1
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Pérez-Callejo G, Gawne T, Preston TR, Hollebon P, Humphries OS, Chung HK, Dakovski GL, Krzywinski J, Minitti MP, Burian T, Chalupský J, Hájková V, Juha L, Vozda V, Zastrau U, Vinko SM, Rose SJ, Wark JS. Dielectronic satellite emission from a solid-density Mg plasma: Relationship to models of ionization potential depression. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:045204. [PMID: 38755888 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.045204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We report on experiments where solid-density Mg plasmas are created by heating with the focused output of the Linac Coherent Light Source x-ray free-electron laser. We study the K-shell emission from the helium- and lithium-like ions using Bragg crystal spectroscopy. Observation of the dielectronic satellites in lithium-like ions confirms that the M-shell electrons appear bound for these high charge states. An analysis of the intensity of these satellites indicates that when modeled with an atomic-kinetics code, the ionization potential depression model employed needs to produce depressions for these ions which lie between those predicted by the well known Stewart-Pyatt and Ecker-Kroll models. These results are largely consistent with recent density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pérez-Callejo
- Departamento de Física Teórica Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - T Gawne
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - T R Preston
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - P Hollebon
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - O S Humphries
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - H-K Chung
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy (KFE), Daejeon 34133, South Korea
| | - G L Dakovski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Krzywinski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M P Minitti
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Burian
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupský
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - V Hájková
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - L Juha
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - V Vozda
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - S J Rose
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Plasma Physics Group, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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2
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Gawne T, Campbell T, Forte A, Hollebon P, Perez-Callejo G, Humphries OS, Karnbach O, Kasim MF, Preston TR, Lee HJ, Miscampbell A, van den Berg QY, Nagler B, Ren S, Royle RB, Wark JS, Vinko SM. Investigating mechanisms of state localization in highly ionized dense plasmas. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:035210. [PMID: 37849197 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.035210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental observations of K_{β} emission from highly charged Mg ions at solid density, driven by intense x rays from a free electron laser. The presence of K_{β} emission indicates the n=3 atomic shell is relocalized for high charge states, providing an upper constraint on the depression of the ionization potential. We explore the process of state relocalization in dense plasmas from first principles using finite-temperature density functional theory alongside a wave-function localization metric, and find excellent agreement with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gawne
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Campbell
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Forte
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Hollebon
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Perez-Callejo
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Oliver Karnbach
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad F Kasim
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hae Ja Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alan Miscampbell
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Quincy Y van den Berg
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Bob Nagler
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Shenyuan Ren
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan B Royle
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Justin S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Sam M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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3
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Ren S, Vinko S, Wark JS. Simulations of collisional effects in an inner-shell solid-density Mg X-ray laser. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220218. [PMID: 37393935 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Inner-shell [Formula: see text] X-ray lasers have been created by pumping gaseous, solid, and liquid targets with the intense X-ray output of free-electron lasers (FELs). For gaseous targets lasing relies on the creation of [Formula: see text]-shell core holes on a time-scale short compared with filling via Auger decay. In the case of solid and liquid density systems, collisional effects will also be important, affecting not only populations but also line-widths, both of which impact the degree of overall gain, and its duration. However, to date, such collisional effects have not been extensively studied. We present here initial simulations using the CCFLY code of inner-shell lasing in solid-density Mg, where we self-consistently treat the effects of the incoming FEL radiation and the atomic kinetics of the Mg system, including radiative, Auger and collisional effects. We find that the combination of collisional population of the lower states of the lasing transitions and broadening of the lines precludes lasing on all but the [Formula: see text] of the initially cold system. Even assuming instantaneous turning on of the FEL pump, we find the duration of the gain in the solid system to be sub-femtosecond. This article is part of the theme issue 'Dynamic and transient processes in warm dense matter'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyuan Ren
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Sam Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Justin S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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4
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Chen ZB. On the development of relativistic distorted wave approximation for the energies and collision dynamics of atoms or ions subjected to the outside plasma. PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 2022; 29. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we present the development of a relativistic distorted wave method for determining the energies and collision dynamics of plasma-immersed atoms or ions. The methodology is based on the Dirac–Coulomb Hamiltonian, in which contributions from relativity and higher order effects, such as quantum electrodynamics and Breit interaction, are incorporated. The key element in this method is that a modified Debye–Hückel approximation is employed to represent the effect of plasma screening. In order to correctly describe the (bound and continuous state) wave functions, a self-consistent field calculation incorporating the shielding potential is performed within the fully relativistic framework. The particle interaction within the scattering matrix element of the excitation process is described by the shielded Coulomb interaction. The present technique is illustrated by calculations of energy, line shift, transition probability, electron-impact excitation/ionization cross section, and photoionization cross section of a few-electron system confined in plasma environments. The present model is tested and validated against a number of known cases (simulations are made for the He-like Al11+ ion) in the literatures. Numerical results demonstrate that the modifications to the Coulomb potential proposed in the spatial and temporal criteria of the Debye–Hückel approximation allow us to improve the theoretical description of the plasma shielding and thus the dynamical processes in dense plasmas. Comparisons of our computational predictions and the recent experimental measurements are performed. The current work not only has far-reaching implications for our understanding of the dense plasma screening, but also has potential applications in fusion, laboratory astrophysics, and related disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Bin Chen
