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Drexel H, Tamargo J, Kaski JC, Lewis BS, Saely CH, Fraunberger P, Dobrev D, Komiyama M, Plattner T, Agewall S, Hasegawa K. Triglycerides revisited: is hypertriglyceridaemia a necessary therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease? EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2023; 9:570-582. [PMID: 37328424 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk reduction achieved by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering therapy, residual ASCVD risk still exists. Previous epidemiological studies have suggested high plasma triglyceride (TG) levels as a risk factor or risk marker for ASCVD independent of LDL-C levels. In this review, we highlighted the underlying pathophysiology of hypertriglyceridaemia, the mechanistic action of therapeutic agents, the interpretation of conflicting results on recent clinical trials, and the present options for primary and secondary prevention. The benefits of fibrates-induced reduction in TG and increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol might outweigh the disadvantages of increasing LDL-C levels in primary prevention. In secondary CVD prevention, using eicosapentaenoic acid without docosahexaenoic acid, in addition to statins, will be beneficial. This comprehensive review may prove useful for the development of novel approaches that target hypertriglyceridaemia in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Drexel
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Vorarlberg, Austria
| | - Juan Tamargo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Kaski
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Basil S Lewis
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Christoph H Saely
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Vorarlberg, Austria
| | - Peter Fraunberger
- Medical Central Laboratories, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Medicine and Research Center, Montréal Heart Institute and University de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maki Komiyama
- Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Thomas Plattner
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Vorarlberg, Austria
| | - Stefan Agewall
- Karolinska Institue, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Bombarda-Rocha V, Silva D, Badr-Eddine A, Nogueira P, Gonçalves J, Fresco P. Challenges in Pharmacological Intervention in Perilipins (PLINs) to Modulate Lipid Droplet Dynamics in Obesity and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4013. [PMID: 37568828 PMCID: PMC10417315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15154013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Perilipins (PLINs) are the most abundant proteins in lipid droplets (LD). These LD-associated proteins are responsible for upgrading LD from inert lipid storage structures to fully functional organelles, fundamentally integrated in the lipid metabolism. There are five distinct perilipins (PLIN1-5), each with specific expression patterns and metabolic activation, but all capable of regulating the activity of lipases on LD. This plurality creates a complex orchestrated mechanism that is directly related to the healthy balance between lipogenesis and lipolysis. Given the essential role of PLINs in the modulation of the lipid metabolism, these proteins can become interesting targets for the treatment of lipid-associated diseases. Since reprogrammed lipid metabolism is a recognized cancer hallmark, and obesity is a known risk factor for cancer and other comorbidities, the modulation of PLINs could either improve existing treatments or create new opportunities for the treatment of these diseases. Even though PLINs have not been, so far, directly considered for pharmacological interventions, there are many established drugs that can modulate PLINs activity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the involvement of PLINs in diseases related to lipid metabolism dysregulation and whether PLINs can be viewed as potential therapeutic targets for cancer and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victória Bombarda-Rocha
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (V.B.-R.); (D.S.); (A.B.-E.); (P.N.); (P.F.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dany Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (V.B.-R.); (D.S.); (A.B.-E.); (P.N.); (P.F.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Allal Badr-Eddine
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (V.B.-R.); (D.S.); (A.B.-E.); (P.N.); (P.F.)
| | - Patrícia Nogueira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (V.B.-R.); (D.S.); (A.B.-E.); (P.N.); (P.F.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (V.B.-R.); (D.S.); (A.B.-E.); (P.N.); (P.F.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Fresco
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (V.B.-R.); (D.S.); (A.B.-E.); (P.N.); (P.F.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Egusa G, Ohno H, Nagano G, Sagawa J, Shinjo H, Yamamoto Y, Himeno N, Morita Y, Kanai A, Baba R, Kobuke K, Oki K, Yoneda M, Hattori N. Selective activation of PPARα maintains thermogenic capacity of beige adipocytes. iScience 2023; 26:107143. [PMID: 37456852 PMCID: PMC10338232 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Beige adipocytes are inducible thermogenic adipocytes used for anti-obesity treatment. Beige adipocytes rapidly lose their thermogenic capacity once external cues are removed. However, long-term administration of stimulants, such as PPARγ and β-adrenergic receptor agonists, is unsuitable due to various side effects. Here, we reported that PPARα pharmacological activation was the preferred target for maintaining induced beige adipocytes. Pemafibrate used in clinical practice for dyslipidemia was developed as a selective PPARα modulator (SPPARMα). Pemafibrate administration regulated the thermogenic capacity of induced beige adipocytes, repressed body weight gain, and ameliorated impaired glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mouse models. The transcriptome analysis revealed that the E-twenty-six transcription factor ELK1 acted as a cofactor of PPARα. ELK1 was mobilized to the Ucp1 transcription regulatory region with PPARα and modulated its expression by pemafibrate. These results suggest that selective activation of PPARα by pemafibrate is advantageous to maintain the function of beige adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentaro Egusa
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Haruya Ohno
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Gaku Nagano
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junji Sagawa
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shinjo
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yutaro Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Natsumi Himeno
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Morita
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akinori Kanai
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Baba
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kobuke
- Department of Preventive Medicine for Diabetes and Lifestyle-related Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Oki
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- Department of Preventive Medicine for Diabetes and Lifestyle-related Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Noboru Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Zambon A, Averna M, D'Erasmo L, Arca M, Catapano A. New and Emerging Therapies for Dyslipidemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2022; 51:635-653. [PMID: 35963633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) continues to represent a growing global health challenge. Despite guideline-recommended treatment of ASCVD risk, including antihypertensive, high-intensity statin therapy, and antiaggregant agents, high-risk patients, especially those with established ASCVD and patients with type 2 diabetes, continue to experience cardiovascular events. Recent years have brought significant developments in lipid and atherosclerosis research. Several lipid drugs owe their existence, in part, to human genetic evidence. Here, the authors briefly review the mechanisms, the effect on lipid parameters, and safety profiles of some of the most promising new lipid-lowering approaches that will be soon available in our daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zambon
- University of Padova, Clinica Medica 1, Department of Medicine - DIMED, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Averna
- Policlinico, Paolo Giaccone, Via del Vespro 149, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Laura D'Erasmo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 37, Sapienza 00161, Italy
