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Zhao J, Fieramosca A, Bao R, Dini K, Su R, Sanvitto D, Xiong Q, Liew TCH. Room temperature polariton spin switches based on Van der Waals superlattices. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7601. [PMID: 39217138 PMCID: PMC11366025 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers possess large exciton binding energy and a robust valley degree of freedom, making them a viable platform for the development of spintronic devices capable of operating at room temperature. The development of such monolayer TMD-based spintronic devices requires strong spin-dependent interactions and effective spin transport. This can be achieved by employing exciton-polaritons. These hybrid light-matter states arising from the strong coupling of excitons and photons allow high-speed in-plane propagation and strong nonlinear interactions. Here, we demonstrate the operation of all-optical polariton spin switches by incorporating a WS2 superlattice into a planar microcavity. We demonstrate spin-anisotropic polariton nonlinear interactions in a WS2 superlattice at room temperature. As a proof-of-concept, we utilize these spin-dependent interactions to implement different spin switch geometries at ambient conditions, which show intrinsic sub-picosecond switching time and small footprint. Our findings offer new perspectives on manipulations of the polarization state in polaritonic systems and highlight the potential of atomically thin semiconductors for the development of next generation information processing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ruiqi Bao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin Dini
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rui Su
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China.
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, P.R. China.
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chips, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Timothy C H Liew
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Luo Y, Zhao J, Fieramosca A, Guo Q, Kang H, Liu X, Liew TCH, Sanvitto D, An Z, Ghosh S, Wang Z, Xu H, Xiong Q. Strong light-matter coupling in van der Waals materials. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:203. [PMID: 39168973 PMCID: PMC11339464 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals materials have emerged as a focal point in materials research, drawing increasing attention due to their potential for isolating and synergistically combining diverse atomic layers. Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are one of the most alluring van der Waals materials owing to their exceptional electronic and optical properties. The tightly bound excitons with giant oscillator strength render TMDs an ideal platform to investigate strong light-matter coupling when they are integrated with optical cavities, providing a wide range of possibilities for exploring novel polaritonic physics and devices. In this review, we focused on recent advances in TMD-based strong light-matter coupling. In the foremost position, we discuss the various optical structures strongly coupled to TMD materials, such as Fabry-Perot cavities, photonic crystals, and plasmonic nanocavities. We then present several intriguing properties and relevant device applications of TMD polaritons. In the end, we delineate promising future directions for the study of strong light-matter coupling in van der Waals materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Quanbing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, China
| | - Haifeng Kang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoze Liu
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Timothy C H Liew
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
- INFN National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Zhiyuan An
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sanjib Ghosh
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, China
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China.
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3
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Tabataba-Vakili F, Krelle L, Husel L, Nguyen HPG, Li Z, Bilgin I, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Högele A. Metasurface of Strongly Coupled Excitons and Nanoplasmonic Arrays. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:10090-10097. [PMID: 39106977 PMCID: PMC11342386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces allow light to be manipulated at the nanoscale. Integrating metasurfaces with transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers provides additional functionality to ultrathin optics, including tunable optical properties with enhanced light-matter interactions. In this work, we demonstrate the realization of a polaritonic metasurface utilizing the sizable light-matter coupling of excitons in monolayer WSe2 and the collective lattice resonances of nanoplasmonic gold arrays. We developed a novel fabrication method to integrate gold nanodisk arrays in hexagonal boron nitride and thus simultaneously ensure spectrally narrow exciton transitions and their immediate proximity to the near-field of array surface lattice resonances. In the regime of strong light-matter coupling, the resulting van der Waals metasurface exhibits all key characteristics of lattice polaritons, with a directional and linearly polarized far-field emission profile dictated by the underlying nanoplasmonic lattice. Our work can be straightforwardly adapted to other lattice geometries, establishing structured van der Waals metasurfaces as means to engineer polaritonic lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farsane Tabataba-Vakili
- Fakultät
für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience
(CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingtraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Lukas Krelle
- Fakultät
für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience
(CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Lukas Husel
- Fakultät
für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience
(CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Huy P. G. Nguyen
- Fakultät
für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience
(CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Zhijie Li
- Fakultät
für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience
(CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Ismail Bilgin
- Fakultät
für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience
(CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Alexander Högele
- Fakultät
für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience
(CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingtraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
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4
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Shen K, Sun K, Gelin MF, Zhao Y. Cavity-Tuned Exciton Dynamics in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Monolayers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4127. [PMID: 39203305 PMCID: PMC11356741 DOI: 10.3390/ma17164127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
A fully quantum, numerically accurate methodology is presented for the simulation of the exciton dynamics and time-resolved fluorescence of cavity-tuned two-dimensional (2D) materials at finite temperatures. This approach was specifically applied to a monolayer WSe2 system. Our methodology enabled us to identify the dynamical and spectroscopic signatures of polaronic and polaritonic effects and to elucidate their characteristic timescales across a range of exciton-cavity couplings. The approach employed can be extended to simulation of various cavity-tuned 2D materials, specifically for exploring finite temperature nonlinear spectroscopic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Kewei Sun
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Maxim F. Gelin
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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5
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Fan L, Yu Y, Gao C, Qu X, Zhou C. Prediction of strong coupling in resonant perovskite metasurfaces by deep learning. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:4318-4321. [PMID: 39090923 DOI: 10.1364/ol.529450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Resonant metasurfaces are often used to achieve strong coupling, and numerical simulations are the common method for designing and optimizing structural parameters of metasurfaces, while their calculation process takes a lot of time and occupies more computing resources. In this work, the deep learning strategy is proposed to simulate the strong coupling phenomenon in resonant perovskite metasurfaces. The designed fully connected neural network is constructed based on the deep learning algorithm that is used to predict transmission spectra, multipole decomposition spectral lines, and anti-cross phenomena of a perovskite metasurface. Through comparison of numerical simulation results, it can be seen that the neural network can efficiently and accurately predict the strong coupling phenomenon. Compared with the traditional design process, the proposed deep learning model can guide the design of the resonant metasurface more quickly, which significantly improves the feasibility of the design in complex metasurface structures.