- School of Science, Hunan University of Technology , Zhuzhou 412007, People's Republic of China
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5
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Zeng J, Ye C, Liu P, Gao C, Li Y, Yuan J. The Strong Enhancement of Electron-Impact Ionization Processes in Dense Plasma by Transient Spatial Localization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116033. [PMID: 35682711 PMCID: PMC9181145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments have observed much higher electron–ion collisional ionization cross sections and rates in dense plasmas than predicted by the current standard atomic collision theory, including the plasma screening effect. We suggest that the use of (distorted) plane waves for incident and scattered electrons is not adequate to describe the dissipation that occurs during the ionization event. Random collisions with free electrons and ions in plasma cause electron matter waves to lose their phase, which results in the partial decoherence of incident and scattered electrons. Such a plasma-induced transient spatial localization of the continuum electron states significantly modifies the wave functions of continuum electrons, resulting in a strong enhancement of the electron–ion collisional ionization of ions in plasma compared to isolated ions. Here, we develop a theoretical formulation to calculate the differential and integral cross sections by incorporating the effects of plasma screening and transient spatial localization. The approach is then used to investigate the electron-impact ionization of ions in solid-density magnesium plasma, yielding results that are consistent with experiments. In dense plasma, the correlation of continuum electron energies is modified, and the integral cross sections and rates increase considerably. For the ionization of Mg9+e+1s22s2S→1s21S+2e, the ionization cross sections increase several-fold, and the rates increase by one order of magnitude. Our findings provide new insight into collisional ionization and three-body recombination and may aid investigations of the transport properties and nonequilibrium evolution of dense plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaolong Zeng
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (C.Y.); (P.L.); (C.G.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (C.Y.); (P.L.); (C.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (C.Y.); (P.L.); (C.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (C.Y.); (P.L.); (C.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongjun Li
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (C.Y.); (P.L.); (C.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (C.Y.); (P.L.); (C.G.); (Y.L.)
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (J.Y.)
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6
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Approaching the Attosecond Frontier of Dynamics in Matter with the Concept of X-ray Chronoscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) have provided scientists opportunities to study matter with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolutions. However, access to the attosecond domain (i.e., below 1 femtosecond) remains elusive. Herein, a time-dependent experimental concept is theorized, allowing us to track ultrafast processes in matter with sub-fs resolution. The proposed X-ray chronoscopy approach exploits the state-of-the-art developments in terahertz streaking to measure the time structure of X-ray pulses with ultrahigh temporal resolution. The sub-femtosecond dynamics of the saturable X-ray absorption process is simulated. The employed rate equation model confirms that the X-ray-induced mechanisms leading to X-ray transparency can be probed via measurement of an X-ray pulse time structure.
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7
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Zhang P, Jin Y, Zan X, Liu P, Li Y, Gao C, Hou Y, Zeng J, Yuan J. Enhancement of electron-impact ionization induced by warm dense environments. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:035204. [PMID: 34654195 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.035204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown significant discrepancies between the recent experiment [Berg et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 055002 (2018)PRLTAO10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.055002] and current theoretical calculations on the electron-impact ionization cross section of ions in warm dense magnesium. Here, we present a systematic study the effects of the ionic correlations and free-electron screening on the electron-impact ionization of ions in warm dense matter. The ionic correlation and the free-electron screening effects yield additional Hermitian terms to the calculation of the ionic central-force-field potential, which significantly change the electronic structure compared with that of the isolated ion. In calculating the electron-impact ionization, we describe the impact and ionized electrons using a damped-distorted wave function, which considers the momentum relaxation of free electrons due to collisions with other free electrons and ions. We reproduce the electron-impact ionization process for Mg^{7+} in the solid-density plasma and increase the ionization cross section by one order of magnitude compared with that of the isolated ion, which excellently agrees with the experimental result of Berg et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Zan
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaolong Zeng
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou Zhejiang 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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8
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Inoue I, Deguchi Y, Ziaja B, Osaka T, Abdullah MM, Jurek Z, Medvedev N, Tkachenko V, Inubushi Y, Kasai H, Tamasaku K, Hara T, Nishibori E, Yabashi M. Atomic-Scale Visualization of Ultrafast Bond Breaking in X-Ray-Excited Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:117403. [PMID: 33798368 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.117403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast changes of charge density distribution in diamond after irradiation with an intense x-ray pulse (photon energy, 7.8 keV; pulse duration, 6 fs; intensity, 3×10^{19} W/cm^{2}) have been visualized with the x-ray pump-x-ray probe technique. The measurement reveals that covalent bonds in diamond are broken and the electron distribution around each atom becomes almost isotropic within ∼5 fs after the intensity maximum of the x-ray pump pulse. The 15 fs time delay observed between the bond breaking and atomic disordering indicates nonisothermality of electron and lattice subsystems on this timescale. From these observations and simulation results, we interpret that the x-ray-induced change of the interatomic potential drives the ultrafast atomic disordering underway to the following nonthermal melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Inoue
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuka Deguchi
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Beata Ziaja
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Germany
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Taito Osaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Malik M Abdullah
