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Liu C, Jullian V, Chassagne F. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and biological activities of Psidium guajava in the treatment of diarrhea: a review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1459066. [PMID: 39246650 PMCID: PMC11377350 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1459066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Psidium guajava: is a tropical tree that is widely used in traditional medicine, especially for treating diarrhea. While P. guajava has been the subject of numerous reviews, none have specifically examined its ethnobotany, pharmacology, and phytochemistry in relation to its antidiarrheal activity. This review aims to summarize the evidence of effectiveness and safety of P. guajava in the treatment of diarrhea. Literature searches were conducted through Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect by using keywords "Psidium guajava" and "diarrhea" in October 2022. A total of 189 studies were included in this review. P. guajava is widely used in traditional medicine in 44 countries. Decoction and oral were the most represented method of preparation and administration, respectively, while leaves represented the most frequently cited part of the plant. Around 27 antidiarrheal or antibacterial compounds have been isolated and identified, including benzophenone glycosides, terpenes, polysaccharides, phenols, and flavonoids. This article presents ethnobotanical and pharmacological evidence for the efficacy of P. guajava leaves in the treatment of diarrhea and provides reference information for further investigation of this plant. However, despite the large number of publications on the topic, there are still some questions to answer: are quercetin and its glycosides the only ones to act as antidiarrheal agents? What is the mechanism of action of P. guajava antidiarrheal compounds? are the use of guava leaves safe in all types of populations including children, and at what dosage? To answer these questions, more complete phytochemical studies and systematic clinical trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmei Liu
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Jullian
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - François Chassagne
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
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Ma L, Zhou B, Liu H, Chen S, Zhang J, Wang T, Wang C. Dietary rutin improves the antidiarrheal capacity of weaned piglets by improving intestinal barrier function, antioxidant capacity and cecal microbiota composition. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:6262-6275. [PMID: 38466088 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early weaning is prone to damage intestinal barrier function, resulting in diarrhea, whereas rutin, as a natural flavonoid with multiple biological functions, shows potential in piglets. Therefore, the effects of dietary rutin on growth, antidiarrheal, barrier function, antioxidant status and cecal microbiota of weaned piglets were investigated with the control group (CON) (basal diet) and Rutin (basal diet+500 mg kg-1 rutin) groups fed for 14 days. RESULTS The results showed that dietary 500 mg kg-1 rutin significantly decreased diarrhea index, serum diamine oxidase activity and total aerobic bacterial population in mesenteric lymph nodes, whereas it significantly increased the gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) and serum growth hormone content, jejunal villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio, and also enhanced jejunal claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 mRNA and protein expression. Meanwhile, dietary rutin significantly decreased inflammation-associated mRNA expression, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, swollen mitochondrial number and mitochondrial area in the jejunum, whereas it increased the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activities and activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Moreover, dietary rutin significantly increased Firmicutes abundance and decreased Campylobacterota abundance, which were closely associated with the decreased diarrhea index and MDA content or increased Claudin-1 expression and T-SOD activity. CONCLUSION Dietary 500 mg kg-1 rutin increased G:F by improving intestinal morphology, and alleviated diarrhea by enhancing intestinal barrier, which might be associated with the enhanced antioxidant capacity via activating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway and the improved cecal microbial composition in weaned piglets. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Konuksever D, Karakaya SPY. Fecal leukocyte frequency in children with acute viral gastroenteritis: a single-center experience. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2024; 70:e20230972. [PMID: 38716934 PMCID: PMC11068384 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20230972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the frequency of rotavirus, adenovirus, and rota-adenovirus co-infections and investigate the fecal leukocyte rate associated with these infections in patients with gastroenteritis. METHODS This is a retrospective study. We identified patients who were admitted to the pediatric emergency department with acute gastroenteritis and had their stool samples tested for rotavirus and/or adenovirus antigens. Among them, we determined the individuals who underwent stool microscopy tests on the same day and recorded their results. RESULTS A total of 1,577 patients who underwent testing for rotavirus and/or adenovirus antigens in their stool samples were identified. Among these patients, 583 individuals had concurrent fecal microscopy results. The prevalence of solely rotavirus antigen positivity was 16.4%, solely adenovirus antigen positivity was 2.9%, and rota-adenovirus co-infections were detected in 1.8% of the children. The fecal leukocyte rates in children infected with rotavirus, adenovirus, and rota-adenovirus co-infections were 4.8, 13.3, and 88.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION The presence of fecal leukocytes was detected at a high rate in cases of viral gastroenteritis, especially in rota-adenovirus co-infections. Therefore, clinicians should not consider only bacterial pathogens in the presence of fecal leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Konuksever
- Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Pediatrics, Turkish Ministry of Health – Ankara, Turkey
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Dang HT, Tran DM, Phung TTB, Bui ATP, Vu YH, Luong MT, Nguyen HM, Trinh HT, Nguyen TT, Nguyen AH, Van Nguyen AT. Promising clinical and immunological efficacy of Bacillus clausii spore probiotics for supportive treatment of persistent diarrhea in children. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6422. [PMID: 38494525 PMCID: PMC10944834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Persistent diarrhea is a severe gastroenteric disease with relatively high risk of pediatric mortality in developing countries. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of liquid-form Bacillus clausii spore probiotics (LiveSpo CLAUSY; 2 billion CFU/5 mL ampoule) at high dosages of 4-6 ampoules a day in supporting treatment of children with persistent diarrhea. Our findings showed that B. clausii spores significantly improved treatment outcomes, resulting in a 2-day shorter recovery period (p < 0.05) and a 1.5-1.6 folds greater efficacy in reducing diarrhea symptoms, such as high frequency of bowel movement of ≥ 3 stools a day, presence of fecal mucus, and diapered infant stool scale types 4-5B. LiveSpo CLAUSY supportive treatment achieved 3 days (p < 0.0001) faster recovery from diarrhea disease, with 1.6-fold improved treatment efficacy. At day 5 of treatment, a significant decrease in blood levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23 by 3.24% (p = 0.0409), 29.76% (p = 0.0001), and 10.87% (p = 0.0036), respectively, was observed in the Clausy group. Simultaneously, there was a significant 37.97% decrease (p = 0.0326) in the excreted IgA in stool at day 5 in the Clausy group. Overall, the clinical study demonstrates the efficacy of B. clausii spores (LiveSpo CLAUSY) as an effective symptomatic treatment and immunomodulatory agent for persistent diarrhea in children.Trial registration: NCT05812820.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thuy Dang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vietnam National Children's Hospital, No. 18/879 La Thanh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dien Minh Tran
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Vietnam National Children's Hospital, No. 18/879 La Thanh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Bich Phung
- Department of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Vietnam National Children's Hospital, No. 18/879 La Thanh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Thi Phuong Bui
- Spobiotic Research Center, ANABIO R&D Ltd. Company, No. 22, Lot 7,8 Van Khe Urban, La Khe, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yen Hai Vu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vietnam National Children's Hospital, No. 18/879 La Thanh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Thi Luong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vietnam National Children's Hospital, No. 18/879 La Thanh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hang Minh Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Vietnam National Children's Hospital, No. 18/879 La Thanh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thi Trinh
- Department of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Vietnam National Children's Hospital, No. 18/879 La Thanh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tham Thi Nguyen
- Spobiotic Research Center, ANABIO R&D Ltd. Company, No. 22, Lot 7,8 Van Khe Urban, La Khe, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Hoa Nguyen
- Spobiotic Research Center, ANABIO R&D Ltd. Company, No. 22, Lot 7,8 Van Khe Urban, La Khe, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- LiveSpo Pharma Ltd. Company, N03T5, Ngoai Giao Doan Urban, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Anh Thi Van Nguyen
- Spobiotic Research Center, ANABIO R&D Ltd. Company, No. 22, Lot 7,8 Van Khe Urban, La Khe, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Ramananda Y, Naren AP, Arora K. Functional Consequences of CFTR Interactions in Cystic Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3384. [PMID: 38542363 PMCID: PMC10970640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a fatal autosomal recessive disorder caused by the loss of function mutations within a single gene for the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). CFTR is a chloride channel that regulates ion and fluid transport across various epithelia. The discovery of CFTR as the CF gene and its cloning in 1989, coupled with extensive research that went into the understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms of CF, have led to the development of revolutionary therapies in CF that we see today. The highly effective modulator therapies have increased the survival rates of CF patients and shifted the epidemiological landscape and disease prognosis. However, the differential effect of modulators among CF patients and the presence of non-responders and ineligible patients underscore the need to develop specialized and customized therapies for a significant number of patients. Recent advances in the understanding of the CFTR structure, its expression, and defined cellular compositions will aid in developing more precise therapies. As the lifespan of CF patients continues to increase, it is becoming critical to clinically address the extra-pulmonary manifestations of CF disease to improve the quality of life of the patients. In-depth analysis of the molecular signature of different CF organs at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels is rapidly advancing and will help address the etiological causes and variability of CF among patients and develop precision medicine in CF. In this review, we will provide an overview of CF disease, leading to the discovery and characterization of CFTR and the development of CFTR modulators. The later sections of the review will delve into the key findings derived from single-molecule and single-cell-level analyses of CFTR, followed by an exploration of disease-relevant protein complexes of CFTR that may ultimately define the etiological course of CF disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashaswini Ramananda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Anjaparavanda P. Naren
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kavisha Arora
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Chavda VP, Vuppu S, Mishra T, Kamaraj S, Sharma N, Punetha S, Sairam A, Vaghela D, Dargahi N, Apostolopoulos V. Combatting infectious diarrhea: innovations in treatment and vaccination strategies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:246-265. [PMID: 38372023 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2295015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The escalating prevalence of infectious diseases is an important cause of concern in society. Particularly in several developing countries, infectious diarrhea poses a major problem, with a high fatality rate, especially among young children. The condition is divided into four classes, namely, acute diarrhea, invasive diarrhea, acute bloody diarrhea, and chronic diarrhea. Various pathogenic agents, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and helminths, contribute to the onset of this condition. AREAS COVERED The review discusses the scenario of infectious diarrhea, the prevalent types, as well as approaches to management including preventive, therapeutic, and vaccination strategies. The vaccination techniques are extensively discussed including the available vaccines, their advantages as well as limitations. EXPERT OPINION There are several approaches available to develop new-improved vaccines. In addition, route of immunization is important and aerosols/nasal sprays, oral route, skin patches, powders, and liquid jets to minimize needles can be used. Plant-based vaccines, such as rice, might save packing and refrigeration costs by being long-lasting, non-refrigerable, and immunogenic. Future research should utilize predetermined PCR testing intervals and symptom monitoring to identify persistent pathogens after therapy and symptom remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Suneetha Vuppu