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6
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Song H, Chen S, Sun X, Cui Y, Yildirim T, Kang J, Yang S, Yang F, Lu Y, Zhang L. Enhancing 2D Photonics and Optoelectronics with Artificial Microstructures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2403176. [PMID: 39031754 PMCID: PMC11348073 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
By modulating subwavelength structures and integrating functional materials, 2D artificial microstructures (2D AMs), including heterostructures, superlattices, metasurfaces and microcavities, offer a powerful platform for significant manipulation of light fields and functions. These structures hold great promise in high-performance and highly integrated optoelectronic devices. However, a comprehensive summary of 2D AMs remains elusive for photonics and optoelectronics. This review focuses on the latest breakthroughs in 2D AM devices, categorized into electronic devices, photonic devices, and optoelectronic devices. The control of electronic and optical properties through tuning twisted angles is discussed. Some typical strategies that enhance light-matter interactions are introduced, covering the integration of 2D materials with external photonic structures and intrinsic polaritonic resonances. Additionally, the influences of external stimuli, such as vertical electric fields, enhanced optical fields and plasmonic confinements, on optoelectronic properties is analysed. The integrations of these devices are also thoroughly addressed. Challenges and future perspectives are summarized to stimulate research and development of 2D AMs for future photonics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizeng Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional MaterialsZhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukou466001China
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsKey Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIITNanjing211106China
| | - Shuai Chen
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsKey Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIITNanjing211106China
| | - Xueqian Sun
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Sciencethe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Yichun Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Test Physics and Numerical MathematicsBeijing100190China
| | - Tanju Yildirim
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringSouthern Cross UniversityEast LismoreNSW2480Australia
| | - Jian Kang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsKey Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIITNanjing211106China
| | - Shunshun Yang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsKey Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIITNanjing211106China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsKey Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIITNanjing211106China
| | - Yuerui Lu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Sciencethe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Linglong Zhang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsKey Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIITNanjing211106China
- Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210093China
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7
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Palekar CC, Rosa B, Heermeier N, Shih CW, Limame I, Koulas-Simos A, Rahimi-Iman A, Reitzenstein S. Enhancement of Interlayer Exciton Emission in a TMDC Heterostructure via a Multi-Resonant Chirped Microresonator Upto Room Temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402624. [PMID: 39007260 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
We report on multi-resonance chirped distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) microcavities. These systems are employed to investigate the light-mater interaction with both intra- and inter-layer excitons of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) bilayer heterostructures. The chirped DBRs consisting of SiO2 and Si3N4 layers of gradually varying thickness exhibit a broad stopband with a width exceeding 600 nm. Importantly, the structures provide multiple resonances across a broad spectral range, which can be matched to resonances of the embedded TMDC heterostructures. Studying cavity-coupled emission of both intra- and inter-layer excitons from an integrated WSe2/MoSe2 heterostructure in a chirped microcavity system, an enhanced interlayer exciton emission with a Purcell factor of 6.67 ± 1.02 at 4 K is observed. The cavity-enhanced emission of the interlayer exciton is used to investigate its temperature-dependent luminescence lifetime of 60 ps at room temperature. The cavity system modestly suppresses intralayer exciton emission by intentional detuning, thereby promoting a higher IX population and enhancing cavity-coupled interlayer exciton emission. This approach provides an intriguing platform for future studies of energetically distant and confined excitons in different semiconducting materials, which paves the way for various applications such as microlasers and single-photon sources by enabling precise emission control and utilizing multimode resonance light-matter interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag C Palekar
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Rosa
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels Heermeier
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ching-Wen Shih
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Imad Limame
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aris Koulas-Simos
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arash Rahimi-Iman
- I. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Stephan Reitzenstein
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Tu X, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Tang W, Yan X, Rui Y, Wang W, Yan B, Zhang C, Ye Z, Shi H, Su R, Wan C, Dong D, Xu R, Zhao QY, Zhang LB, Jia XQ, Wang H, Kang L, Chen J, Wu P. Tamm-cavity terahertz detector. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5542. [PMID: 38956040 PMCID: PMC11219876 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficiently fabricating a cavity that can achieve strong interactions between terahertz waves and matter would allow researchers to exploit the intrinsic properties due to the long wavelength in the terahertz waveband. Here we show a terahertz detector embedded in a Tamm cavity with a record Q value of 1017 and a bandwidth of only 469 MHz for direct detection. The Tamm-cavity detector is formed by embedding a substrate with an Nb5N6 microbolometer detector between an Si/air distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and a metal reflector. The resonant frequency can be controlled by adjusting the thickness of the substrate layer. The detector and DBR are fabricated separately, and a large pixel-array detector can be realized by a very simple assembly process. This versatile cavity structure can be used as a platform for preparing high-performance terahertz devices and opening up the study of the strong interactions between terahertz waves and matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecou Tu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Shuyu Zhou
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yunjie Rui
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Wohu Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Bingnan Yan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Ziyao Ye
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Hongkai Shi
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Runfeng Su
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Chao Wan
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211111, China
| | - Daxing Dong
- Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Ruiying Xu
- Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Zhao
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211111, China
| | - La-Bao Zhang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Jia
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211111, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211111, China
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China.
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9
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Betzold S, Düreth J, Dusel M, Emmerling M, Bieganowska A, Ohmer J, Fischer U, Höfling S, Klembt S. Dirac Cones and Room Temperature Polariton Lasing Evidenced in an Organic Honeycomb Lattice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400672. [PMID: 38605674 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Artificial 1D and 2D lattices have emerged as a powerful platform for the emulation of lattice Hamiltonians, the fundamental study of collective many-body effects, and phenomena arising from non-trivial topology. Exciton-polaritons, bosonic part-light and part-matter quasiparticles, combine pronounced nonlinearities with the possibility of on-chip implementation. In this context, organic semiconductors embedded in microcavities have proven to be versatile candidates to study nonlinear many-body physics and bosonic condensation, and in contrast to most inorganic systems, they allow the use at ambient conditions since they host ultra-stable Frenkel excitons. A well-controlled, high-quality optical lattice is implemented that accommodates light-matter quasiparticles. The realized polariton graphene presents with excellent cavity quality factors, showing distinct signatures of Dirac cone and flatband dispersions as well as polariton lasing at room temperature. This is realized by filling coupled dielectric microcavities with the fluorescent protein mCherry. The emergence of a coherent polariton condensate at ambient conditions are demonstrated, taking advantage of coupling conditions as precise and controllable as in state-of-the-art inorganic semiconductor-based systems, without the limitations of e.g. lattice matching in epitaxial growth. This progress allows straightforward extension to more complex systems, such as the study of topological phenomena in 2D lattices including topological lasers and non-Hermitian optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Betzold
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Düreth
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Dusel
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Monika Emmerling
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antonina Bieganowska
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
| | - Jürgen Ohmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Utz Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klembt
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Galimov AI, Kazanov DR, Poshakinskiy AV, Rakhlin MV, Eliseyev IA, Toropov AA, Remškar M, Shubina TV. Direct observation of split-mode exciton-polaritons in a single MoS 2 nanotube. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:968-975. [PMID: 38647350 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00052h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
A single nanotube synthesized from a transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) exhibits strong exciton resonances and, in addition, can support optical whispering gallery modes. This combination is promising for observing exciton-polaritons without an external cavity. However, traditional energy-momentum-resolved detection methods are unsuitable for this tiny object. Instead, we propose to use split optical modes in a twisted nanotube with the flattened cross-section, where a gradually decreasing gap between the opposite walls leads to a change in mode energy, similar to the effect of the barrier width on the eigenenergies in the double-well potential. Using micro-reflectance spectroscopy, we investigated the rich pattern of polariton branches in single MoS2 tubes with both variable and constant gaps. Observed Rabi splitting in the 40-60 meV range is comparable to that for a MoS2 monolayer in a microcavity. Our results, based on the polariton dispersion measurements and polariton dynamics analysis, present a single TMDC nanotube as a perfect polaritonic structure for nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Galimov
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
| | - D R Kazanov
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
| | - A V Poshakinskiy
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
| | - M V Rakhlin
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
| | - I A Eliseyev
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
| | - A A Toropov
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
| | - M Remškar
- Jozef Stefan Institute, 39 Jamova cesta, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - T V Shubina
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
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11
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Wu T, Wang C, Hu G, Wang Z, Zhao J, Wang Z, Chaykun K, Liu L, Chen M, Li D, Zhu S, Xiong Q, Shen Z, Gao H, Garcia-Vidal FJ, Wei L, Wang QJ, Luo Y. Ultrastrong exciton-plasmon couplings in WS 2 multilayers synthesized with a random multi-singular metasurface at room temperature. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3295. [PMID: 38632230 PMCID: PMC11024105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Van der Waals semiconductors exemplified by two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides have promised next-generation atomically thin optoelectronics. Boosting their interaction with light is vital for practical applications, especially in the quantum regime where ultrastrong coupling is highly demanded but not yet realized. Here we report ultrastrong exciton-plasmon coupling at room temperature in tungsten disulfide (WS2) layers loaded with a random multi-singular plasmonic metasurface deposited on a flexible polymer substrate. Different from seeking perfect metals or high-quality resonators, we create a unique type of metasurface with a dense array of singularities that can support nanometre-sized plasmonic hotspots to which several WS2 excitons coherently interact. The associated normalized coupling strength is 0.12 for monolayer WS2 and can be up to 0.164 for quadrilayers, showcasing the ultrastrong exciton-plasmon coupling that is important for practical optoelectronic devices based on low-dimensional semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chongwu Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guangwei Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhixun Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ksenia Chaykun
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mengxiao Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Song Zhu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zexiang Shen
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francisco J Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teorica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Connexis, 138632, Singapore.
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Qi Jie Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yu Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Microwave Photonics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China.
