1
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Cross DL, Layton ED, Yu KK, Smith MT, Aguilar MS, Li S, Wilcox EC, Chapuis AG, Mayanja-Kizza H, Stein CM, Boom WH, Hawn TR, Bradley P, Newell EW, Seshadri C. MR1-restricted T cell clonotypes are associated with "resistance" to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e166505. [PMID: 38716731 PMCID: PMC11141901 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells are required for protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We recently described a cohort of Ugandan household contacts of tuberculosis cases who appear to "resist" M. tuberculosis infection (resisters; RSTRs) and showed that these individuals harbor IFN-γ-independent T cell responses to M. tuberculosis-specific peptide antigens. However, T cells also recognize nonprotein antigens via antigen-presenting systems that are independent of genetic background, known as donor-unrestricted T cells (DURTs). We used tetramer staining and flow cytometry to characterize the association between DURTs and "resistance" to M. tuberculosis infection. Peripheral blood frequencies of most DURT subsets were comparable between RSTRs and latently infected controls (LTBIs). However, we observed a 1.65-fold increase in frequency of MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells among RSTRs in comparison with LTBIs. Single-cell RNA sequencing of 18,251 MR1T cells sorted from 8 donors revealed 5,150 clonotypes that expressed a common transcriptional program, the majority of which were private. Sequencing of the T cell receptor α/T cell receptor δ (TCRα/δ) repertoire revealed several DURT clonotypes were expanded among RSTRs, including 2 MR1T clonotypes that recognized mycobacteria-infected cells in a TCR-dependent manner. Overall, our data reveal unexpected donor-specific diversity in the TCR repertoire of human MR1T cells as well as associations between mycobacteria-reactive MR1T clonotypes and resistance to M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Cross
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erik D. Layton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Krystle K.Q. Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Malisa T. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Melissa S. Aguilar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shamin Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and
| | - Elise C. Wilcox
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aude G. Chapuis
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Thomas R. Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Philip Bradley
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Maerz MD, Cross DL, Seshadri C. Functional and biological implications of clonotypic diversity among human donor-unrestricted T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 38659280 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
T cells express a T-cell receptor (TCR) heterodimer that is the product of germline rearrangement and junctional editing resulting in immense clonotypic diversity. The generation of diverse TCR repertoires enables the recognition of pathogen-derived peptide antigens presented by polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. However, T cells also recognize nonpeptide antigens through nearly monomorphic antigen-presenting systems, such as cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1), MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) and butyrophilins (BTNs). This potential for shared immune responses across genetically diverse populations led to their designation as donor-unrestricted T cells (DURTs). As might be expected, some CD1-, MR1- and BTN-restricted T cells express a TCR that is conserved across unrelated individuals. However, several recent studies have reported unexpected diversity among DURT TCRs, and increasing evidence suggests that this diversity has functional consequences. Recent reports also challenge the dogma that immune cells are either innate or adaptive and suggest that DURT TCRs may act in both capacities. Here, we review this evidence and propose an expanded view of the role for clonotypic diversity among DURTs in humans, including new perspectives on how DURT TCRs may integrate their adaptive and innate immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Maerz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease Program, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah L Cross
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Li J, Zhao H, Lv G, Aimulajiang K, Li L, Lin R, Aji T. Phenotype and function of MAIT cells in patients with alveolar echinococcosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343567. [PMID: 38550591 PMCID: PMC10973110 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subpopulation of unconventional T cells widely involved in chronic liver diseases. However, the potential role and regulating factors of MAIT cells in alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a zoonotic parasitic disease by Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) larvae chronically parasitizing liver organs, has not yet been studied. Blood samples (n=29) and liver specimens (n=10) from AE patients were enrolled. The frequency, phenotype, and function of MAIT cells in peripheral blood and liver tissues of AE patients were detected by flow cytometry. The morphology and fibrosis of liver tissue were examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The correlation between peripheral MAIT cell frequency and serologic markers was assessed by collecting clinicopathologic characteristics of AE patients. And the effect of in vitro stimulation with E. multilocularis antigen (Emp) on MAIT cells. In this study, MAIT cells are decreased in peripheral blood and increased in the close-to-lesion liver tissues, especially in areas of fibrosis. Circulating MAIT exhibited activation and exhaustion phenotypes, and intrahepatic MAIT cells showed increased activation phenotypes with increased IFN-γ and IL-17A, and high expression of CXCR5 chemokine receptor. Furthermore, the frequency of circulating MAIT cells was correlated with the size of the lesions and liver function in patients with AE. After excision of the lesion site, circulating MAIT cells returned to normal levels, and the serum cytokines IL-8, IL-12, and IL-18, associated with MAIT cell activation and apoptosis, were altered. Our results demonstrate the status of MAIT cell distribution, functional phenotype, and migration in peripheral blood and tissues of AE patients, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintian Li
- School of Public Healthy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hanyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Guodong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Renyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- School of Public Healthy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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4
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McWilliam HEG, Villadangos JA. MR1 antigen presentation to MAIT cells and other MR1-restricted T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:178-192. [PMID: 37773272 PMCID: PMC11108705 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
MHC antigen presentation plays a fundamental role in adaptive and semi-invariant T cell immunity. Distinct MHC molecules bind antigens that differ in chemical structure, origin and location and present them to specialized T cells. MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1) presents a range of small molecule antigens to MR1-restricted T (MR1T) lymphocytes. The best studied MR1 ligands are derived from microbial metabolism and are recognized by a major class of MR1T cells known as mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Here, we describe the MR1 antigen presentation pathway: the known types of antigens presented by MR1, the location where MR1-antigen complexes form, the route followed by the complexes to the cell surface, the mechanisms involved in termination of MR1 antigen presentation and the accessory cellular proteins that comprise the MR1 antigen presentation machinery. The current road map of the MR1 antigen presentation pathway reveals potential strategies for therapeutic manipulation of MR1T cell function and provides a foundation for further studies that will lead to a deeper understanding of MR1-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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5
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Li J, Xie K, Xu M, Wang Y, Huang Y, Tan T, Xie H. Significance of N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation regulators in diagnosis and subtype classification of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24860. [PMID: 38318073 PMCID: PMC10839990 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of N6-methyladenine (m6A) in mRNA metabolism, physiology, pathology and other life processes is well recognized. However, the exact role of m6A regulators in primary Sjögren's syndrome (PSS) remains unclear. In this study, we used bioinformatics and machine learning random forest approach to screen eight key m6A regulators from the Gene Expression Omnibus GSE7451, GSE40611 and GSE84844 datasets. An accurate nomogram model for predicting PSS risk was established based on these regulators. And using consensus clustering, patients diagnosed with PSS were classified into two different m6A patterns. We found that patients in group B had higher m6A scores compared to those in group A: furthermore, both groups were closely related to immunity and possibly to other diseases. These results emphasise the important role of m6A regulators in the pathogenesis of PSS. Our study of m6A patterns may inform future immunotherapy strategies for PSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410005, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Kaihong Xie
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital (Clinical College) of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Minxian Xu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital (Clinical College) of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital (Clinical College) of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yinghong Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410005, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Tao Tan
- Faulty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, 999078, PR China
| | - Hui Xie
- Faulty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, 999078, PR China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital (Clinical College) of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan Province, PR China
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6
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Jirouš Drulak M, Grgić Z, Plužarić V, Šola M, Opačak-Bernardi T, Viljetić B, Glavaš K, Tolušić-Levak M, Periša V, Mihalj M, Štefanić M, Tokić S. Characterization of the TCRβ repertoire of peripheral MR1-restricted MAIT cells in psoriasis vulgaris patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20990. [PMID: 38017021 PMCID: PMC10684872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) is an inflammatory skin disease largely driven by aberrant αβT cells. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which constitute the largest circulating innate-like αβT cell community in human adults, are characterized by a semi-invariant TCRVα7.2 receptor and MR1-restricted affinity toward microbial metabolites. Limited MAIT TCRα diversity is complemented by a more variable TCRβ repertoire, but its footprint in the MAIT repertoire of PV patients has never been tested. Here, we used bulk TCRSeq, MiXCR, VDJTools, and Immunarch pipelines to decipher and compare TCRβ clonotypes from flow-sorted, peripheral TCRVα7.2+MR1-5-OP-RU-tet+MAIT cells from 10 PV patients and 10 healthy, matched controls. The resulting TCRβ collections were highly private and individually unique, with small public clonotype content and high CDR3β amino acid length variability in both groups. The age-related increase in the 'hyperexpanded' clonotype compartment was observed in PV, but not in healthy MAIT repertoires. The TCRβ repertoires of PV patients were also marked by skewed TRBV/TRBJ pairing, and the emergence of PV-specific, public CDR3β peptide sequences closely matching the published CDR3β record from psoriatic skin. Overall, our study provides preliminary insight into the peripheral MAIT TCRβ repertoire in psoriasis and warrants further evaluation of its diagnostic and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Jirouš Drulak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Zvonimir Grgić
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vera Plužarić
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Šola
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Teuta Opačak-Bernardi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Barbara Viljetić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Glavaš
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Maja Tolušić-Levak
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Periša
- Department of Internal Medicine and History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Hematology, Clinic of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Mario Štefanić
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Stana Tokić
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
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7