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Germany
| | - Zoltan Jurek
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Germany
| | - Nikita Medvedev
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8, 18221, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Victor Tkachenko
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Germany
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kasai
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Kenji Tamasaku
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Toru Hara
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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9
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Tuitje F, Martínez Gil P, Helk T, Gautier J, Tissandier F, Goddet JP, Guggenmos A, Kleineberg U, Sebban S, Oliva E, Spielmann C, Zürch M. Nonlinear ionization dynamics of hot dense plasma observed in a laser-plasma amplifier. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:187. [PMID: 33298838 PMCID: PMC7673011 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behaviour of matter under conditions of extreme temperature, pressure, density and electromagnetic fields has profound effects on our understanding of cosmologic objects and the formation of the universe. Lacking direct access to such objects, our interpretation of observed data mainly relies on theoretical models. However, such models, which need to encompass nuclear physics, atomic physics and plasma physics over a huge dynamic range in the dimensions of energy and time, can only provide reliable information if we can benchmark them to experiments under well-defined laboratory conditions. Due to the plethora of effects occurring in this kind of highly excited matter, characterizing isolated dynamics or obtaining direct insight remains challenging. High-density plasmas are turbulent and opaque for radiation below the plasma frequency and allow only near-surface insight into ionization processes with visible wavelengths. Here, the output of a high-harmonic seeded laser-plasma amplifier using eight-fold ionized krypton as the gain medium operating at a 32.8 nm wavelength is ptychographically imaged. A complex-valued wavefront is observed in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) beam with high resolution. Ab initio spatio-temporal Maxwell-Bloch simulations show excellent agreement with the experimental observations, revealing overionization of krypton in the plasma channel due to nonlinear laser-plasma interactions, successfully validating this four-dimensional multiscale model. This constitutes the first experimental observation of the laser ion abundance reshaping a laser-plasma amplifier. The presented approach shows the possibility of directly modelling light-plasma interactions in extreme conditions, such as those present during the early times of the universe, with direct experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tuitje
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - P Martínez Gil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética and Instituto de Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde", ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - T Helk
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - J Gautier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - F Tissandier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - J-P Goddet
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - A Guggenmos
- Department for Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Garching, Germany
- UltraFast Innovations GmbH, Garching, Germany
| | - U Kleineberg
- Department for Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - S Sebban
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - E Oliva
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética and Instituto de Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde", ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Spielmann
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - M Zürch
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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10
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Humphries OS, Marjoribanks RS, van den Berg QY, Galtier EC, Kasim MF, Lee HJ, Miscampbell AJF, Nagler B, Royle R, Wark JS, Vinko SM. Probing the Electronic Structure of Warm Dense Nickel via Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:195001. [PMID: 33216608 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.195001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of bright free-electron lasers (FEL) has revolutionized our ability to create and study matter in the high-energy-density (HED) regime. Current diagnostic techniques have been successful in yielding information on fundamental thermodynamic plasma properties, but provide only limited or indirect information on the detailed quantum structure of these systems, and on how it is affected by ionization dynamics. Here we show how the valence electronic structure of solid-density nickel, heated to temperatures of around 10 of eV on femtosecond timescales, can be probed by single-shot resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) at the Linac Coherent Light Source FEL. The RIXS spectrum provides a wealth of information on the HED system that goes well beyond what can be extracted from x-ray absorption or emission spectroscopy alone, and is particularly well suited to time-resolved studies of electronic-structure dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Humphries
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R S Marjoribanks
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Q Y van den Berg
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - E C Galtier
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M F Kasim
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - H J Lee
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A J F Miscampbell
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - B Nagler
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Royle
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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11
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Wu D, Yu W, Sheng ZM, Fritzsche S, He XT. Uniform warm dense matter formed by direct laser heating in the presence of external magnetic fields. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:051202. [PMID: 32575343 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
With the recent realization of kilotesla quasistatic magnetic fields, the interaction of a laser with magnetized solids enters an unexplored new regime. In particular, a circularly polarized (CP) laser pulse may propagate in a highly magnetized plasma of any high density without encountering cutoff reflection in the whistler mode. With this, we propose a scheme for producing uniform warm dense matter (WDM) by direct laser heating with a CP laser irradiating onto the target along the magnetic field. It is shown by particle-in-cell simulations, which include advanced ionization dynamics and collision dynamics, moderately intense right-hand CP laser light at 10^{15}W/cm^{2} can propagate in solid aluminum and heat it efficiently to the 100 eV level within picoseconds. By using two laser pulses irradiating from two sides of a thin solid target, uniform heating to WDM can be achieved. This provides a controllable way to create WDM at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wu
- Department of Physics, Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - W Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, 201800 Shanghai, China
| | - Z M Sheng
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, USPA, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom.,IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - S Fritzsche
- Helmholtz Institut Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - X T He
- Key Laboratory of HEDP of the Ministry of Education, CAPT, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