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12
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Lee SW, Lee JS, Choi WH, Choi D, Gong SH. Ultra-compact exciton polariton modulator based on van der Waals semiconductors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2331. [PMID: 38485956 PMCID: PMC10940672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and the exponential growth in data generation, there is an increasing demand for high-performance and highly integratable optical modulators. In this work, we present an ultra-compact exciton-polariton Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulator based on WS2 multilayers. The guided exciton-polariton modes arise in an ultrathin WS2 waveguide due to the strong excitonic resonance. By locally exciting excitons using a modulation laser in one arm of the MZ modulator, we induce changes in the effective refractive index of the polariton mode, resulting in modulation of transmitted intensity. Remarkably, we achieve a maximum modulation of -6.20 dB with an ultra-short modulation length of 2 μm. Our MZ modulator boasts an ultra-compact footprint area of ~30 μm² and a thin thickness of 18 nm. Our findings present new opportunities for the advancement of highly integrated and efficient photonic devices utilizing van der Waals materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Won Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- KU Photonics Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- KU Photonics Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Woo Hun Choi
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- KU Photonics Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Daegwang Choi
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- KU Photonics Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Gong
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
- KU Photonics Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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13
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Kang H, Ma J, Li J, Zhang X, Liu X. Exciton Polaritons in Emergent Two-Dimensional Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24449-24467. [PMID: 38051774 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The "marriage" of light (i.e., photon) and matter (i.e., exciton) in semiconductors leads to the formation of hybrid quasiparticles called exciton polaritons with fascinating quantum phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) and photon blockade. The research of exciton polaritons has been evolving into an era with emergent two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors and photonic structures for their tremendous potential to break the current limitations of quantum fundamental study and photonic applications. In this Perspective, the basic concepts of 2D excitons, optical resonators, and the strong coupling regime are introduced. The research progress of exciton polaritons is reviewed, and important discoveries (especially the recent ones of 2D exciton polaritons) are highlighted. Subsequently, the emergent 2D exciton polaritons are discussed in detail, ranging from the realization of the strong coupling regime in various photonic systems to the discoveries of attractive phenomena with interesting physics and extensive applications. Moreover, emerging 2D semiconductors, such as 2D perovskites (2DPK) and 2D antiferromagnetic (AFM) semiconductors, are surveyed for the manipulation of exciton polaritons with distinct control degrees of freedom (DOFs). Finally, the outlook on the 2D exciton polaritons and their nonlinear interactions is presented with our initial numerical simulations. This Perspective not only aims to provide an in-depth overview of the latest fundamental findings in 2D exciton polaritons but also attempts to serve as a valuable resource to prospect explorations of quantum optics and topological photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Kang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Junyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, P. R. China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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14
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Ruta FL, Zhang S, Shao Y, Moore SL, Acharya S, Sun Z, Qiu S, Geurs J, Kim BSY, Fu M, Chica DG, Pashov D, Xu X, Xiao D, Delor M, Zhu XY, Millis AJ, Roy X, Hone JC, Dean CR, Katsnelson MI, van Schilfgaarde M, Basov DN. Hyperbolic exciton polaritons in a van der Waals magnet. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8261. [PMID: 38086835 PMCID: PMC10716151 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Exciton polaritons are quasiparticles of photons coupled strongly to bound electron-hole pairs, manifesting as an anti-crossing light dispersion near an exciton resonance. Highly anisotropic semiconductors with opposite-signed permittivities along different crystal axes are predicted to host exotic modes inside the anti-crossing called hyperbolic exciton polaritons (HEPs), which confine light subdiffractionally with enhanced density of states. Here, we show observational evidence of steady-state HEPs in the van der Waals magnet chromium sulfide bromide (CrSBr) using a cryogenic near-infrared near-field microscope. At low temperatures, in the magnetically-ordered state, anisotropic exciton resonances sharpen, driving the permittivity negative along one crystal axis and enabling HEP propagation. We characterize HEP momentum and losses in CrSBr, also demonstrating coupling to excitonic sidebands and enhancement by magnetic order: which boosts exciton spectral weight via wavefunction delocalization. Our findings open new pathways to nanoscale manipulation of excitons and light, including routes to magnetic, nonlocal, and quantum polaritonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco L Ruta
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Yinming Shao
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel L Moore
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Siyuan Qiu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johannes Geurs
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Nano Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian S Y Kim
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Fu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel G Chica
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dimitar Pashov
- Theory and Simulation of Condensed Matter, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - X-Y Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Millis
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail I Katsnelson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Martins GP, Berman OL, Gumbs G. Polaritonic and excitonic semiclassical time crystals based on TMDC strips in an external periodic potential. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19707. [PMID: 37952069 PMCID: PMC10640621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) under an external periodic potential. We consider two such systems, the first being made of exciton-polaritons in a nanoribbon of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), such as MoSe[Formula: see text], embedded in a microcavity with a spatial curvature, which serves as the source of the external periodic potential. The second, made of bare excitons in a nanoribbon of twisted TMDC bilayer, which naturally creates a periodic Moiré potential that can be controlled by the twist angle. We proved that such systems behave as semiclassical time crystals (TCs). This was demonstrated by the fact that the calculated BEC spatial density profile shows a non-trivial long-range two-point correlator that oscillates in time. These BECs density profiles were calculated by solving the quantum Lindblad master equations for the density matrix within the mean-field approximation. We then go beyond the usual mean-field approach by adding a stochastic term to the master equation which corresponds to quantum corrections. We show that the TC phase is still present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel P Martins
- Physics Department, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York, 300 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
- The Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Oleg L Berman
- Physics Department, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York, 300 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
- The Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Godfrey Gumbs
- The Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P de Manuel Lardizabal, 4, 20018, San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain
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16
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Fang J, Yao K, Wang M, Yu Z, Zhang T, Jiang T, Huang S, Korgel BA, Terrones M, Alù A, Zheng Y. Observation of Room-Temperature Exciton-Polariton Emission from Wide-Ranging 2D Semiconductors Coupled with a Broadband Mie Resonator. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9803-9810. [PMID: 37879099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional exciton-polaritons in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit practical advantages in valley coherence, optical nonlinearities, and even bosonic condensation owing to their light-emission capability. To achieve robust exciton-polariton emission, strong photon-exciton couplings are required at the TMD monolayer, which is challenging due to its atomic thickness. High-quality (Q) factor optical cavities with narrowband resonances are an effective approach but typically limited to a specific excitonic state of a certain TMD material. Herein, we achieve on-demand exciton-polariton emission from a wide range of TMDs at room temperature by hybridizing excitons with broadband Mie resonances spanning the whole visible spectrum. By confining broadband light at the TMD monolayer, our one type of Mie resonator on different TMDs enables enhanced light-matter interactions with multiple excitonic states simultaneously. We demonstrate multi-Rabi splittings and robust polaritonic photoluminescence in monolayer WSe2, WS2, and MoS2. The hybrid system also shows the potential to approach the ultrastrong coupling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kan Yao
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mingsong Wang
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Zhuohang Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Taizhi Jiang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Suichu Huang
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Brian A Korgel
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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17
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Botella R, Kistanov AA, Cao W. Swarm Smart Meta-Estimator for 2D/2D Heterostructure Design. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:6212-6223. [PMID: 37796976 PMCID: PMC10598791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are central to many scientific fields. The combination of two semiconductors (heterostructure) is a good way to lift many technological deadlocks. Although ab initio calculations are useful to study physical properties of these composites, their application is limited to few heterostructure samples. Herein, we use machine learning to predict key characteristics of 2D materials to select relevant candidates for heterostructure building. First, a label space is created with engineered labels relating to atomic charge and ion spatial distribution. Then, a meta-estimator is designed to predict label values of heterostructure samples having a defined band alignment (descriptor). To this end, independently trained k-nearest neighbors (KNN) regression models are combined to boost the regression. Then, swarm intelligence principles are used, along with the boosted estimator's results, to further refine the regression. This new "swarm smart" algorithm is a powerful and versatile tool to select, among experimentally existing, computationally studied, and not yet discovered van der Waals heterostructures, the most likely candidate materials to face the scientific challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Botella
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research
Unit, Faculty of Science, University of
Oulu, FIN 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Andrey A. Kistanov
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research
Unit, Faculty of Science, University of
Oulu, FIN 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Wei Cao
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research
Unit, Faculty of Science, University of
Oulu, FIN 90014 Oulu, Finland
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18
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Godsi M, Golombek A, Balasubrahmaniyam M, Schwartz T. Exploring the nature of high-order cavity polaritons under the coupling-decoupling transition. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:134307. [PMID: 37800643 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we predicted theoretically that in cavities that support several longitudinal modes, strong coupling can occur in very different manners, depending on the system parameters. Distinct longitudinal cavity modes are either entangled with each other via the material or independently coupled to the exciton mode. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the transition between those two regimes as the cavity thickness is gradually increased while maintaining fixed coupling strength. We study the properties of the system using reflection and emission spectroscopy and show that even though the coupling strength is constant, different behavior in the spectral response is observed along the coupling-decoupling transition. In addition, we find that in such multimode cavities, pronounced upper polariton emission is observed, in contrast to the usual case of a single-mode cavity. Furthermore, we address the ultrafast dynamics of the multimode cavities by pump-probe spectroscopic measurements and observe that the transient spectra significantly change through the transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Godsi