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Toshika Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathvika Kamaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nikita Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swati Punetha
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Sairam
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dixa Vaghela
- Pharmacy Section, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Narges Dargahi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Immunology Program, Sunshine Hospital Campus, Saint Albans, Victoria, Australia
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Yuwen L, Li X, Wu L, Luo Y, Su S. Construction of a point-of-care electrochemical biosensor for Escherichia coli 16S rRNA analysis based on MoS 2 nanoprobes. Analyst 2023; 148:6292-6296. [PMID: 37975852 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01693e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are harmful to human health because they can contaminate food and induce diseases. To efficiently distinguish and determine foodborne bacteria, an ultrasensitive point-of-care electrochemical biosensor was designed for 16S rRNA detection by coupling a signal amplification strategy with MoS2-based nanoprobes. Gold nanoparticles and thionine co-functionalized molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanocomposites (MoS2-Thi-AuNPs) were used to construct nanoprobes, which can efficiently monitor the detection process and amplify the detection signal. In the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) 16S rRNA, a classical sandwiched DNA structure was formed on the surface of a hierarchical flower-like gold nanostructure-decorated screen-printed carbon electrode (HFGN-SPCE), generating an obvious electrochemical signal from Thi. Under optimal conditions, this designed electrochemical biosensor showed a wide dynamic range (0-1.0 × 106 fM), low detection limit (2.8 fM), high selectivity and accepted stability for E. coli 16S rRNA detection in ideal buffers. Moreover, this biosensor can efficiently determine 16S rRNA in milk samples and 10 CFU mL-1 bacterial lysate. All experimental results suggested that this biosensor has a promising application in the detection of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Yuwen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xinyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Liquan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Iancu MA, Profir M, Roşu OA, Ionescu RF, Cretoiu SM, Gaspar BS. Revisiting the Intestinal Microbiome and Its Role in Diarrhea and Constipation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2177. [PMID: 37764021 PMCID: PMC10538221 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota represents a community of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoa) that colonize the gut and are responsible for gut mucosal structural integrity and immune and metabolic homeostasis. The relationship between the gut microbiome and human health has been intensively researched in the past years. It is now widely recognized that gut microbial composition is highly responsible for the general health of the host. Among the diseases that have been linked to an altered gut microbial population are diarrheal illnesses and functional constipation. The capacity of probiotics to modulate the gut microbiome population, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and modulate the immune system together with their antioxidant properties have encouraged the research of probiotic therapy in many gastrointestinal afflictions. Dietary and lifestyle changes and the use of probiotics seem to play an important role in easing constipation and effectively alleviating diarrhea by suppressing the germs involved. This review aims to describe how probiotic bacteria and the use of specific strains could interfere and bring benefits as an associated treatment for diarrhea and constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Adela Iancu
- Department of Family Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Monica Profir
- Department of Oncology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania; (M.P.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Oana Alexandra Roşu
- Department of Oncology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania; (M.P.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Ruxandra Florentina Ionescu
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Cardiology I, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sanda Maria Cretoiu
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Severus Gaspar
- Surgery Clinic, Emergency Clinical Hospital, 014461 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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García-Santos JA, Nieto-Ruiz A, García-Ricobaraza M, Cerdó T, Campoy C. Impact of Probiotics on the Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases in the Pediatric Population. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119427. [PMID: 37298377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders (GIDs) in infants and children, especially those categorized as functional GIDs (FGIDs), insufficient knowledge about their pathophysiology has limited both symptomatic diagnosis and the development of optimal therapies. Recent advances in the field of probiotics have made their potential use as an interesting therapeutic and preventive strategy against these disorders possible, but further efforts are still needed. In fact, there is great controversy surrounding this topic, generated by the high variety of potential probiotics strains with plausible therapeutic utility, the lack of consensus in their use as well as the few comparative studies available on probiotics that record their efficacy. Taking into account these limitations, and in the absence of clear guidelines about the dose and timeframe for successful probiotic therapy, our review aimed to evaluate current studies on potential use of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of the most common FGIDs and GIDs in the pediatric population. Furthermore, matters referring to know major action pathways and key safety recommendations for probiotic administration proposed by major pediatric health agencies shall also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio García-Santos
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento 19, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs-GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Avda. de Madrid 15, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Nieto-Ruiz
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento 19, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs-GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Avda. de Madrid 15, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - María García-Ricobaraza
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento 19, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs-GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Avda. de Madrid 15, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Tomás Cerdó
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal, s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento 19, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs-GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Avda. de Madrid 15, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Spanish Network of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada's Node, Carlos III Health Institute, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5, 28028 Madrid, Spain
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Anjum N, Hossain MS, Rahman MA, Rafi MKJ, Al Noman A, Afroze M, Saha S, Alelwani W, Tangpong J. Deciphering antidiarrheal effects of Meda pata (Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob.) leaf extract in chemical-induced models of albino rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116189. [PMID: 36791925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of preventable death in developing countries, mainly caused by bacterial infections and traditional therapies are very common in diarrheal incidences. Meda Pata (Litsea glutionsa) has a long history of use as traditional medicine for diarrhea, dysentery, and spasm in Bangladesh, India, and some other Asian countries. AIM OF THE STUDY This research reports the antidiarrheal effects of Meda Pata (Litsea glutinosa leaf extract, LGLEx) in animal models. The work has been supported by in silico molecular docking study to verify the effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antidiarrheal effect of LGLEx was investigated in castor oil-induced diarrhea, magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea, and gastrointestinal motility test models. Antidiarrheal effects were supported by a molecular docking study through an interaction between LGLEx's GC-MS analyzed imidazole-containing compounds and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (PDB: 4U14) and 5-HT3 receptor (PDB: 5AIN). RESULTS LGLEx potentially reduced the diarrheal incidences in in vivo assays reducing gastrointestinal motility. The maximum diarrheal inhibition was obtained in the castor oil-induced model (62.63%) and and BaSO4-induced model (73.14%), which were statistically significant (P < 0.05) when compared to the reference drug loperamide. In the castor-oil and BaSO4-induced models, peristaltic movement was reduced by 25.96% and 32.17%, respectively. Biochemical markers particularly IgE, C-reactive proteins, and serum electrolytes were significantly (P < 0.0) restored in treated groups. A Molecular docking analysis revealed that two compounds (1-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethylimidazole and 1,6-Anhydro-beta-D-glucofuranose demonstrated the highest binding affinity with target receptors muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (PDB: 4U14) and 5-HT3 receptor (PDB: 5AIN) confirming their drug likeliness. The findings indicate a high potential antidiarrheal impact that warrants further investigation for its therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazifa Anjum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Saddam Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh; School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
| | - Md Khalid Juhani Rafi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh.
| | - Abdullah Al Noman
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh.
| | - Mirola Afroze
- Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM), Dr. Kudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Srabonti Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh.
| | - Walla Alelwani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jitbanjong Tangpong
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
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11
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Regulation of nutrient and electrolyte absorption in human organoid-derived intestinal epithelial cell monolayers. Transl Res 2022; 248:22-35. [PMID: 35513245 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently developed human intestinal epithelial 3D organoid cultures are a useful cell culture model to study intestinal transport physiology. From these, 2D monolayer cultures can be generated in which apical transporters are exposed to the medium, thereby better facilitating in vitro investigation of intestinal absorption processes. However, whether nutrient and electrolyte absorption can be physiologically regulated in human organoid-derived monolayers has not been determined. Constitutive nitric oxide (cNO) is known to regulate multiple gastrointestinal physiological functions. Previous studies using in vivo and in vitro mammalian animal models indicate that enhanced intracellular cNO differentially regulates the two primary apical Na transporters in small intestinal epithelial cells. Here, we generated human jejunal organoid-derived monolayers to determine whether apical nutrient and electrolyte transporter function is regulated by cNO in human enterocytes. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemical staining showed that organoid-derived 2D cultures express markers of enterocyte differentiation and form intact monolayers of apical-basal polarized epithelial cells. Uptake studies demonstrated that jejunal monolayers exhibit functional activity of Na-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1; SLC5A1) and Na-H exchanger 3 (NHE3; SLC9A3). In response to physiological increases in cNO, the two primary apical Na transporters were differentially regulated in human intestinal organoid-derived monolayers, across multiple human specimens. An increase in cNO stimulated SGLT1, while NHE3 was inhibited. These results are similar to what is seen in vivo and in vitro in different animal intestinal models. Thus, human jejunal organoid-derived monolayers are an ideal in vitro model to better understand how intestinal nutrient absorption is regulated.
