methods are typically implemented with wide-field or laser-scanning microscopes. While the former approach has a good temporal resolution, it generally lacks spatial resolution or specificity, particularly in scattering tissues such as the nervous system; meanwhile, the latter approach, particularly when combined with two-photon excitation, has high spatial resolution and specificity but poor temporal resolution. As a new technique, holographic microscopy combines the advantages of both approaches. By projecting a holographic pattern on the brain through a spatial light modulator, the activity of specific groups of neurons in 3D brain volumes can be imaged or stimulated with high spatiotemporal resolution. In a combination of other techniques such as fast scanning or temporal focusing, this high spatiotemporal resolution can be further improved. Holographic microscopy enables all-optical interrogating of neural activity in 3D, a critical tool to dissect the function of neural circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Donostia International Physics Center, DIPC, San Sebastian, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gauvain G, Akolkar H, Chaffiol A, Arcizet F, Khoei MA, Desrosiers M, Jaillard C, Caplette R, Marre O, Bertin S, Fovet CM, Demilly J, Forster V, Brazhnikova E, Hantraye P, Pouget P, Douar A, Pruneau D, Chavas J, Sahel JA, Dalkara D, Duebel J, Benosman R, Picaud S. Optogenetic therapy: high spatiotemporal resolution and pattern discrimination compatible with vision restoration in non-human primates. Commun Biol 2021; 4:125. [PMID: 33504896 PMCID: PMC7840970 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision restoration is an ideal medical application for optogenetics, because the eye provides direct optical access to the retina for stimulation. Optogenetic therapy could be used for diseases involving photoreceptor degeneration, such as retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration. We describe here the selection, in non-human primates, of a specific optogenetic construct currently tested in a clinical trial. We used the microbial opsin ChrimsonR, and showed that the AAV2.7m8 vector had a higher transfection efficiency than AAV2 in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and that ChrimsonR fused to tdTomato (ChR-tdT) was expressed more efficiently than ChrimsonR. Light at 600 nm activated RGCs transfected with AAV2.7m8 ChR-tdT, from an irradiance of 1015 photons.cm−2.s−1. Vector doses of 5 × 1010 and 5 × 1011 vg/eye transfected up to 7000 RGCs/mm2 in the perifovea, with no significant immune reaction. We recorded RGC responses from a stimulus duration of 1 ms upwards. When using the recorded activity to decode stimulus information, we obtained an estimated visual acuity of 20/249, above the level of legal blindness (20/400). These results lay the groundwork for the ongoing clinical trial with the AAV2.7m8 - ChR-tdT vector for vision restoration in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Gauvain et al demonstrate that optogenetic therapy using the AAV2.7m8- ChR-tdT construct can partially restore vision in non-human primates to levels above those considered legally-blind. This study enables the identification of the most suitable construct for ongoing clinical trials attempting vision restoration in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Gauvain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France.
| | - Himanshu Akolkar
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Antoine Chaffiol
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Arcizet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Mina A Khoei
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Mélissa Desrosiers
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Céline Jaillard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Romain Caplette
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Marre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bertin
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Claire-Maelle Fovet
- Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), MIRcen, Institut d'imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Joanna Demilly
- Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), MIRcen, Institut d'imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Valérie Forster
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Elena Brazhnikova
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Hantraye
- Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), MIRcen, Institut d'imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pierre Pouget
- ICM, UMRS 1127 UPMC - U 1127 INSERM - UMR 7225 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anne Douar
- Gensight Biologics, 74 rue du faubourg Saint Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Didier Pruneau
- Gensight Biologics, 74 rue du faubourg Saint Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Joël Chavas