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - A Golombek
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - M Balasubrahmaniyam
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - T Schwartz
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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19
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Wang Z, Lin CC, Murata K, Kamal ASA, Lin BW, Chen MH, Tang S, Ho YL, Chen CC, Chen CW, Daiguji H, Ishii K, Delaunay JJ. Chiroptical Response Inversion and Enhancement of Room-Temperature Exciton-Polaritons Using 2D Chirality in Perovskites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303203. [PMID: 37587849 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Although chiral semiconductors have shown promising progress in direct circularly polarized light (CPL) detection and emission, they still face potential challenges. A chirality-switching mechanism or approach integrating two enantiomers is needed to discriminate the handedness of a given CPL; additionally, a large material volume is required for sufficient chiroptical interaction. These two requirements pose significant obstacles to the simplification and miniaturization of the devices. Here, room-temperature chiral polaritons fulfilling dual-handedness functions and exhibiting a more-than-two-order enhancement of the chiroptical signal are demonstrated, by embedding a 40 nm-thick perovskite film with a 2D chiroptical effect into a Fabry-Pérot cavity. By mixing chiral perovskites with different crystal structures, a pronounced 2D chiroptical effect is accomplished in the perovskite film, featured by an inverted chiroptical response for counter-propagating CPL. This inversion behavior matches the photonic handedness switch during CPL circulation in the Fabry-Pérot cavity, thus harvesting giant enhancement of the chiroptical response. Furthermore, affected by the unique quarter-wave-plate effects, the polariton emission achieves a chiral dissymmetry of ±4% (for the emission from the front and the back sides). The room-temperature polaritons with the strong dissymmetric chiroptical interaction shall have implications on a fundamental level and future on-chip applications for biomolecule analysis and quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kei Murata
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | | | - Bo-Wei Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Siyi Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ya-Lun Ho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chia-Chun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Chow Rd., Taipei, 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hirofumi Daiguji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Jean-Jacques Delaunay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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20
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Kondratyev VI, Permyakov DV, Ivanova TV, Iorsh IV, Krizhanovskii DN, Skolnick MS, Kravtsov V, Samusev AK. Probing and Control of Guided Exciton-Polaritons in a 2D Semiconductor-Integrated Slab Waveguide. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7876-7882. [PMID: 37638634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Guided 2D exciton-polaritons, resulting from the strong coupling of excitons in semiconductors with nonradiating waveguide modes, provide an attractive approach toward developing novel on-chip optical devices. These quasiparticles are characterized by long propagation distances and efficient nonlinear interactions but cannot be directly accessed from the free space. Here we demonstrate a powerful approach for probing and manipulating guided polaritons in a Ta2O5 slab integrated with a WS2 monolayer using evanescent coupling through a high-index solid immersion lens. Tuning the nanoscale lens-sample gap allows for extracting all of the intrinsic parameters of the system. We also demonstrate the transition from weak to strong coupling accompanied by the onset of the motional narrowing effect: with the increase of exciton-photon coupling strength, the inhomogeneous contribution to polariton line width, inherited from the exciton resonance, becomes fully lifted. Our results enable the development of integrated optics employing room-temperature exciton-polaritons in 2D semiconductor-based structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy I Kondratyev
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Permyakov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Ivanova
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Ivan V Iorsh
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | | | - Maurice S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
| | - Vasily Kravtsov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Anton K Samusev
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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21
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Luo Y, Guo Q, Deng X, Ghosh S, Zhang Q, Xu H, Xiong Q. Manipulating nonlinear exciton polaritons in an atomically-thin semiconductor with artificial potential landscapes. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:220. [PMID: 37679312 PMCID: PMC10485014 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Exciton polaritons in atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenide microcavities provide a versatile platform for advancing optoelectronic devices and studying the interacting Bosonic physics at ambient conditions. Rationally engineering the favorable properties of polaritons is critically required for the rapidly growing research. Here, we demonstrate the manipulation of nonlinear polaritons with the lithographically defined potential landscapes in monolayer WS2 microcavities. The discretization of photoluminescence dispersions and spatially confined patterns indicate the deterministic on-site localization of polaritons by the artificial mesa cavities. Varying the trapping sizes, the polariton-reservoir interaction strength is enhanced by about six times through managing the polariton-exciton spatial overlap. Meanwhile, the coherence of trapped polaritons is significantly improved due to the spectral narrowing and tailored in a picosecond range. Therefore, our work not only offers a convenient approach to manipulating the nonlinearity and coherence of polaritons but also opens up possibilities for exploring many-body phenomena and developing novel polaritonic devices based on 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Quanbing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, China
| | - Xinyi Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Sanjib Ghosh
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, China.
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China.
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22
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Weber T, Kühner L, Sortino L, Ben Mhenni A, Wilson NP, Kühne J, Finley JJ, Maier SA, Tittl A. Intrinsic strong light-matter coupling with self-hybridized bound states in the continuum in van der Waals metasurfaces. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:970-976. [PMID: 37349392 PMCID: PMC10390334 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs) provide a standout platform for strong light-matter coupling with transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) but have so far mostly been implemented as traditional all-dielectric metasurfaces with adjacent TMDC layers, incurring limitations related to strain, mode overlap and material integration. Here, we demonstrate intrinsic strong coupling in BIC-driven metasurfaces composed of nanostructured bulk tungsten disulfide (WS2) and exhibiting resonances with sharp, tailored linewidths and selective enhancement of light-matter interactions. Tuning of the BIC resonances across the exciton resonance in bulk WS2 is achieved by varying the metasurface unit cells, enabling strong coupling with an anticrossing pattern and a Rabi splitting of 116 meV. Crucially, the coupling strength itself can be controlled and is shown to be independent of material-intrinsic losses. Our self-hybridized metasurface platform can readily incorporate other TMDCs or excitonic materials to deliver fundamental insights and practical device concepts for polaritonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weber
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucca Kühner
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Sortino
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Amine Ben Mhenni
- Walter Schottky Institut, Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Nathan P Wilson
- Walter Schottky Institut, Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Julius Kühne
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan J Finley
- Walter Schottky Institut, Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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23
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Abstract
The coherent exchange of energy between materials and optical fields leads to strong light-matter interactions and so-called polaritonic states with intriguing properties, halfway between light and matter. Two decades ago, research on these strong light-matter interactions, using optical cavity (vacuum) fields, remained for the most part the province of the physicist, with a focus on inorganic materials requiring cryogenic temperatures and carefully fabricated, high-quality optical cavities for their study. This review explores the history and recent acceleration of interest in the application of polaritonic states to molecular properties and processes. The enormous collective oscillator strength of dense films of organic molecules, aggregates, and materials allows cavity vacuum field strong coupling to be achieved at room temperature, even in rapidly fabricated, highly lossy metallic optical cavities. This has put polaritonic states and their associated coherent phenomena at the fingertips of laboratory chemists, materials scientists, and even biochemists as a potentially new tool to control molecular chemistry. The exciting phenomena that have emerged suggest that polaritonic states are of genuine relevance within the molecular and material energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hirai
- Division of Photonics and Optical Science, Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, North 20 West 10, Kita ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - James A Hutchison
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Masson Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Division of Photonics and Optical Science, Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, North 20 West 10, Kita ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee Leuven Belgium
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24
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Louca C, Genco A, Chiavazzo S, Lyons TP, Randerson S, Trovatello C, Claronino P, Jayaprakash R, Hu X, Howarth J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Dal Conte S, Gorbachev R, Lidzey DG, Cerullo G, Kyriienko O, Tartakovskii AI. Interspecies exciton interactions lead to enhanced nonlinearity of dipolar excitons and polaritons in MoS 2 homobilayers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3818. [PMID: 37369664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear interactions between excitons strongly coupled to light are key for accessing quantum many-body phenomena in polariton systems. Atomically-thin two-dimensional semiconductors provide an attractive platform for strong light-matter coupling owing to many controllable excitonic degrees of freedom. Among these, the recently emerged exciton hybridization opens access to unexplored excitonic species, with a promise of enhanced interactions. Here, we employ hybridized interlayer excitons (hIX) in bilayer MoS2 to achieve highly nonlinear excitonic and polaritonic effects. Such interlayer excitons possess an out-of-plane electric dipole as well as an unusually large oscillator strength allowing observation of dipolar polaritons (dipolaritons) in bilayers in optical microcavities. Compared to excitons and polaritons in MoS2 monolayers, both hIX and dipolaritons exhibit ≈ 8 times higher nonlinearity, which is further strongly enhanced when hIX and intralayer excitons, sharing the same valence band, are excited simultaneously. This provides access to an unusual nonlinear regime which we describe theoretically as a mixed effect of Pauli exclusion and exciton-exciton interactions enabled through charge tunnelling. The presented insight into many-body interactions provides new tools for accessing few-polariton quantum correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Louca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK.