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12
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Neuwirth T, Knapp K, Stary G. (Not) Home alone: Antigen presenting cell - T Cell communication in barrier tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984356. [PMID: 36248804 PMCID: PMC9556809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming of T cells by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is essential for T cell fate decisions, enabling T cells to migrate to specific tissues to exert their effector functions. Previously, these interactions were mainly explored using blood-derived cells or animal models. With great advances in single cell RNA-sequencing techniques enabling analysis of tissue-derived cells, it has become clear that subsets of APCs are responsible for priming and modulating heterogeneous T cell effector responses in different tissues. This composition of APCs and T cells in tissues is essential for maintaining homeostasis and is known to be skewed in infection and inflammation, leading to pathological T cell responses. This review highlights the commonalities and differences of T cell priming and subsequent effector function in multiple barrier tissues such as the skin, intestine and female reproductive tract. Further, we provide an overview of how this process is altered during tissue-specific infections which are known to cause chronic inflammation and how this knowledge could be harnessed to modify T cell responses in barrier tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Neuwirth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Knapp
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Baker JR, Farazuddin M, Wong PT, O'Konek JJ. The unfulfilled potential of mucosal immunization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:1-11. [PMID: 35569567 PMCID: PMC9098804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent events involving the global coronavirus pandemic have focused attention on vaccination strategies. Although tremendous advances have been made in subcutaneous and intramuscular vaccines during this time, one area that has lagged in implementation is mucosal immunization. Mucosal immunization provides several potential advantages over subcutaneous and intramuscular routes, including protection from localized infection at the site of entry, clearance of organisms on mucosal surfaces, induction of long-term immunity through establishment of central and tissue-resident memory cells, and the ability to shape regulatory responses. Despite these advantages, significant barriers remain to achieving effective mucosal immunization. The epithelium itself provides many obstacles to immunization, and the activation of immune recognition and effector pathways that leads to mucosal immunity has been difficult to achieve. This review will highlight the potential advantages of mucosal immunity, define the barriers to mucosal immunization, examine the immune mechanisms that need to be activated on mucosal surfaces, and finally address recent developments in methods for mucosal vaccination that have shown promise in generating immunity on mucosal surfaces in human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Baker
- From the Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
| | - Mohammad Farazuddin
- From the Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Pamela T Wong
- From the Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Jessica J O'Konek
- From the Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
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Qiao J, Yang J, Jalili S. Propolis-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Bacterial Diarrhea: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea is a disorder in the gastrointestinal system that is accompanied by cramps, decreased stool’s viscosity, and reduced defecation intervals. In the current study, propolis was loaded into chitosan nanoparticles to develop a potential treatment for gastrointestinal infections.
Various In Vitro experiments were performed to characterize the produced nanoparticles. The healing function of propolis-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (ProCHNPs) was evaluated in a rat model of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea. In Vitro studies showed
that ProCHNPs were not toxic against intestinal epithelial cells and improved their viability. Furthermore, these particles had around 261.49±63.22 nm average particle size and showed significantly higher antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities than propolis-free chitosan nanoparticles.
In Vivo studies showed that ProCHNPs had comparable anti-diarrhea function with norfloxacin as the standard drug. In addition, ProCHNPs increased the number of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal microflora and reduced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colon tissue. This
study suggests potential use of ProCHNPs as an alternative treatment for bacterial diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, 3201 Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xi’an Gaoxin Hospital, Xi’an, 710061, China
| | - Saman Jalili
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 548987, Iran
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15
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Wang P, Asare E, Pitzer VE, Dubrow R, Chen K. Associations between long-term drought and diarrhea among children under five in low- and middle-income countries. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3661. [PMID: 35773263 PMCID: PMC9247069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is projected to intensify drought conditions, which may increase the risk of diarrheal diseases in children. We constructed log-binomial generalized linear mixed models to examine the association between diarrhea risk, ascertained from global-scale nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys, and drought, represented by the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, among children under five in 51 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Exposure to 6-month mild or severe drought was associated with an increased diarrhea risk of 5% (95% confidence interval 3-7%) or 8% (5-11%), respectively. The association was stronger among children living in a household that needed longer time to collect water or had no access to water or soap/detergent for handwashing. The association for 24-month drought was strong in dry zones but weak or null in tropical or temperate zones, whereas that for 6-month drought was only observed in tropical or temperate zones. In this work we quantify the associations between exposure to long-term drought and elevated diarrhea risk among children under five in LMICs and suggest that the risk could be reduced through improved water, sanitation, and hygiene practices, made more urgent by the likely increase in drought due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Ernest Asare
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases and the Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases and the Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert Dubrow
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Ahmed MU, Arise RO, Umaru IJ, Mohammed A. Antidiarheal activity of catechol and ethyl 5, 8,11,14,17 - icosapentanoate-rich fraction of Annona senegalensis stem bark. J Tradit Complement Med 2022; 12:190-194. [PMID: 35528478 PMCID: PMC9072799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Secretory diarrhea is the most common type of diarrhea. This study aimed at exploring the possible mechanism of antisecretory action of Annona senegalensis stem bark and to identify the bioactive compounds. Experimental procedure The ability of three crude extract; aqueous, dichloromethane and hexane stem bark extracts to inhibit castor oil-induced stooling in albino rats were assessed. Bioactivity guided fractionation of the most active extract was done using solvent-solvent partitioning (with hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate) and column chromatography. In vitro antioxidant activity of the most active sub-fraction was done using standard methods. The most active sub-fraction (25 mg/kg b. wt.) was administered to castor oil-induced diarrheal rats. Diarrheal rats small intestinal malondialdehyde concentration, antioxidant enzyme, cyclooxygenase II and Na+- K+ ATPase activities were determined using standard procedures. GC-MS analysis was done to identify the chemical compounds in the sub-fraction. Result and conclusion Aqueous extract significantly decreased the number of wet stools. Sub-fraction 1 of ethylacetate fraction of aqueous stem bark extract (EFAS1) showed the highest stool inhibition. The H2O2 scavenging activity of EFAS1 was significantly greater than ascorbic acid. The sub-fraction significantly increased (p < 0.05) the activity of catalase and Na+- K+ ATPase activities but significantly decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde and cyclooxygenase II activity. GC-MS analysis revealed that EFAS1 is rich in catechol, n-hexadecanoic acid and ethyl-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentanoate. The sub-fraction exerts its antisecretory activity by its antioxidative, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and stimulation of Na+- K+ ATPase properties due to the presence of catechol, n-hexedecanoic acid and ethyl-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentanoate.