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12
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Moldabekov ZA, Dornheim T, Bonitz M, Ramazanov TS. Ion energy-loss characteristics and friction in a free-electron gas at warm dense matter and nonideal dense plasma conditions. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:053203. [PMID: 32575188 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.053203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the energy-loss characteristics of an ion in warm dense matter (WDM) and dense plasmas concentrating on the influence of electronic correlations. The basis for our analysis is a recently developed ab initio quantum Monte Carlo- (QMC) based machine learning representation of the static local field correction (LFC) [Dornheim et al., J. Chem. Phys. 151, 194104 (2019)JCPSA60021-960610.1063/1.5123013], which provides an accurate description of the dynamical density response function of the electron gas at the considered parameters. We focus on the polarization-induced stopping power due to free electrons, the friction function, and the straggling rate. In addition, we compute the friction coefficient which constitutes a key quantity for the adequate Langevin dynamics simulation of ions. Considering typical experimental WDM parameters with partially degenerate electrons, we find that the friction coefficient is of the order of γ/ω_{pi}=0.01, where ω_{pi} is the ionic plasma frequency. This analysis is performed by comparing QMC-based data to results from the random-phase approximation (RPA), the Mermin dielectric function, and the Singwi-Tosi-Land-Sjölander (STLS) approximation. It is revealed that the widely used relaxation time approximation (Mermin dielectric function) has severe limitations regarding the description of the energy loss of ions in a correlated partially degenerate electrons gas. Moreover, by comparing QMC-based data with the results obtained using STLS, we find that the ion energy-loss properties are not sensitive to the inaccuracy of the static local field correction (LFC) at large wave numbers, k/k_{F}>2 (with k_{F} being the Fermi wave number), but that a correct description of the static LFC at k/k_{F}≲1.5 is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zh A Moldabekov
- Institute for Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - T Dornheim
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Görlitz, Germany
| | - M Bonitz
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - T S Ramazanov
- Institute for Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
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13
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Matsuo K, Higashi N, Iwata N, Sakata S, Lee S, Johzaki T, Sawada H, Iwasa Y, Law KFF, Morita H, Ochiai Y, Kojima S, Abe Y, Hata M, Sano T, Nagatomo H, Sunahara A, Morace A, Yogo A, Nakai M, Sakagami H, Ozaki T, Yamanoi K, Norimatsu T, Nakata Y, Tokita S, Kawanaka J, Shiraga H, Mima K, Azechi H, Kodama R, Arikawa Y, Sentoku Y, Fujioka S. Petapascal Pressure Driven by Fast Isochoric Heating with a Multipicosecond Intense Laser Pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:035001. [PMID: 32031862 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.035001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fast isochoric laser heating is a scheme to heat matter with a relativistic intensity (>10^{18} W/cm^{2}) laser pulse for producing an ultrahigh-energy-density (UHED) state. We have demonstrated an efficient fast isochoric heating of a compressed dense plasma core with a multipicosecond kilojoule-class petawatt laser and an assistance of externally applied kilotesla magnetic fields for guiding fast electrons to the dense plasma. A UHED state of 2.2 PPa is achieved experimentally with 4.6 kJ of total laser energy that is one order of magnitude lower than the energy used in the conventional implosion scheme. A two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation confirmed that diffusive heating from a laser-plasma interaction zone to the dense plasma plays an essential role to the efficient creation of the UHED state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Matsuo
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Higashi
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Natsumi Iwata
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shohei Sakata
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Seungho Lee
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Johzaki
- Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sawada
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Yuki Iwasa
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - King Fai Farley Law
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Morita
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yugo Ochiai
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sadaoki Kojima
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Abe
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayasu Hata
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sano
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideo Nagatomo
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sunahara
- Institute for Laser Technology, 1-8-4 Utsubo-honmachi, Nishi-ku Osaka, Osaka, 550-0004, Japan
- Center of Materials Under eXtreame Environment, Purdue University, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Alessio Morace
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akifumi Yogo
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Nakai
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakagami
- National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 322-6 Oroshi, Toki, Gifu, 509-5292, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ozaki
- National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 322-6 Oroshi, Toki, Gifu, 509-5292, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamanoi
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Norimatsu
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakata
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeki Tokita
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junji Kawanaka
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shiraga
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kunioki Mima
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, 1955-1 Kurematsu, Nishi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-1202, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Azechi
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kodama
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Arikawa
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sentoku
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Fujioka
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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14
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X-ray Spectroscopies of High Energy Density Matter Created with X-ray Free Electron Lasers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9224812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent progress in the development of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) allows for the delivery of over 1011 high-energy photons to solid-density samples in a femtosecond time scale. The corresponding peak brightness of XFEL induces a nonlinear response of matter in a short-wavelength regime. The absorption of an XFEL pulse in a solid also results in the creation of high energy density (HED) matter. The electronic structure and related fundamental properties of such HED matter can be investigated with the control of XFEL and various X-ray spectroscopic techniques. These experimental data provide unique opportunities to benchmark theories and models for extreme conditions and to guide further advances. In this article, the current progress in spectroscopic studies on intense XFEL–matter interactions and HED matter are reviewed, and future research opportunities are discussed.