| | - Marcello Arca
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 37, Sapienza 00161, Italy
| | - Alberico Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti 9, Milan 20133, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, Sesto San Giovanni (MI) 200099, Italy
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D’Annibale OM, Phua YL, Van’t Land C, Karunanidhi A, Dorenbaum A, Mohsen AW, Vockley J. Treatment of VLCAD-Deficient Patient Fibroblasts with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ Agonist Improves Cellular Bioenergetics. Cells 2022; 11:2635. [PMID: 36078043 PMCID: PMC9454759 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease that prevents the body from utilizing long-chain fatty acids for energy, most needed during stress and fasting. Symptoms can appear from infancy through childhood and adolescence or early adulthood, and include hypoglycemia, recurrent rhabdomyolysis, myopathy, hepatopathy, and cardiomyopathy. REN001 is a peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) agonist that modulates the expression of the genes coding for fatty acid β-oxidation enzymes and proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we assessed the effect of REN001 on VLCAD-deficient patient fibroblasts. Methods: VLCAD-deficient patient and control fibroblasts were treated with REN001. Cells were harvested for gene expression analysis, protein content, VLCAD enzyme activity, cellular bioenergetics, and ATP production. Results: VLCAD-deficient cell lines responded differently to REN001 based on genotype. All cells had statistically significant increases in ACADVL gene expression. Small increases in VLCAD protein and enzyme activity were observed and were cell-line- and dose-dependent. Even with these small increases, cellular bioenergetics improved in all cell lines in the presence of REN001, as demonstrated by the oxygen consumption rate and ATP production. VLCAD-deficient cell lines containing missense mutations responded better to REN001 treatment than one containing a duplication mutation in ACADVL. Discussion: Treating VLCAD-deficient fibroblasts with the REN001 PPARδ agonist results in an increase in VLCAD protein and enzyme activity, and a decrease in cellular stress. These results establish REN001 as a potential therapy for VLCADD as enhanced expression may provide a therapeutic increase in total VLCAD activity, but suggest the need for mutation-specific treatment augmented by other treatment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M. D’Annibale
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yu Leng Phua
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Clinton Van’t Land
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Anuradha Karunanidhi
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Alejandro Dorenbaum
- Reneo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 18575 Jamboree Road Suite 275-S, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Al-Walid Mohsen
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Bhalla J, Bari SS, Chaudhary GR, Kumar A, Rathee A, Sharma R, Bhalla A. Stereoselective synthesis and in-silico evaluation of C4-benzimidazolyloxyphenyl substituted trans-β-lactam derivatives as promising novel PPARγ activators. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1992441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shamsher S. Bari
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ganga Ram Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Centre for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aditi Rathee
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Radhika Sharma
- Department of Zoology, M.C.M. DAV College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aman Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Krill Oil Treatment Increases Distinct PUFAs and Oxylipins in Adipose Tissue and Liver and Attenuates Obesity-Associated Inflammation via Direct and Indirect Mechanisms. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082836. [PMID: 34444996 PMCID: PMC8401900 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of obesity is characterized by the metabolic overload of tissues and subsequent organ inflammation. The health effects of krill oil (KrO) on obesity-associated inflammation remain largely elusive, because long-term treatments with KrO have not been performed to date. Therefore, we examined the putative health effects of 28 weeks of 3% (w/w) KrO supplementation to an obesogenic diet (HFD) with fat derived mostly from lard. The HFD with KrO was compared to an HFD control group to evaluate the effects on fatty acid composition and associated inflammation in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and the liver during obesity development. KrO treatment increased the concentrations of EPA and DHA and associated oxylipins, including 18-HEPE, RvE2 and 14-HDHA in eWAT and the liver. Simultaneously, KrO decreased arachidonic acid concentrations and arachidonic-acid-derived oxylipins (e.g., HETEs, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, TXB2). In eWAT, KrO activated regulators of adipogenesis (e.g., PPARγ, CEBPα, KLF15, STAT5A), induced a shift towards smaller adipocytes and increased the total adipocyte numbers indicative for hyperplasia. KrO reduced crown-like structures in eWAT, and suppressed HFD-stimulated inflammatory pathways including TNFα and CCL2/MCP-1 signaling. The observed eWAT changes were accompanied by reduced plasma leptin and increased plasma adiponectin levels over time, and improved insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In the liver, KrO suppressed inflammatory signaling pathways, including those controlled by IL-1β and M-CSF, without affecting liver histology. Furthermore, KrO deactivated hepatic REL-A/p65-NF-κB signaling, consistent with increased PPARα protein expression and a trend towards an increase in IkBα. In conclusion, long-term KrO treatment increased several anti-inflammatory PUFAs and oxylipins in WAT and the liver. These changes were accompanied by beneficial effects on general metabolism and inflammatory tone at the tissue level. The stimulation of adipogenesis by KrO allows for safe fat storage and may, together with more direct PPAR-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms, attenuate inflammation.
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Gentiopicroside Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Lipid Accumulation through Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2940746. [PMID: 32655764 PMCID: PMC7317617 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2940746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is closely related to the alleviation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by regulating oxidative stress and lipid homeostasis. Gentiopicroside (GPS), an iridoid glycoside found in the Gentianaceae, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the protective effects of GPS on lipid accumulation and oxidative damage have not been investigated thoroughly in free fatty acid- (FFA-) induced HepG2 cells and tyloxapol- (Ty-) induced hyperlipidemia mice. Cell counting kit-8 assays, Oil Red O staining, Western blotting analysis, extraction of nuclear and cytosolic proteins, and biochemical index assay were employed to explore the mechanisms by which GPS exerts a protective effect on FFA-induced HepG2 cells and Ty-induced hyperlipidemia mouse model. This paper demonstrates that GPS could effectively alleviate NAFLD by elevating cell viability, reducing fatty deposition, downregulating TG, and activating nucleus Nrf2 in FFA-induced HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, GPS significantly regulated the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway, Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), and GPS-inhibited sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) expression in FFA-stimulated lipid accumulation of HepG2 cells and Ty-treated mice. Interestingly, we highlight that PI3K/AKT inhibitor (LY294002) markedly increased the expression of Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, PPARα, and downregulated SREBP-1c in FFA-stimulated HepG2 cells. For these reasons, we found that the deletion of Nrf2 could lose the protective effects of GPS on the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and PPARα activation and SREBP-1c inactivation in FFA-stimulated HepG2 cells and Ty-treated mice. GPS treatment had no effect on abnormal lipogenesis and antioxidant enzymes in Ty-induced Nrf2−/− mice. This work gives a new explanation that GPS may be a useful therapeutic strategy for NAFLD through upregulation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, which can alleviate oxidative damage and lipid accumulation.