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Key Words
- ABTS, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid
- AFAS, aqueous fraction of aqueous stem bark extract
- AS, aqueous stem bark extract
- Antidiarrheal
- Antioxidant
- COX II, Cycloxygenase II
- Cyclooxygenase II
- DFAS, diethylacetate fraction of aqueous stem bark extract
- DMSO, dimethylsufoxide
- DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- DS, Dichloromethane stem bark extract
- EFAS, ethylacetate fraction of aqueous stem bark extract
- GPx, Glutathione peroxidase
- HFAS, Hexane fraction of aqueous stem bark extract
- HS, Hexane stem bark extract
- Lipid peroxidation
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- Na+-K+ ATPase
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Usman Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa, Nigeria
| | | | - Isaac John Umaru
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria
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17
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Ahmed MU, Arise RO, Umaru IJ. Identification and Biochemical Characterization of Anti-enteropooling Compounds from Annona senegalensis Root Bark. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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18
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Bibi H, Ali N, Nabi M, Altaf IUK, Shahid M, bukhari SH, Niazi ZR, Shah KU. Flavonoids containing Vitex negundo extract displayed calcium channels blocking property underlying its anti-diarrheal and anti-spasmodic activities. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-210118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea is a major health problem and despite of interventions, it remains a substantial cause of mortality and morbidity. In this study, a flavonoids-rich Vitex negundo extract was mechanistically evaluated for its effectiveness in diarrheal diseases. The Vitex negundo ethanolic extract was subjected to extraction for isolation of total flavonoids and qualitative phytochemical analysis. The acute toxicity of flavonoids-extract was done in mice to assess its safety and tolerability. The anti-diarrhoeal activity was determined using the castor oil induced diarrhea mouse model at doses of 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg in relation to loperamide (10 mg/kg, oral). The antispasmodic profile was determined by using cut pieces of rabbit’s jejunum in Tyrode’s solutions, employing acetylcholine (0.03μM) as a tissue stabilizer and verapamil, as a calcium channel blocker. The preliminary qualitative analysis of extract revealed different phytochemicals, in addition to flavonoids. The acute toxicity profile showed that the flavonoids-extract is safe and tolerable (LD50 = 1678 mg/kg). In the tissue experiments, the total flavonoids exhibited an EC50 of 1.52 mg/mL and showed maximum relaxation of spontaneous contractions at 5.0 mg/mL and against high-K + induced contractions at 3 mg/mL (EC50 = 0.43 mg/mL). The spasmolytic activity of total flavonoids was comparable to verapamil which suggests that the activity might be due to the blockade of calcium channels. The flavonoids extract (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/mL) produced an adequate right shift in the calcium concentration response curve as compared to the control (EC50 value = –2.67 mg/mL), which confirmed that the extract has calcium channel blocking activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadia Bibi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Women Institute of Learning (WIL), Abbottabad, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Niaz Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | | | - Zahid Rasul Niazi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan
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Yang X, Xiong W, Huang T, He J. Meteorological and social conditions contribute to infectious diarrhea in China. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23374. [PMID: 34862400 PMCID: PMC8642416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diarrhea in China showed a significant pattern. Many researchers have tried to reveal the drivers, yet usually only meteorological factors were taken into consideration. Furthermore, the diarrheal data they analyzed were incomplete and the algorithms they exploited were inefficient of adapting realistic relationships. Here, we investigate the impacts of meteorological and social factors on the number of infectious diarrhea cases in China. A machine learning algorithm called the Random Forest is utilized. Our results demonstrate that nearly half of infectious diarrhea occurred among children under 5 years old. Generally speaking, increasing temperature or relative humidity leads to increased cases of infectious diarrhea in China. Nevertheless, people from different age groups or different regions own different sensitivities to meteorological factors. The weight of feces that are harmfully treated could be a possible reason for infectious diarrhea of the elderly as well as children under 5 years old. These findings indicate that infectious diarrhea prevention for children under 5 years old remains a primary task in China. Personalized prevention countermeasures ought to be provided to different age groups and different regions. It is essential to bring the weight of feces that are harmfully treated to the forefront when considering infectious diarrhea prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yang
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Weifeng Xiong
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Tianyao Huang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Juan He
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Liang M, Ding X, Wu Y, Sun Y. Temperature and risk of infectious diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68144-68154. [PMID: 34268683 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15395-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diarrhea (ID) is an intestinal infectious disease including cholera, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, bacterial and amebic dysentery, and other infectious diarrhea. There are many studies that have explored the relationship between ambient temperature and the spread of infectious diarrhea, but the results are inconsistent. It is necessary to systematically evaluate the impact of temperature on the incidence of ID. This study was based on the PRISMA statement to report this systematic review. We conducted literature searches from CNKI, VIP databases, CBM, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and other databases. The number registered in PROSPERO is CRD42021225472. After searching a total of 4915 articles in the database and references, 27 studies were included. The number of people involved exceeded 7.07 million. The overall result demonstrated when the temperature rises, the risk of infectious diarrhea increases significantly (RRcumulative=1.42, 95%CI: 1.07-1.88, RRsingle-day=1.08, 95%CI: 1.03-1.14). Subgroup analysis found the effect of temperature on the bacillary dysentery group (RRcumulative=1.85, 95%CI: 1.48-2.30) and unclassified diarrhea groups (RRcumulative=1.18, 95%CI: 0.59-2.34). The result of the single-day effect subgroup analysis was similar to the result of the cumulative effect. And the sensitivity analysis proved that the results were robust. This systematic review and meta-analysis support that temperature will increase the risk of ID, which is helpful for ID prediction and early warning in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yile Wu
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yehuan Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Evidence-Based Practice, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Ferrari AGM, Crapnell RD, Banks CE. Electroanalytical Overview: Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Food and Drink Safety. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:291. [PMID: 34436093 PMCID: PMC8392528 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Robust, reliable, and affordable analytical techniques are essential for screening and monitoring food and water safety from contaminants, pathogens, and allergens that might be harmful upon consumption. Recent advances in decentralised, miniaturised, and rapid tests for health and environmental monitoring can provide an alternative solution to the classic laboratory-based analytical techniques currently utilised. Electrochemical biosensors offer a promising option as portable sensing platforms to expedite the transition from laboratory benchtop to on-site analysis. A plethora of electroanalytical sensor platforms have been produced for the detection of small molecules, proteins, and microorganisms vital to ensuring food and drink safety. These utilise various recognition systems, from direct electrochemical redox processes to biological recognition elements such as antibodies, enzymes, and aptamers; however, further exploration needs to be carried out, with many systems requiring validation against standard benchtop laboratory-based techniques to offer increased confidence in the sensing platforms. This short review demonstrates that electroanalytical biosensors already offer a sensitive, fast, and low-cost sensor platform for food and drink safety monitoring. With continued research into the development of these sensors, increased confidence in the safety of food and drink products for manufacturers, policy makers, and end users will result.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (A.G.-M.F.); (R.D.C.)
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22
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Mizutani T, Aboagye SY, Ishizaka A, Afum T, Mensah GI, Asante-Poku A, Asandem DA, Parbie PK, Abana CZY, Kushitor D, Bonney EY, Adachi M, Hori H, Ishikawa K, Matano T, Taniguchi K, Opare D, Arhin D, Asiedu-Bekoe F, Ampofo WK, Yeboah-Manu D, Koram KA, Anang AK, Kiyono H. Gut microbiota signature of pathogen-dependent dysbiosis in viral gastroenteritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13945. [PMID: 34230563 PMCID: PMC8260788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis associated with diarrhea is considered a serious disease in Africa and South Asia. In this study, we examined the trends in the causative pathogens of diarrhea and the corresponding gut microbiota in Ghana using microbiome analysis performed on diarrheic stools via 16S rRNA sequencing. In total, 80 patients with diarrhea and 34 healthy adults as controls, from 2017 to 2018, were enrolled in the study. Among the patients with diarrhea, 39 were norovirus-positive and 18 were rotavirus-positive. The analysis of species richness (Chao1) was lower in patients with diarrhea than that in controls. Beta-diversity analysis revealed significant differences between the two groups. Several diarrhea-related pathogens (e.g., Escherichia-Shigella, Klebsiella and Campylobacter) were detected in patients with diarrhea. Furthermore, co-infection with these pathogens and enteroviruses (e.g., norovirus and rotavirus) was observed in several cases. Levels of both Erysipelotrichaceae and Staphylococcaceae family markedly differed between norovirus-positive and -negative diarrheic stools, and the 10 predicted metabolic pathways, including the carbohydrate metabolism pathway, showed significant differences between rotavirus-positive patients with diarrhea and controls. This comparative study of diarrheal pathogens in Ghana revealed specific trends in the gut microbiota signature associated with diarrhea and that pathogen-dependent dysbiosis occurred in viral gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Mizutani
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Samuel Yaw Aboagye
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Aya Ishizaka
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Theophillus Afum
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gloria Ivy Mensah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adwoa Asante-Poku
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Diana Asema Asandem
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prince Kofi Parbie
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Dennis Kushitor
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Yayra Bonney
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Koichi Ishikawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Ansah Koram
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Institute for Global Prominent Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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23
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Yu Q. Slc26a3 (DRA) in the Gut: Expression, Function, Regulation, Role in Infectious Diarrhea and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:575-584. [PMID: 32989468 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transport of transepithelial Cl- and HCO3- is crucial for the function of the intestinal epithelium and maintains the acid-based homeostasis. Slc26a3 (DRA), as a key chloride-bicarbonate exchanger protein in the intestinal epithelial luminal membrane, participates in the electroneutral NaCl absorption of intestine, together with Na+/H+ exchangers. Increasing recent evidence supports the essential role of decreased DRA function or expression in infectious diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHOD In this review, we give an overview of the current knowledge of Slc26a3, including its cloning and expression, function, roles in infectious diarrhea and IBD, and mechanisms of actions. A better understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological relevance of Slc26a3 in infectious diarrhea and IBD may reveal novel targets for future therapy. CONCLUSION Understanding the physiological function, regulatory interactions, and the potential mechanisms of Slc26a3 in the pathophysiology of infectious diarrhea and IBD will define novel therapeutic approaches in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, China
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24
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Negretti NM, Gourley CR, Talukdar PK, Clair G, Klappenbach CM, Lauritsen CJ, Adkins JN, Konkel ME. The Campylobacter jejuni CiaD effector co-opts the host cell protein IQGAP1 to promote cell entry. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1339. [PMID: 33637714 PMCID: PMC7910587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne pathogen that binds to and invades the epithelial cells lining the human intestinal tract. Maximal invasion of host cells by C. jejuni requires cell binding as well as delivery of the Cia proteins (Campylobacter invasion antigens) to the host cell cytosol via the flagellum. Here, we show that CiaD binds to the host cell protein IQGAP1 (a Ras GTPase-activating-like protein), thus displacing RacGAP1 from the IQGAP1 complex. This, in turn, leads to the unconstrained activity of the small GTPase Rac1, which is known to have roles in actin reorganization and internalization of C. jejuni. Our results represent the identification of a host cell protein targeted by a flagellar secreted effector protein and demonstrate that C. jejuni-stimulated Rac signaling is dependent on IQGAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Negretti
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Christopher R Gourley
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Prabhat K Talukdar
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Geremy Clair
- Integrative Omics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Courtney M Klappenbach
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Cody J Lauritsen
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Joshua N Adkins
- Integrative Omics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Michael E Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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25
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Ghale-Noie ZN, Salmaninejad A, Bergquist R, Mollazadeh S, Hoseini B, Sahebkar A. Genetic Aspects and Immune Responses in Covid-19: Important Organ Involvement. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1327:3-22. [PMID: 34279825 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-71697-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, the world has experienced outbreaks of three major coronaviruses with high morbidity and mortality rates. The most recent of these started in the form of an unusual viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and now the world is facing a serious pandemic. This new disease has been called COVID-19 and is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Understanding the specific genetic and phenotypic structure of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 pathogenesis is vital in finding appropriate drugs and vaccines. With this in mind, this review sheds light on the virology, genetics, immune-responses, and mechanism of action of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zari Naderi Ghale-Noie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Robert Bergquist
- Formerly UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samaneh Mollazadeh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Benyamin Hoseini
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Health Information Technology, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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26
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Freedman SB, Xie J, Nettel-Aguirre A, Pang XL, Chui L, Williamson-Urquhart S, Schnadower D, Schuh S, Sherman PM, Lee BE, Gouin S, Farion KJ, Poonai N, Hurley KF, Qiu Y, Ghandi B, Lloyd C, Finkelstein Y. A randomized trial evaluating virus-specific effects of a combination probiotic in children with acute gastroenteritis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2533. [PMID: 32439860 PMCID: PMC7242434 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteritis accounts for nearly 500,000 deaths in children younger than 5 years annually. Although probiotics have been touted as having the potential to expedite diarrhea resolution, recent clinical trials question their effectiveness. A potential explanation is a shift in pathogens following the introduction of a rotavirus vaccine. Here, we report the results of a multi-center, double-blind trial of 816 children with acute gastroenteritis who completed follow-up and provided multiple stool specimens. Participants were randomized to receive a probiotic containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus helveticus or placebo. We report no virus-specific beneficial effects attributable to the probiotic, either in reducing clinical symptoms or viral nucleic acid clearance from stool specimens collected up to 28 days following enrollment. We provide pathophysiological and microbiologic evidence to support the clinical findings and conclude that our data do not support routine probiotic administration to children with acute gastroenteritis, regardless of the infecting virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Freedman
- Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and Wellness, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada.