| | - Armando Genco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Chiavazzo
- Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Thomas P Lyons
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Sam Randerson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Chiara Trovatello
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, NY, 10027, New York, USA
| | - Peter Claronino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Hull, Rober Blackburn, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Rahul Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Xuerong Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - James Howarth
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Stefano Dal Conte
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Roman Gorbachev
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David G Lidzey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Oleksandr Kyriienko
- Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
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25
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Giri A, Park G, Jeong U. Layer-Structured Anisotropic Metal Chalcogenides: Recent Advances in Synthesis, Modulation, and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3329-3442. [PMID: 36719999 PMCID: PMC10103142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The unique electronic and catalytic properties emerging from low symmetry anisotropic (1D and 2D) metal chalcogenides (MCs) have generated tremendous interest for use in next generation electronics, optoelectronics, electrochemical energy storage devices, and chemical sensing devices. Despite many proof-of-concept demonstrations so far, the full potential of anisotropic chalcogenides has yet to be investigated. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the recent progress made in the synthesis, mechanistic understanding, property modulation strategies, and applications of the anisotropic chalcogenides. It begins with an introduction to the basic crystal structures, and then the unique physical and chemical properties of 1D and 2D MCs. Controlled synthetic routes for anisotropic MC crystals are summarized with example advances in the solution-phase synthesis, vapor-phase synthesis, and exfoliation. Several important approaches to modulate dimensions, phases, compositions, defects, and heterostructures of anisotropic MCs are discussed. Recent significant advances in applications are highlighted for electronics, optoelectronic devices, catalysts, batteries, supercapacitors, sensing platforms, and thermoelectric devices. The article ends with prospects for future opportunities and challenges to be addressed in the academic research and practical engineering of anisotropic MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Giri
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Allahabad, Prayagraj, UP-211002, India
| | - Gyeongbae Park
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang
University of Science and Technology, Cheongam-Ro 77, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk790-784, Korea
- Functional
Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gwahakdanji-ro 137-41, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, Gangwon-do25440, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang
University of Science and Technology, Cheongam-Ro 77, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk790-784, Korea
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26
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Exciton polariton interactions in Van der Waals superlattices at room temperature. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1512. [PMID: 36932078 PMCID: PMC10023709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials have attracted a great attention because of their unique properties and promising applications in integrated optoelectronic devices. Being layered materials, they can be stacked vertically to fabricate artificial van der Waals lattices, which offer unique opportunities to tailor the electronic and optical properties. The integration of TMD heterostructures in planar microcavities working in strong coupling regime is particularly important to control the light-matter interactions and form robust polaritons, highly sought for room temperature applications. Here, we demonstrate the systematic control of the coupling-strength by embedding multiple WS2 monolayers in a planar microcavity. The vacuum Rabi splitting is enhanced from 36 meV for one monolayer up to 72 meV for the four-monolayer microcavity. In addition, carrying out time-resolved pump-probe experiments at room temperature we demonstrate the nature of polariton interactions which are dominated by phase space filling effects. Furthermore, we also observe the presence of long-living dark excitations in the multiple monolayer superlattices. Our results pave the way for the realization of polaritonic devices based on planar microcavities embedding multiple monolayers and could potentially lead the way for future devices towards the exploitation of interaction-driven phenomena at room temperature.
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27
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He L, Wu J, Jin J, Mele EJ, Zhen B. Polaritonic Chern Insulators in Monolayer Semiconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:043801. [PMID: 36763440 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.043801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Systems with strong light-matter interaction open up new avenues for studying topological phases of matter. Examples include exciton polaritons, mixed light-matter quasiparticles, where the topology of the polaritonic band structure arises from the collective coupling between matter wave and optical fields strongly confined in periodic dielectric structures. Distinct from light-matter interaction in a uniform environment, the spatially varying nature of the optical fields leads to a fundamental modification of the well-known optical selection rules, which were derived under the plane wave approximation. Here we identify polaritonic Chern insulators by coupling valley excitons in transition metal dichalcogenides to photonic Bloch modes in a dielectric photonic crystal slab. We show that polaritonic Dirac points, which are markers for topological phase transition points, can be constructed from the collective coupling between valley excitons and photonic Dirac cones in the presence of both time-reversal and inversion symmetries. Lifting exciton valley degeneracy by breaking time-reversal symmetry leads to gapped polaritonic bands with nonzero Chern numbers. Through numerical simulations, we predict polaritonic chiral edge states residing inside the topological gaps. Our Letter paves the way for the further study of strong exciton-photon interaction in nanophotonic structures and for exploring polaritonic topological phases and their practical applications in polaritonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jingda Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jicheng Jin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Eugene J Mele
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Bo Zhen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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28
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Peng M, Cheng J, Zheng X, Ma J, Feng Z, Sun X. 2D-materials-integrated optoelectromechanics: recent progress and future perspectives. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2023; 86:026402. [PMID: 36167057 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac953e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of two-dimensional (2D) materials has gained worldwide attention owing to their extraordinary optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. Due to their atomic layer thicknesses, the emerging 2D materials have great advantages of enhanced interaction strength, broad operating bandwidth, and ultralow power consumption for optoelectromechanical coupling. The van der Waals (vdW) epitaxy or multidimensional integration of 2D material family provides a promising platform for on-chip advanced nano-optoelectromechanical systems (NOEMS). Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the nanomechanical properties of 2D materials and the recent advances of 2D-materials-integrated nano-electromechanical systems and nano-optomechanical systems. By utilizing active nanophotonics and optoelectronics as the interface, 2D active NOEMS and their coupling effects are particularly highlighted at the 2D atomic scale. Finally, we share our viewpoints on the future perspectives and key challenges of scalable 2D-materials-integrated active NOEMS for on-chip miniaturized, lightweight, and multifunctional integration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzeng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,People's Republic of China
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jiadong Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhe Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ziyao Feng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
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29
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Vadia S, Scherzer J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Högele A. Magneto-Optical Chirality in a Coherently Coupled Exciton-Plasmon System. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:614-618. [PMID: 36617344 PMCID: PMC9881169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a fundamental asymmetry phenomenon, with chiral optical elements exhibiting asymmetric response in reflection or absorption of circularly polarized light. Recent realizations of such elements include nanoplasmonic systems with broken-mirror symmetry and polarization-contrasting optical absorption known as circular dichroism. An alternative route to circular dichroism is provided by spin-valley polarized excitons in atomically thin semiconductors. In the presence of magnetic fields, they exhibit an imbalanced coupling to circularly polarized photons and thus circular dichroism. Here, we demonstrate that polarization-contrasting optical transitions associated with excitons in monolayer WSe2 can be transferred to proximal plasmonic nanodisks by coherent coupling. The coupled exciton-plasmon system exhibits magneto-induced circular dichroism in a spectrally narrow window of Fano interference, which we model in a master equation framework. Our work motivates the use of exciton-plasmon interfaces as building blocks of chiral metasurfaces for applications in information processing, nonlinear optics, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarth Vadia
- Fakultät
für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience
(CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz
1, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingtr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
- attocube
systems AG, Eglfinger
Weg 2, 85540 Haar, Germany
| | - Johannes Scherzer
- Fakultät
für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience
(CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz
1, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Alexander Högele
- Fakultät
für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience
(CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz
1, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingtr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
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30
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Karnieli A, Tsesses S, Yu R, Rivera N, Zhao Z, Arie A, Fan S, Kaminer I. Quantum sensing of strongly coupled light-matter systems using free electrons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd2349. [PMID: 36598994 PMCID: PMC9812396 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling in light-matter systems is a central concept in cavity quantum electrodynamics and is essential for many quantum technologies. Especially in the optical range, full control of highly connected multi-qubit systems necessitates quantum coherent probes with nanometric spatial resolution, which are currently inaccessible. Here, we propose the use of free electrons as high-resolution quantum sensors for strongly coupled light-matter systems. Shaping the free-electron wave packet enables the measurement of the quantum state of the entire hybrid systems. We specifically show how quantum interference of the free-electron wave packet gives rise to a quantum-enhanced sensing protocol for the position and dipole orientation of a subnanometer emitter inside a cavity. Our results showcase the great versatility and applicability of quantum interactions between free electrons and strongly coupled cavities, relying on the unique properties of free electrons as strongly interacting flying qubits with miniscule dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Karnieli
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Tsesses