- Gensight Biologics, 74 rue du faubourg Saint Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Jens Duebel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Ryad Benosman
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fişek M, Jeanne JM. Two-Photon Optogenetic Stimulation of Drosophila Neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2191:97-108. [PMID: 32865741 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0830-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics enables experimental control over neural activity using light. Channelrhodopsin and its variants are typically activated using visible light excitation but can also be activated using infrared two-photon excitation. Two-photon excitation can improve the spatial precision of stimulation in scattering tissue but has several practical limitations that need to be considered before use. Here we describe the methodology and best practices for using two-photon optogenetic stimulation of neurons within the brain of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, with an emphasis on projection neurons of the antennal lobe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Fişek
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - James M Jeanne
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mounaix M, Fontaine NK, Neilson DT, Ryf R, Chen H, Alvarado-Zacarias JC, Carpenter J. Time reversed optical waves by arbitrary vector spatiotemporal field generation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5813. [PMID: 33199708 PMCID: PMC7669854 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lossless linear wave propagation is symmetric in time, a principle which can be used to create time reversed waves. Such waves are special “pre-scattered” spatiotemporal fields, which propagate through a complex medium as if observing a scattering process in reverse, entering the medium as a complicated spatiotemporal field and arriving after propagation as a desired target field, such as a spatiotemporal focus. Time reversed waves have previously been demonstrated for relatively low frequency phenomena such as acoustics, water waves and microwaves. Many attempts have been made to extend these techniques into optics. However, the much higher frequencies of optics make for very different requirements. A fully time reversed wave is a volumetric field with arbitrary amplitude, phase and polarisation at every point in space and time. The creation of such fields has not previously been possible in optics. We demonstrate time reversed optical waves with a device capable of independently controlling all of light’s classical degrees of freedom simultaneously. Such a class of ultrafast wavefront shaper is capable of generating a sequence of arbitrary 2D spatial/polarisation wavefronts at a bandwidth limited rate of 4.4 THz. This ability to manipulate the full field of an optical beam could be used to control both linear and nonlinear optical phenomena. Truly arbitrary spatiotemporal wavefront shaping has many potential applications in optics. Here the authors develop a system capable of arbitrary waveshaping to the extent of full time reversal of spatiotemporal optical beams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Mounaix
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | | | - Roland Ryf
- Nokia Bell Labs, 791 Holmdel Road, Holmdel, NJ, 07722, USA
| | - Haoshuo Chen
- Nokia Bell Labs, 791 Holmdel Road, Holmdel, NJ, 07722, USA
| | | | - Joel Carpenter
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Functional interrogation of neural circuits with virally transmitted optogenetic tools. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 345:108905. [PMID: 32795553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate brain comprises a plethora of cell types connected by intertwined pathways. Optogenetics enriches the neuroscientific tool set for disentangling these neuronal circuits in a manner which exceeds the spatio-temporal precision of previously existing techniques. Technically, optogenetics can be divided in three types of optical and genetic combinations: (1) it is primarily understood as the manipulation of the activity of genetically modified cells (typically neurons) with light, i.e. optical actuators. (2) A second combination refers to visualizing the activity of genetically modified cells (again typically neurons), i.e. optical sensors. (3) A completely different interpretation of optogenetics refers to the light activated expression of a genetically induced construct. Here, we focus on the first two types of optogenetics, i.e. the optical actuators and sensors in an attempt to give an overview into the topic. We first cover methods to express opsins into neurons and introduce strategies of targeting specific neuronal populations in different animal species. We then summarize combinations of optogenetics with behavioral read out and neuronal imaging. Finally, we give an overview of the current state-of-the-art and an outlook on future perspectives.
