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Heimdörfer D, Vorleuter A, Eschlböck A, Spathopoulou A, Suarez-Cubero M, Farhan H, Reiterer V, Spanjaard M, Schaaf CP, Huber LA, Kremser L, Sarg B, Edenhofer F, Geley S, de Araujo MEG, Huettenhofer A. Truncated variants of MAGEL2 are involved in the etiologies of the Schaaf-Yang and Prader-Willi syndromes. Am J Hum Genet 2024:S0002-9297(24)00206-4. [PMID: 38908375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental disorders Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) both arise from genomic alterations within human chromosome 15q11-q13. A deletion of the SNORD116 cluster, encoding small nucleolar RNAs, or frameshift mutations within MAGEL2 result in closely related phenotypes in individuals with PWS or SYS, respectively. By investigation of their subcellular localization, we observed that in contrast to a predominant cytoplasmic localization of wild-type (WT) MAGEL2, a truncated MAGEL2 mutant was evenly distributed between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. To elucidate regulatory pathways that may underlie both diseases, we identified protein interaction partners for WT or mutant MAGEL2, in particular the survival motor neuron protein (SMN), involved in spinal muscular atrophy, and the fragile-X-messenger ribonucleoprotein (FMRP), involved in autism spectrum disorders. The interactome of the non-coding RNA SNORD116 was also investigated by RNA-CoIP. We show that WT and truncated MAGEL2 were both involved in RNA metabolism, while regulation of transcription was mainly observed for WT MAGEL2. Hence, we investigated the influence of MAGEL2 mutations on the expression of genes from the PWS locus, including the SNORD116 cluster. Thereby, we provide evidence for MAGEL2 mutants decreasing the expression of SNORD116, SNORD115, and SNORD109A, as well as protein-coding genes MKRN3 and SNRPN, thus bridging the gap between PWS and SYS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Heimdörfer
- Institute of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Alexander Vorleuter
- Institute of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Eschlböck
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine Group, University of Innsbruck and CMBI, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angeliki Spathopoulou
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine Group, University of Innsbruck and CMBI, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marta Suarez-Cubero
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine Group, University of Innsbruck and CMBI, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Reiterer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Melanie Spanjaard
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian P Schaaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Protein Core Facility, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Sarg
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Protein Core Facility, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine Group, University of Innsbruck and CMBI, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Geley
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mariana E G de Araujo
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Alexander Huettenhofer
- Institute of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Matsumura S, Signoretti C, Fatehi S, Tumenbayar BI, D'Addario C, Nimmer E, Thomas C, Viswanathan T, Wolf A, Garcia V, Rocic P, Bae Y, Alam SMS, Gupte SA. Loss-of-function G6PD variant moderated high fat diet-induced obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy, and fatty liver in male rats. J Biol Chem 2024:107460. [PMID: 38876306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for liver and cardiovascular diseases. However, obesity-driven mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple organ diseases are still obscure and treatment is inadequate. We hypothesized that increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the key rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose shunt, is critical in evoking metabolic reprogramming in multiple organs and is a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of liver and cardiovascular diseases. G6PD is induced by carbohydrate-rich diet and insulin. Long-term (8 months) high-fat diet (HFD) feeding increased body weight and elicited metabolic reprogramming in visceral fat, liver, and aorta, of the wild-type rats. In addition, HFD increased inflammatory chemokines in visceral fat. Interestingly, CRISPR-edited loss-of-function Mediterranean G6PD variant (G6PDS188F) rats, which mimic human polymorphism, moderated HFD-induced weight gain and metabolic reprogramming in visceral fat, liver, and aorta. The G6PDS188F variant prevented HFD-induced CCL7 and adipocyte hypertrophy. Furthermore, the G6PDS188F variant increased Magel2 - a gene encoding circadian clock-related protein that suppresses obesity associated with Prader-Willi syndrome - and reduced HFD-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver. Additionally, the G6PDS188F variant reduced aging-induced aortic stiffening. Our findings suggest G6PD is a regulator of HFD-induced obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy, and fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Matsumura
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | | | - Samuel Fatehi
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Bat Ider Tumenbayar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | | | - Erik Nimmer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Colin Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Trisha Viswanathan
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Alexandra Wolf
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Victor Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Petra Rocic
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, SHSU College of Osteopathic Medicine, Conroe, TX 77304
| | - Yongho Bae
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260; Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - S M Shafiqul Alam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (PMI), New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA, 10595
| | - Sachin A Gupte
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595.