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15
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Core-level nonlinear spectroscopy triggered by stochastic X-ray pulses. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4761. [PMID: 31628306 PMCID: PMC6802401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Stochastic processes are highly relevant in research fields as different as neuroscience, economy, ecology, chemistry, and fundamental physics. However, due to their intrinsic unpredictability, stochastic mechanisms are very challenging for any kind of investigations and practical applications. Here we report the deliberate use of stochastic X-ray pulses in two-dimensional spectroscopy to the simultaneous mapping of unoccupied and occupied electronic states of atoms in a regime where the opacity and transparency properties of matter are subject to the incident intensity and photon energy. A readily transferable matrix formalism is presented to extract the electronic states from a dataset measured with the monitored input from a stochastic excitation source. The presented formalism enables investigations of the response of the electronic structure to irradiation with intense X-ray pulses while the time structure of the incident pulses is preserved.
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16
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Wu D, Yu W, Zhao YT, Hoffmann DHH, Fritzsche S, He XT. Particle-in-cell simulation of transport and energy deposition of intense proton beams in solid-state materials. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:013208. [PMID: 31499819 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.013208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation code is used to investigate the transport and energy deposition of an intense proton beam in solid-state material. This code is able to simulate close particle interactions by using a Monte Carlo binary collision model. Such a model takes into account all related interactions between the incident protons and material particles, e.g., proton-nucleus, proton-bound-electron, and proton-free-electron collisions. This code also includes a Monte Carlo model for the collisional ionization and electron-ion recombination as well as the depression of the ionization potential by shielding of surrounding particles. Moreover, for intense proton beams, in order to include collective electromagnetic effects, significantly speed up the simulation, and simultaneously avoid numerical instabilities, an approach that combines the PIC method with a reduced model of high-density plasma based on Ohm's law is used. Simulation results indicate that the collective electromagnetic effects have a significant influence on the transport and energy deposition of proton beams. The Ohmic electric field would increase the stopping power and leads to a shortened range of proton beams in solid. The magnetic field would localize the energy deposition by collimating proton beams, which would otherwise be deflected by the collisions with nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wu
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - W Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, 201800 Shanghai, China
| | - Y T Zhao
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi'an, China
| | - D H H Hoffmann
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi'an, China
| | - S Fritzsche
- Helmholtz Institut Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - X T He
- Key Laboratory of HEDP of the Ministry of Education, CAPT, and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
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17
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Röpke G, Blaschke D, Döppner T, Lin C, Kraeft WD, Redmer R, Reinholz H. Ionization potential depression and Pauli blocking in degenerate plasmas at extreme densities. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:033201. [PMID: 30999524 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.033201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
New facilities explore warm dense matter (WDM) at conditions with extreme densities (exceeding ten times condensed matter densities) so that electrons are degenerate even at temperatures of 10-100 eV. Whereas in the nondegenerate region correlation effects such as Debye screening are relevant for the ionization potential depression (IPD), new effects have to be considered in degenerate plasmas. In addition to the Fock shift of the self-energies, the bound-state Pauli blocking becomes important with increasing density. Standard approaches to IPD such as Stewart-Pyatt and widely used opacity tables (e.g., OPAL) do not contain Pauli blocking effects for bound states. The consideration of degeneracy effects leads to a reduction of the ionization potential and to a higher degree of ionization. As an example, we present calculations for the ionization degree of carbon plasmas at T = 100 eV and extreme densities up to 40 g/cm^{3}, which are relevant to experiments that are currently scheduled at the National Ignition Facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Röpke
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Theoretical Nuclear Physics, National Research Nuclear University (MEPhI), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - David Blaschke
- Department of Theoretical Nuclear Physics, National Research Nuclear University (MEPhI), 115409 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, 50-204 Wroclaw, Poland
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - Tilo Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Chengliang Lin
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Ronald Redmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Heidi Reinholz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
- School of Physics, University of Western Australia, WA 6009 Crawley, Australia
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18
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Sauppe M, Rompotis D, Erk B, Bari S, Bischoff T, Boll R, Bomme C, Bostedt C, Dörner S, Düsterer S, Feigl T, Flückiger L, Gorkhover T, Kolatzki K, Langbehn B, Monserud N, Müller E, Müller JP, Passow C, Ramm D, Rolles D, Schubert K, Schwob L, Senfftleben B, Treusch R, Ulmer A, Weigelt H, Zimbalski J, Zimmermann J, Möller T, Rupp D. XUV double-pulses with femtosecond to 650 ps separation from a multilayer-mirror-based split-and-delay unit at FLASH. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1517-1528. [PMID: 30179193 PMCID: PMC6140391 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518006094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and X-ray free-electron lasers enable new scientific opportunities. Their ultra-intense coherent femtosecond pulses give unprecedented access to the structure of undepositable nanoscale objects and to transient states of highly excited matter. In order to probe the ultrafast complex light-induced dynamics on the relevant time scales, the multi-purpose end-station CAMP at the free-electron laser FLASH has been complemented by the novel multilayer-mirror-based split-and-delay unit DESC (DElay Stage for CAMP) for time-resolved experiments. XUV double-pulses with delays adjustable from zero femtoseconds up to 650 picoseconds are generated by reflecting under near-normal incidence, exceeding the time range accessible with existing XUV split-and-delay units. Procedures to establish temporal and spatial overlap of the two pulses in CAMP are presented, with emphasis on the optimization of the spatial overlap at long time-delays via time-dependent features, for example in ion spectra of atomic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sauppe
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Rompotis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sadia Bari
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bischoff