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Chengalroyen MD. Current Perspectives and Challenges of MAIT Cell-Directed Therapy for Tuberculosis Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:1343. [PMID: 38003807 PMCID: PMC10675005 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a distinct population of non-conventional T cells that have been preserved through evolution and possess properties of both innate and adaptive immune cells. They are activated through the recognition of antigens presented by non-polymorphic MR1 proteins or, alternately, can be stimulated by specific cytokines. These cells are multifaceted and exert robust antimicrobial activity against bacterial and viral infections, direct the immune response through the modulation of other immune cells, and exhibit a specialized tissue homeostasis and repair function. These distinct characteristics have instigated interest in MAIT cell biology for immunotherapy and vaccine development. This review describes the current understanding of MAIT cell activation, their role in infections and diseases with an emphasis on tuberculosis (TB) infection, and perspectives on the future use of MAIT cells in immune-mediated therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Chengalroyen
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
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8
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Zheng Y, Han F, Ho A, Xue Y, Wu Z, Chen X, Sandberg JK, Ma S, Leeansyah E. Role of MAIT cells in gastrointestinal tract bacterial infections in humans: More than a gut feeling. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:740-752. [PMID: 37353006 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are the largest population of unconventional T cells in humans. These antimicrobial T cells are poised with rapid effector responses following recognition of the cognate riboflavin (vitamin B2)-like metabolite antigens derived from microbial riboflavin biosynthetic pathway. Presentation of this unique class of small molecule metabolite antigens is mediated by the highly evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein. In humans, MAIT cells are widely found along the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts owing to their high expression of chemokine receptors and homing molecules directing them to these tissue sites. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the roles MAIT cells play in various gastrointestinal bacterial infections, and how their roles appear to differ depending on the etiological agents and the anatomical location. We further discuss the potential mechanisms by which MAIT cells contribute to pathogen control, orchestrate adaptive immunity, as well as their potential contribution to inflammation and tissue damage during gastrointestinal bacterial infections, and the ensuing tissue repair following resolution. Finally, we propose and discuss the use of the emerging three-dimensional organoid technology to test different hypotheses regarding the role of MAIT cells in gastrointestinal bacterial infections, inflammation, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Zheng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China; Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Han
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Amanda Ho
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China; Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiting Xue
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China; Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengyu Wu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shaohua Ma
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China; Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.
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9
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Karamooz E, Peterson J, Tammen A, Soma S, Kim SJ, Lewinsohn D. Calcium Signaling in MR1-Dependent Antigen Presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3154465. [PMID: 37693580 PMCID: PMC10491339 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3154465/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
MR1 is a ubiquitously expressed MHC-Ib molecule that presents microbial metabolites to MR1-restricted T cells, but there are differences in the antigen presentation pathway of an intracellular microbe compared to exogenous antigen. We have shown the importance of endosomal trafficking proteins in MR1-dependent presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Two pore channels (TPCs) are endosomal calcium channels that regulate endosomal trafficking. Due to their location on endosomes, we hypothesized that TPCs could be required for MR1-dependent presentation of antigens derived from the intracellular microbe Mtb. We found that TPCs are critical for the presentation of Mtb by MR1; inhibition of TPCs had no effect on MR1 presentation of extracellular (exogenous) antigens, HLA-B presentation, or HLA-II presentation. Finally, we found that the calcium sensitive trafficking protein Synaptotagmin 7 was also key in the presentation of Mtb by MR1. This calcium-dependent endosomal pathway is a novel mechanism by which the immune system can sample intracellular antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David Lewinsohn
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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10
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Wang NI, Ninkov M, Haeryfar SMM. Classic costimulatory interactions in MAIT cell responses: from gene expression to immune regulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:50-66. [PMID: 37279566 PMCID: PMC10324557 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionarily conserved, innate-like T lymphocytes with enormous immunomodulatory potentials. Due to their strategic localization, their invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) specificity for major histocompatibility complex-related protein 1 (MR1) ligands of commensal and pathogenic bacterial origin, and their sensitivity to infection-elicited cytokines, MAIT cells are best known for their antimicrobial characteristics. However, they are thought to also play important parts in the contexts of cancer, autoimmunity, vaccine-induced immunity, and tissue repair. While cognate MR1 ligands and cytokine cues govern MAIT cell maturation, polarization, and peripheral activation, other signal transduction pathways, including those mediated by costimulatory interactions, regulate MAIT cell responses. Activated MAIT cells exhibit cytolytic activities and secrete potent inflammatory cytokines of their own, thus transregulating the biological behaviors of several other cell types, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, conventional T cells, and B cells, with significant implications in health and disease. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of how costimulatory pathways control MAIT cell responses may introduce new targets for optimized MR1/MAIT cell-based interventions. Herein, we compare and contrast MAIT cells and mainstream T cells for their expression of classic costimulatory molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF receptor superfamily, based not only on the available literature but also on our transcriptomic analyses. We discuss how these molecules participate in MAIT cells' development and activities. Finally, we introduce several pressing questions vis-à-vis MAIT cell costimulation and offer new directions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole I Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Ninkov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Hackstein CP, Klenerman P. MAITs and their mates: "Innate-like" behaviors in conventional and unconventional T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:1-9. [PMID: 37256718 PMCID: PMC10324555 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most CD4 and CD8 T cells are restricted by conventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and mount TCR-dependent adaptive immune responses. In contrast, MAIT, iNKT, and certain γδ TCR bearing cells are characterized by their abilities to recognize antigens presented by unconventional antigen-presenting molecules and to mount cytokine-mediated TCR-independent responses in an "innate-like" manner. In addition, several more diverse T-cell subsets have been described that in a similar manner are restricted by unconventional antigen-presenting molecules but mainly depend on their TCRs for activation. Vice versa, innate-like behaviour was reported in defined subpopulations of conventional T cells, particularly in barrier sites, showing that these two features are not necessarily linked. The abilities to recognize antigens presented by unconventional antigen-presenting molecules or to mount TCR-independent responses creates unique niches for these T cells and is linked to wide range of functional capabilities. This is especially exemplified by unconventional and innate-like T cells present at barrier sites where they are involved in pathogen defense, tissue homeostasis as well as in pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Philipp Hackstein
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Brouwer S, Rivera-Hernandez T, Curren BF, Harbison-Price N, De Oliveira DMP, Jespersen MG, Davies MR, Walker MJ. Pathogenesis, epidemiology and control of Group A Streptococcus infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:431-447. [PMID: 36894668 PMCID: PMC9998027 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS) is exquisitely adapted to the human host, resulting in asymptomatic infection, pharyngitis, pyoderma, scarlet fever or invasive diseases, with potential for triggering post-infection immune sequelae. GAS deploys a range of virulence determinants to allow colonization, dissemination within the host and transmission, disrupting both innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Fluctuating global GAS epidemiology is characterized by the emergence of new GAS clones, often associated with the acquisition of new virulence or antimicrobial determinants that are better adapted to the infection niche or averting host immunity. The recent identification of clinical GAS isolates with reduced penicillin sensitivity and increasing macrolide resistance threatens both frontline and penicillin-adjunctive antibiotic treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a GAS research and technology road map and has outlined preferred vaccine characteristics, stimulating renewed interest in the development of safe and effective GAS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brouwer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Bodie F Curren
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nichaela Harbison-Price
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M P De Oliveira
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Magnus G Jespersen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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13
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Sharma M, Niu L, Zhang X, Huang S. Comparative transcriptomes reveal pro-survival and cytotoxic programs of mucosal-associated invariant T cells upon Bacillus Calmette-Guérin stimulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1134119. [PMID: 37091679 PMCID: PMC10116416 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1134119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are protective against tuberculous and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections with poorly understood mechanisms. Despite an innate-like nature, MAIT cell responses remain heterogeneous in bacterial infections. To comprehensively characterize MAIT activation programs responding to different bacteria, we stimulated MAIT cells with E. coli to compare with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which remains the only licensed vaccine and a feasible tool for investigating anti-mycobacterial immunity in humans. Upon sequencing mRNA from the activated and inactivated CD8+ MAIT cells, results demonstrated the altered MAIT cell gene profiles by each bacterium with upregulated expression of activation markers, transcription factors, cytokines, and cytolytic mediators crucial in anti-mycobacterial responses. Compared with E. coli, BCG altered more MAIT cell genes to enhance cell survival and cytolysis. Flow cytometry analyses similarly displayed a more upregulated protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 and T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin in BCG compared to E.coli stimulations. Thus, the transcriptomic program and protein expression of MAIT cells together displayed enhanced pro-survival and cytotoxic programs in response to BCG stimulation, supporting BCG induces cell-mediated effector responses of MAIT cells to fight mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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14