Collapse
|
36
|
Griffiths VA, Valera AM, Lau JY, Roš H, Younts TJ, Marin B, Baragli C, Coyle D, Evans GJ, Konstantinou G, Koimtzis T, Nadella KMNS, Punde SA, Kirkby PA, Bianco IH, Silver RA. Real-time 3D movement correction for two-photon imaging in behaving animals. Nat Methods 2020; 17:741-748. [PMID: 32483335 PMCID: PMC7370269 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy is widely used to investigate brain function across multiple spatial scales. However, measurements of neural activity are compromised by brain movement in behaving animals. Brain motion-induced artifacts are typically corrected using post hoc processing of two-dimensional images, but this approach is slow and does not correct for axial movements. Moreover, the deleterious effects of brain movement on high-speed imaging of small regions of interest and photostimulation cannot be corrected post hoc. To address this problem, we combined random-access three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning using an acousto-optic lens and rapid closed-loop field programmable gate array processing to track 3D brain movement and correct motion artifacts in real time at up to 1 kHz. Our recordings from synapses, dendrites and large neuronal populations in behaving mice and zebrafish demonstrate real-time movement-corrected 3D two-photon imaging with submicrometer precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Griffiths
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antoine M Valera
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Yn Lau
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hana Roš
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J Younts
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bóris Marin
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Chiara Baragli
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- , Paris, France
| | - Diccon Coyle
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Geoffrey J Evans
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Engineering, Sencon (UK) Ltd., Droitwich, UK
| | - George Konstantinou
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Theo Koimtzis
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- Optical Metrology Service, Stansted, UK
| | | | - Sameer A Punde
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul A Kirkby
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Isaac H Bianco
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Angus Silver
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu S, Huh H, Lee SH, Huang F. Three-Dimensional Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy in Whole-Cell and Tissue Specimens. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2020; 22:155-184. [PMID: 32243765 PMCID: PMC7430714 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy techniques are versatile and powerful tools for visualizing organelle structures, interactions, and protein functions in biomedical research. However, whole-cell and tissue specimens challenge the achievable resolution and depth of nanoscopy methods. We focus on three-dimensional single-molecule localization microscopy and review some of the major roadblocks and developing solutions to resolving thick volumes of cells and tissues at the nanoscale in three dimensions. These challenges include background fluorescence, system- and sample-induced aberrations, and information carried by photons, as well as drift correction, volume reconstruction, and photobleaching mitigation. We also highlight examples of innovations that have demonstrated significant breakthroughs in addressing the abovementioned challenges together with their core concepts as well as their trade-offs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Hyun Huh
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA;
| | - Fang Huang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang H, Piestun R. Azimuthal multiplexing 3D diffractive optics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6438. [PMID: 32296089 PMCID: PMC7160109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffractive optics have increasingly caught the attention of the scientific community. Classical diffractive optics are 2D diffractive optical elements (DOEs) and computer-generated holograms (CGHs), which modulate optical waves on a solitary transverse plane. However, potential capabilities are missed by the inherent two-dimensional nature of these devices. Previous work has demonstrated that extending the modulation from planar (2D) to volumetric (3D) enables new functionalities, such as generating space-variant functions, multiplexing in the spatial or spectral domain, or enhancing information capacity. Unfortunately, despite significant progress fueled by recent interest in metasurface diffraction, 3D diffractive optics still remains relatively unexplored. Here, we introduce the concept of azimuthal multiplexing. We propose, design, and demonstrate 3D diffractive optics showing this multiplexing effect. According to this new phenomenon, multiple pages of information are encoded and can be read out across independent channels by rotating one or more diffractive layers with respect to the others. We implement the concept with multilayer diffractive optical elements. An iterative projection optimization algorithm helps solve the inverse design problem. The experimental realization using photolithographically fabricated multilevel phase layers demonstrates the predicted performance. We discuss the limitations and potential of azimuthal multiplexing 3D diffractive optics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA.
| | - Rafael Piestun
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Papagiakoumou E, Ronzitti E, Emiliani V. Scanless two-photon excitation with temporal focusing. Nat Methods 2020; 17:571-581. [PMID: 32284609 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Temporal focusing, with its ability to focus light in time, enables scanless illumination of large surface areas at the sample with micrometer axial confinement and robust propagation through scattering tissue. In conventional two-photon microscopy, widely used for the investigation of intact tissue in live animals, images are formed by point scanning of a spatially focused pulsed laser beam, resulting in limited temporal resolution of the excitation. Replacing point scanning with temporally focused widefield illumination removes this limitation and represents an important milestone in two-photon microscopy. Temporal focusing uses a diffusive or dispersive optical element placed in a plane conjugate to the objective focal plane to generate position-dependent temporal pulse broadening that enables axially confined multiphoton absorption, without the need for tight spatial focusing. Many techniques have benefitted from temporal focusing, including scanless imaging, super-resolution imaging, photolithography, uncaging of caged neurotransmitters and control of neuronal activity via optogenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Papagiakoumou