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Renwen Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas Rivera
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zhexin Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ady Arie
- School of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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31
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Pan Y, Rahaman M, He L, Milekhin I, Manoharan G, Aslam MA, Blaudeck T, Willert A, Matković A, Madeira TI, Zahn DRT. Exciton tuning in monolayer WSe 2 via substrate induced electron doping. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:5102-5108. [PMID: 36504751 PMCID: PMC9680939 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00495j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report large exciton tuning in WSe2 monolayers via substrate induced non-degenerate doping. We observe a redshift of ∼62 meV for the A exciton together with a 1-2 orders of magnitude photoluminescence (PL) quenching when the monolayer WSe2 is brought in contact with highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) compared to dielectric substrates such as hBN and SiO2. As the evidence of doping from HOPG to WSe2, a drastic increase of the intensity ratio of trions to neutral excitons was observed. Using a systematic PL and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) investigation on WSe2/HOPG, WSe2/hBN, and WSe2/graphene, we conclude that this unique excitonic behavior is induced by electron doping from the substrate. Our results propose a simple yet efficient way for exciton tuning in monolayer WSe2, which plays a central role in the fundamental understanding and further device development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pan
- Semiconductor Physics, Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
| | - Mahfujur Rahaman
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Lu He
- Semiconductor Physics, Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
| | - Ilya Milekhin
- Semiconductor Physics, Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
| | - Gopinath Manoharan
- Center for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
| | | | - Thomas Blaudeck
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
- Center for Microtechnologies, Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems Chemnitz Germany
| | - Andreas Willert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems Chemnitz Germany
| | | | - Teresa I Madeira
- Semiconductor Physics, Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics, Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz Germany
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32
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B Iyer R, Luan Y, Shinar R, Shinar J, Fei Z. Nano-optical imaging of exciton-plasmon polaritons in WSe 2/Au heterostructures. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15663-15668. [PMID: 36239221 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a nano-optical imaging study of exciton-plasmon polaritons (EPPs) in WSe2/Au heterostructures with scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). By mapping the interference fringes of EPPs at various excitation energies, we constructed the dispersion diagram of the EPPs, which shows strong exciton-plasmon coupling with a sizable Rabi splitting energy (∼0.19 eV). Furthermore, we found a sensitive dependence of the polariton wavelength (λp) on WSe2 thickness (d). When d is below 40 nm, λp decreases rapidly with increasing d. As d reaches 50 nm and above, λp drops to 210 nm, which is over 4 times smaller than that of the free-space photons. Our simulations indicate that the high spatial confinement of EPPs is due to the strong localization of the polariton field inside WSe2. Our work uncovers the transport properties of EPPs and paves the way for future applications of these highly confined polaritons in nanophotonics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunandan B Iyer
- Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Yilong Luan
- Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Ruth Shinar
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Joseph Shinar
- Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Zhe Fei
- Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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33
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Sharma A, Zhu Y, Halbich R, Sun X, Zhang L, Wang B, Lu Y. Engineering the Dynamics and Transport of Excitons, Trions, and Biexcitons in Monolayer WS 2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41165-41177. [PMID: 36048513 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of transport and diffusion dynamics of quasi-particles such as excitons, trions, and biexcitons in two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors has opened avenues for their application in high-speed excitonic and optoelectronic devices. However, long-range transport and fast diffusion of these quasi-particles have not been reported for 2D systems such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). The reported diffusion coefficients from TMDCs are low, limiting their use in high-speed excitonic devices and other optoelectronic applications. Here, we report the highest exciton diffusion coefficient value in monolayer WS2 achieved via engineering the radiative lifetime and diffusion lengths using static back-gate voltage and substrate engineering. Electrostatic doping is observed to modulate the radiative lifetime and in turn the diffusion coefficient of excitons by ∼three times at room temperature. By combining electrostatic doping and substrate engineering, we push the diffusion coefficient to an extremely high value of 86.5 cm2/s, which has not been reported before in TMDCs and is even higher than the values in some 1D systems. At low temperatures, we further report the control of dynamic and spatial diffusion of excitons, trions, and biexcitons from WS2. The electrostatic control of dynamics and transport of these quasi-particles in monolayers establishes monolayer TMDCs as ideal candidates for high-speed excitonic circuits, optoelectronic, and photonic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yi Zhu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Halbich
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xueqian Sun
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Linglong Zhang
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Bowen Wang
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yuerui Lu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Quantum Computation and Communication Technology ANU Node, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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34
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Denning EV, Knorr A, Katsch F, Richter M. Efficient Quadrature Squeezing from Biexcitonic Parametric Gain in Atomically Thin Semiconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:097401. [PMID: 36083637 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.097401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modification of electromagnetic quantum fluctuations in the form of quadrature squeezing is a central quantum resource, which can be generated from nonlinear optical processes. Such a process is facilitated by coherent two-photon excitation of the strongly bound biexciton in atomically thin semiconductors. We show theoretically that interfacing an atomically thin semiconductor with an optical cavity makes it possible to harness this two-photon resonance and use the biexcitonic parametric gain to generate squeezed light with input power an order of magnitude below current state-of-the-art devices with conventional third-order nonlinear materials that rely on far off-resonant nonlinearities. Furthermore, the squeezing bandwidth is found to be in the range of several meV. These results identify atomically thin semiconductors as a promising candidate for on-chip squeezed-light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil V Denning
- Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Knorr
- Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Katsch
- Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marten Richter
- Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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35
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Nguyen AT, Kwon S, Song J, Cho E, Kim H, Kim DW. Self-Hybridized Exciton-Polaritons in Sub-10-nm-Thick WS2 Flakes: Roles of Optical Phase Shifts at WS2/Au Interfaces. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142388. [PMID: 35889612 PMCID: PMC9319842 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exciton–polaritons (EPs) can be formed in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) multilayers sustaining optical resonance modes without any external cavity. The self-hybridized EP modes are expected to depend on the TMD thickness, which directly determines the resonance wavelength. Exfoliated WS2 flakes were prepared on SiO2/Si substrates and template-stripped ultraflat Au layers, and the thickness dependence of their EP modes was compared. For WS2 flakes on SiO2/Si, the minimum flake thickness to exhibit exciton–photon anticrossing was larger than 40 nm. However, for WS2 flakes on Au, EP mode splitting appeared in flakes thinner than 10 nm. Analytical and numerical calculations were performed to explain the distinct thickness-dependence. The phase shifts of light at the WS2/Au interface, originating from the complex Fresnel coefficients, were as large as π/2 at visible wavelengths. Such exceptionally large phase shifts allowed the optical resonance and resulting EP modes in the sub-10-nm-thick WS2 flakes. This work helps us to propose novel optoelectronic devices based on the intriguing exciton physics of TMDs.
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36
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Orfanakis K, Rajendran SK, Walther V, Volz T, Pohl T, Ohadi H. Rydberg exciton-polaritons in a Cu 2O microcavity. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:767-772. [PMID: 35422507 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Giant Rydberg excitons with principal quantum numbers as high as n = 25 have been observed in cuprous oxide (Cu2O), a semiconductor in which the exciton diameter can become as large as ∼1 μm. The giant dimension of these excitons results in excitonic interaction enhancements of orders of magnitude. Rydberg exciton-polaritons, formed by the strong coupling of Rydberg excitons to cavity photons, are a promising route to exploit these interactions and achieve a scalable, strongly correlated solid-state platform. However, the strong coupling of these excitons to cavity photons has remained elusive. Here, by embedding a thin Cu2O crystal into a Fabry-Pérot microcavity, we achieve strong coupling of light to Cu2O Rydberg excitons up to n = 6 and demonstrate the formation of Cu2O Rydberg exciton-polaritons. These results pave the way towards realizing strongly interacting exciton-polaritons and exploring strongly correlated phases of matter using light on a chip.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai Kiran Rajendran
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Valentin Walther
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Volz
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Pohl
- Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hamid Ohadi
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
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37
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Prediction of Strong Transversal s(TE) Exciton–Polaritons in C60 Thin Crystalline Films. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136943. [PMID: 35805945 PMCID: PMC9266707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
If an exciton and a photon can change each other’s properties, indicating that the regime of their strong bond is achieved, it usually happens in standard microcavity devices, where the large overlap between the ’confined’ cavity photons and the 2D excitons enable the hybridization and the band gap opening in the parabolic photonic branch (as clear evidence of the strong exciton–photon coupling). Here, we show that the strong light–matter coupling can occur beyond the microcavity device setup, i.e., between the ’free’ s(TE) photons and excitons. The s(TE) exciton–polariton is a polarization mode, which (contrary to the p(TM) mode) appears only as a coexistence of a photon and an exciton, i.e., it vanishes in the non-retarded limit (c→∞). We show that a thin fullerene C60 crystalline film (consisting of N C60 single layers) deposited on an Al2O3 dielectric surface supports strong evanescent s(TE)-polarized exciton–polariton. The calculated Rabi splitting is more than Ω=500 meV for N=10, with a tendency to increase with N, indicating a very strong photonic character of the exciton–polariton.