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Jin H, Ladd NA, Peev AM, Swarbrick GM, Cansler M, Null M, Boughter CT, McMurtrey C, Nilsen A, Dobos KM, Hildebrand WH, Lewinsohn DA, Adams EJ, Lewinsohn DM, Harriff MJ. Deaza-modification of MR1 ligands modulates recognition by MR1-restricted T cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22539. [PMID: 36581641 PMCID: PMC9800373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells recognize microbial small molecule metabolites presented on the MHC Class I-like molecule MR1 and have been implicated in early effector responses to microbial infection. As a result, there is considerable interest in identifying chemical properties of metabolite ligands that permit recognition by MR1T cells, for consideration in therapeutic or vaccine applications. Here, we made chemical modifications to known MR1 ligands to evaluate the effect on MR1T cell activation. Specifically, we modified 6,7-dimethyl-8-D-ribityllumazine (DMRL) to generate 6,7-dimethyl-8-D-ribityldeazalumazine (DZ), and then further derivatized DZ to determine the requirements for retaining MR1 surface stabilization and agonistic properties. Interestingly, the IFN-γ response toward DZ varied widely across a panel of T cell receptor (TCR)-diverse MR1T cell clones; while one clone was agnostic toward the modification, most displayed either an enhancement or depletion of IFN-γ production when compared with its response to DMRL. To gain insight into a putative mechanism behind this phenomenon, we used in silico molecular docking techniques for DMRL and its derivatives and performed molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes. In assessing the dynamics of each ligand in the MR1 pocket, we found that DMRL and DZ exhibit differential dynamics of both the ribityl moiety and the aromatic backbone, which may contribute to ligand recognition. Together, our results support an emerging hypothesis for flexibility in MR1:ligand-MR1T TCR interactions and enable further exploration of the relationship between MR1:ligand structures and MR1T cell recognition for downstream applications targeting MR1T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Jin
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Nicole A Ladd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Andrew M Peev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Swarbrick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Meghan Cansler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Megan Null
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Christopher T Boughter
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Aaron Nilsen
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - William H Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Melanie J Harriff
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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15
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Kim SJ, Karamooz E. MR1- and HLA-E-Dependent Antigen Presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214412. [PMID: 36430890 PMCID: PMC9693577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1 and HLA-E are highly conserved nonclassical antigen-presenting molecules. They can present antigens derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis to a distinct subset of MR1-restricted or HLA-restricted CD8+ T cells. MR1 presents small microbial metabolites, and HLA-E presents peptides and glycopeptides. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of MR1 and HLA-E antigen presentation in the context of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Elham Karamooz
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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16
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Abstract
Mucosal Associated Invariant T cells (MAIT) exert potent antimicrobial activity through direct recognition of metabolite-MR1 complexes and indirect activation by inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, via licensing of antigen presenting cells, MAIT cells orchestrate humoral and cellular adaptive immunity. Our recent understanding of molecular mechanisms of MAIT cell activation, and of the signals required to differentiate them in polarised subsets, pave the way for harnessing their functionality through small molecules or adoptive cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- Immunocore LTD, 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom.
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17
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Souter MN, Awad W, Li S, Pediongco TJ, Meehan BS, Meehan LJ, Tian Z, Zhao Z, Wang H, Nelson A, Le Nours J, Khandokar Y, Praveena T, Wubben J, Lin J, Sullivan LC, Lovrecz GO, Mak JY, Liu L, Kostenko L, Kedzierska K, Corbett AJ, Fairlie DP, Brooks AG, Gherardin NA, Uldrich AP, Chen Z, Rossjohn J, Godfrey DI, McCluskey J, Pellicci DG, Eckle SB. CD8 coreceptor engagement of MR1 enhances antigen responsiveness by human MAIT and other MR1-reactive T cells. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213423. [PMID: 36018322 PMCID: PMC9424912 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells detect microbial infection via recognition of riboflavin-based antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-related protein 1 (MR1). Most MAIT cells in human peripheral blood express CD8αα or CD8αβ coreceptors, and the binding site for CD8 on MHC-I molecules is relatively conserved in MR1. Yet, there is no direct evidence of CD8 interacting with MR1 or the functional consequences thereof. Similarly, the role of CD8αα in lymphocyte function remains ill-defined. Here, using newly developed MR1 tetramers, mutated at the CD8 binding site, and by determining the crystal structure of MR1-CD8αα, we show that CD8 engaged MR1, analogous to how it engages MHC-I molecules. CD8αα and CD8αβ enhanced MR1 binding and cytokine production by MAIT cells. Moreover, the CD8-MR1 interaction was critical for the recognition of folate-derived antigens by other MR1-reactive T cells. Together, our findings suggest that both CD8αα and CD8αβ act as functional coreceptors for MAIT and other MR1-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N.T. Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shihan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Troi J. Pediongco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S. Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy J. Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zehua Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Adam Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yogesh Khandokar
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - T. Praveena
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacinta Wubben
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy C. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George O. Lovrecz
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y.W. Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lyudmila Kostenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam P. Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia,Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel G. Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sidonia B.G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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18
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Suliman S, Kjer-Nielsen L, Iwany SK, Lopez Tamara K, Loh L, Grzelak L, Kedzierska K, Ocampo TA, Corbett AJ, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, León SR, Calderon R, Lecca-Garcia L, Murray MB, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I. Dual TCR-α Expression on Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells as a Potential Confounder of TCR Interpretation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1389-1395. [PMID: 35246495 PMCID: PMC9359468 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that are highly abundant in human blood and tissues. Most MAIT cells have an invariant TCRα-chain that uses T cell receptor α-variable 1-2 (TRAV1-2) joined to TRAJ33/20/12 and recognizes metabolites from bacterial riboflavin synthesis bound to the Ag-presenting molecule MHC class I related (MR1). Our attempts to identify alternative MR1-presented Ags led to the discovery of rare MR1-restricted T cells with non-TRAV1-2 TCRs. Because altered Ag specificity likely alters affinity for the most potent known Ag, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU), we performed bulk TCRα- and TCRβ-chain sequencing and single-cell-based paired TCR sequencing on T cells that bound the MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer with differing intensities. Bulk sequencing showed that use of V genes other than TRAV1-2 was enriched among MR1-5-OP-RU tetramerlow cells. Although we initially interpreted these as diverse MR1-restricted TCRs, single-cell TCR sequencing revealed that cells expressing atypical TCRα-chains also coexpressed an invariant MAIT TCRα-chain. Transfection of each non-TRAV1-2 TCRα-chain with the TCRβ-chain from the same cell demonstrated that the non-TRAV1-2 TCR did not bind the MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer. Thus, dual TCRα-chain expression in human T cells and competition for the endogenous β-chain explains the existence of some MR1-5-OP-RU tetramerlow T cells. The discovery of simultaneous expression of canonical and noncanonical TCRs on the same T cell means that claims of roles for non-TRAV1-2 TCR in MR1 response must be validated by TCR transfer-based confirmation of Ag specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah K Iwany
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kattya Lopez Tamara
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Socios en Salud Sucursal Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tonatiuh A Ocampo
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | | - Megan B Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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19
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Kulicke CA, De Zan E, Hein Z, Gonzalez-Lopez C, Ghanwat S, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Klenerman P, Christianson JC, Springer S, Nijman SM, Cerundolo V, Salio M. The P5-type ATPase ATP13A1 modulates major histocompatibility complex I-related protein 1 (MR1)-mediated antigen presentation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101542. [PMID: 34968463 PMCID: PMC8808182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The monomorphic antigen-presenting molecule major histocompatibility complex-I-related protein 1 (MR1) presents small-molecule metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The MR1-MAIT cell axis has been implicated in a variety of infectious and noncommunicable diseases, and recent studies have begun to develop an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this specialized antigen presentation pathway. However, proteins regulating MR1 folding, loading, stability, and surface expression remain to be identified. Here, we performed a gene trap screen to discover novel modulators of MR1 surface expression through insertional mutagenesis of an MR1-overexpressing clone derived from the near-haploid human cell line HAP1 (HAP1.MR1). The most significant positive regulators identified included β2-microglobulin, a known regulator of MR1 surface expression, and ATP13A1, a P5-type ATPase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) not previously known to be associated with MR1-mediated antigen presentation. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ATP13A1 in both HAP1.MR1 and THP-1 cell lines revealed a profound reduction in MR1 protein levels and a concomitant functional defect specific to MR1-mediated antigen presentation. Collectively, these data are consistent with the ER-resident ATP13A1 being a key posttranscriptional determinant of MR1 surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna A Kulicke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Erica De Zan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd and Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zeynep Hein
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Gonzalez-Lopez
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Swapnil Ghanwat
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John C Christianson
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Springer
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Nijman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd and Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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20
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Cooper AJR, Clegg J, Cassidy FC, Hogan AE, McLoughlin RM. Human MAIT Cells Respond to Staphylococcus aureus with Enhanced Anti-Bacterial Activity. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010148. [PMID: 35056597 PMCID: PMC8778732 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells have been shown to play protective roles during infection with diverse pathogens through their propensity for rapid innate-like cytokine production and cytotoxicity. Among the potential applications for MAIT cells is to defend against Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen of serious clinical significance. However, it is unknown how MAIT cell responses to S. aureus are elicited, nor has it been investigated whether MAIT cell cytotoxicity is mobilized against intracellular S. aureus. In this study, we investigate the capacity of human MAIT cells to respond directly to S. aureus. MAIT cells co-cultured with dendritic cells (DCs) infected with S. aureus rapidly upregulate CD69, express IFNγ and Granzyme B and degranulate. DC secretion of IL-12, but not IL-18, was implicated in this immune response, while TCR binding of MR1 is required to commence cytokine production. MAIT cell cytotoxicity resulted in apoptosis of S. aureus-infected cells, and reduced intracellular persistence of S. aureus. These findings implicate these unconventional T cells in important, rapid anti-S. aureus responses that may be of great relevance to the ongoing development of novel anti-S. aureus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. R. Cooper
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (A.J.R.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jonah Clegg
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (A.J.R.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Féaron C. Cassidy
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (F.C.C.); (A.E.H.)