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Boll
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Cédric Bomme
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Simon Dörner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Feigl
- optiX fab GmbH, Hans-Knöll-Straße 6, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Leonie Flückiger
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- ARC Centre of Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Tais Gorkhover
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Kolatzki
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Langbehn
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Monserud
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erland Müller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan P. Müller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Passow
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Ramm
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Rolles
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kaja Schubert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucas Schwob
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Senfftleben
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Treusch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anatoli Ulmer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Weigelt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jannis Zimbalski
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Zimmermann
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Rupp
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Validating Continuum Lowering Models via Multi-Wavelength Measurements of Integrated X-ray Emission. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6276. [PMID: 29674688 PMCID: PMC5908972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray emission spectroscopy is a well-established technique used to study continuum lowering in dense plasmas. It relies on accurate atomic physics models to robustly reproduce high-resolution emission spectra, and depends on our ability to identify spectroscopic signatures such as emission lines or ionization edges of individual charge states within the plasma. Here we describe a method that forgoes these requirements, enabling the validation of different continuum lowering models based solely on the total intensity of plasma emission in systems driven by narrow-bandwidth x-ray pulses across a range of wavelengths. The method is tested on published Al spectroscopy data and applied to the new case of solid-density partially-ionized Fe plasmas, where extracting ionization edges directly is precluded by the significant overlap of emission from a wide range of charge states.
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20
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van den Berg QY, Fernandez-Tello EV, Burian T, Chalupský J, Chung HK, Ciricosta O, Dakovski GL, Hájková V, Hollebon P, Juha L, Krzywinski J, Lee RW, Minitti MP, Preston TR, de la Varga AG, Vozda V, Zastrau U, Wark JS, Velarde P, Vinko SM. Clocking Femtosecond Collisional Dynamics via Resonant X-Ray Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:055002. [PMID: 29481207 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electron-ion collisional dynamics is of fundamental importance in determining plasma transport properties, nonequilibrium plasma evolution, and electron damage in diffraction imaging applications using bright x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs). Here we describe the first experimental measurements of ultrafast electron impact collisional ionization dynamics using resonant core-hole spectroscopy in a solid-density magnesium plasma, created and diagnosed with the Linac Coherent Light Source x-ray FEL. By resonantly pumping the 1s→2p transition in highly charged ions within an optically thin plasma, we have measured how off-resonance charge states are populated via collisional processes on femtosecond time scales. We present a collisional cross section model that matches our results and demonstrates how the cross sections are enhanced by dense-plasma effects including continuum lowering. Nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium collisional radiative simulations show excellent agreement with the experimental results and provide new insight on collisional ionization and three-body-recombination processes in the dense-plasma regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Y van den Berg
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - E V Fernandez-Tello
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - H-K Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - G L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - V Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - P Hollebon
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R W Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M P Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T R Preston
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - A G de la Varga
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - V Vozda
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - P Velarde
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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21
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Seddon EA, Clarke JA, Dunning DJ, Masciovecchio C, Milne CJ, Parmigiani F, Rugg D, Spence JCH, Thompson NR, Ueda K, Vinko SM, Wark JS, Wurth W. Short-wavelength free-electron laser sources and science: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:115901. [PMID: 29059048 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa7cca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the qualities of the radiation they produce, the challenges of transmitting that radiation to end users and the diversity of current scientific applications. Initial consideration is given to FEL theory in order to provide the foundation for discussion of FEL output properties and the technical challenges of short-wavelength FELs. This is followed by an overview of existing x-ray FEL facilities, future facilities and FEL frontiers. To provide a context for information in the above sections, a detailed comparison of the photon pulse characteristics of FEL sources with those of other sources of high brightness x-rays is made. A brief summary of FEL beamline design and photon diagnostics then precedes an overview of FEL scientific applications. Recent highlights are covered in sections on structural biology, atomic and molecular physics, photochemistry, non-linear spectroscopy, shock physics, solid density plasmas. A short industrial perspective is also included to emphasise potential in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Seddon
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom. The School of Physics and Astronomy and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. The Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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22
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Preston TR, Vinko SM, Ciricosta O, Hollebon P, Chung HK, Dakovski GL, Krzywinski J, Minitti M, Burian T, Chalupský J, Hájková V, Juha L, Vozda V, Zastrau U, Lee RW, Wark JS. Measurements of the K-Shell Opacity of a Solid-Density Magnesium Plasma Heated by an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:085001. [PMID: 28952743 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.085001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of the spectrally resolved x rays emitted from solid-density magnesium targets of varying sub-μm thicknesses isochorically heated by an x-ray laser. The data exhibit a largely thickness-independent source function, allowing the extraction of a measure of the opacity to K-shell x rays within well-defined regimes of electron density and temperature, extremely close to local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The deduced opacities at the peak of the Kα transitions of the ions are consistent with those predicted by detailed atomic-kinetics calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Preston