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38
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Qian C, Villafañe V, Soubelet P, Hötger A, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Wilson NP, Stier AV, Holleitner AW, Finley JJ. Nonlocal Exciton-Photon Interactions in Hybrid High-Q Beam Nanocavities with Encapsulated MoS_{2} Monolayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:237403. [PMID: 35749182 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.237403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin semiconductors can be readily integrated into a wide range of nanophotonic architectures for applications in quantum photonics and novel optoelectronic devices. We report the observation of nonlocal interactions of "free" trions in pristine hBN/MoS_{2}/hBN heterostructures coupled to single mode (Q>10^{4}) quasi 0D nanocavities. The high excitonic and photonic quality of the interaction system stems from our integrated nanofabrication approach simultaneously with the hBN encapsulation and the maximized local cavity field amplitude within the MoS_{2} monolayer. We observe a nonmonotonic temperature dependence of the cavity-trion interaction strength, consistent with the nonlocal light-matter interactions in which the extent of the center-of-mass (c.m.) wave function is comparable to the cavity mode volume in space. Our approach can be generalized to other optically active 2D materials, opening the way toward harnessing novel light-matter interaction regimes for applications in quantum photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjiang Qian
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Viviana Villafañe
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Pedro Soubelet
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Hötger
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Nathan P Wilson
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas V Stier
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander W Holleitner
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonathan J Finley
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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39
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Fitzgerald JM, Thompson JJP, Malic E. Twist Angle Tuning of Moiré Exciton Polaritons in van der Waals Heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4468-4474. [PMID: 35594200 PMCID: PMC9185750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Twisted atomically thin semiconductors are characterized by moiré excitons. Their optical signatures and selection rules are well understood. However, their hybridization with photons in the strong coupling regime for heterostructures integrated in an optical cavity has not been the focus of research yet. Here, we combine an excitonic density matrix formalism with a Hopfield approach to provide microscopic insights into moiré exciton polaritons. In particular, we show that exciton-light coupling, polariton energy, and even the number of polariton branches can be controlled via the twist angle. We find that these new hybrid light-exciton states become delocalized relative to the constituent excitons due to the mixing with light and higher-energy excitons. The system can be interpreted as a natural quantum metamaterial with a periodicity that can be engineered via the twist angle. Our study presents a significant advance in microscopic understanding and control of moiré exciton polaritons in twisted atomically thin semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Fitzgerald
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Ermin Malic
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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40
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Genco A, Cerullo G. Optical nonlinearity goes ultrafast in 2D semiconductor-based nanocavities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:127. [PMID: 35523774 PMCID: PMC9076909 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid systems of silver nanodisks strongly coupled to monolayer tungsten-disulfide (WS2) show giant room-temperature nonlinearity due to their deeply sub-wavelength localized nature, resulting in ultrafast modifications of nonlinear absorption in a solid-state system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Genco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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41
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Tang H, Luo F, Cui Z, Xiao Y, Xu W, Zhu Z, Chen S, Wang X, Liu Y, Wang J, Peng G, Qin S, Zhu M. Electrically Controlled Wavelength-Tunable Photoluminescence from van der Waals Heterostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19869-19877. [PMID: 35438495 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Achieving facile control of the wavelength of light emitters is of great significance for many key applications in optoelectronics and photonics, including on-chip interconnection, super-resolution imaging, and optical communication. The Joule heating effect caused by electric current is widely applied in modulating the refractive index of silicon-based waveguides for reconfigurable nanophotonic circuits. Here, by utilizing localized Joule heating in the biased graphene device, we demonstrate electrically controlled wavelength-tunable photoluminescence (PL) from vertical van der Waals heterostructures combined by graphene and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D-TMDCs). By applying a moderate electric field of 6.5 kV·cm-1 to the graphene substrate, the PL wavelength of 2D-TMDCs exhibits a continuous tuning from 662 to 690 nm, corresponding to a bandgap reduction of 76 meV. The electric control is highly reversible during sweeping the bias back and forth. The temperature dependence of Raman and PL spectroscopy reveals that the current-induced local Joule heating effect plays a leading role in reducing the optical direct bandgap of TMDCs. The bias-dependent optical reflectivity and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements show a consistent reduction of the optical band gap of 2D-TMDCs and increased PL lifetimes with the electric field over the heterostructures. Moreover, we demonstrate the consistent device operation from 2D materials grown by chemical vapor deposition, showing great advantages for the scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Fang Luo
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Ziru Cui
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Shula Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Jinbin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Gang Peng
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Shiqiao Qin
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Mengjian Zhu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
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42
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Ahmad Khushaini MA, Azeman NH, Mat Salleh M, Tg Abdul Aziz TH, A Bakar AA, De La Rue RM, Md Zain AR. Exploiting a strong coupling regime of organic pentamer surface plasmon resonance based on the Otto configuration for creatinine detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:14478-14491. [PMID: 35473189 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The sandwiched material-analyte layer in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-Otto configuration emulates an optical cavity and, coupled with large optical nonlinearity material, the rate of light escaping from the system is reduced, allowing the formation of a strong coupling regime. Here, we report an organic pentamer SPR sensor using the Otto configuration to induce a strong coupling regime for creatinine detection. Prior to that, the SPR sensor chip was modified with an organic pentamer, 1,4-bis[2-(5-thiophene-2-yl)-1-benzothiopene]-2,5-dioctyloxybenzene (BOBzBT2). To improve the experimental calibration curve, a normalisation approach based on the strong coupling-induced second dip was also developed. By using this procedure, the performance of the sensor improved to 0.11 mg/dL and 0.36 mg/dL for the detection and quantification limits, respectively.
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43
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Yang L, Xie X, Yang J, Xue M, Wu S, Xiao S, Song F, Dang J, Sun S, Zuo Z, Chen J, Huang Y, Zhou X, Jin K, Wang C, Xu X. Strong Light-Matter Interactions between Gap Plasmons and Two-Dimensional Excitons under Ambient Conditions in a Deterministic Way. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2177-2186. [PMID: 35239344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Strong exciton-plasmon interactions between layered two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors and gap plasmons show a great potential to implement cavity quantum electrodynamics under ambient conditions. However, achieving a robust plasmon-exciton coupling with nanocavities is still very challenging, because the layer area is usually small in the conventional approaches. Here, we report on a robust strong exciton-plasmon coupling between the gap mode of a bowtie and the excitons in MoS2 layers with gold-assisted mechanical exfoliation and nondestructive wet transfer techniques for a large-area layer. Due to the ultrasmall mode volume and strong in-plane field, the estimated effective exciton number contributing to the coupling is largely reduced. With a corrected exciton transition dipole moment, the exciton numbers are extracted as being 40 for the case of a single layer and 48 for eight layers. Our work paves the way to realize strong coupling with 2D materials with a small number of excitons at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingnan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengfei Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyao Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Feilong Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchen Dang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Sibai Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanchun Zuo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingjiang Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuijuan Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulai Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
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44
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Jung E, Park JC, Seo YS, Kim JH, Hwang J, Lee YH. Unusually large exciton binding energy in multilayered 2H-MoTe 2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4543. [PMID: 35296786 PMCID: PMC8927107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although large exciton binding energies of typically 0.6–1.0 eV are observed for monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) owing to strong Coulomb interaction, multilayered TMDs yield relatively low exciton binding energies owing to increased dielectric screening. Recently, the ideal carrier-multiplication threshold energy of twice the bandgap has been realized in multilayered semiconducting 2H-MoTe2 with a conversion efficiency of 99%, which suggests strong Coulomb interaction. However, the origin of strong Coulomb interaction in multilayered 2H-MoTe2, including the exciton binding energy, has not been elucidated to date. In this study, unusually large exciton binding energy is observed through optical spectroscopy conducted on CVD-grown 2H-MoTe2. To extract exciton binding energy, the optical conductivity is fitted using the Lorentz model to describe the exciton peaks and the Tauc–Lorentz model to describe the indirect and direct bandgaps. The exciton binding energy of 4 nm thick multilayered 2H-MoTe2 is approximately 300 meV, which is unusually large by one order of magnitude when compared with other multilayered TMD semiconductors such as 2H-MoS2 or 2H-MoSe2. This finding is interpreted in terms of small exciton radius based on the 2D Rydberg model. The exciton radius of multilayered 2H-MoTe2 resembles that of monolayer 2H-MoTe2, whereas those of multilayered 2H-MoS2 and 2H-MoSe2 are large when compared with monolayer 2H-MoS2 and 2H-MoSe2. From the large exciton binding energy in multilayered 2H-MoTe2, it is expected to realize the future applications such as room-temperature and high-temperature polariton lasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilho Jung
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Cheol Park
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Seong Seo