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Yoshida T, Oki H, Doi M, Fukuda S, Yuzuriha T, Tabata R, Ishimoto K, Kawahara K, Ohkubo T, Miyachi H, Doi T, Tachibana K. Structural Basis for PPARα Activation by 1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-b]pyridine Derivatives. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7623. [PMID: 32376995 PMCID: PMC7203124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule agonism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), a ligand-activated transcriptional factor involved in regulating fatty acid metabolism, is an important approach for treating dyslipidemia. Here, we determined the structures of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of PPARα in complex with 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid derivatives, which were recently identified as PPARα-selective activators with markedly different structures from those of the well-known PPARα agonists fibrates. The crystal structures of the complexes showed that they form a canonical hydrogen-bond network involving helix 12 in the LBD, which is thought to be essential for PPARα activation, as also observed for fibrates. However, the phenyl side chain of the compounds occupies a small cavity between Ile272 and Ile354, which is rarely accessed by fibrates. This unique feature may be essential for subtype selectivity and combine with the well-characterized binding mode of fibrates to improve activity. These findings demonstrate the advantage of using 1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-b]pyridine as a skeleton of PPARα agonists and provide insight into the design of molecules for treating dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hiroya Oki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michihiro Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Syohei Fukuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yuzuriha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Tabata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kawahara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadayasu Ohkubo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyachi
- Drug Discover Initiative, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bynkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takefumi Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tachibana
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Yüksel RN, Titiz AP, Yaylacı ET, Ünal K, Turhan T, Erzin G, Züngün C, Aydemir MÇ, Göka E. Serum PGE2, 15d-PGJ, PPARγ and CRP levels in patients with schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 46:24-28. [PMID: 31590005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many hypotheses have been proposed for the development of schizophrenia, including the one proposing that exogenous and endogenous factors are linked to inflammatory processes. There is strong evidence about the immunological and inflammatory dysfunction in schizophrenia. In this study, we aimed to measure serum 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J (15d-PGJ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Forty-four patients and 39 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Serum PGE2, 15d-PGJ, PPARγ and CRP levels were measured in both the groups. Demographic data forms were filled out for the patient group, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale and Calgary Depression scale were used to assess patients' clinical status. Serum PGE2, 15d-PGJ and PPARγ levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy controls. There was no significant relationship between the serum PGE2, 15d-PGJ and PPARγ levels and CRP levels.In this study, the evidence of systemic inflammatory conditions in patients with schizophrenia was found. The duration of the disease has been found to be the only variable that independently affects all three biomarker levels in the patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kübranur Ünal
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
| | - Turan Turhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
| | - Gamze Erzin
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
| | | | | | - Erol Göka
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are the only pharmacologic agents that specifically treat insulin resistance. The beneficial effects of TZDs on the cardiovascular risk factors associated with insulin resistance have been well documented. TZD use has been limited because of concern about safety issues and side effects. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies indicate that cardiovascular toxicity with rosiglitazone and increase in bladder cancer with pioglitazone are no longer significant issues. There are new data which show that pioglitazone treatment reduces myocardial infarctions and ischemic strokes. New data concerning TZD-mediated edema, congestive heart failure, and bone fractures improves the clinician's ability to select patients that will have minimal significant side effects. Thiazolidinediones are now generic and less costly than pharmaceutical company-promoted therapies. Better understanding of the side effects coupled with clear benefits on the components of the insulin resistance syndrome should promote TZD use in treating patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold E Lebovitz
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 1205, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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12
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Tomita Y, Ozawa N, Miwa Y, Ishida A, Ohta M, Tsubota K, Kurihara T. Pemafibrate Prevents Retinal Pathological Neovascularization by Increasing FGF21 Level in a Murine Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235878. [PMID: 31771164 PMCID: PMC6928689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale clinical trials, such as the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) and the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) studies, have shown that the administration of fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist, suppresses the progression of diabetic retinopathy. In this paper, we reveal a therapeutic effect of a selective PPARα modulator (SPPARMα), pemafibrate, against pathological angiogenesis in murine models of retinopathy. Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) was induced in C57BL/6J mice by exposure to 85% oxygen from postnatal day eight (P8) for 72 h. Vehicle, pemafibrate or fenofibrate was administrated by oral gavage from P12 to P16 daily. Administration of pemafibrate, but not fenofibrate, significantly reduced pathological angiogenesis in OIR. After oral pemafibrate administration, expression levels of downstream PPARα targets such as acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1), fatty acid binding protein 4 (Fabp4), and fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) were significantly increased in the liver but not in the retina. A significant increase in plasma FGF21 and reduced retinal hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa) were also observed after this treatment. In an in vitro HIF-luciferase assay, a long-acting FGF21 analogue, but not pemafibrate, suppressed HIF activity. These data indicate that SPPARMα pemafibrate administration may prevent retinal pathological neovascularization by upregulating FGF21 in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (Y.T.); (N.O.); (Y.M.); (A.I.)
- Laboratory of Photobiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ozawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (Y.T.); (N.O.); (Y.M.); (A.I.)
- Laboratory of Photobiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Miwa
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (Y.T.); (N.O.); (Y.M.); (A.I.)
- Laboratory of Photobiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayako Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (Y.T.); (N.O.); (Y.M.); (A.I.)
- Laboratory of Photobiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Laboratory of Photobiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (T.K.); Tel.: +81-3-3353-1211 (K.T.); +81-3-3353-1211 (T.K.)
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (Y.T.); (N.O.); (Y.M.); (A.I.)
- Laboratory of Photobiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (T.K.); Tel.: +81-3-3353-1211 (K.T.); +81-3-3353-1211 (T.K.)
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13
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Fruchart JC, Santos RD, Yamashita S, Libby P. Residual vascular risk in diabetes - Will the SPPARM alpha concept hold the key? Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2723-2725. [PMID: 31405699 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raul D Santos
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, and Lipid Clinic, Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shizuya Yamashita
- Rinku General Medical Center, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Departments of Community Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Hydrogen sulfide improves endothelial dysfunction in hypertension by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta/endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling. J Hypertens 2019; 36:651-665. [PMID: 29084084 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate the ameliorative effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on endothelium-dependent relaxation disturbances via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (PPARδ/eNOS) pathway activation in hypertensive patients and rats. METHODS Renal arteries were collected from normotensive and hypertensive patients who underwent nephron-sparing surgery. Renal arteries from 37 patients were cultured with or without sodium H2S (NaHS) 50 μmol/l. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham; Sham + NaHS, two kidneys; one clipped (2K1C); and 2K1C + NaHS. Mean arterial pressure was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography. A microvessel recording technique was used to observe the effect of NaHS on endothelium-dependent relaxation. Plasma H2S concentrations were detected using the monobromobimane method. Real-time PCR and western blotting were used to assess mRNA and protein levels of AT1, cystathionine γ-lyase, PPARδ, and phosphor-eNOS. Laser confocal scanning microscopy measured intracellular NO production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. RESULTS NaHS improved endothelial function in hypertensive humans and rats. The 20-week administration of NaHS to 2K1C rats lowered the mean arterial pressure. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, NaHS improved the AngII-induced production of NO. NaHS upregulated PPARδ expression, increased protein kinase B (Akt) or adenosine monophosphate kinase-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, and enhanced eNOS phosphorylation. A PPARδ agonist could mimic the ameliorative effect of NaHS that was suppressed by PPARδ, AMPK, or Akt inhibition. CONCLUSION H2S plays a protective function in renal arterial endothelium in hypertension by activating the PPARδ/PI3K/Akt/eNOS or PPARδ/AMPK/eNOS pathway. H2S may serve as an effective strategy against hypertension.
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15
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Nath V, Agrawal R, Kumar V. Structure based docking and molecular dynamics studies: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors –α/γ dual agonists for treatment of metabolic disorders. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:511-523. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1581089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Nath
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Rohini Agrawal
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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16
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Pradhan AD, Paynter NP, Everett BM, Glynn RJ, Amarenco P, Elam M, Ginsberg H, Hiatt WR, Ishibashi S, Koenig W, Nordestgaard BG, Fruchart JC, Libby P, Ridker PM. Rationale and design of the Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Outcomes by Reducing Triglycerides in Patients with Diabetes (PROMINENT) study. Am Heart J 2018; 206:80-93. [PMID: 30342298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Observational, genetic, and experimental data indicate that triglyceride rich lipoproteins (TRLs) likely participate causally in atherothrombosis. Yet, robust clinical trial evidence that triglyceride (TG) lowering therapy reduces cardiovascular events remains elusive. The selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator (SPPARM-α), pemafibrate, will be used to target residual cardiovascular risk remaining after treatment to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in individuals with the dyslipidemia of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2). The PROMINENT study will randomly allocate approximately 10,000 participants with T2D, mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia (TG: 200-499 mg/dl; 2.26-5.64 mmol/l) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (HDL-C: ≤40 mg/dl; 1.03 mmol/l) to either pemafibrate (0.2 mg twice daily) or matching placebo with an average expected follow-up period of 3.75 years (total treatment phase 5 years; 24 countries). At study entry, participants must be receiving either moderate-to-high intensity statin therapy or meet specified LDL-C criteria. The study population will be one-third primary and two-thirds secondary prevention (established cardiovascular disease). The primary endpoint is a composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal ischemic stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina requiring urgent coronary revascularization, and cardiovascular death. This event-driven study will complete when 1092 adjudicated primary endpoints have accrued with at least 200 occurring in women. Statistical power is at least 90% to detect an 18% reduction in the primary endpoint. Pre-specified secondary and tertiary endpoints include all-cause mortality, hospitalization for heart failure, new or worsening peripheral artery disease, new or worsening diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, and change in biomarkers including select lipid and non-lipid biomarkers, inflammatory and glycemic parameters.