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, Inserm S968, CNRS UMR7210, Fondation Voir et Entendre, Paris, France
| | - Emiliano Ronzitti
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, Inserm S968, CNRS UMR7210, Fondation Voir et Entendre, Paris, France
| | - Valentina Emiliani
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, Inserm S968, CNRS UMR7210, Fondation Voir et Entendre, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Developments of new strategies to restore vision and improving on current strategies by harnessing new advancements in material and electrical sciences, and biological and genetic-based technologies are of upmost health priorities around the world. Federal and private entities are spending billions of dollars on visual prosthetics technologies. This review describes the most current and state-of-the-art bioengineering technologies to restore vision. This includes a thorough description of traditional electrode-based visual prosthetics that have improved substantially since early prototypes. Recent advances in molecular and synthetic biology have transformed vision-assisted technologies; For example, optogenetic technologies that introduce light-responsive proteins offer excellent resolution but cortical applications are restricted by fiber implantation and tissue damage. Other stimulation modalities, such as magnetic fields, have been explored to achieve non-invasive neuromodulation. Miniature magnetic coils are currently being developed to activate select groups of neurons. Magnetically-responsive nanoparticles or exogenous proteins can significantly enhance the coupling between external electromagnetic devices and any neurons affiliated with these modifications. The need to minimize cytotoxic effects for nanoparticle-based therapies will likely restrict the number of usable materials. Nevertheless, advances in identifying and utilizing proteins that respond to magnetic fields may lead to non-invasive, cell-specific stimulation and may overcome many of the limitations that currently exist with other methods. Finally, sensory substitution systems also serve as viable visual prostheses by converting visual input to auditory and somatosensory stimuli. This review also discusses major challenges in the field and offers bioengineering strategies to overcome those.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Farnum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Galit Pelled
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Picot A, Dominguez S, Liu C, Chen IW, Tanese D, Ronzitti E, Berto P, Papagiakoumou E, Oron D, Tessier G, Forget BC, Emiliani V. Temperature Rise under Two-Photon Optogenetic Brain Stimulation. Cell Rep 2019; 24:1243-1253.e5. [PMID: 30067979 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, optogenetics has been transforming neuroscience research, enabling neuroscientists to drive and read neural circuits. The recent development in illumination approaches combined with two-photon (2P) excitation, either sequential or parallel, has opened the route for brain circuit manipulation with single-cell resolution and millisecond temporal precision. Yet, the high excitation power required for multi-target photostimulation, especially under 2P illumination, raises questions about the induced local heating inside samples. Here, we present and experimentally validate a theoretical model that makes it possible to simulate 3D light propagation and heat diffusion in optically scattering samples at high spatial and temporal resolution under the illumination configurations most commonly used to perform 2P optogenetics: single- and multi-spot holographic illumination and spiral laser scanning. By investigating the effects of photostimulation repetition rate, spot spacing, and illumination dependence of heat diffusion, we found conditions that make it possible to design a multi-target 2P optogenetics experiment with minimal sample heating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Picot
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, UMR 8250 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Soledad Dominguez
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, UMR 8250 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Chang Liu
- Holographic Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, UMR 8250 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75011 Paris, France
| | - I-Wen Chen
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, UMR 8250 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Dimitrii Tanese
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, UMR 8250 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Emiliano Ronzitti
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, UMR 8250 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75011 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Berto
- Holographic Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, UMR 8250 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Eirini Papagiakoumou
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, UMR 8250 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Paris, France
| | - Dan Oron
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gilles Tessier
- Holographic Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, UMR 8250 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75011 Paris, France
| | - Benoît C Forget
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, UMR 8250 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Valentina Emiliani