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungseek Hwang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Huang L, Krasnok A, Alú A, Yu Y, Neshev D, Miroshnichenko AE. Enhanced light-matter interaction in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:046401. [PMID: 34939940 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac45f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) materials, such as MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2, have received extensive attention in the past decade due to their extraordinary electronic, optical and thermal properties. They evolve from indirect bandgap semiconductors to direct bandgap semiconductors while their layer number is reduced from a few layers to a monolayer limit. Consequently, there is strong photoluminescence in a monolayer (1L) TMDC due to the large quantum yield. Moreover, such monolayer semiconductors have two other exciting properties: large binding energy of excitons and valley polarization. These properties make them become ideal materials for various electronic, photonic and optoelectronic devices. However, their performance is limited by the relatively weak light-matter interactions due to their atomically thin form factor. Resonant nanophotonic structures provide a viable way to address this issue and enhance light-matter interactions in 2D TMDCs. Here, we provide an overview of this research area, showcasing relevant applications, including exotic light emission, absorption and scattering features. We start by overviewing the concept of excitons in 1L-TMDC and the fundamental theory of cavity-enhanced emission, followed by a discussion on the recent progress of enhanced light emission, strong coupling and valleytronics. The atomically thin nature of 1L-TMDC enables a broad range of ways to tune its electric and optical properties. Thus, we continue by reviewing advances in TMDC-based tunable photonic devices. Next, we survey the recent progress in enhanced light absorption over narrow and broad bandwidths using 1L or few-layer TMDCs, and their applications for photovoltaics and photodetectors. We also review recent efforts of engineering light scattering, e.g., inducing Fano resonances, wavefront engineering in 1L or few-layer TMDCs by either integrating resonant structures, such as plasmonic/Mie resonant metasurfaces, or directly patterning monolayer/few layers TMDCs. We then overview the intriguing physical properties of different van der Waals heterostructures, and their applications in optoelectronic and photonic devices. Finally, we draw our opinion on potential opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Huang
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Alex Krasnok
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, United States of America
| | - Andrea Alú
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States of America
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Yiling Yu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Dragomir Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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46
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Li D, Shan H, Rupprecht C, Knopf H, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Qin Y, Tongay S, Nuß M, Schröder S, Eilenberger F, Höfling S, Schneider C, Brixner T. Hybridized Exciton-Photon-Phonon States in a Transition Metal Dichalcogenide van der Waals Heterostructure Microcavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:087401. [PMID: 35275663 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.087401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Excitons in atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been established as an attractive platform to explore polaritonic physics, owing to their enormous binding energies and giant oscillator strength. Basic spectral features of exciton polaritons in TMD microcavities, thus far, were conventionally explained via two-coupled-oscillator models. This ignores, however, the impact of phonons on the polariton energy structure. Here we establish and quantify the threefold coupling between excitons, cavity photons, and phonons. For this purpose, we employ energy-momentum-resolved photoluminescence and spatially resolved coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy to investigate the spectral properties of a high-quality-factor microcavity with an embedded WSe_{2} van der Waals heterostructure at room temperature. Our approach reveals a rich multibranch structure which thus far has not been captured in previous experiments. Simulation of the data reveals hybridized exciton-photon-phonon states, providing new physical insight into the exciton polariton system based on layered TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Li
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Hangyong Shan
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Rupprecht
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Knopf
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Straße 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Max Planck School of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Straße 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ying Qin
- Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Matthias Nuß
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Schröder
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Straße 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Eilenberger
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Straße 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Max Planck School of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Straße 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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47
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Luan Y, Zobeiri H, Wang X, Sutter E, Sutter P, Fei Z. Imaging Anisotropic Waveguide Exciton Polaritons in Tin Sulfide. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1497-1503. [PMID: 35133843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, novel materials supporting in-plane anisotropic polaritons have attracted a great deal of research interest due to their capability of shaping nanoscale field distributions and controlling nanophotonic energy flows. Here we report a nano-optical imaging study of waveguide exciton polaritons (EPs) in tin sulfide (SnS) in the near-infrared (near-IR) region using scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). With s-SNOM, we mapped in real space the propagative EPs in SnS, which show sensitive dependence on the excitation energy and sample thickness. Moreover, we found that both the polariton wavelength and propagation length are anisotropic in the sample plane. In particular, in a narrow spectral range from 1.32 to 1.44 eV, the EPs demonstrate quasi-one-dimensional propagation, which is rarely seen in natural polaritonic materials. A further analysis indicates that the observed polariton anisotropy originates from the different optical band gaps and exciton binding energies along the two principal crystal axes of SnS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Luan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Hamidreza Zobeiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Eli Sutter
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Peter Sutter
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Zhe Fei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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48
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Shan H, Lackner L, Han B, Sedov E, Rupprecht C, Knopf H, Eilenberger F, Beierlein J, Kunte N, Esmann M, Yumigeta K, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Klembt S, Höfling S, Kavokin AV, Tongay S, Schneider C, Antón-Solanas C. Spatial coherence of room-temperature monolayer WSe 2 exciton-polaritons in a trap. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6406. [PMID: 34737328 PMCID: PMC8569157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of spatial and temporal coherence of light emitted from solid-state systems is a fundamental phenomenon intrinsically aligned with the control of light-matter coupling. It is canonical for laser oscillation, emerges in the superradiance of collective emitters, and has been investigated in bosonic condensates of thermalized light, as well as exciton-polaritons. Our room temperature experiments show the strong light-matter coupling between microcavity photons and excitons in atomically thin WSe2. We evidence the density-dependent expansion of spatial and temporal coherence of the emitted light from the spatially confined system ground-state, which is accompanied by a threshold-like response of the emitted light intensity. Additionally, valley-physics is manifested in the presence of an external magnetic field, which allows us to manipulate K and K' polaritons via the valley-Zeeman-effect. Our findings validate the potential of atomically thin crystals as versatile components of coherent light-sources, and in valleytronic applications at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyong Shan
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Lukas Lackner
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bo Han
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Evgeny Sedov
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Vladimir State University named after A. G. and N. G. Stoletovs, Gorky str. 87, 600000, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Christoph Rupprecht
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
| | - Heiko Knopf
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Max Planck School of Photonics, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Eilenberger
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Max Planck School of Photonics, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Beierlein
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
| | - Nils Kunte
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Esmann
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Kentaro Yumigeta
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Sebastian Klembt
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
| | - Alexey V Kavokin
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO171BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA.
| | - Christian Schneider
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
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49
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Abstract
Two-dimensional semiconductors inside optical microcavities have emerged as a versatile platform to explore new hybrid light–matter quantum states. A strong light–matter coupling leads to the formation of exciton-polaritons, which in turn interact with the surrounding electron gas to form quasiparticles called polaron-polaritons. Here, we develop a general microscopic framework to calculate the properties of these quasiparticles, such as their energy and the interactions between them. From this, we give microscopic expressions for the parameters entering a Landau theory for the polaron-polaritons, which offers a simple yet powerful way to describe such interacting light–matter many-body systems. As an example of the application of our framework, we then use the ladder approximation to explore the properties of the polaron-polaritons. Furthermore, we show that they can be measured in a non-demolition way via the light transmission/reflection spectrum of the system. Finally, we demonstrate that the Landau effective interaction mediated by electron-hole excitations is attractive leading to red shifts of the polaron-polaritons. Our work provides a systematic framework to study exciton-polaritons in electronically doped two-dimensional materials such as novel van der Waals heterostructures.
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50
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Wang DS, Yelin SF, Flick J. Defect Polaritons from First Principles. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15142-15152. [PMID: 34459200 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Control over the optical properties of defects in solid-state materials is necessary for their application in quantum technologies. In this study, we demonstrate, from first principles, how to tune these properties via the formation of defect polaritons in an optical cavity. We show that the polaritonic splitting that shifts the absorption energy of the lower polariton is much higher than can be expected from a Jaynes-Cummings interaction. We also find that the absorption intensity of the lower polariton increases by several orders of magnitude, suggesting a possible route toward overcoming phonon-limited single-photon emission from defect centers. These findings are a result of an effective continuum of electronic transitions near the lowest-lying electronic transition that dramatically enhances the strength of the light-matter interaction. We expect our findings to spur experimental investigations of strong light-matter coupling between defect centers and cavity photons for applications in quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S Wang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Susanne F Yelin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
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