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17
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Liu J, Huang H, Shi S, Wang X, Yu Y, Hu Y, Sun J, Ren C, Yang J, Shen Z. Atorvastatin upregulates apolipoprotein M expression via attenuating LXRα expression in hyperlipidemic apoE-deficient mice. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3785-3792. [PMID: 30344653 PMCID: PMC6176103 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a recently identified human apolipoprotein that is associated with the formation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Studies have demonstrated that statins may affect the expression of apoM; however, the regulatory effects of statins on apoM are controversial. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms by which statins regulate apoM remain unclear. In the present study, in vivo and in vitro models were used to investigate whether the anti-atherosclerotic effects of statins are associated with its apoM-regulating effects and the underlying mechanism. Hyperlipidemia was induced by in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice by providing a high-fat diet. Atorvastatin was administered to hyperlipidemic mice and HepG2 cells to investigate its effect on apoM expression. The liver X receptor α (LXRα) agonist T0901317 was also administered together with atorvastatin to hyperlipidemic mice and HepG2 cells. The results revealed that atorvastatin increased apoM expression, which was accompanied with decreased expression of LXRα in the liver of hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and HepG2 cells. Additionally, apoM upregulation was inhibited following treatment with T0901317. In summary, atorvastatin exhibited anti-atherosclerotic effects by upregulating apoM expression in hyperlipidemic mice, which may be mediated by the inhibition of LXRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Haoyue Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yunsheng Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yanqiu Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Chuanlu Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 100th Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Zhenya Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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18
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Erzin G, Aydemir MÇ, Yüksel RN, Tatlıdil Yaylacı E, Çakır B, Sezer S, Göka E. Serum 15-d-PGJ2 and PPARγ levels are reduced in manic episode of bipolar disorder while IL-4 levels are not affected. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1471882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Erzin
- Psychiatry Department, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Rabia Nazik Yüksel
- Psychiatry Department, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Bağdagül Çakır
- Psychiatry Department, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevilay Sezer
- Psychiatry Department, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erol Göka
- Psychiatry Department, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Tachibana K, Yuzuriha T, Tabata R, Fukuda S, Maegawa T, Takahashi R, Tanimoto K, Tsujino H, Nunomura K, Lin B, Matsuura Y, Tanaka T, Hamakubo T, Sakai J, Kodama T, Kobayashi T, Ishimoto K, Miyachi H, Doi T. Discovery of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) activators with a ligand-screening system using a human PPARα-expressing cell line. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10333-10343. [PMID: 29764933 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that belongs to the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors. PPARα is mainly expressed in the liver, where it activates fatty acid oxidation and lipoprotein metabolism and improves plasma lipid profiles. Therefore, PPARα activators are often used to treat patients with dyslipidemia. To discover additional PPARα activators as potential compounds for use in hypolipidemic drugs, here we established human hepatoblastoma cell lines with luciferase reporter expression from the promoters containing peroxisome proliferator-responsive elements (PPREs) and tetracycline-regulated expression of full-length human PPARα to quantify the effects of chemical ligands on PPARα activity. Using the established cell-based PPARα-activator screening system to screen a library of >12,000 chemical compounds, we identified several hit compounds with basic chemical skeletons different from those of known PPARα agonists. One of the hit compounds, a 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid derivative we termed compound 3, selectively up-regulated PPARα transcriptional activity, leading to PPARα target gene expression both in vitro and in vivo Of note, the half-maximal effective concentrations of the hit compounds were lower than that of the known PPARα ligand fenofibrate. Finally, fenofibrate or compound 3 treatment of high fructose-fed rats having elevated plasma triglyceride levels for 14 days indicated that compound 3 reduces plasma triglyceride levels with similar efficiency as fenofibrate. These observations raise the possibility that 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid derivatives might be effective drug candidates for selective targeting of PPARα to manage dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tachibana
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871,
| | - Tomohiro Yuzuriha
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871.,the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101
| | - Ryotaro Tabata
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
| | - Syohei Fukuda
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
| | - Takashi Maegawa
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
| | - Rika Takahashi
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
| | - Keiichi Tanimoto
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
| | - Hirofumi Tsujino
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
| | - Kazuto Nunomura
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
| | - Bangzhong Lin
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- the Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
| | | | - Takao Hamakubo
- the Department of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, and
| | - Juro Sakai
- the Division of Metabolic Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, and
| | | | - Tadayuki Kobayashi
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
| | - Kenji Ishimoto
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
| | - Hiroyuki Miyachi
- the Lead Exploration Unit, Drug Discovery Initiative, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takefumi Doi
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871,
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20
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Marques LR, Diniz TA, Antunes BM, Rossi FE, Caperuto EC, Lira FS, Gonçalves DC. Reverse Cholesterol Transport: Molecular Mechanisms and the Non-medical Approach to Enhance HDL Cholesterol. Front Physiol 2018; 9:526. [PMID: 29867567 PMCID: PMC5962737 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia (high concentrations of LDL-c and low concentrations of HDL-c) is a major cause of cardiovascular events, which are the leading cause of death in the world. On the other hand, nutrition and regular exercise can be an interesting strategy to modulate lipid profile, acting as prevention or treatment, inhibiting the risk of diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic characteristics. Additionally, the possibility of controlling different training variables, such as type, intensity and recovery interval, can be used to maximize the benefits of exercise in promoting cardiovascular health. However, the mechanisms by which exercise and nutrients act in the regulation of cholesterol and its fractions, such as reverse cholesterol transport, receptors and transcription factors involved, such as PPARs and their role related to exercise, deserve further discussion. Therefore, the objective of this review is to debate about non-medical approaches to increase HDL-c, such as nutritional and training strategies, and to discuss the central mechanisms involved in the modulation of lipid profile during exercise, as well as that can be controlled by physical trainers or sports specialists in attempt to maximize the benefits promoted by exercise. The search for papers was performed in the databases: Medline (Pubmed), Science Direct, Scopus, Sport Discus, Web of Science, Scielo and Lilacs until February 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro R Marques
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Tiego A Diniz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara M Antunes
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Fabrício E Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Erico C Caperuto
- Human Movement Laboratory, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Daniela C Gonçalves
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
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21
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Zhang X, Yang W, Wang J, Meng Y, Guan Y, Yang J. FAM3 gene family: A promising therapeutical target for NAFLD and type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2018; 81:71-82. [PMID: 29221790 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetes are severe public health issues worldwide. The Family with sequence similarity 3 (FAM3) gene family consists of four members designated as FAM3A, FAM3B, FAM3C and FAM3D, respectively. Recently, there had been increasing evidence that FAM3A, FAM3B and FAM3C are important regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism. FAM3A expression is reduced in the livers of diabetic rodents and NAFLD patients. Hepatic FAM3A restoration activates ATP-P2 receptor-Akt and AMPK pathways to attenuate steatosis and hyperglycemia in obese diabetic mice. FAM3C expression is also reduced in the liver under diabetic condition. FAM3C is a new hepatokine that activates HSF1-CaM-Akt pathway and represses mTOR-SREBP1-FAS pathway to suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. In contrast, hepatic expression of FAM3B, also called PANDER, is increased under obese state. FAM3B promotes hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis by repressing Akt and AMPK activities, and activating lipogenic pathway. Under obese state, the imbalance among hepatic FAM3A, FAM3B and FAM3C signaling networks plays important roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and type 2 diabetes. This review briefly discussed the latest research progress on the roles and mechanisms of FAM3A, FAM3B and FAM3C in the regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junpei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuhong Meng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Youfei Guan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Jichun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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22