| | - Jianling Xie
- Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and Wellness, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Alberto Nettel-Aguirre
- Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and Wellness, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Xiao-Li Pang
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Sarah Williamson-Urquhart
- Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and Wellness, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - David Schnadower
- University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, UCA 45229, USA
| | - Suzanne Schuh
- University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Philip M Sherman
- University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Bonita E Lee
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Serge Gouin
- Université de Montréal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Ken J Farion
- University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Naveen Poonai
- University of Western Ontario, 800 Commissioners Road E, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Katrina F Hurley
- Dalhousie University, 5980 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Binal Ghandi
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Colin Lloyd
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Yaron Finkelstein
- University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
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27
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Khan MS, Ikram M, Park JS, Park TJ, Kim MO. Gut Microbiota, Its Role in Induction of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology, and Possible Therapeutic Interventions: Special Focus on Anthocyanins. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040853. [PMID: 32244729 PMCID: PMC7226756 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut is a safe environment for several microbes that are symbiotic and important for the wellbeing of human health. However, studies on gut microbiota in different animals have suggested that changes in the composition and structure of these microbes may promote gut inflammation by releasing inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides, gut-wall leakage, and may affect systemic inflammatory and immune mechanisms that are important for the normal functioning of the body. There are many factors that aid in the gut’s dysbiosis and neuroinflammation, including high stress levels, lack of sleep, fatty and processed foods, and the prolonged use of antibiotics. These neurotoxic mechanisms of dysbiosis may increase susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative conditions. Therefore, studies have recently been conducted to tackle AD-like conditions by specifically targeting gut microbes that need further elucidation. It was suggested that gut dyshomeostasis may be regulated by using available options, including the use of flavonoids such as anthocyanins, and restriction of the use of high-fatty-acid-containing food. In this review, we summarize the gut microbiota, factors promoting it, and possible therapeutic interventions especially focused on the therapeutic potential of natural dietary polyflavonoid anthocyanins. Our study strongly suggests that gut dysbiosis and systemic inflammation are critically involved in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, and the natural intake of these flavonoids may provide new therapeutic opportunities for preclinical or clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail Khan
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.K.); (M.I.); (J.S.P.)
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.K.); (M.I.); (J.S.P.)
| | - Jun Sung Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.K.); (M.I.); (J.S.P.)
| | - Tae Ju Park
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research, Centre Institute of Cancer, Sciences University of Glasgow, 0747 657 5394 Glasgow, UK;
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.K.); (M.I.); (J.S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1345; Fax: +82-55-772-2656
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28
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Karimi-Yazdi M, Ghalavand Z, Shabani M, Houri H, Sadredinamin M, Taheri M, Eslami G. High Rates of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Gene Distribution Among Shigella spp. Isolated from Pediatric Patients in Tehran, Iran. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:485-492. [PMID: 32104018 PMCID: PMC7025676 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s238559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shigella continues to be important causes of acute pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Shigella produces numerous virulence factors involved in colonization and invasion into epithelial cells which eventually result in the disease. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of virulence genes and to investigate antibiotic resistance profiles among Shigella isolates obtained from pediatric patients in Iran. Methods A total of 141 Shigella isolates were collected between March 2017 and September 2018 from stool of children under 14 who were suspected to have shigellosis. Shigella isolates were identified using standard microbiological and serological tests and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out via Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. In addition, the presence of seven virulence determinants including ipaH, ipaB, ipaC, ipaD, ipgD, sen, and virA were evaluated using PCR. Results S. sonnei (78.7%) was the most prevalent shigella spp. among children with shigellosis followed by S. flexneri (19.9%) and S. boydii (1.4%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that most of the isolates were considered as multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Our findings also showed a high resistance rate against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Shigella isolates. The prevalence of ipaH, ipaC, sen, ipaD, virA, ipaB, and ipgD were 100%, 95.7%, 95.7%, 94.3%, 93.6%, 92.9%, and 80.8%, respectively. Conclusion The current study revealed that S. sonnei was the predominant species isolated from children with shigellosis in Iran. Our results also indicated a high distribution of type III secretion system effector protein-encoding genes and high multidrug-resistance among shigella spp. in Iran. Therefore, it is suggested that antimicrobial susceptibility testing be performed prior to antibiotic prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadmahdi Karimi-Yazdi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ghalavand
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shabani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Houri
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Sadredinamin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Taheri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Eslami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Jumani RS, Spector JM, Izadnegahdar R, Kelly P, Diagana TT, Manjunatha UH. Innovations in Addressing Pediatric Diarrhea in Low Resource Settings. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:14-24. [PMID: 31612701 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhea has long been recognized as an important cause of mortality during childhood. In parallel with ensuring access to proven care practices is the imperative to apply modern advances in medicine, science, and technology to accelerate progress against diarrheal disease, particularly in developing countries where the burden of avoidable harm is the greatest. In order to highlight achievements and identify outstanding areas of need, we reviewed the landscape of recent innovations that have significance for the study and clinical management of pediatric diarrhea in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv S. Jumani
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Spector
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Rasa Izadnegahdar
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 440 5th Ave N, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Paul Kelly
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, United Kingdom
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Thierry T. Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Ujjini H. Manjunatha
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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30
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Lertsethtakarn P, Silapong S, Sakpaisal P, Serichantalergs O, Ruamsap N, Lurchachaiwong W, Anuras S, Platts-Mills JA, Liu J, Houpt ER, Bodhidatta L, Swierczewski BE, Mason CJ. Travelers' Diarrhea in Thailand: A Quantitative Analysis Using TaqMan® Array Card. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:120-127. [PMID: 29351583 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Travelers' diarrhea (TD) is a common illness experienced by travelers from developed countries who visit developing countries. Recent questionnaire-based surveillance studies showed that approximately 6%-16% of travelers experienced TD while visiting Thailand; however, a majority of TD information was limited mainly to US military populations. Methods A TD surveillance study was conducted at Bumrungrad International Hospital in 2012-2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. Enteropathogens were identified using conventional methods and the TaqMan® array card (TAC), which uses real-time polymerase chain reaction for the simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens. Analyses to determine pathogen-disease and symptoms association were performed to elucidate the clinical relevance of each enteropathogen. Results TAC identified more pathogens per sample than conventional methods. Campylobacter spp. were the most prevalent, followed by the diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and norovirus GII. These agents had significant pathogen-disease associations as well as high attributable fractions among diarrheal cases. A wide range of pathogen loads for Campylobacter spp. was associated with TD, while heat-labile toxin enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was associated with an increased pathogen load. Most cases were associated with inflammatory diarrhea, while Campylobacter spp. and Shigella spp. were associated with dysentery. Conclusions A pan-molecular diagnostic method such as TAC produces quantifiable and comparable results of all tested pathogens, thereby reducing the variability associated with multiple conventional methods. This allows better determination of the clinical relevance of each diarrhea etiologic agent, as well as their geographical relevance in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paphavee Lertsethtakarn
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasikorn Silapong
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimmada Sakpaisal
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oralak Serichantalergs
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattaya Ruamsap
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Woradee Lurchachaiwong