| | - Andrew E. Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (F.C.C.); (A.E.H.)
| | - Rachel M. McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (A.J.R.C.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-896-2526
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21
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Seneviratna R, Redmond SJ, McWilliam HE, Reantragoon R, Villadangos JA, McCluskey J, Godfrey DI, Gherardin NA. Differential antigenic requirements by diverse MR1-restricted T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 100:112-126. [PMID: 34940995 PMCID: PMC9033883 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) presents microbial riboflavin metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells for surveillance of microbial presence. MAIT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) which recognises MR1-antigen complexes in a pattern-recognition-like manner. Recently, diverse populations of MR1-restricted T cells have been described that exhibit broad recognition of tumour cells and appear to recognise MR1 in association with tumour-derived self-antigens, though the identity of these antigens remains unclear. Here, we have used TCR gene transfer and engineered MR1-expressing antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to probe the MR1-restriction and antigen reactivity of a range of MR1-restricted TCRs, including model tumour-reactive TCRs. We confirm MR1 reactivity by these TCRs, show differential dependence on lysine at position 43 of MR1 (K43), and demonstrate competitive inhibition by MR1 ligand 6-formylpterin (6-FP). TCR-expressing reporter lines, however, failed to recapitulate the robust tumour specificity previously reported, suggesting an importance of accessory molecules for MR1-dependent tumour-reactivity. Finally, MR1-mutant cell lines showed that distinct residues on the α1/α2 helices were required for TCR-binding by different MR1-restricted T cells and suggested central but distinct docking modes by the broad family of MR1-restrictd αβ TCRs. Collectively, these data are consistent with recognition of distinct antigens by diverse MR1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Seneviratna
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Samuel J Redmond
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hamish E McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Rangsima Reantragoon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Present address: Immunology Division, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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22
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Chancellor A, Vacchini A, De Libero G. MR1, an immunological periscope of cellular metabolism. Int Immunol 2021; 34:141-147. [PMID: 34718585 PMCID: PMC8865192 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecule 1 (MR1) presents microbial antigens to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells was a significant scientific milestone in the last decade. Surveillance for foreign metabolically derived antigens added a new class of target structures for immune recognition. The recent identification of a second family of MR1-restricted T cells, called MR1T cells, which show self-reactivity suggests the microbial antigens characterized so far may only represent a handful of the potential structures presented by MR1. Furthermore, the reactivity of MR1T cells towards tumours and not healthy cells indicates tight regulation in the generation of self-antigens and in MR1 expression and antigen loading. These novel and exciting observations invite consideration of new perspectives of MR1-restricted antigen presentation and its wider role within immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University of Basel and University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Vacchini
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University of Basel and University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University of Basel and University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Xiong K, Sun W, Wang H, Xie J, Su B, Fan L. The frequency and dynamics of CD4 + mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Cell Immunol 2021; 365:104381. [PMID: 34049011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MAIT cells are unconventional innate-like T lymphocytes contributing to host immune protection against Mycobacteria tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. CD4- MAIT cells play a major role in immune protection against tuberculosis (TB), however, the role of CD4+ MAIT cells was elusive due to their low abundance. We firstly investigated the frequency and functions of CD4+ MAIT cells in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients before and after anti-TB treatment. We found that the frequency of Mtb-reactive CD4+ MAIT cells and IFN-γ, granzyme B (GrzB), CD69 expression on them were increased while LAG-3+ cells of them were decreased in PTB patients. After the treatment, the frequency of Mtb-reactive CD4+ MAIT cells and CD69, IFN-γ, GrzB expression on them were decreased while LAG-3 increased. The results indicated the expression profile is distinct between CD4+ MAIT cells and CD4- MAIT cells in PTB patients, the increased IFN-γ and GrzB expression of CD4+ MAIT cells play a role in anti-TB immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Xiong
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxiu Wang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bo Su
- Lab Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Fan
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Legoux F, Salou M, Lantz O. MAIT Cell Development and Functions: the Microbial Connection. Immunity 2021; 53:710-723. [PMID: 33053329 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an evolutionarily conserved T cell subset, which reacts to most bacteria through T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated recognition of metabolites derived from the vitamin B2 biosynthetic pathway. Microbiota-derived signals affect all stages of MAIT cell biology including intra-thymic development, peripheral expansion, and functions in specific organs. In tissues, MAIT cells can integrate multiple signals and display effector functions involved in the defense against infectious pathogens. In addition to anti-bacterial activity, MAIT cells improve wound healing in the skin, suggesting a role in epithelium homeostasis through bi-directional interactions with the local microbiota. In humans, blood MAIT cell frequency is modified during several auto-immune diseases, which are often associated with microbiota dysbiosis, further emphasizing the potential interplay of MAIT cells with the microbiota. Here, we will review how microbes interact with MAIT cells, from initial intra-thymic development to tissue colonization and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Legoux
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Marion Salou
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, 75005, France; Laboratoire d'immunologie clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, 75005, France; Centre d'investigation Clinique en Biothérapie, Institut Curie (CIC-BT1428), Paris, 75005, France.
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25
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MR1-restricted T cells: the new dawn of cancer immunotherapy. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226783. [PMID: 33185693 PMCID: PMC7670570 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has recently undergone rapid development into a validated therapy for clinical use. The adoptive transfer of engineered autologous T cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, has been remarkably successful in patients with leukemia and lymphoma with cluster of differentiation (CD)19 expression. Because of the higher number of antigen choices and reduced incidence of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) than CAR-T cells, T cell receptor (TCR)-T cells are also considered a promising immunotherapy. More therapeutic targets for other cancers need to be explored due to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted recognition of TCR-T. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), class I-related (MR1)-restricted T cells can recognize metabolites presented by MR1 in the context of host cells infected with pathogens. MR1 is expressed by all types of human cells. Recent studies have shown that one clone of a MR1-restricted T (MR1-T) cell can recognize many types of cancer cells without HLA-restriction. These studies provide additional information on MR1-T cells for cancer immunotherapy. This review describes the complexity of MR1-T cell TCR in diseases and the future of cancer immunotherapy.