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Ünal K, Yüksel RN, Turhan T, Sezer S, Yaylaci ET. The association of serum nesfatin-1 and ghrelin levels with metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 261:45-49. [PMID: 29278806 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 and ghrelin are two hormones which has opposite effects and play role in food intake. This study was planned on the idea that both metabolic syndrome and psychiatric disorders are associated with nesfatin-1 and ghrelin. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the levels of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 in patients with schizophrenia, by taking confounding factor as the metabolic syndrome (MS). 55 patients with schizophrenia and 33 healthy controls were included in the study.11 out of the 55 patients (%20) has MS. Serum ghrelin and nesfatin-1 levels of schizophrenia patients with MS have been compared with both healthy controls and schizophrenia patients without MS. Patients with schizophrenia had significantly higher serum nesfatin-1 levels compared to healthy controls. But serum ghrelin levels was not different in both groups. Serum nesfatin-1 concentrations were significantly higher in the schizophrenia patients with MS (10.51-350.8pg/ml) with respect to the healthy control group (4.86-68.91pg/ml). There was no significant statistical difference between the three groups in terms of ghrelin levels. Our findings suggests that, MS presence also contributed to significantly high levels of nesfatin-1 level. Nesfatin-1 may have a part in a novel studies regarding the treatment of schizophrenia and its metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubranur Ünal
- Department Of Biochemistry, Polatlı State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rabia Nazik Yüksel
- Department Of Psychiatry, Ankara Numune Training And Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Turan Turhan
- Department Of Biochemistry, Ankara Numune Training And Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevilay Sezer
- Department Of Biochemistry, Ankara Numune Training And Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Tatlidil Yaylaci
- Department Of Psychiatry, Ankara Numune Training And Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Zhao C, Yang C, Liu B, Lin L, Sarker SD, Nahar L, Yu H, Cao H, Xiao J. Bioactive compounds from marine macroalgae and their hypoglycemic benefits. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Boukli Hacène L, Khelil MA, Chabane Sari D, Meguenni K, Meziane Tani A. Prévalence des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire au sein des communautés urbaine et rurale dans la Wilaya de Tlemcen (Algérie) : l’étude de deux communes. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2017; 65:277-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2017.01.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Proschak E, Heitel P, Kalinowsky L, Merk D. Opportunities and Challenges for Fatty Acid Mimetics in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5235-5266. [PMID: 28252961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids beyond their role as an endogenous energy source and storage are increasingly considered as signaling molecules regulating various physiological effects in metabolism and inflammation. Accordingly, the molecular targets involved in formation and physiological activities of fatty acids hold significant therapeutic potential. A number of these fatty acid targets are addressed by some of the oldest and most widely used drugs such as cyclooxygenase inhibiting NSAIDs, whereas others remain unexploited. Compounds orthosterically binding to proteins that endogenously bind fatty acids are considered as fatty acid mimetics. On the basis of their structural resemblance, fatty acid mimetics constitute a family of bioactive compounds showing specific binding thermodynamics and following similar pharmacokinetic mechanisms. This perspective systematically evaluates targets for fatty acid mimetics, investigates their common structural characteristics, and highlights demands in their discovery and design. In summary, fatty acid mimetics share particularly favorable characteristics justifying the conclusion that their therapeutic potential vastly outweighs the challenges in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pascal Heitel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lena Kalinowsky
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Styshova ON, Popov AM, Artyukov AA, Klimovich AA. Main constituents of polyphenol complex from seagrasses of the genus Zostera, their antidiabetic properties and mechanisms of action. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1651-1659. [PMID: 28565749 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review analyzed the recent experimental studies of the alleviating activity of main constituents of the polyphenol complex from seagrasses of the genus Zostera, namely rosmarinic acid, luteolin and its sulfated derivatives, on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders. A number of studies by our group and others, in which various experimental models of diabetes and hyperlipidemia were used, show a therapeutic action of the polyphenol complex and the abovementioned phenolic constituents, when applied separately and in combination. Based on the analysis of the results of these studies, the probable mechanisms of the therapeutic action of these compounds in diabetes and hyperlipidemia were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Nikolaevna Styshova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Alexander Michailovich Popov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.,School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690000, Russia
| | - Alexander Alekseevish Artyukov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Anna Anatolievna Klimovich
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
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Warraich HJ, Rana JS. Dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Endocrinol 2017; 6:27-32. [PMID: 31646116 PMCID: PMC6768535 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes have a high residual risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and adverse outcomes despite statin therapy and lifestyle modifications. Particular to individuals with diabetes is the pattern of elevated triglycerides, small dense low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and reduced levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, described as dyslipidemia of diabetes. The role of combination therapy with an additional agent such as niacin, ezetimibe, fenofibrate, and n-3 fatty acids has been studied; however, at the same time, these agents have come under criticism for their limitations. We performed a review of key trials assessing the benefit of combination therapy to reduce CVD risk from dyslipidemia. Of the currently available agents that can be used in combination with statins, ezetimibe has the most favorable risk profile, with a recent trial demonstrating modest incremental benefit when given in addition to statins. PCSK9 inhibitors are a promising category, although clinical outcome data in individuals with diabetes are pending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider J. Warraich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jamal S. Rana
- The Division of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Heit C, Marshall S, Singh S, Yu X, Charkoftaki G, Zhao H, Orlicky DJ, Fritz KS, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Catalase deletion promotes prediabetic phenotype in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 103:48-56. [PMID: 27939935 PMCID: PMC5513671 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is produced endogenously and can be toxic to living organisms by inducing oxidative stress and cell damage. However, it has also been identified as a signal transduction molecule. By metabolizing hydrogen peroxide, catalase protects cells and tissues against oxidative damage and may also influence signal transduction mechanisms. Studies suggest that acatalasemic individuals (i.e., those with very low catalase activity) have a higher risk for the development of diabetes. We now report catalase knockout (Cat-/-) mice, when fed a normal (6.5% lipid) chow, exhibit an obese phenotype that manifests as an increase in body weight that becomes more pronounced with age. The mice demonstrate altered hepatic and muscle lipid deposition, as well as increases in serum and hepatic triglycerides (TGs), and increased hepatic transcription and protein expression of PPARγ. Liver morphology revealed steatosis with inflammation. Cat-/- mice also exhibited pancreatic morphological changes that correlated with impaired glucose tolerance and increased fasting serum insulin levels, conditions consistent with pre-diabetic status. RNA-seq analyses revealed a differential expression of pathways and genes in Cat-/- mice, many of which are related to metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and obesity, such as Pparg and Cidec. In conclusion, the results of the present study show mice devoid of catalase develop an obese, pre-diabetic phenotype and provide compelling evidence for catalase (or its products) being integral in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Heit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Environmental Health Services, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College St, New Haven CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Surrendra Singh
- Department of Environmental Health Services, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College St, New Haven CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520, USA
| | - Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health Services, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College St, New Haven CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristofer S Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Services, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College St, New Haven CT 06520-8034, USA.