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sinn Anuras
- Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brett E Swierczewski
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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31
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Akieda-Asai S, Ma H, Date Y. Palmitic acid induces guanylin gene expression through the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB pathway in rat macrophages. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C1239-C1246. [PMID: 31553648 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00081.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we showed that double-transgenic rats overexpressing guanylin (Gn), a bioactive peptide, and its receptor, guanylyl cyclase-C (GC-C), specifically in macrophages demonstrate an antiobesity phenotype and low-expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the mesenteric fat even when fed a high-fat diet. Here, we examined the levels and mechanism of Gn and GC-C transcription following saturated fatty acid and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an activator of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), exposure by using the NR8383 macrophage cell line. In addition, the levels of guanylin and cGMP were increased by addition of either palmitic acid or LPS. Next, we investigated the interaction of the gene transcription and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by using an NF-κB inhibitor and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. We showed that palmitic acid induced Gn gene expression via TLR4 and NF-κB. Moreover, we demonstrated that NF-κB binding to the Gn promoter was responsible for the induction of gene transcription by palmitic acid or LPS. Our results indicate that saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid activate Gn gene expression via the NF-κB pathway, raising the possibility that the activated Gn-GC-C system may contribute to the inhibition of high-fat diet-induced proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Akieda-Asai
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hao Ma
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yukari Date
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Kumar S, Bains T, Won Kim AS, Tam C, Kim J, Cheng LW, Land KM, Debnath A, Kumar V. Highly Potent 1 H-1,2,3-Triazole-Tethered Isatin-Metronidazole Conjugates Against Anaerobic Foodborne, Waterborne, and Sexually-Transmitted Protozoal Parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:380. [PMID: 30425970 PMCID: PMC6218680 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections like amebiasis, trichomoniasis, and giardiasis are major health threats in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the current drug of choice for amebiasis, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis but it has several adverse effects and potential resistance is a concern. In order to develop alternative antimicrobials, a library of 1H-1,2,3-triazole-tethered metronidazole-isatin conjugates was synthesized using Huisgen's azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction and evaluated for their amebicidal, anti-trichomonal, and anti-giardial potential. Most of the synthesized conjugates exhibited activities against Trichomonas vaginalis, Tritrichomonas foetus, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia. While activities against T. vaginalis and T. foetus were comparable to that of the standard drug MTZ, better activities were observed against E. histolytica and G. lamblia. Conjugates 9d and 10a were found to be 2–3-folds more potent than MTZ against E. histolytica and 8–16-folds more potent than MTZ against G. lamblia. Further analysis of these compounds on fungi and bacteria did not show inhibitory activity, demonstrating their specific anti-protozoal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Trpta Bains
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ashley Sae Won Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - Christina Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Jong Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Karl JP, Hatch AM, Arcidiacono SM, Pearce SC, Pantoja-Feliciano IG, Doherty LA, Soares JW. Effects of Psychological, Environmental and Physical Stressors on the Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2013. [PMID: 30258412 PMCID: PMC6143810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, a ubiquitous part of daily human life, has varied biological effects which are increasingly recognized as including modulation of commensal microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, the gut microbiota. In turn, the gut microbiota influences the host stress response and associated sequelae, thereby implicating the gut microbiota as an important mediator of host health. This narrative review aims to summarize evidence concerning the impact of psychological, environmental, and physical stressors on gut microbiota composition and function. The stressors reviewed include psychological stress, circadian disruption, sleep deprivation, environmental extremes (high altitude, heat, and cold), environmental pathogens, toxicants, pollutants, and noise, physical activity, and diet (nutrient composition and food restriction). Stressors were selected for their direct relevance to military personnel, a population that is commonly exposed to these stressors, often at extremes, and in combination. However, the selected stressors are also common, alone or in combination, in some civilian populations. Evidence from preclinical studies collectively indicates that the reviewed stressors alter the composition, function and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota, but that effects vary across stressors, and can include effects that may be beneficial or detrimental to host health. Translation of these findings to humans is largely lacking at present. This gap precludes concluding with certainty that transient or cumulative exposures to psychological, environmental, and physical stressors have any consistent, meaningful impact on the human gut microbiota. However, provocative preclinical evidence highlights a need for translational research aiming to elucidate the impact of stressors on the human gut microbiota, and how the gut microbiota can be manipulated, for example by using nutrition, to mitigate adverse stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Adrienne M. Hatch
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Steven M. Arcidiacono
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Sarah C. Pearce
- Combat Feeding Directorate, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Ida G. Pantoja-Feliciano
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Laurel A. Doherty
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Jason W. Soares
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
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Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)-Secreted Serine Protease EspP Stimulates Electrogenic Ion Transport in Human Colonoid Monolayers. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10090351. [PMID: 30200426 PMCID: PMC6162544 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the characteristic manifestations of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection in humans, including EHEC and Enteroaggregative E. coli O104:H4, is watery diarrhea. However, neither Shiga toxin nor numerous components of the type-3 secretion system have been found to independently elicit fluid secretion. We used the adult stem-cell-derived human colonoid monolayers (HCM) to test whether EHEC-secreted extracellular serine protease P (EspP), a member of the serine protease family broadly expressed by diarrheagenic E. coli can act as an enterotoxin. We applied the Ussing chamber/voltage clamp technique to determine whether EspP stimulates electrogenic ion transport indicated by a change in short-circuit current (Isc). EspP stimulates Isc in HCM. The EspP-stimulated Isc does not require protease activity, is not cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-mediated, but is partially Ca2+-dependent. EspP neutralization with a specific antibody reduces its potency in stimulating Isc. Serine Protease A, secreted by Enteroaggregative E. coli, also stimulates Isc in HCM, but this current is CFTR-dependent. In conclusion, EspP stimulates colonic CFTR-independent active ion transport and may be involved in the pathophysiology of EHEC diarrhea. Serine protease toxins from E. coli pathogens appear to serve as enterotoxins, potentially significantly contributing to watery diarrhea.
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Ianiro G, Rizzatti G, Plomer M, Lopetuso L, Scaldaferri F, Franceschi F, Cammarota G, Gasbarrini A. Bacillus clausii for the Treatment of Acute Diarrhea in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081074. [PMID: 30103531 PMCID: PMC6116021 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrhea is a burdensome disease with potentially harmful consequences, especially in childhood. Despite its large use in clinical practice, the efficacy of the probiotic Bacillus clausii in treating acute childhood diarrhea remains unclear. Our objective was to systematically review the efficacy of Bacillus clausii in the treatment of acute childhood diarrhea. The following electronic databases were systematically searched up to October 2017: MEDLINE (via PubMed/OVID), EMBASE (via OVID), Cochrane Central Database of Controlled Trials (via CENTRAL), Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Only randomized controlled trials were included. The overall effect for the meta-analysis was derived by using a random effects model. Six randomized controlled trials (1298 patients) met the eligibility criteria. Data arising from pooled analysis showed that Bacillus clausii significantly reduced the duration of diarrhea (mean difference = -9.12 h; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -16.49 to -1.75, p = 0.015), and the duration of hospitalization (mean difference = -0.85 days; 95% CI: -1.56 to -0.15, p = 0.017), compared with control. There was a trend of decreasing stool frequency after Bacillus clausii administration compared with the control group (mean difference = -0.19 diarrheal motions; 95% CI: -0.43 to -0.06, p = 0.14). Bacillus clausii may represent an effective therapeutic option in acute childhood diarrhea, with a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ianiro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00143 Roma, Italy.
| | - Gianenrico Rizzatti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00143 Roma, Italy.
| | - Manuel Plomer
- Medical Affairs CHC Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Loris Lopetuso
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00143 Roma, Italy.
| | - Franco Scaldaferri
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00143 Roma, Italy.
| | - Francesco Franceschi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00143 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00143 Roma, Italy.
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00143 Roma, Italy.