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, UMR 8250 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Huang C, Tai CY, Yang KP, Chang WK, Hsu KJ, Hsiao CC, Wu SC, Lin YY, Chiang AS, Chu SW. All-Optical Volumetric Physiology for Connectomics in Dense Neuronal Structures. iScience 2019; 22:133-146. [PMID: 31765994 PMCID: PMC6883334 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
All-optical physiology (AOP) manipulates and reports neuronal activities with light, allowing for interrogation of neuronal functional connections with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, contemporary high-speed AOP platforms are limited to single-depth or discrete multi-plane recordings that are not suitable for studying functional connections among densely packed small neurons, such as neurons in Drosophila brains. Here, we constructed a 3D AOP platform by incorporating single-photon point stimulation and two-photon high-speed volumetric recordings with a tunable acoustic gradient-index (TAG) lens. We demonstrated the platform effectiveness by studying the anterior visual pathway (AVP) of Drosophila. We achieved functional observation of spatiotemporal coding and the strengths of calcium-sensitive connections between anterior optic tubercle (AOTU) sub-compartments and >70 tightly assembled 2-μm bulb (BU) microglomeruli in 3D coordinates with a single trial. Our work aids the establishment of in vivo 3D functional connectomes in neuron-dense brain areas. All-optical volumetric physiology = precise stimulation + fast volumetric recording Precise single-photon point stimulation among genetically defined neurons 3D two-photon imaging by an acoustic gradient-index lens for dense neural structures Observation of 3D functional connectivity in Drosophila anterior visual pathway
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiao Huang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Yi Tai
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ping Yang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kun Chang
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jen Hsu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Hsiao
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chi Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yin Lin
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Ann-Shyn Chiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80780, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Shi-Wei Chu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sun S, Zhang G, Cheng Z, Gan W, Cui M. Large-scale femtosecond holography for near simultaneous optogenetic neural modulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:32228-32234. [PMID: 31684439 PMCID: PMC7045872 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.032228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
For better understanding of brain functions, optogenetic neural modulation has been widely employed in neural science research. For deep tissue in vivo applications, large-scale two-photon based near simultaneous 3D laser excitation is needed. Although 3D holographic laser excitation is nowadays common practice, the inherent short coherence length of the commonly used femtosecond pulses fundamentally restricts the achievable field-of-view. Here we report a technique for near simultaneous large-scale femtosecond holographic 3D excitation. Specifically, we achieved two-photon excitation over 1.3 mm field-of-view within 1.3 milliseconds, which is sufficiently fast even for spike timing recording. The method is scalable and compatible with the commonly used two-photon sources and imaging systems in neuroscience research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Guangle Zhang
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zongyue Cheng
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Skirball Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Wenbiao Gan
- Skirball Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Meng Cui
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Adesnik H, Naka A. Cracking the Function of Layers in the Sensory Cortex. Neuron 2019; 100:1028-1043. [PMID: 30521778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how cortical activity generates sensory perceptions requires a detailed dissection of the function of cortical layers. Despite our relatively extensive knowledge of their anatomy and wiring, we have a limited grasp of what each layer contributes to cortical computation. We need to develop a theory of cortical function that is rooted solidly in each layer's component cell types and fine circuit architecture and produces predictions that can be validated by specific perturbations. Here we briefly review the progress toward such a theory and suggest an experimental road map toward this goal. We discuss new methods for the all-optical interrogation of cortical layers, for correlating in vivo function with precise identification of transcriptional cell type, and for mapping local and long-range activity in vivo with synaptic resolution. The new technologies that can crack the function of cortical layers are finally on the immediate horizon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hillel Adesnik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Alexander Naka
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Multiplexed temporally focused light shaping through a gradient index lens for precise in-depth optogenetic photostimulation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7603. [PMID: 31110187 PMCID: PMC6527563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43933-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 10 years, the use of light has become irreplaceable for the optogenetic study and control of neurons and neural circuits. Optical techniques are however limited by scattering and can only see through a depth of few hundreds µm in living tissues. GRIN lens based micro-endoscopes represent a powerful solution to reach deeper regions. In this work we demonstrate that cutting edge optical methods for the precise photostimulation of multiple neurons in three dimensions can be performed through a GRIN lens. By spatio-temporally shaping a laser beam in the two-photon regime we project several tens of spatially confined targets in a volume of at least 100 × 150 × 300 µm3. We then apply such approach to the optogenetic stimulation of multiple neurons simultaneously in vivo in mice. Our work paves the way for an all-optical investigation of neural circuits in previously inaccessible brain areas.