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Kalelioglu T, Durak N, Karamustafalioglu N, Genc A, Akkus M, Tasdemir A, Mehmet Ilnem C. Serum peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma levels in acute phase of male patients with schizophrenia and their relationship with metabolic parameters. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2017.1293244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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VCE-003.2, a novel cannabigerol derivative, enhances neuronal progenitor cell survival and alleviates symptomatology in murine models of Huntington's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29789. [PMID: 27430371 PMCID: PMC4949444 DOI: 10.1038/srep29789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have shown to exert neuroprotective actions in animal models by acting at different targets including canonical cannabinoid receptors and PPARγ. We previously showed that VCE-003, a cannabigerol (CBG) quinone derivative, is a novel neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory cannabinoid acting through PPARγ. We have now generated a non-thiophilic VCE-003 derivative named VCE-003.2 that preserves the ability to activate PPARγ and analyzed its neuroprotective activity. This compound exerted a prosurvival action in progenitor cells during neuronal differentiation, which was prevented by a PPARγ antagonist, without affecting neural progenitor cell proliferation. In addition, VCE-003.2 attenuated quinolinic acid (QA)-induced cell death and caspase-3 activation and also reduced mutant huntingtin aggregates in striatal cells. The neuroprotective profile of VCE-003.2 was analyzed using in vivo models of striatal neurodegeneration induced by QA and 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) administration. VCE-003.2 prevented medium spiny DARPP32+ neuronal loss in these Huntington’s-like disease mice models improving motor deficits, reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation. In the 3NP model VCE-003.2 inhibited the upregulation of proinflammatory markers and improved antioxidant defenses in the brain. These data lead us to consider VCE-003.2 to have high potential for the treatment of Huntington’s disease (HD) and other neurodegenerative diseases with neuroinflammatory traits.
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The novel selective PPARα modulator (SPPARMα) pemafibrate improves dyslipidemia, enhances reverse cholesterol transport and decreases inflammation and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 249:200-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Popov AM, Krivoshapko ON, Klimovich AA, Artyukov AA. [Biological activity and mechanisms of therapeutic action of rosmarinic acid, luteolin and its sulphated derivatives]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2016; 62:22-30. [PMID: 26973183 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166201022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review considers recent experimental studies of biological activity and mechanisms of therapeutic action of rosmarinic acid, luteolin and its sulfated derivatives in diseases associated with disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Particular attention is focused on the results of studies showing a high therapeutic potential of these phenolic compounds in their prophylactic and therapeutic use at experimental modeling of type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Based on the analysis of our results and the literature data putative mechanisms of therapeutic action of rosmarinic acid, luteolin and its sulfated derivatives have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Popov
- Elyakov Pacibic Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia; Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - O N Krivoshapko
- Elyakov Pacibic Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - A A Klimovich
- Elyakov Pacibic Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - A A Artyukov
- Elyakov Pacibic Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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34
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Hepatic genome-wide expression of lipid metabolism in diet-induced obesity rats treated with cocoa polyphenols. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Selective targeting of PPARγ by the natural product chelerythrine with a unique binding mode and improved antidiabetic potency. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12222. [PMID: 26183621 PMCID: PMC4505335 DOI: 10.1038/srep12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a pervasive metabolic syndrome that is characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. As full agonists of PPARγ, thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs elicit antidiabetic effects by targeting PPARγ but is accompanied by weight gain, fluid retention and cardiovascular risk associated with their transcriptional agonism potency. We here identify a natural product chelerythrine as a unique selective PPAR modulator (SPPARM) with a potent PPARγ binding activity but much less classical receptor transcriptional agonism. Structural analysis reveals that chelerythrine exhibits unique binding in parallel with H3 of PPARγ. Unlike TZDs, chelerythrine destabilizes helix 12, especially residue tyrosine 473, resulting in a loose configuration of AF-2 and a selective cofactor profile distinct from TZDs, leading to a differential target gene profile in adipogenesis in db/db diabetic mice. Moreover, chelerythrine improved insulin sensitivity by more potently blocking the phosphorylation of PPARγ by CDK5 compared to TZDs. These data fundamentally elucidate the mechanism by which chelerythrine retains the benefits of improving insulin sensitivity while reducing the adverse effects of TZDs, suggesting that the natural product chelerythrine is a very promising pharmacological agent by selectively targeting PPARγ for further development in the clinical treatment of insulin resistance.
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Su X, Zhou G, Wang Y, Yang X, Li L, Yu R, Li D. The PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 attenuates peritonitis in peritoneal fibrosis via inhibition of TAK1-NFκB pathway in rats. Inflammation 2015; 37:729-37. [PMID: 24337677 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal fibrosis is a common consequence of long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD), and peritonitis is a factor in its onset. Agonist-bound peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) function as key regulators of energy metabolism and inflammation. Here, we examined the effects of PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 on peritonitis in a rat peritoneal fibrosis model. Peritoneal fibrosis secondary to inflammation was induced into uremic rats by daily injection of Dianeal 4.25% PD solutions along with six doses of lipopolysaccharide before commencement of GW501516 treatment. Normal non-uremic rats served as control, and all rats were fed with a control diet or a GW501516-containing diet. Compared to control group, exposure to PD fluids caused peritoneal fibrosis that was accompanied by increased mRNA levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrotic factor-α, and interleukin-6 in the uremic rats, and these effects were prevented by GW501516 treatment. Moreover, GW501516 was found to attenuate glucose-stimulated inflammation in cultured rat peritoneal mesothelial cells via inhibition of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling pathway (TAK1-NFκB pathway), a main inflammation regulatory pathway. In conclusion, inhibition of TAK1-NFκB pathway with GW501516 may represent a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate peritonitis-induced peritoneal fibrosis for patients on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Su
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
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Huang L, Chen J, Cao P, Pan H, Ding C, Xiao T, Zhang P, Guo J, Su Z. Anti-obese effect of glucosamine and chitosan oligosaccharide in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2732-56. [PMID: 25942093 PMCID: PMC4446603 DOI: 10.3390/md13052732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study is to evaluate the anti-obese effects of glucosamine (GLC) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into twelve groups: a normal diet group (NF), a high-fat diet group (HF), Orlistat group, GLC high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (GLC-H, GLC-M, GLC-L), COS1 (COS, number-average molecular weight ≤1000) high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (COS1-H, COS1-M, COS1-L), and COS2 (COS, number-average molecular weight ≤3000) high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (COS2-H, COS2-M, COS2-L). All groups received oral treatment by gavage once daily for a period of six weeks. Results: Rats fed with COS1 gained the least weight among all the groups (P < 0.01), and these rats lost more weight than those treated with Orlistat. In addition to the COS2-H and Orlistat groups, the serum total cholesterol (CHO) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared to the HF group (P < 0.01). The various doses of GLC, COS1 and COS2 reduced the expression levels of PPARγ and LXRα mRNA in the white adipose tissue. Conclusions: The results above demonstrated that GLC, COS1, and COS2 improved dyslipidemia and prevented body weight gains by inhibiting the adipocyte differentiation in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet. Thus, these agents may potentially be used to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Huang
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Peiqiu Cao
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Haitao Pan
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Chen Ding
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, OX1 3QR Oxford, UK.
- Guangzhou Boxabio Technology Ltd., Guangzhou Hi-Tech Development Zone, Guangzhou 510663, China.
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Guangzhou Boxabio Technology Ltd., Guangzhou Hi-Tech Development Zone, Guangzhou 510663, China.