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Silva FC, Rodrigues VG, Duarte LP, Lula IS, Sinisterra RD, Vieira-Filho SA, Rodrigues RAL, Kroon EG, Oliveira PL, Farias LM, Magalhães PP, Silva GDF. Antidiarrheal activity of extracts from Maytenus gonoclada and inhibition of Dengue virus by lupeol. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 89:1555-1564. [PMID: 28954173 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is an infectious disease caused by bacterial, virus, or protozoan, and dengue is caused by virus, included among the neglected diseases in several underdeveloped and developing countries, with an urgent demand for new drugs. Considering the antidiarrheal potential of species of Maytenus genus, a phytochemical investigation followed by antibacterial activity test with extracts of branches and heartwood and bark of roots from Maytenus gonoclada were conducted. Moreover, due the frequency of isolation of lupeol from Maytenus genus the antiviral activity against Dengue virus and cytotoxicity of lupeol and its complex with β-cyclodextrins were also tested. The results indicated the bioactivity of ethyl acetate extract from branches and ethanol extract from heartwood of roots of M. gonoclada against diarrheagenic bacteria. The lupeol showed potent activity against Dengue virus and low cytotoxicity in LLC-MK2 cells, but its complex with β-cyclodextrin was inactive. Considering the importance of novel and selective antiviral drug candidates the results seem to be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Silva
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Departamento das Licenciaturas, Avenida Paraná, 3001, 35501-170 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa G Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucienir P Duarte
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ivana S Lula
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ruben D Sinisterra
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sidney A Vieira-Filho
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A L Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Erna G Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia L Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz M Farias
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula P Magalhães
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Grácia D F Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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François R, Yori PP, Rouhani S, Siguas Salas M, Paredes Olortegui M, Rengifo Trigoso D, Pisanic N, Burga R, Meza R, Meza Sanchez G, Gregory MJ, Houpt ER, Platts-Mills JA, Kosek MN. The other Campylobacters: Not innocent bystanders in endemic diarrhea and dysentery in children in low-income settings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006200. [PMID: 29415075 PMCID: PMC5819825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter is one of the main causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. Most of the current knowledge about the epidemiology of this food-borne infection concerns two species, C. coli and C. jejuni. Recent studies conducted in developing countries and using novel diagnostic techniques have generated evidence of the increasing burden and importance of other Campylobacter species, i.e. non-C. coli/jejuni. We performed a nested case-control study to compare the prevalence of C. coli/jejuni and other Campylobacter in children with clinical dysentery and severe diarrhea as well as without diarrhea to better understand the clinical importance of infections with Campylobacter species other than C. coli/jejuni. Methodology/Principal findings Our nested case-control study of 439 stool samples included dysenteric stools, stools collected during severe diarrhea episodes, and asymptomatic stools which were systematically selected to be representative of clinical phenotypes from 9,160 stools collected during a birth cohort study of 201 children followed until two years of age. Other Campylobacter accounted for 76.4% of the 216 Campylobacter detections by qPCR and were more prevalent than C. coli/jejuni across all clinical groups. Other Campylobacter were also more prevalent than C. coli/jejuni across all age groups, with older children bearing a higher burden of other Campylobacter. Biomarkers of intestinal inflammation and injury (methylene blue, fecal occult test, myeloperoxidase or MPO) showed a strong association with dysentery, but mixed results with infection. MPO levels were generally higher among children infected with C. coli/jejuni, but Shigella-infected children suffering from dysentery recorded the highest levels (26,224 ng/mL); the lowest levels (10,625 ng/mL) were among asymptomatic children infected with other Campylobacter. Adjusting for age, sex, and Shigella infection, dysentery was significantly associated with C. coli/jejuni but not with other Campylobacter, whereas severe diarrhea was significantly associated with both C. coli/jejuni and other Campylobacter. Compared to asymptomatic children, children suffering from dysentery had a 14.6 odds of C. coli/jejuni infection (p-value < 0.001, 95% CI 5.5–38.7) but were equally likely to have other Campylobacter infections–odds ratio of 1.3 (0.434, 0.7–2.4). Children suffering from severe diarrhea were more likely than asymptomatic children to test positive for both C. coli/jejuni and other Campylobacter–OR of 2.8 (0.034, 1.1–7.1) and 1.9 (0.018, 1.1–3.1), respectively. Compared to the Campylobacter-free group, the odds of all diarrhea given C. coli/jejuni infection and other Campylobacter infection were 8.8 (<0.001, 3.0–25.7) and 2.4 (0.002, 1.4–4.2), respectively. Eliminating other Campylobacter in this population would eliminate 24.9% of the diarrhea cases, which is almost twice the population attributable fraction of 15.1% due to C. coli/jejuni. Conclusions/Significance Eighty-seven percent of the dysentery and 59.5% of the severe diarrhea samples were positive for Campylobacter, Shigella, or both, emphasizing the importance of targeting these pathogens to limit the impact of dysentery and severe diarrhea in children. Notably, the higher prevalence of other Campylobacter compared to C. coli/jejuni, their increasing burden during early childhood, and their association with severe diarrhea highlight the importance of these non-C. coli/jejuni Campylobacter species and suggest a need to clarify their importance in the etiology of clinical disease across different epidemiological contexts. Campylobacter is a major public health concern in developed and developing countries. C. coli and C. jejuni have long been considered to be the major disease-causing species, and clinical microbiologic approaches target these two species. However, less selective diagnostic approaches have shown the increasing importance of other Campylobacter species (i.e. non-C. coli/jejuni). Our case-control study investigated the association between diarrhea, C. coli/jejuni, and other Campylobacter among 439 stool samples from 201 children in peri-urban communities in Loreto, Peru. Three quarters of the 216 Campylobacter detections were associated with other Campylobacter, whose prevalence increased with age and was greater than that of C. coli/jejuni in all age and clinical groups (dysentery, severe diarrhea, and asymptomatic). Despite their lower prevalence, C. coli/jejuni were more strongly associated with higher levels of myeloperoxidase, clinical dysentery, and the presence of leukocytes and blood in the stool compared to other Campylobacter. Other Campylobacter were equally likely as C. coli/jejuni to be detected in severe diarrhea cases–odds ratio of 1.9 (p-value = 0.018, 95% CI 1.1–3.1) and 2.8 (0.034, 1.1–7.1), respectively. Removing C. coli/jejuni in this population would eliminate 15.1% of diarrhea compared to 24.9% if other Campylobacter were eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthly François
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
- Biomedical Research, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Saba Rouhani
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Rosa Burga
- Bacteriology Department, Naval Medical Research Unit-6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Rina Meza
- Bacteriology Department, Naval Medical Research Unit-6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Graciela Meza Sanchez
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Michael J. Gregory
- Bacteriology Department, Naval Medical Research Unit-6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Eric R. Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - James A. Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Margaret N. Kosek
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
- Biomedical Research, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Inflammasome signalling is an emerging pillar of innate immunity and has a central role in the regulation of gastrointestinal health and disease. Activation of the inflammasome complex mediates both the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and the execution of a form of inflammatory cell death known as pyroptosis. In most cases, these mediators of inflammation provide protection against bacterial, viral and protozoal infections. However, unchecked inflammasome activities perpetuate chronic inflammation, which underpins the molecular and pathophysiological basis of gastritis, IBD, upper and lower gastrointestinal cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity. Studies have also highlighted an inflammasome signature in the maintenance of gut microbiota and gut-brain homeostasis. Harnessing the immunomodulatory properties of the inflammasome could transform clinical practice in the treatment of acute and chronic gastrointestinal and extragastrointestinal diseases. This Review presents an overview of inflammasome biology in gastrointestinal health and disease and describes the value of experimental and pharmacological intervention in the treatment of inflammasome-associated clinical manifestations.
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Postinfection Irritable Bowel Syndrome: The Links Between Gastroenteritis, Inflammation, the Microbiome, and Functional Disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 51:869-877. [PMID: 28885302 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Postinfection irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) is a diarrheal disease that develops after infectious gastroenteritis (IGE). Profound alterations in the microbiota accompany IGE yet only 10% of IGE patients progress to PI-IBS. This review explores research linking IGE severity, psychological comorbidity, PI-IBS, and the microbiome in various patient populations. Selective pressures caused by inflammation and increased gastrointestinal motility during gastroenteritis can alter intestinal bacterial phyla including Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. More specifically, classes such as Bacteroides and Clostridia are differentially abundant in many PI-IBS patients. Altered microbiota may perpetuate a cycle of enteric and systemic inflammation, potently activating neural afferent signaling in the enteric nervous system and causing pain and diarrhea in PI-IBS patients. Altered production of microbial metabolites, for example short chain fatty acids, may have enteric and systemic effects on the host. Longitudinal sampling to characterize changes in the microbiota's genetic, metabolic, and transcriptional activities over time from IGE to PI-IBS may enable improved diagnosis and classification of PI-IBS cases into subtypes, allowing for targeted antibiotic, probiotic, and prebiotic treatments. PI-IBS is a heterogenous and largely organic disease marked by specific alterations in functions of the microbiota and is an important model for studying microbial influences on intestinal, neurological, and psychological host functions.