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26
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Tao H, Pan Y, Chu S, Li L, Xie J, Wang P, Zhang S, Reddy S, Sleasman JW, Zhong XP. Differential controls of MAIT cell effector polarization by mTORC1/mTORC2 via integrating cytokine and costimulatory signals. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2029. [PMID: 33795689 PMCID: PMC8016978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have important functions in immune responses against pathogens and in diseases, but mechanisms controlling MAIT cell development and effector lineage differentiation remain unclear. Here, we report that IL-2/IL-15 receptor β chain and inducible costimulatory (ICOS) not only serve as lineage-specific markers for IFN-γ-producing MAIT1 and IL-17A-producing MAIT17 cells, but are also important for their differentiation, respectively. Both IL-2 and IL-15 induce mTOR activation, T-bet upregulation, and subsequent MAIT cell, especially MAIT1 cell, expansion. By contrast, IL-1β induces more MAIT17 than MAIT1 cells, while IL-23 alone promotes MAIT17 cell proliferation and survival, but synergizes with IL-1β to induce strong MAIT17 cell expansion in an mTOR-dependent manner. Moreover, mTOR is dispensable for early MAIT cell development, yet pivotal for MAIT cell effector differentiation. Our results thus show that mTORC2 integrates signals from ICOS and IL-1βR/IL-23R to exert a crucial role for MAIT17 differentiation, while the IL-2/IL-15R-mTORC1-T-bet axis ensures MAIT1 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishan Tao
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shuai Chu
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jinhai Xie
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shimeng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Srija Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John W Sleasman
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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27
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Balfour A, Schutz C, Goliath R, Wilkinson KA, Sayed S, Sossen B, Kanyik JP, Ward A, Ndzhukule R, Gela A, Lewinsohn DM, Lewinsohn DA, Meintjes G, Shey M. Functional and Activation Profiles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Patients With Tuberculosis and HIV in a High Endemic Setting. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648216. [PMID: 33828558 PMCID: PMC8019701 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: MAIT cells are non-classically restricted T lymphocytes that recognize and rapidly respond to microbial metabolites or cytokines and have the capacity to kill bacteria-infected cells. Circulating MAIT cell numbers generally decrease in patients with active TB and HIV infection, but findings regarding functional changes differ. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on the effect of HIV, TB, and HIV-associated TB (HIV-TB) on MAIT cell frequencies, activation and functional profile in a high TB endemic setting in South Africa. Blood was collected from (i) healthy controls (HC, n = 26), 24 of whom had LTBI, (ii) individuals with active TB (aTB, n = 36), (iii) individuals with HIV infection (HIV, n = 50), 37 of whom had LTBI, and (iv) individuals with HIV-associated TB (HIV-TB, n = 26). All TB participants were newly diagnosed and sampled before treatment, additional samples were also collected from 18 participants in the aTB group after 10 weeks of TB treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with BCG-expressing GFP (BCG-GFP) and heat-killed (HK) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) were analyzed using flow cytometry. MAIT cells were defined as CD3+ CD161+ Vα7.2+ T cells. Results: Circulating MAIT cell frequencies were depleted in individuals with HIV infection (p = 0.009). MAIT cells showed reduced CD107a expression in aTB (p = 0.006), and reduced IFNγ expression in aTB (p < 0.001) and in HIV-TB (p < 0.001) in response to BCG-GFP stimulation. This functional impairment was coupled with a significant increase in activation (defined by HLA-DR expression) in resting MAIT cells from HIV (p < 0.001), aTB (p = 0.019), and HIV-TB (p = 0.005) patients, and higher HLA-DR expression in MAIT cells expressing IFNγ in aTB (p = 0.009) and HIV-TB (p = 0.002) after stimulation with BCG-GFP and HK-M.tb. After 10 weeks of TB treatment, there was reversion in the observed functional impairment in total MAIT cells, with increases in CD107a (p = 0.020) and IFNγ (p = 0.010) expression. Conclusions: Frequencies and functional profile of MAIT cells in response to mycobacterial stimulation are significantly decreased in HIV infected persons, active TB and HIV-associated TB, with a concomitant increase in MAIT cell activation. These alterations may reduce the capacity of MAIT cells to play a protective role in the immune response to these two pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avuyonke Balfour
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charlotte Schutz
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rene Goliath
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sumaya Sayed
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bianca Sossen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jean-Paul Kanyik
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amy Ward
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rhandzu Ndzhukule
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anele Gela
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muki Shey
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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28
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Abstract
Human skin functions as a physical, chemical, and immune barrier against the external environment while also providing a protective niche for its resident microbiota, known as the skin microbiome. Cooperation between the microbiota, host skin cells, and the immune system is responsible for maintenance of skin health, and a disruption to this delicate balance, such as by pathogen invasion or a breach in the skin barrier, may lead to impaired skin function. Human skin functions as a physical, chemical, and immune barrier against the external environment while also providing a protective niche for its resident microbiota, known as the skin microbiome. Cooperation between the microbiota, host skin cells, and the immune system is responsible for maintenance of skin health, and a disruption to this delicate balance, such as by pathogen invasion or a breach in the skin barrier, may lead to impaired skin function. In this minireview, we describe the role of the microbiome in microbe, host, and immune interactions under distinct skin states, including homeostasis, tissue repair, and wound infection. Furthermore, we highlight the growing number of diverse microbial metabolites and products that have been identified to mediate these interactions, particularly those involved in host-microbe communication and defensive symbiosis. We also address the contextual pathogenicity exhibited by many skin commensals and provide insight into future directions in the skin microbiome field.
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29
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Suliman S, Gela A, Mendelsohn SC, Iwany SK, Tamara KL, Mabwe S, Bilek N, Darboe F, Fisher M, Corbett AJ, Kjer-Nielsen L, Eckle SBG, Huang CC, Zhang Z, Lewinsohn DM, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Hatherill M, León SR, Calderon RI, Lecca L, Murray M, Scriba TJ, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB. Peripheral Blood Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Tuberculosis Patients and Healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Exposed Controls. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:995-1007. [PMID: 32267943 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human blood, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are abundant T cells that recognize antigens presented on non-polymorphic major histocompatibility complex-related 1 (MR1) molecules. The MAIT cells are activated by mycobacteria, and prior human studies indicate that blood frequencies of MAIT cells, defined by cell surface markers, decline during tuberculosis (TB) disease, consistent with redistribution to the lungs. METHODS We tested whether frequencies of blood MAIT cells were altered in patients with TB disease relative to healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis-exposed controls from Peru and South Africa. We quantified their frequencies using MR1 tetramers loaded with 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil. RESULTS Unlike findings from prior studies, frequencies of blood MAIT cells were similar among patients with TB disease and latent and uninfected controls. In both cohorts, frequencies of MAIT cells defined by MR1-tetramer staining and coexpression of CD161 and the T-cell receptor alpha variable gene TRAV1-2 were strongly correlated. Disease severity captured by body mass index or TB disease transcriptional signatures did not correlate with MAIT cell frequencies in patients with TB. CONCLUSIONS Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related 1-restrictied MAIT cells are detected at similar levels with tetramers or surface markers. Unlike MHC-restricted T cells, blood frequencies of MAIT cells are poor correlates of TB disease but may play a role in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anele Gela
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simon C Mendelsohn
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sarah K Iwany
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kattya Lopez Tamara
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Simbarashe Mabwe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicole Bilek
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fatoumatta Darboe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michelle Fisher
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chuan-Chin Huang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zibiao Zhang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Leonid Lecca
- Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru.,Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megan Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Augmentation of the Riboflavin-Biosynthetic Pathway Enhances Mucosa-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cell Activation and Diminishes Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence. mBio 2021; 13:e0386521. [PMID: 35164552 PMCID: PMC8844931 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03865-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play a critical role in antimicrobial defense. Despite increased understanding of their mycobacterial ligands and the clinical association of MAIT cells with tuberculosis (TB), their function in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection remains unclear. Here, we show that overexpressing key genes of the riboflavin-biosynthetic pathway potentiates MAIT cell activation and results in attenuation of M. tuberculosis virulence in vivo. Further, we observed greater control of M. tuberculosis infection in MAIThi CAST/EiJ mice than in MAITlo C57BL/6J mice, highlighting the protective role of MAIT cells against TB. We also endogenously adjuvanted Mycobacterium bovis BCG with MR1 ligands via overexpression of the lumazine synthase gene ribH and evaluated its protective efficacy in the mouse model of M. tuberculosis infection. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that MAIT cells confer host protection against TB and that overexpression of genes in the riboflavin-biosynthetic pathway attenuates M. tuberculosis virulence. Enhancing MAIT cell-mediated immunity may also offer a novel approach toward improved vaccines against TB. IMPORTANCE Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an important subset of innate lymphocytes that recognize microbial ligands derived from the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway and mediate antimicrobial immune responses. Modulated MAIT cell responses have been noted in different forms of tuberculosis. However, it has been unclear if increased MAIT cell abundance is protective against TB disease. In this study, we show that augmentation of the mycobacterial MAIT cell ligands leads to higher MAIT cell activation with reduced M. tuberculosis virulence and that elevated MAIT cell abundance confers greater control of M. tuberculosis infection. Our study also highlights the potential of endogenously adjuvanting the traditional BCG vaccine with MR1 ligands to augment MAIT cell activation. This study increases current knowledge on the roles of the riboflavin-biosynthetic pathway and MAIT cell activation in M. tuberculosis virulence and host immunity against TB.