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Goto T, Kim YI, Furuzono T, Takahashi N, Yamakuni K, Yang HE, Li Y, Ohue R, Nomura W, Sugawara T, Yu R, Kitamura N, Park SB, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Kawada T. 10-oxo-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid, a linoleic acid metabolite produced by gut lactic acid bacteria, potently activates PPARγ and stimulates adipogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:597-603. [PMID: 25749343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that gut lactic acid bacteria generate various kinds of fatty acids from polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid (LA). In this study, we investigated the effects of LA and LA-derived fatty acids on the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) which regulate whole-body energy metabolism. None of the fatty acids activated PPARδ, whereas almost all activated PPARα in luciferase assays. Two fatty acids potently activated PPARγ, a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation, with 10-oxo-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid (KetoA) having the most potency. In 3T3-L1 cells, KetoA induced adipocyte differentiation via the activation of PPARγ, and increased adiponectin production and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. These findings suggest that fatty acids, including KetoA, generated in gut by lactic acid bacteria may be involved in the regulation of host energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoya Furuzono
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Kanae Yamakuni
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ha-Eun Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yongjia Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sugawara
- Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts Technology, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea
| | - Nahoko Kitamura
- Laboratory of Fermentation Physiology and Applied Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Si-Bum Park
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kishino
- Laboratory of Fermentation Physiology and Applied Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan; Laboratory of Fermentation Physiology and Applied Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
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Liu ZM, Hu M, Chan P, Tomlinson B. Early investigational drugs targeting PPAR-α for the treatment of metabolic disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:611-21. [PMID: 25604802 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1006359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fibrates have been used for many years to treat dyslipidemias and have also recently been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. They are relatively weak PPAR-α agonists and do have some adverse effects. Novel compounds are in development, which are selective PPAR modulators (SPPARMs) and have more potent PPAR-α agonist activity. These may prove to have advantages in the treatment of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). AREAS COVERED This review focuses on PPAR-α agonists or SPPARMs in development describing the preclinical and early clinical studies. The information was obtained by searching the published literature and abstracts from recent meetings. Ongoing clinical trials were identified using the Clinicaltrial.gov database. EXPERT OPINION There is still a need for new drugs to treat atherogenic dyslipidemia. The highly potent and selective PPAR-α agonist K-877 has shown beneficial effects on atherogenic dyslipidemia and absence of some adverse effects seen with fibrates. The dual PPAR-α/PPAR-δ agonist GFT-505 has shown favorable results in improving atherogenic dyslipidemia and insulin resistance and appears to be a potential candidate for the treatment of NAFLD. Long-term trials are needed to assess the safety and efficacy of these new agents for cardiovascular and liver outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Liu
- Tongji University, Shanghai East Hospital, Department of Cardiac Surgery , No 150, Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120 , China
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Ali F, Ismail A, Esa NM, Pei CP. Transcriptomics expression analysis to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying the cocoa polyphenol treatment in diet-induced obesity rats. Genomics 2015; 105:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Li C, Mpollo MSEM, Gonsalves CS, Tahara SM, Malik P, Kalra VK. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α-mediated transcription of miR-199a2 attenuates endothelin-1 expression via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:36031-47. [PMID: 25389292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.600775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1, a potent vasoconstrictor, plays an important role in pulmonary hypertension (PH) in sickle cell disease (SCD). Our previous studies show that higher levels of placenta growth factor (PlGF), secreted by erythroid precursor cells, correlate with increased plasma levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and other functional markers of PH in SCD. PlGF-mediated ET-1 expression occurs via activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). However, relatively less is understood regarding how PlGF-mediated expression of HIF-1α and its downstream effector ET-1 are post-transcriptionally regulated. Herein, we show that PlGF treatment of endothelial cells resulted in reduced levels of miR-199a2, which targeted the 3'-UTR of HIF-1α mRNA and concomitantly led to augmented ET-1 expression. Plasma levels of miR-199a2 in SCD subjects were significantly lower with reciprocally high levels of plasma ET-1, unlike unaffected controls. This observation provided a molecular link between miR-199a2 and high levels of ET-1 in SCD. Furthermore, we show that miR-199a2 located in the DNM3os transcription unit was co-transcriptionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Binding of the latter to PPARα cis-elements in the promoter of DNM3os was demonstrated by promoter mutational analysis and ChIP. Additionally, we show that fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist, increased the expression of miR-199a2 and DNM3os; the former was responsible for reduced expression of HIF-1α and ET-1. In vivo studies of fenofibrate-fed Berkeley sickle mice resulted in increased levels of miR-199a2 and reduced levels of ET-1 in lung tissues. Our studies provide a potential therapeutic approach whereby fenofibrate-induced miR-199a2 expression can ameliorate PH by reduction of ET-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Marthe-Sandrine Eiymo Mwa Mpollo
- the Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | | | - Stanley M Tahara
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 and
| | - Punam Malik
- the Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Vijay K Kalra
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
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Abstract
The administration of disulfiram raises blood acetaldehyde levels when ethanol is ingested, leading to an aversion to alcohol. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of fenofibrate on voluntary ethanol ingestion in rats. Fenofibrate reduces blood triglyceride levels by increasing fatty acid oxidation by liver peroxisomes, along with an increase in the activity of catalase, which can oxidize ethanol to acetaldehyde. UChB drinker rats were allowed to consume alcohol 10% v/v freely for 60 days, until consumption stabilized at around 7 g ethanol/kg/24 h. About 1-1.2 g ethanol/kg of this intake is consumed in the first 2 h of darkness of the circadian cycle. Fenofibrate subsequently administered (50 mg/kg/day by mouth [p.o.]) for 14 days led to a 60-70% (p < 0.001) reduction of 24-h ethanol consumption. When ethanol intake was determined within the first 2 h of darkness, the reduction was 85-90% (p < 0.001). We determined whether animals chronically allowed access to ethanol and subsequently treated with fenofibrate, would a) increase liver catalase activity, and b) increase blood acetaldehyde levels after a 24-h ethanol deprivation and the subsequent administration of 1 g ethanol/kg. The oral administration of 1 g ethanol/kg produced a rapid increase in blood (arterial) acetaldehyde in fenofibrate-treated animals versus controls also administered 1 g/kg ethanol (70 μM vs. 7 μM; p < 0.001). Liver catalase activity following fenofibrate treatment was increased 3-fold (p < 0.01). Other hepatic enzymes responsible for the metabolism of ethanol (alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase) remained unchanged. No liver damage was induced, as measured by serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity. The effect of fenofibrate in reducing alcohol intake was fully reversible. Overall, in rats allowed chronic ethanol intake, by mouth (p.o.), fenofibrate administration increased liver catalase activity and reduced voluntary ethanol intake. The administration of 1 g ethanol/kg (p.o.) to these animals increased blood acetaldehyde levels in fenofibrate-treated animals, suggesting the possible basis for the reduction in ethanol intake.
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PPARγ negatively regulates T cell activation to prevent follicular helper T cells and germinal center formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99127. [PMID: 24921943 PMCID: PMC4055678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a transcription factor that regulates lipid and glucose metabolism. Although studies of PPARγ ligands have demonstrated its regulatory functions in inflammation and adaptive immunity, its intrinsic role in T cells and autoimmunity has yet to be fully elucidated. Here we used CD4-PPARγKO mice to investigate PPARγ-deficient T cells, which were hyper-reactive to produce higher levels of cytokines and exhibited greater proliferation than wild type T cells with increased ERK and AKT phosphorylation. Diminished expression of IκBα, Sirt1, and Foxo1, which are inhibitors of NF-κB, was observed in PPARγ-deficient T cells that were prone to produce all the signature cytokines under Th1, Th2, Th17, and Th9 skewing condition. Interestingly, 1-year-old CD4-PPARγKO mice spontaneously developed moderate autoimmune phenotype by increased activated T cells, follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) and germinal center B cells with glomerular inflammation and enhanced autoantibody production. Sheep red blood cell immunization more induced TFH cells and germinal centers in CD4-PPARγKO mice and the T cells showed increased of Bcl-6 and IL-21 expression suggesting its regulatory role in germinal center reaction. Collectively, these results suggest that PPARγ has a regulatory role for TFH cells and germinal center reaction to prevent autoimmunity.