Collapse
|
46
|
Weisenburger S, Tejera F, Demas J, Chen B, Manley J, Sparks FT, Martínez Traub F, Daigle T, Zeng H, Losonczy A, Vaziri A. Volumetric Ca 2+ Imaging in the Mouse Brain Using Hybrid Multiplexed Sculpted Light Microscopy. Cell 2019; 177:1050-1066.e14. [PMID: 30982596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcium imaging using two-photon scanning microscopy has become an essential tool in neuroscience. However, in its typical implementation, the tradeoffs between fields of view, acquisition speeds, and depth restrictions in scattering brain tissue pose severe limitations. Here, using an integrated systems-wide optimization approach combined with multiple technical innovations, we introduce a new design paradigm for optical microscopy based on maximizing biological information while maintaining the fidelity of obtained neuron signals. Our modular design utilizes hybrid multi-photon acquisition and allows volumetric recording of neuroactivity at single-cell resolution within up to 1 × 1 × 1.22 mm volumes at up to 17 Hz in awake behaving mice. We establish the capabilities and potential of the different configurations of our imaging system at depth and across brain regions by applying it to in vivo recording of up to 12,000 neurons in mouse auditory cortex, posterior parietal cortex, and hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Weisenburger
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank Tejera
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Demas
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brandon Chen
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Manley
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fraser T Sparks
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Tanya Daigle
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; The Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alipasha Vaziri
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria; The Kavli Neural Systems Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Makey G, Yavuz Ö, Kesim DK, Turnalı A, Elahi P, Ilday S, Tokel O, Ilday FÖ. Breaking crosstalk limits to dynamic holography using orthogonality of high-dimensional random vectors. NATURE PHOTONICS 2019; 13:251-256. [PMID: 30930957 PMCID: PMC6436714 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-019-0393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Holography is the most promising route to true-to-life 3D projections, but the incorporation of complex images with full depth control remains elusive. Digitally synthesised holograms1-7, which do not require real objects to create a hologram, offer the possibility of dynamic projection of 3D video8,9. Extensive efforts aimed 3D holographic projection10-17, however available methods remain limited to creating images on a few planes10-12, over a narrow depth-of-field13,14 or with low resolution15-17. Truly 3D holography also requires full depth control and dynamic projection capabilities, which are hampered by high crosstalk9,18. The fundamental difficulty is in storing all the information necessary to depict a complex 3D image in the 2D form of a hologram without letting projections at different depths contaminate each other. Here, we solve this problem by preshaping the wavefronts to locally reduce Fresnel diffraction to Fourier holography, which allows inclusion of random phase for each depth without altering image projection at that particular depth, but eliminates crosstalk due to near-orthogonality of large-dimensional random vectors. We demonstrate Fresnel holograms that form on-axis with full depth control without any crosstalk, producing large-volume, high-density, dynamic 3D projections with 1000 image planes simultaneously, improving the state-of-the-art12,17 for number of simultaneously created planes by two orders of magnitude. While our proof-of-principle experiments use spatial light modulators, our solution is applicable to all types of holographic media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghaith Makey
- UNAM – National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Özgün Yavuz
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Denizhan K. Kesim
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Turnalı
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Parviz Elahi
- UNAM – National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Serim Ilday
- UNAM – National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Onur Tokel
- UNAM – National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Corresponding authors. (O.T.), (F.Ö.I.)
| | - F. Ömer Ilday
- UNAM – National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Corresponding authors. (O.T.), (F.Ö.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Soor NS, Quicke P, Howe CL, Pang KT, Neil MAA, Schultz SR, Foust AJ. All-optical crosstalk-free manipulation and readout of Chronos-expressing neurons. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2019; 52:104002. [PMID: 31057183 PMCID: PMC6466639 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aaf944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
All optical neurophysiology allows manipulation and readout of neural network activity with single-cell spatial resolution and millisecond temporal resolution. Neurons can be made to express proteins that actuate transmembrane currents upon light absorption, enabling optical control of membrane potential and action potential signalling. In addition, neurons can be genetically or synthetically labelled with fluorescent reporters of changes in intracellular calcium concentration or membrane potential. Thus, to optically manipulate and readout neural activity in parallel, two spectra are involved: the action spectrum of the actuator, and the absorption spectrum of the fluorescent reporter. Due to overlap in these spectra, previous all-optical neurophysiology paradigms have been hindered by spurious activation of neuronal activity caused by the readout light. Here, we pair the blue-green absorbing optogenetic actuator, Chronos, with a deep red-emitting fluorescent calcium reporter CaSiR-1. We show that cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with Chronos do not exhibit transmembrane currents when illuminated with wavelengths and intensities suitable for exciting one-photon CaSiR-1 fluorescence. We then demonstrate crosstalk-free, high signal-to-noise ratio CaSiR-1 red fluorescence imaging at 100 frames s-1 of Chronos-mediated calcium transients evoked in neurons with blue light pulses at rates up to 20 Hz. These results indicate that the spectral separation between red light excited fluorophores, excited efficiently at or above 640 nm, with blue-green absorbing opsins such as Chronos, is sufficient to avoid spurious opsin actuation by the imaging wavelengths and therefore enable crosstalk-free all-optical neuronal manipulation and readout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeevan S Soor