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31
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The burgeoning role of MR1-restricted T-cells in infection, cancer and autoimmune disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 69:10-17. [PMID: 33434741 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MR1 is a ubiquitously expressed, monomorphic antigen presenting molecule that has been largely preserved throughout mammalian evolution. The primary role of MR1 is to present conserved microbial metabolites to highly abundant mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The role of MAIT cells and other MR1-restricted T cells (MR1T) has been recently extended to immunomodulation during cancer. MR1Ts have also been implicated in autoimmune disease. The highly conserved nature of MR1 across the human population is in stark contrast to the MHC molecules recognised by conventional αβ T-cells, therefore MR1Ts may form fertile ground for the development of pan-population T-cell immunotherapeutics for a wide range of important morbidities.
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32
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Translating Unconventional T Cells and Their Roles in Leukemia Antitumor Immunity. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6633824. [PMID: 33506055 PMCID: PMC7808823 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6633824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, cell-mediated immune response in malignant neoplasms has become the focus in immunotherapy against cancer. However, in leukemia, most studies on the cytotoxic potential of T cells have concentrated only on T cells that recognize peptide antigens (Ag) presented by polymorphic molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This ignores the great potential of unconventional T cell populations, which include gamma-delta T cells (γδ), natural killer T cells (NKT), and mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT). Collectively, these T cell populations can recognize lipid antigens, specially modified peptides and small molecule metabolites, in addition to having several other advantages, which can provide more effective applications in cancer immunotherapy. In recent years, these cell populations have been associated with a repertoire of anti- or protumor responses and play important roles in the dynamics of solid tumors and hematological malignancies, thus, encouraging the development of new investigations in the area. This review focuses on the current knowledge regarding the role of unconventional T cell populations in the antitumor immune response in leukemia and discusses why further studies on the immunotherapeutic potential of these cells are needed.
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33
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De Libero G, Chancellor A, Mori L. Antigen specificities and functional properties of MR1-restricted T cells. Mol Immunol 2020; 130:148-153. [PMID: 33358568 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
MR1 is an MHC class I-like molecule with unique structural and biological features that make it an important member among the molecules involved in antigen presentation to T cells. Distinctive features include ubiquitous expression of the MR1 gene and its monomorphism. Another relevant property is that the MR1 protein appears at very low levels on the plasma membrane and its surface expression is regulated by antigen binding. Finally, the nature of presented antigens differs from those that bind other presenting molecules and includes small metabolites of microbial and self-origin, small drugs and tumor-associated antigens. This opinion paper describes in detail some of those features and discusses recent literature in the field.
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34
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Lepore M, Lewinsohn DA, Lewinsohn DM. T cell receptor diversity, specificity and promiscuity of functionally heterogeneous human MR1-restricted T cells. Mol Immunol 2020; 130:64-68. [PMID: 33360378 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The monomorphic MHC-class I-like molecule, MR1, presents small metabolites to T cells. MR1 is the restriction element for microbe-reactive mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. MAIT cells have limited TCR usage, including a semi-invariant TCR alpha chain and express high levels of CD161 and CD26. In addition to microbial lumazine metabolites, recent studies have demonstrated that MR1 is able to capture a variety of diverse chemical entities including folate-derivatives, a number of drug-like and other synthetic small molecules, and as yet undefined compounds of self-origin. This capacity of MR1 to bind distinct ligands likely accounts for the recent identification of additional, non-canonical, subsets of MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells. These subsets can be defined based on their ability to recognize diverse microbes as well as their reactivity to non-microbial cell-endogenous ligands, including tumor-associated antigens. Herein, we will discuss our current understanding of MR1T cell diversity in terms of TCR usage, ligand recognition and functional attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lepore
- Immunocore Ltd Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom.
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States.
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35
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Awad W, Meermeier EW, Sandoval-Romero ML, Le Nours J, Worley AH, Null MD, Liu L, McCluskey J, Fairlie DP, Lewinsohn DM, Rossjohn J. Atypical TRAV1-2 - T cell receptor recognition of the antigen-presenting molecule MR1. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14445-14457. [PMID: 32817339 PMCID: PMC7573270 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1 presents vitamin B-related metabolites to mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are characterized, in part, by the TRAV1-2+ αβ T cell receptor (TCR). In addition, a more diverse TRAV1-2- MR1-restricted T cell repertoire exists that can possess altered specificity for MR1 antigens. However, the molecular basis of how such TRAV1-2- TCRs interact with MR1-antigen complexes remains unclear. Here, we describe how a TRAV12-2+ TCR (termed D462-E4) recognizes an MR1-antigen complex. We report the crystal structures of the unliganded D462-E4 TCR and its complex with MR1 presenting the riboflavin-based antigen 5-OP-RU. Here, the TRBV29-1 β-chain of the D462-E4 TCR binds over the F'-pocket of MR1, whereby the complementarity-determining region (CDR) 3β loop surrounded and projected into the F'-pocket. Nevertheless, the CDR3β loop anchored proximal to the MR1 A'-pocket and mediated direct contact with the 5-OP-RU antigen. The D462-E4 TCR footprint on MR1 contrasted that of the TRAV1-2+ and TRAV36+ TCRs' docking topologies on MR1. Accordingly, diverse MR1-restricted T cell repertoire reveals differential docking modalities on MR1, thus providing greater scope for differing antigen specificities.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigen Presentation
- Binding Sites
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/chemistry
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Protein Refolding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Ribitol/analogs & derivatives
- Ribitol/chemistry
- Ribitol/metabolism
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Uracil/analogs & derivatives
- Uracil/chemistry
- Uracil/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erin W Meermeier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Maria L Sandoval-Romero
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aneta H Worley
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Megan D Null
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ligong Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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36
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Alternative splicing of MR1 regulates antigen presentation to MAIT cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15429. [PMID: 32963314 PMCID: PMC7508857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells can sense intracellular infection by a broad array of pathogens. These cells are activated upon encountering microbial antigen(s) displayed by MR1 on the surface of an infected cell. Human MR1 undergoes alternative splicing. The full-length isoform, MR1A, can activate MAIT cells, while the function of the isoforms, MR1B and MR1C, are incompletely understood. In this report, we sought to characterize the expression and function of these splice variants. Using a transcriptomic analysis in conjunction with qPCR, we find that that MR1A and MR1B transcripts are widely expressed. However only MR1A can present mycobacterial antigen to MAIT cells. Coexpression of MR1B with MR1A decreases MAIT cell activation following bacterial infection. Additionally, expression of MR1B prior to MR1A lowers total MR1A abundance, suggesting competition between MR1A and MR1B for either ligands or chaperones required for folding and/or trafficking. Finally, we evaluated CD4/CD8 double positive thymocytes expressing surface MR1. Here, we find that relative expression of MR1A/MR1B transcript is associated with the prevalence of MR1 + CD4/CD8 cells in the thymus. Our results suggest alternative splicing of MR1 represents a means of regulating MAIT activation in response to microbial ligand(s).