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Arora K, Huang Y, Mun K, Yarlagadda S, Sundaram N, Kessler MM, Hannig G, Kurtz CB, Silos-Santiago I, Helmrath M, Palermo JJ, Clancy JP, Steinbrecher KA, Naren AP. Guanylate cyclase 2C agonism corrects CFTR mutants. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93686. [PMID: 28978796 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder in which epithelium-generated fluid flow from the lung, intestine, and pancreas is impaired due to mutations disrupting CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel function. CF manifestations of the pancreas and lung are present in the vast majority of CF patients, and 15% of CF infants are born with obstructed gut or meconium ileus. However, constipation is a significantly underreported outcome of CF disease, affecting 47% of the CF patients, and management becomes critical in the wake of increasing life span of CF patients. In this study, we unraveled a potentially novel molecular role of a membrane-bound cyclic guanosine monophosphate-synthesizing (cGMP-synthesizing) intestinal enzyme, guanylate cyclase 2C (GCC) that could be targeted to ameliorate CF-associated intestinal fluid deficit. We demonstrated that GCC agonism results in functional rescue of murine F508del/F508del and R117H/R117H Cftr and CFTR mutants in CF patient-derived intestinal spheres. GCC coexpression and activation facilitated processing and ER exit of F508del CFTR and presented a potentially novel rescue modality in the intestine, similar to the CF corrector VX-809. Our findings identify GCC as a biological CFTR corrector and potentiator in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavisha Arora
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Yunjie Huang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Kyushik Mun
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | | | - Nambirajan Sundaram
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Helmrath
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph J Palermo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - John P Clancy
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Kris A Steinbrecher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, CCHMC, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Llanco LA, Nakano V, Moraes CTPD, Piazza RMF, Avila-Campos MJ. Adhesion and invasion of Clostridium perfringens type A into epithelial cells. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 48:764-768. [PMID: 28720432 PMCID: PMC5628313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is the causative agent for necrotic enteritis. It secretes the major virulence factors, and α- and NetB-toxins that are responsible for intestinal lesions. The TpeL toxin affects cell morphology by producing myonecrosis, but its role in the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis is unclear. In this study, the presence of netB and tpeL genes in C. perfringens type A strains isolated from chickens with necrotic enteritis, their cytotoxic effects and role in adhesion and invasion of epithelial cells were evaluated. Six (27.3%) of the 22 C. perfringens type A strains were harboring the tpeL gene and produced morphological alterations in Vero cells after 6 h of incubation. Strains tpeL (−) induced strong cell rounding after 6 h of incubation and produced cell enlargement. None of the 22 strains harbored netB gene. All the six tpeL (+) gene strains were able to adhere to HEp-2 cells; however, only four of them (66.6%) were invasive. Thus, these results suggest that the presence of tpeL gene or TpeL toxin might be required for the adherence of bacteria to HEp-2 cells; however, it could not have any role in the invasion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Llanco
- Anaerobe Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane Nakano
- Anaerobe Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mario J Avila-Campos
- Anaerobe Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Al-Asy HM, Gamal RM, Albaset AMA, Elsanosy MG, Mabrouk MM. New diagnostic biomarker in acute diarrhea due to bacterial infection in children. Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med 2017; 4:75-80. [PMID: 30805506 PMCID: PMC6372495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpam.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children, and diarrhea may be due to infection that is bacterial or non-bacterial. Differentiation between diarrhea from a bacterial or non-bacterial infection is not a simple task, and no single method is present to differentiate between these causes of diarrhea.To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) and procalcitonin (PCT) in the diagnosis of acute diarrhea due to bacterial infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS Case control study of forty children with bacterial infection diarrhea diagnosed by stool culture and CRP, 40 children with acute non-bacterial infection diarrhea and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Stool cultures, serum CRP, PCT and serum sTREM-1 were measured in all children on admission. RESULTS Children with acute bacterial infection diarrhea had a significant increase in the serum sTREM-1 and PCT levels on admission compared to patients with nonbacterial infection diarrhea and controls (26.3667 ± 16.8184 ng/ml vs 7.2267 ± 6.4174 ng/ml vs 6.7367 ± 5.6479 ng/ml and 39.9933 ± 22.5260 ng/ml vs 1.8533 ± 1.7123 vs 0.2840 ± 0.1208 ng/ml, respectively; P < 0.05). sTREM-1 demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity (93.7%) and specificity (94.3%) in the prediction of bacterial infection as a cause of acute diarrhea in children with an area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve (95% CI) of 0.94 (0.84-0.99) at a cutoff value of 12.4 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS Both serum PCT and sTREM-1 are valuable in the early diagnosis of acute bacterial infection-induced diarrhea in children, and there was markedly higher diagnostic discriminatory power for sTREM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M. Al-Asy
- Pediatric Department, Tanta Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Rasha M. Gamal
- Pediatric Department, Tanta Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | | | | | - Maali M. Mabrouk
- Clinical Pathology Department, Tanta Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
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Almonacid DE, Kraal L, Ossandon FJ, Budovskaya YV, Cardenas JP, Bik EM, Goddard AD, Richman J, Apte ZS. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and healthy reference ranges for 28 clinically relevant microbial taxa from the human gut microbiome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176555. [PMID: 28467461 PMCID: PMC5414997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the relative abundances of many intestinal microorganisms, both those that naturally occur in the human gut microbiome and those that are considered pathogens, have been associated with a range of diseases. To more accurately diagnose health conditions, medical practitioners could benefit from a molecular, culture-independent assay for the quantification of these microorganisms in the context of a healthy reference range. Here we present the targeted sequencing of the microbial 16S rRNA gene of clinically relevant gut microorganisms as a method to provide a gut screening test that could assist in the clinical diagnosis of certain health conditions. We evaluated the possibility of detecting 46 clinical prokaryotic targets in the human gut, 28 of which could be identified with high precision and sensitivity by a bioinformatics pipeline that includes sequence analysis and taxonomic annotation. These targets included 20 commensal, 3 beneficial (probiotic), and 5 pathogenic intestinal microbial taxa. Using stool microbiome samples from a cohort of 897 healthy individuals, we established a reference range defining clinically relevant relative levels for each of the 28 targets. Our assay quantifies 28 targets in the context of a healthy reference range and correctly reflected 38/38 verification samples of real and synthetic stool material containing known gut pathogens. Thus, we have established a method to determine microbiome composition with a focus on clinically relevant taxa, which has the potential to contribute to patient diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. More broadly, our method can facilitate epidemiological studies of the microbiome as it relates to overall human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurens Kraal
- uBiome, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Elisabeth M Bik
- uBiome, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Audrey D Goddard
- uBiome, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Richman
- uBiome, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zachary S Apte
- uBiome, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Dubreuil JD. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and probiotics in swine: what the bleep do we know? BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2017; 36:75-90. [PMID: 28785529 PMCID: PMC5510153 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.16-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept of certain microorganisms conferring direct benefits to the host relates to the term "probiotic". Probiotics are microorganisms, bacteria, or yeast that when administered orally in sufficient quantity can counteract the effect of pathogenic microorganisms. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the site where probiotics are believed to play the most important role. The proposed effects of probiotics include antagonism of pathogens, interference with adherence, competition for nutrients, enterotoxin inactivation, modulation of the immune response, and strengthening of the intestinal barrier. From birth to postweaning, piglets are very sensitive to gut colonisation by pathogens. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli represents one of the most common agents of swine diarrhoea. The enterotoxins produced by this E. coli virotype are responsible for the loss of electrolytes and water observed following infection. This review addresses more specifically the studies done during the last 10 years deciphering the molecular mechanisms at play between host cell and probiotic interactions in the swine GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Daniel Dubreuil
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
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Webb AL, Taboada EN, Selinger LB, Boras VF, Inglis GD. Prevalence and diversity of waterborne Arcobacter butzleri in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:330-340. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri is a potential enteric pathogen to human beings, but its reservoirs and modes of transmission are largely unverified. Microbiological and molecular detection and subtyping techniques can facilitate surveillance of A. butzleri in hosts and environmental reservoirs. We isolated A. butzleri from 173 surface water samples (25.6%) and 81 treated wastewater samples (77.9%) collected in southwestern Alberta over a 1-year period. Arcobacter butzleri isolates (n = 500) were genotyped and compared to determine diversity of A. butzleri in southwestern Alberta. Culture methods affected the frequency of detection and genotype diversity of A. butzleri, and isolation comprehensiveness was different for surface waters and treated wastewaters. Detection of A. butzleri in the Oldman River Watershed corresponded with season, river flow rates, and fecal coliform densities. Arcobacter butzleri was detected most frequently in treated wastewater, in the Oldman River downstream from treated wastewater outfalls, and in tributaries near areas of intensive confined feeding operations. All sample sources possessed high genotype diversity, and A. butzleri isolates from treated wastewaters were genetically similar to isolates from the Oldman River downriver from treated wastewater outfall sites. In southwestern Alberta, municipal and agricultural activities contribute to the density and genotype diversity of A. butzleri in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Webb
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - L. Brent Selinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Valerie F. Boras
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chinook Regional Hospital, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Food-Borne Diarrheal Illness. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Alimentary System and the Peritoneum, Omentum, Mesentery, and Peritoneal Cavity. PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF VETERINARY DISEASE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7895291 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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49
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Sapovirus Gastroenteritis in Young Children Presenting as Distal Small Bowel Obstruction: A Report of 2 Cases and Literature Review. Case Rep Surg 2016; 2016:6302875. [PMID: 27891287 PMCID: PMC5116345 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6302875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal pain and distention in children are commonly encountered problems in the pediatric emergency room. The majority of complaints are found to be due to benign entities such as gastroenteritis and constipation. What confounds these diagnoses is that young children often deliver a challenging and unreliable exam. Thus, it often becomes exceedingly problematic to differentiate these benign conditions from surgical conditions requiring prompt attention including small or large bowel obstruction, volvulus, and appendicitis. The cases highlight Sapovirus as a cause of severe abdominal distention and vomiting in children and this report is the first to describe and demonstrate the impressive radiologic findings that may be associated with this infection. Surgeons should heed this information and hesitate to emergently operate on similar children.
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Pathogen-induced secretory diarrhea and its prevention. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1721-1739. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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