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Quicke
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmel L Howe
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kuin T Pang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore
| | - Mark A A Neil
- Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Schultz
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Foust
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
In Vivo Submillisecond Two-Photon Optogenetics with Temporally Focused Patterned Light. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3484-3497. [PMID: 30833505 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1785-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To better examine circuit mechanisms underlying perception and behavior, researchers need tools to enable temporally precise control of action-potential generation of individual cells from neuronal ensembles. Here we demonstrate that such precision can be achieved with two-photon (2P) temporally focused computer-generated holography to control neuronal excitability at the supragranular layers of anesthetized and awake visual cortex in both male and female mice. Using 2P-guided whole-cell or cell-attached recordings in positive neurons expressing any of the three opsins ReaChR, CoChR, or ChrimsonR, we investigated the dependence of spiking activity on the opsin's channel kinetics. We found that in all cases the use of brief illumination (≤10 ms) induces spikes of millisecond temporal resolution and submillisecond precision, which were preserved upon repetitive illuminations up to tens of hertz. To reach high temporal precision, we used a large illumination spot covering the entire cell body and an amplified laser at high peak power and low excitation intensity (on average ≤0.2 mW/μm2), thus minimizing the risk for nonlinear photodamage effects. Finally, by combining 2P holographic excitation with electrophysiological recordings and calcium imaging using GCaMP6s, we investigated the factors, including illumination shape and intensity, opsin distribution in the target cell, and cell morphology, which affect the spatial selectivity of single-cell and multicell holographic activation. Parallel optical control of neuronal activity with cellular resolution and millisecond temporal precision should make it easier to investigate neuronal connections and find further links between connectivity, microcircuit dynamics, and brain functions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent developments in the field of optogenetics has enabled researchers to probe the neuronal microcircuit with light by optically actuating genetically encoded light-sensitive opsins expressed in the target cells. Here, we applied holographic light shaping and temporal focusing to simultaneously deliver axially confined holographic patterns to opsin-positive cells in the living mouse cortex. Parallel illumination efficiently induced action potentials with high temporal resolution and precision for three opsins of different kinetics. We extended the parallel optogenetic activation at low intensity to multiple neurons and concurrently monitored their calcium dynamics. These results demonstrate fast and temporally precise in vivo control of a neuronal subpopulation, opening new opportunities for revealing circuit mechanisms underlying brain functions.
Collapse
|
50
|
Carmi I, De Battista M, Maddalena L, Carroll EC, Kienzler MA, Berlin S. Holographic two-photon activation for synthetic optogenetics. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:864-900. [PMID: 30804570 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetic tools provide users the ability to photocontrol the activity of cells. Commonly, activation is achieved by expression of proteins from photosynthetic organisms, for example, microbial opsins (e.g., ChR2). Alternatively, a sister approach, synthetic optogenetics, enables photocontrol over proteins of mammalian origin by use of photoswitches, visible light (typically), and genetic modification. Thus, synthetic optogenetics facilitates interrogation of native neuronal signaling mechanisms. However, the poor tissue penetration of visible wavelengths impedes the use of the technique in tissue, as two-photon excitation (2PE) is typically required to access the near-infrared window. Here, we describe an alternative technique that uses 2PE-compatible photoswitches (section 1) for photoactivation of genetically modified glutamate receptors (section 2). Furthermore, for fast, multi-region photoactivation, we describe the use of 2P-digital holography (2P-DH) (section 3). We detail how to combine 2P-DH and synthetic optogenetics with electrophysiology, or with red fluorescence Ca2+ recordings, for all-optical neural interrogation. The time required to complete the methods, aside from obtaining the necessary reagents and illumination equipment, is ~3 weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ido Carmi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marco De Battista
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Laura Maddalena
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C Carroll
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - Shai Berlin
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|