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Sauer S. Amorfrutins: A Promising Class of Natural Products that Are Beneficial to Health. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1231-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Jun HJ, Lee JH, Kim J, Jia Y, Kim KH, Hwang KY, Yun EJ, Do KR, Lee SJ. Linalool is a PPARα ligand that reduces plasma TG levels and rewires the hepatic transcriptome and plasma metabolome. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1098-110. [PMID: 24752549 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m045807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the hypotriglyceridemic mechanism of action of linalool, an aromatic monoterpene present in teas and fragrant herbs. Reporter gene and time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays demonstrated that linalool is a direct ligand of PPARα. Linalool stimulation reduced cellular lipid accumulation regulating PPARα-responsive genes and significantly induced FA oxidation, and its effects were markedly attenuated by silencing PPARα expression. In mice, the oral administration of linalool for 3 weeks reduced plasma TG concentrations in Western-diet-fed C57BL/6J mice (31%, P < 0.05) and human apo E2 mice (50%, P < 0.05) and regulated hepatic PPARα target genes. However, no such effects were seen in PPARα-deficient mice. Transcriptome profiling revealed that linalool stimulation rewired global gene expression in lipid-loaded hepatocytes and that the effects of 1 mM linalool were comparable to those of 0.1 mM fenofibrate. Metabolomic analysis of the mouse plasma revealed that the global metabolite profiles were significantly distinguishable between linalool-fed mice and controls. Notably, the concentrations of saturated FAs were significantly reduced in linalool-fed mice. These findings suggest that the appropriate intake of a natural aromatic compound could exert beneficial metabolic effects by regulating a cellular nutrient sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Jun
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hae Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang Yeon Hwang
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Rok Do
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Joon Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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d'Uscio LV, He T, Santhanam AVR, Tai LJ, Evans RM, Katusic ZS. Mechanisms of vascular dysfunction in mice with endothelium-specific deletion of the PPAR-δ gene. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1001-10. [PMID: 24486511 PMCID: PMC3962632 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00761.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ is a nuclear hormone receptor that is mainly involved in lipid metabolism. Recent studies have suggested that PPAR-δ agonists exert vascular protective effects. The present study was designed to characterize vascular function in mice with genetic inactivation of PPAR-δ in the endothelium. Mice with vascular endothelial cell-specific deletion of the PPAR-δ gene (ePPARδ(-/-) mice) were generated using loxP/Cre technology. ePPARδ(-/-) mice were normotensive and did not display any sign of metabolic syndrome. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to ACh and endothelium-independent relaxations to the nitric oxide (NO) donor diethylammonium (Z)-1-(N,N-diethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate were both significantly impaired in the aorta and carotid arteries of ePPARδ(-/-) mice (P < 0.05). In ePPARδ(-/-) mouse aortas, phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase at Ser(1177) was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). However, basal levels of cGMP were unexpectedly increased (P < 0.05). Enzymatic activity of GTP-cyclohydrolase I and tetrahydrobiopterin levels were also enhanced in ePPARδ(-/-) mice (P < 0.05). Most notably, endothelium-specific deletion of the PPAR-δ gene significantly decreased protein expressions of catalase and glutathione peroxidase 1 and resulted in increased levels of H2O2 in the aorta (P < 0.05). In contrast, superoxide anion production was unaltered. Moreover, treatment with catalase prevented the endothelial dysfunction and elevation of cGMP detected in aortas of ePPARδ(-/-) mice. The findings suggest that increased levels of cGMP caused by H2O2 impair vasodilator reactivity to endogenous and exogenous NO. We speculate that chronic elevation of H2O2 predisposes PPAR-δ-deficient arteries to oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livius V d'Uscio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; and
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Effects of the PPAR-α agonist fenofibrate on acute and short-term consequences of brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:542-51. [PMID: 24398933 PMCID: PMC3948136 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In stroke, there is an imperative need to develop disease-modifying drugs able to (1) induce neuroprotection and vasculoprotection, (2) modulate recovery and brain plasticity, and (3) limit the short-term motor and cognitive consequences. We hypothesized that fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) agonist, could exert a beneficial effect on immediate and short-term poststroke consequences related to its pleiotropic mechanisms. Rats or mice were subjected to focal ischemia to determine the effects of acute treatment by fenofibrate on (i) motor and memory impairment, (2) both cerebral and vascular compartments, (3) inflammation, (4) neurogenesis, and (5) amyloid cascade. We show that fenofibrate administration results in both neuronal and vascular protection and prevents the short-term motor and cognitive poststroke consequences by interaction with several mechanisms. Modulation of PPAR-α generates beneficial effects in the immediate poststroke consequences by mechanisms involving the interactions between polynuclear neutrophils and the vessel wall, and microglial activation. Fenofibrate modulates mechanisms involved in neurorepair and amyloid cascade. Our results suggest that PPAR-α agonists could check the key points of a potential disease-modifying effect in stroke.
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Matsuda M, Shimomura I. Roles of adiponectin and oxidative stress in obesity-associated metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2014; 15:1-10. [PMID: 24026768 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-013-9271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase in populations with obesity is a worldwide social problem, and the enhanced susceptibility of obese people to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases has become a growing health threat. An understanding of the molecular basis for obesity-associated disease development is required to prevent these diseases. Many studies have revealed that the mechanism involves various bioactive molecules that are released from adipose tissues and designated as adipocytokines/adipokines. Adiponectin is an adipocytokine that exerts insulin-sensitizing effects in the liver and skeletal muscle via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and proliferator-activated receptor α activation. Additionally, adiponectin can suppress atherosclerosis development in vascular walls via various anti-inflammatory effects. In contrast, oxidative stress is a harmful factor that systemically increases during obesity and promotes the development of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and various other diseases. In obese mice, oxidative stress is enhanced in adipose tissue before diabetes development, but not in the liver, skeletal muscle, and aorta, suggesting that in obesity, adipose tissue may be a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS suppress adiponectin production in adipocytes. Treatment of obese mice with anti-oxidative agents improves insulin resistance and restores adiponectin production. Recent studies have demonstrated that adiponectin protects against oxidative stress-induced damage in the vascular endothelium and myocardium. Thus, decreased circulating adiponectin levels and increased oxidative stress, which are closely linked to each other, should be deeply involved in obesity-associated metabolic and cardiovascular disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiro Matsuda
- Institute of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center, and Chugoku Cancer Center, Hiroshima, Japan,
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Sahebkar A, Chew GT, Watts GF. New peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists: potential treatments for atherogenic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:493-503. [PMID: 24428677 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.876992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) modulators (selective PPAR modulators [SPPARMs]) and dual PPAR agonists may have an important role in the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders owing to lipid-modifying, insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the efficacy of new PPAR agonists and SPPARMs that are under development for the treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). EXPERT OPINION ABT-335 is a new formulation of fenofibrate that has been approved for concomitant use with statins. K-877, a SPPARM-α with encouraging preliminary results in modulating atherogenic dyslipidemia, and INT131, a SPPARM-γ with predominantly insulin-sensitizing actions, may also have favorable lipid-modifying effects. Although the development of dual PPAR-α/γ agonists (glitazars) and the SPPARM-δ GW501516 has been abandoned because of safety issues, another SPPARM-δ (MBX-8025) and a dual PPAR-α/δ agonist (GFT-505) have shown promising efficacy in decreasing plasma triglyceride and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, as well as improving insulin sensitivity and liver function. The beneficial effects of GFT-505 are complemented by preclinical findings that indicate reduction of hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Long-term trials are required to test the efficacy and safety of these new PPAR agonists in reducing cardiovascular outcomes and treating NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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