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - P Hollebon
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - H-K Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - G L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - V Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - V Vozda
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R W Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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23
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McKelvey A, Kemp GE, Sterne PA, Fernandez-Panella A, Shepherd R, Marinak M, Link A, Collins GW, Sio H, King J, Freeman RR, Hua R, McGuffey C, Kim J, Beg FN, Ping Y. Thermal conductivity measurements of proton-heated warm dense aluminum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7015. [PMID: 28765571 PMCID: PMC5539319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal conductivity is one of the most crucial physical properties of matter when it comes to understanding heat transport, hydrodynamic evolution, and energy balance in systems ranging from astrophysical objects to fusion plasmas. In the warm dense matter regime, experimental data are very scarce so that many theoretical models remain untested. Here we present the first thermal conductivity measurements of aluminum at 0.5–2.7 g/cc and 2–10 eV, using a recently developed platform of differential heating. A temperature gradient is induced in a Au/Al dual-layer target by proton heating, and subsequent heat flow from the hotter Au to the Al rear surface is detected by two simultaneous time-resolved diagnostics. A systematic data set allows for constraining both thermal conductivity and equation-of-state models. Simulations using Purgatorio model or Sesame S27314 for Al thermal conductivity and LEOS for Au/Al release equation-of-state show good agreement with data after 15 ps. Discrepancy still exists at early time 0–15 ps, likely due to non-equilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McKelvey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,University of Michigan, Nuclear Engineering Department, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - P A Sterne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | | | - R Shepherd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - M Marinak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - A Link
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - H Sio
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J King
- The Ohio State University, Physics Department, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - R R Freeman
- The Ohio State University, Physics Department, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - R Hua
- University of California San Diego, Center for Energy Research, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - C McGuffey
- University of California San Diego, Center for Energy Research, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - J Kim
- University of California San Diego, Center for Energy Research, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - F N Beg
- University of California San Diego, Center for Energy Research, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
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24
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Royle R, Sentoku Y, Mancini RC, Paraschiv I, Johzaki T. Kinetic modeling of x-ray laser-driven solid Al plasmas via particle-in-cell simulation. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:063203. [PMID: 28709226 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.063203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-density plasmas driven by intense x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) radiation are seeded by sources of nonthermal photoelectrons and Auger electrons that ionize and heat the target via collisions. Simulation codes that are commonly used to model such plasmas, such as collisional-radiative (CR) codes, typically assume a Maxwellian distribution and thus instantaneous thermalization of the source electrons. In this study, we present a detailed description and initial applications of a collisional particle-in-cell code, picls, that has been extended with a self-consistent radiation transport model and Monte Carlo models for photoionization and KLL Auger ionization, enabling the fully kinetic simulation of XFEL-driven plasmas. The code is used to simulate two experiments previously performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source investigating XFEL-driven solid-density Al plasmas. It is shown that picls-simulated pulse transmissions using the Ecker-Kröll continuum-lowering model agree much better with measurements than do simulations using the Stewart-Pyatt model. Good quantitative agreement is also found between the time-dependent picls results and those of analogous simulations by the CR code scfly, which was used in the analysis of the experiments to accurately reproduce the observed Kα emissions and pulse transmissions. Finally, it is shown that the effects of the nonthermal electrons are negligible for the conditions of the particular experiments under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Royle
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Y Sentoku
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka Prefecture 565-0871, Japan
| | - R C Mancini
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - I Paraschiv
- Voss Scientific, LLC, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - T Johzaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima Prefecture 739-8527, Japan
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25
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Rupp D, Flückiger L, Adolph M, Gorkhover T, Krikunova M, Müller JP, Müller M, Oelze T, Ovcharenko Y, Röben B, Sauppe M, Schorb S, Wolter D, Mitzner R, Wöstmann M, Roling S, Harmand M, Treusch R, Arbeiter M, Fennel T, Bostedt C, Möller T. Recombination-Enhanced Surface Expansion of Clusters in Intense Soft X-Ray Laser Pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:153401. [PMID: 27768378 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.153401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the nanoplasma formation and explosion dynamics of single large xenon clusters in ultrashort, intense x-ray free-electron laser pulses via ion spectroscopy. The simultaneous measurement of single-shot diffraction images enabled a single-cluster analysis that is free from any averaging over the cluster size and laser intensity distributions. The measured charge state-resolved ion energy spectra show narrow distributions with peak positions that scale linearly with final ion charge state. These two distinct signatures are attributed to highly efficient recombination that eventually leads to the dominant formation of neutral atoms in the cluster. The measured mean ion energies exceed the value expected without recombination by more than an order of magnitude, indicating that the energy release resulting from electron-ion recombination constitutes a previously unnoticed nanoplasma heating process. This conclusion is supported by results from semiclassical molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rupp
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Flückiger
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Marcus Adolph
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tais Gorkhover
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Maria Krikunova
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Philippe Müller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Müller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Oelze