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37
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Swarbrick GM, Gela A, Cansler ME, Null MD, Duncan RB, Nemes E, Shey M, Nsereko M, Mayanja-Kizza H, Kiguli S, Koh J, Hanekom WA, Hatherill M, Lancioni C, Lewinsohn DM, Scriba TJ, Lewinsohn DA. Postnatal Expansion, Maturation, and Functionality of MR1T Cells in Humans. Front Immunol 2020; 11:556695. [PMID: 33042140 PMCID: PMC7524872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.556695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells are defined by their recognition of metabolite antigens presented by the monomorphic MHC class 1-related molecule, MR1, the most highly conserved MHC class I related molecule in mammalian species. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are the predominant subset of MR1T cells expressing an invariant TCR α-chain, TRAV1-2. These cells comprise a T cell subset that recognizes and mediates host immune responses to a broad array of microbial pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we sought to characterize development of circulating human MR1T cells as defined by MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer labeling and of the TRAV1-2+ MAIT cells defined by expression of TRAV1-2 and high expression of CD26 and CD161 (TRAV1-2+CD161++CD26++ cells). We analyzed postnatal expansion, maturation, and functionality of peripheral blood MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer+ MR1T cells in cohorts from three different geographic settings with different tuberculosis (TB) vaccination practices, levels of exposure to and infection with M. tuberculosis. Early after birth, frequencies of MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer+ MR1T cells increased rapidly by several fold. This coincided with the transition from a predominantly CD4+ and TRAV1-2- population in neonates, to a predominantly TRAV1-2+CD161++CD26++ CD8+ population. We also observed that tetramer+ MR1T cells that expressed TNF upon mycobacterial stimulation were very low in neonates, but increased ~10-fold in the first year of life. These functional MR1T cells in all age groups were MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer+TRAV1-2+ and highly expressed CD161 and CD26, markers that appeared to signal phenotypic and functional maturation of this cell subset. This age-associated maturation was also marked by the loss of naïve T cell markers on tetramer+ TRAV1-2+ MR1T cells more rapidly than tetramer+TRAV1-2- MR1T cells and non-MR1T cells. These data suggest that neonates have infrequent populations of MR1T cells with diverse phenotypic attributes; and that exposure to the environment rapidly and preferentially expands the MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer+TRAV1-2+ population of MR1T cells, which becomes the predominant population of functional MR1T cells early during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn M. Swarbrick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Portland Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Anele Gela
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Meghan E. Cansler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Megan D. Null
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Rowan B. Duncan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muki Shey
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine & Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mary Nsereko
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah Kiguli
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Paediatrics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeffrey Koh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Willem A. Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christina Lancioni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Portland Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Deborah A. Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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38
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La Manna MP, Orlando V, Tamburini B, Badami GD, Dieli F, Caccamo N. Harnessing Unconventional T Cells for Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2107. [PMID: 33013888 PMCID: PMC7497315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Even if the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has been decreasing over the last years, the number of patients with TB is increasing worldwide. The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB is making control of TB more difficult. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine fails to prevent pulmonary TB in adults, and there is an urgent need for a vaccine that is also effective in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Therefore, TB control may benefit on novel therapeutic options beyond antimicrobial treatment. Host-directed immunotherapies could offer therapeutic strategies for patients with drug-resistant TB or with HIV and TB coinfection. In the last years, the use of donor lymphocytes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has emerged as a new strategy in the cure of hematologic malignancies in order to induce graft-versus leukemia and graft-versus-infection effects. Moreover, adoptive therapy has proven to be effective in controlling cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in immunocompromised patients with ex vivo expanded viral antigen-specific T cells. Unconventional T cells are a heterogeneous group of T lymphocytes with limited diversity. One of their characteristics is that antigen recognition is not restricted by the classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC). They include CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1)–restricted T cells, MHC-related protein-1–restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, MHC class Ib–reactive T cells, and γδ T cells. Because these T cells are genotype-independent, they are also termed “donor unrestricted” T cells. The combined features of low donor diversity and the lack of genetic restriction make these cells suitable candidates for T cell–based immunotherapy of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco P La Manna
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Orlando
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bartolo Tamburini
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusto D Badami
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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39
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Kulicke C, Karamooz E, Lewinsohn D, Harriff M. Covering All the Bases: Complementary MR1 Antigen Presentation Pathways Sample Diverse Antigens and Intracellular Compartments. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2034. [PMID: 32983150 PMCID: PMC7492589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed, monomorphic MHC class Ib molecule MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1) presents microbial metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. However, recent work demonstrates that both the ligands bound by MR1 and the T cells restricted by it are more diverse than originally thought. It is becoming increasingly clear that MR1 is capable of presenting a remarkable variety of both microbial and non-microbial small molecule antigens to a diverse group of MR1-restricted T cells (MR1Ts) and that the antigen presentation pathway differs between exogenously delivered antigen and intracellular microbial infection. These distinct antigen presentation pathways suggest that MR1 shares features of both MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation, enabling it to sample diverse intracellular compartments and capture antigen of both intracellular and extracellular origin. Here, we review recent developments and new insights into the cellular mechanisms of MR1-dependent antigen presentation with a focus on microbial MR1T cell antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Kulicke
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Elham Karamooz
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David Lewinsohn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Molecular and Microbial Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Melanie Harriff
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Molecular and Microbial Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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40
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Corbett AJ, Awad W, Wang H, Chen Z. Antigen Recognition by MR1-Reactive T Cells; MAIT Cells, Metabolites, and Remaining Mysteries. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1961. [PMID: 32973800 PMCID: PMC7482426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize vitamin B-based antigens presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class I related-1 molecule (MR1). Both MAIT T cell receptors (TCR) and MR1 are highly conserved among mammals, suggesting an important, and conserved, immune function. For many years, the antigens they recognize were unknown. The discovery that MR1 presents vitamin B-based small molecule ligands resulted in a rapid expansion of research in this area, which has yielded information on the role of MAIT cells in immune protection, autoimmune disease and recently in homeostasis and cancer. More recently, we have begun to appreciate the diverse nature of the small molecule ligands that can bind MR1, with several less potent antigens and small molecule drugs that can bind MR1 being identified. Complementary structural information has revealed the complex nature of interactions defining antigen recognition. Additionally, we now view MAIT cells (defined here as MR1-riboflavin-Ag reactive, TRAV1-2+ cells) as one subset of a broader family of MR1-reactive T cells (MR1T cells). Despite these advances, we still lack a complete understanding of how MR1 ligands are generated, presented and recognized in vivo. The biological relevance of these MR1 ligands and the function of MR1T cells in infection and disease warrants further investigation with new tools and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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41
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T Cell Immunity to Bacterial Pathogens: Mechanisms of Immune Control and Bacterial Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176144. [PMID: 32858901 PMCID: PMC7504484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body frequently encounters harmful bacterial pathogens and employs immune defense mechanisms designed to counteract such pathogenic assault. In the adaptive immune system, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted αβ T cells, along with unconventional αβ or γδ T cells, respond to bacterial antigens to orchestrate persisting protective immune responses and generate immunological memory. Research in the past ten years accelerated our knowledge of how T cells recognize bacterial antigens and how many bacterial species have evolved mechanisms to evade host antimicrobial immune responses. Such escape mechanisms act to corrupt the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity, potentially tipping the balance of host immune responses toward pathological rather than protective. This review examines the latest developments in our knowledge of how T cell immunity responds to bacterial pathogens and evaluates some of the mechanisms that pathogenic bacteria use to evade such T cell immunosurveillance, to promote virulence and survival in the host.
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42
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Barber-Axthelm IM, Kent SJ, Juno JA. Understanding the Role of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T-Cells in Non-human Primate Models of HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2038. [PMID: 33013862 PMCID: PMC7461791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection causes systemic immune activation and dysregulation, resulting in the impairment of most T-cell subsets including MAIT cells. Multiple human cohort studies demonstrate MAIT cells are selectively depleted in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues during HIV infection, with incomplete restoration during suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Because MAIT cells play an important role in mucosal defense against a wide array of pathogens, fully reconstituting the MAIT cell compartment in ART-treated populations could improve immunity against co-infections. Non-human primates (NHPs) are a valuable, well-described animal model for HIV infection in humans. NHPs also maintain MAIT cell frequencies more comparable to humans, compared to other common animal models, and provide a unique opportunity to study MAIT cells in the circulation and mucosal tissues in a longitudinal manner. Only recently, however, have NHP MAIT cells been thoroughly characterized using macaque-specific MR1 tetramer reagents. Here we review the similarities and differences between MAIT cells in humans and NHPs as well as the impact of SIV/SHIV infection on MAIT cells and the potential implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M Barber-Axthelm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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43
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Souter MNT, Eckle SBG. Biased MAIT TCR Usage Poised for Limited Antigen Diversity? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1845. [PMID: 33013835 PMCID: PMC7461848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of unconventional T cells that recognize the evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like antigen-presenting molecule known as MHC class I related protein 1 (MR1). Since their rise from obscurity in the early 1990s, the study of MAIT cells has grown substantially, accelerating our fundamental understanding of these cells and their possible roles in immunity. In the context of recent advances, we review here the relationship between MR1, antigen, and TCR usage among MAIT and other MR1-reactive T cells and provide a speculative discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N T Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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44
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Ioannidis M, Cerundolo V, Salio M. The Immune Modulating Properties of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1556. [PMID: 32903532 PMCID: PMC7438542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T lymphocytes that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) recognizing microbial vitamin B metabolites presented by the highly conserved major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I like molecule, MR1. The vitamin B metabolites are produced by several commensal and pathogenic bacteria and yeast, but not viruses. Nevertheless, viral infections can trigger MAIT cell activation in a TCR-independent manner, through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). MAIT cells belong to the innate like T family of cells with a memory phenotype, which allows them to rapidly release Interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and in some circumstances Interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-10, exerting an immunomodulatory role on the ensuing immune response, akin to iNKT cells and γδ T cells. Recent studies implicate MAIT cells in a variety of inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, and in cancer. In addition, through the analysis of the transcriptome of MAIT cells activated in different experimental conditions, an important function in tissue repair and control of immune homeostasis has emerged, shared with other innate-like T cells. In this review, we discuss these recent findings, focussing on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning MAIT cell activation and effector function in health and disease, which ultimately will aid in clinically harnessing this unique, not donor-restricted cell subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Ioannidis
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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45
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Narayanan GA, McLaren JE, Meermeier EW, Ladell K, Swarbrick GM, Price DA, Tran JG, Worley AH, Vogt T, Wong EB, Lewinsohn DM. The MAIT TCRβ chain contributes to discrimination of microbial ligand. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:770-781. [PMID: 32568415 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are key players in the immune response against microbial infection. The MAIT T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizes a diverse array of microbial ligands, and recent reports have highlighted the variability in the MAIT TCR that could further contribute to discrimination of ligand. The MAIT TCR complementarity determining region (CDR)3β sequence displays a high level of diversity across individuals, and clonotype usage appears to be dependent on antigenic exposure. To address the relationship between the MAIT TCR and microbial ligand, we utilized a previously defined panel of MAIT cell clones that demonstrated variability in responses against different microbial infections. Sequencing of these clones revealed four pairs, each with shared (identical) CDR3α and different CDR3β sequences. These pairs demonstrated varied responses against microbially infected dendritic cells as well as against 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil, a ligand abundant in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, suggesting that the CDR3β contributes to differences in ligand discrimination. Taken together, these results highlight a key role for the MAIT CDR3β region in distinguishing between MR1-bound antigens and ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali A Narayanan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Erin W Meermeier
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gwendolyn M Swarbrick
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,VA Portland Health Care Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Todd Vogt
- VA Portland Health Care Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Emily B Wong
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,VA Portland Health Care Center, Portland, OR, USA
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46
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Souter MNT, Loh L, Li S, Meehan BS, Gherardin NA, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J, Fairlie DP, Kedzierska K, Pellicci DG, Chen Z, Kjer-Nielsen L, Corbett AJ, McCluskey J, Eckle SBG. Characterization of Human Mucosal-associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 127:e90. [PMID: 31763790 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of unconventional T cells restricted by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule MHC-related protein 1 (MR1). MAIT cells are found throughout the body, especially in human blood and liver. Unlike conventional T cells, which are stimulated by peptide antigens presented by MHC molecules, MAIT cells recognize metabolite antigens derived from an intermediate in the microbial biosynthesis of riboflavin. MAIT cells mediate protective immunity to infections by riboflavin-producing microbes via the production of cytokines and cytotoxicity. The discovery of stimulating MAIT cell antigens allowed for the development of an analytical tool, the MR1 tetramer, that binds specifically to the MAIT T cell receptor (TCR) and is becoming the gold standard for identification of MAIT cells by flow cytometry. This article describes protocols to characterize the phenotype of human MAIT cells in blood and tissues by flow cytometry using fluorescently labeled human MR1 tetramers alongside antibodies specific for MAIT cell markers. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The main protocols include: Basic Protocol 1: Determining the frequency and steady-state surface phenotype of human MAIT cells Basic Protocol 2: Determining the activation phenotype of human MAIT cells in blood Basic Protocol 3: Characterizing MAIT cell TCRs using TCR-positive reporter cell lines Alternate protocols are provided for determining the absolute number, transcription factor phenotype, and TCR usage of human MAIT cells; and determining activation phenotype by staining for intracellular markers, measuring secreted cytokines, and measuring fluorescent dye dilution due to proliferation. Additional methods are provided for determining the capacity of MAIT cells to produce cytokine independently of antigen using plate-bound or bead-immobilized CD3/CD28 stimulation; and determining the MR1-Ag dependence of MAIT cell activation using MR1-blocking antibody or competitive inhibition. For TCR-positive reporter cell lines, methods are also provided for evaluating the MAIT TCR-mediated MR1-Ag response, determining the capacity of the reporter lines to produce cytokine independently of antigen, determining the MR1-Ag dependence of the reporter lines, and evaluating the MR1-Ag response of the reporter lines using IL-2 secretion. Support Protocols describe the preparation of PBMCs from human blood, the preparation of single-cell suspensions from tissue, the isolation of MAIT cells by FACS and MACS, cloning MAIT TCRα and β chain genes and MR1 genes for transduction, generating stably and transiently transfected cells lines, generating a stable MR1 knockout antigen-presenting cell line, and generating monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N T Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shihan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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47
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Thymic development of unconventional T cells: how NKT cells, MAIT cells and γδ T cells emerge. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:756-770. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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48
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Pomaznoy M, Kuan R, Lindvall M, Burel JG, Seumois G, Vijayanand P, Taplitz R, Gilman RH, Saito M, Lewinsohn DM, Sette A, Peters B, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Quantitative and Qualitative Perturbations of CD8 + MAITs in Healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Individuals. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:292-307. [PMID: 32499216 PMCID: PMC7543048 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells are considered important contributors to the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yet limited information is currently known regarding their specific immune signature and phenotype. In this study, we applied a cell population transcriptomics strategy to define immune signatures of human latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in memory CD8 T cells. We found a 41-gene signature that discriminates between memory CD8 T cells from healthy LTBI subjects and uninfected controls. The gene signature was dominated by genes associated with mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) and reflected the lower frequency of MAITs observed in individuals with LTBI. There was no evidence for a conventional CD8 T cell–specific signature between the two cohorts. We, therefore, investigated MAITs in more detail based on Vα7.2 and CD161 expression and staining with an MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) tetramer. This revealed two distinct populations of CD8+Vα7.2+CD161+ MAITs: MR1 tetramer+ and MR1 tetramer−, which both had distinct gene expression compared with memory CD8 T cells. Transcriptomic analysis of LTBI versus noninfected individuals did not reveal significant differences for MR1 tetramer+ MAITs. However, gene expression of MR1 tetramer− MAITs showed large interindividual diversity and a tuberculosis-specific signature. This was further strengthened by a more diverse TCR-α and -β repertoire of MR1 tetramer− cells as compared with MR1 tetramer+. Thus, circulating memory CD8 T cells in subjects with latent tuberculosis have a reduced number of conventional MR1 tetramer+ MAITs as well as a difference in phenotype in the rare population of MR1 tetramer− MAITs compared with uninfected controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Pomaznoy
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Rebecca Kuan
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mikaela Lindvall
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Julie G Burel
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Grégory Seumois
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Randy Taplitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Universidad Peruana Caytano Hereida, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Department of Virology, Tohuku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 9808575, Japan
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Medicine, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239; and
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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McWilliam HEG, Villadangos JA. MR1: a multi-faceted metabolite sensor for T cell activation. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 64:124-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Vacchini A, Chancellor A, Spagnuolo J, Mori L, De Libero G. MR1-Restricted T Cells Are Unprecedented Cancer Fighters. Front Immunol 2020; 11:751. [PMID: 32411144 PMCID: PMC7198878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-polymorphic MHC class I-related molecule MR1 presents antigenic bacterial metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and self-antigens to MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells. Both MR1-restricted T cell populations are readily identified in healthy individuals, with MAIT cells accounting for 1-10% of circulating T cells, while MR1T cells have frequencies comparable to peptide-specific T cells (<0.1%). Self-reactive MR1T cells display a heterogeneous phenotype, and are capable of releasing both TH1 and TH2 cytokines, supporting not only activation of inflammation but also contributing to its regulation. Importantly, MR1T cells recognize and kill a diverse range of MR1-expressing tumor cells. On the other hand, evidence suggests MAIT cells augment cancer growth and metastases. This review addresses the potential role of MR1-restricted T cells in controlling tumor cells, facilitating their elimination and regulating cancer immunity. We also discuss therapeutic opportunities surrounding MR1-restricted T cells in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vacchini
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Chancellor
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Spagnuolo
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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