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yevheniy Ovcharenko
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Röben
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Sauppe
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schorb
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - David Wolter
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Wöstmann
- Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Roling
- Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Treusch
- FLASH, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Arbeiter
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Zastrau U, Göde S, Nakatsutsumi M. How X-ray Free Electron Lasers Enable Ultrafast Dynamics Studies in High-Energy-Density Science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08940886.2016.1220275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Dharuman G, Verboncoeur J, Christlieb A, Murillo MS. Atomic bound state and scattering properties of effective momentum-dependent potentials. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:043205. [PMID: 27841554 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.043205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Effective classical dynamics provide a potentially powerful avenue for modeling large-scale dynamical quantum systems. We have examined the accuracy of a Hamiltonian-based approach that employs effective momentum-dependent potentials (MDPs) within a molecular-dynamics framework through studies of atomic ground states, excited states, ionization energies, and scattering properties of continuum states. Working exclusively with the Kirschbaum-Wilets (KW) formulation with empirical MDPs [C. L. Kirschbaum and L. Wilets, Phys. Rev. A 21, 834 (1980)0556-279110.1103/PhysRevA.21.834], optimization leads to very accurate ground-state energies for several elements (e.g., N, F, Ne, Al, S, Ar, and Ca) relative to Hartree-Fock values. The KW MDP parameters obtained are found to be correlated, thereby revealing some degree of transferability in the empirically determined parameters. We have studied excited-state orbits of electron-ion pair to analyze the consequences of the MDP on the classical Coulomb catastrophe. From the optimized ground-state energies, we find that the experimental first- and second-ionization energies are fairly well predicted. Finally, electron-ion scattering was examined by comparing the predicted momentum transfer cross section to a semiclassical phase-shift calculation; optimizing the MDP parameters for the scattering process yielded rather poor results, suggesting a limitation of the use of the KW MDPs for plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautham Dharuman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - John Verboncoeur
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Andrew Christlieb
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Michael S Murillo
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
- Computational Physics and Methods Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
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28
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Abdullah MM, Jurek Z, Son SK, Santra R. Calculation of x-ray scattering patterns from nanocrystals at high x-ray intensity. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2016; 3:054101. [PMID: 27478859 PMCID: PMC4947047 DOI: 10.1063/1.4958887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a generalized method to describe the x-ray scattering intensity of the Bragg spots in a diffraction pattern from nanocrystals exposed to intense x-ray pulses. Our method involves the subdivision of a crystal into smaller units. In order to calculate the dynamics within every unit, we employ a Monte-Carlo-molecular dynamics-ab-initio hybrid framework using real space periodic boundary conditions. By combining all the units, we simulate the diffraction pattern of a crystal larger than the transverse x-ray beam profile, a situation commonly encountered in femtosecond nanocrystallography experiments with focused x-ray free-electron laser radiation. Radiation damage is not spatially uniform and depends on the fluence associated with each specific region inside the crystal. To investigate the effects of uniform and non-uniform fluence distribution, we have used two different spatial beam profiles, Gaussian and flattop.
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29
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30
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Ciricosta O, Vinko SM, Barbrel B, Rackstraw DS, Preston TR, Burian T, Chalupský J, Cho BI, Chung HK, Dakovski GL, Engelhorn K, Hájková V, Heimann P, Holmes M, Juha L, Krzywinski J, Lee RW, Toleikis S, Turner JJ, Zastrau U, Wark JS. Measurements of continuum lowering in solid-density plasmas created from elements and compounds. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11713. [PMID: 27210741 PMCID: PMC4879242 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a dense plasma environment on the energy levels of an embedded ion is usually described in terms of the lowering of its continuum level. For strongly coupled plasmas, the phenomenon is intimately related to the equation of state; hence, an accurate treatment is crucial for most astrophysical and inertial-fusion applications, where the case of plasma mixtures is of particular interest. Here we present an experiment showing that the standard density-dependent analytical models are inadequate to describe solid-density plasmas at the temperatures studied, where the reduction of the binding energies for a given species is unaffected by the different plasma environment (ion density) in either the element or compounds of that species, and can be accurately estimated by calculations only involving the energy levels of an isolated neutral atom. The results have implications for the standard approaches to the equation of state calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Ciricosta
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - S. M. Vinko
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - B. Barbrel
- Physics Department, UC Berkeley, LeConte Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D. S. Rackstraw
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - T. R. Preston
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - T. Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J. Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - B. I. Cho
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 500-712, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - H. -K. Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, P.O. Box 100, Vienna A-1400, Austria
| | - G. L. Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - K. Engelhorn
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - V. Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - P. Heimann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M. Holmes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L. Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J. Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R. W. Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S. Toleikis
- Deutsches-Elektronensynchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. J. Turner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - U. Zastrau
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- IOQ, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J. S. Wark
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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31
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Current Issues in Finite-T Density-Functional Theory and Warm-Correlated Matter †. COMPUTATION 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/computation4020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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