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Mariano V, Kanellopoulos AK, Ricci C, Di Marino D, Borrie SC, Dupraz S, Bradke F, Achsel T, Legius E, Odent S, Billuart P, Bienvenu T, Bagni C. Intellectual Disability and Behavioral Deficits Linked to CYFIP1 Missense Variants Disrupting Actin Polymerization. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:161-174. [PMID: 37704042 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 15q11.2 deletions and duplications have been linked to autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. Recent evidence suggests that dysfunctional CYFIP1 (cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein 1) contributes to the clinical phenotypes observed in individuals with 15q11.2 deletion/duplication syndrome. CYFIP1 plays crucial roles in neuronal development and brain connectivity, promoting actin polymerization and regulating local protein synthesis. However, information about the impact of single nucleotide variants in CYFIP1 on neurodevelopmental disorders is limited. METHODS Here, we report a family with 2 probands exhibiting intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, spastic tetraparesis, and brain morphology defects and who carry biallelic missense point mutations in the CYFIP1 gene. We used skin fibroblasts from one of the probands, the parents, and typically developing individuals to investigate the effect of the variants on the functionality of CYFIP1. In addition, we generated Drosophila knockin mutants to address the effect of the variants in vivo and gain insight into the molecular mechanism that underlies the clinical phenotype. RESULTS Our study revealed that the 2 missense variants are in protein domains responsible for maintaining the interaction within the wave regulatory complex. Molecular and cellular analyses in skin fibroblasts from one proband showed deficits in actin polymerization. The fly model for these mutations exhibited abnormal brain morphology and F-actin loss and recapitulated the core behavioral symptoms, such as deficits in social interaction and motor coordination. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the 2 CYFIP1 variants contribute to the clinical phenotype in the probands that reflects deficits in actin-mediated brain development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Mariano
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Carlotta Ricci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Marino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, New York-Marche Structural Biology Center, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Unit, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sebastian Dupraz
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Tilmann Achsel
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Labellisé pour les Anomalies du Développement Ouest, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France; Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6290, Université de Rennes, ERN-ITHACA, France
| | - Pierre Billuart
- Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1266, Université de Paris Cité (UPC), Paris, France
| | - Thierry Bienvenu
- Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1266, Université de Paris Cité (UPC), Paris, France
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Queen NJ, Huang W, Zou X, Mo X, Cao L. AAV-BDNF gene therapy ameliorates a hypothalamic neuroinflammatory signature in the Magel2-null model of Prader-Willi syndrome. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101108. [PMID: 37766791 PMCID: PMC10520877 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) exhibit several metabolic and behavioral abnormalities associated with excessive food-seeking activity. PWS is thought to be driven in part by dysfunctional hypothalamic circuitry and blunted responses to peripheral signals of satiety. Previous work described a hypothalamic transcriptomic signature of individuals with PWS. Notably, PWS patients exhibited downregulation of genes involved in neuronal development and an upregulation of neuroinflammatory genes. Deficiencies of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor were identified as potential drivers of PWS phenotypes. Our group recently applied an adeno-associated viral (AAV)-BDNF gene therapy within a preclinical PWS model, Magel2-null mice, to improve metabolic and behavioral function. While this proof-of-concept project was promising, it remained unclear how AAV-BDNF was influencing the hypothalamic microenvironment and how its therapeutic effect was mediated. To investigate, we hypothalamically injected AAV-BDNF to wild type and Magel2-null mice and performed mRNA sequencing on hypothalamic tissue. Here, we report that (1) Magel2 deficiency is associated with neuroinflammation in the hypothalamus and (2) AAV-BDNF gene therapy reverses this neuroinflammation. These data newly reveal Magel2-null mice as a valid model of PWS-related neuroinflammation and furthermore suggest that AAV-BDNF may modulate obesity-related neuroinflammatory phenotypes through direct or indirect means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Queen
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xunchang Zou
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Tamir S, Dye TJ, Witt RM. Sleep and Circadian Disturbances in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2023; 48:101090. [PMID: 38065637 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2023.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Sleep problems are highly prevalent in those with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). We propose this is secondary to multiple factors that directly and indirectly negatively impact sleep and circadian processes in those with NDDs, which in turn, further perturbs development, resulting in a "developmental and sleep/circadian-related encephalopathy." In this review, we discuss select NDDs with known or suspected sleep and circadian phenotypes. We also highlight important considerations when evaluating and treating sleep and circadian disorders in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tamir
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Thomas J Dye
- Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Division of Pulmonary Medicine and the Sleep Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Center for Circadian Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Rochelle M Witt
- Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Division of Pulmonary Medicine and the Sleep Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Center for Circadian Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.
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Signoretti C, Gupte SA. G6PD Orchestrates Genome-Wide DNA Methylation and Gene Expression in the Vascular Wall. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16727. [PMID: 38069050 PMCID: PMC10706803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have revealed the importance of epigenetic modifications to gene regulation and transcriptional activity. DNA methylation, a determinant of genetic imprinting and the de novo silencing of genes genome-wide, is known to be controlled by DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) and demethylases (TET) under disease conditions. However, the mechanism(s)/factor(s) influencing the expression and activity of epigenetic writers and erasers, and thus DNA methylation, in healthy vascular tissue is incompletely understood. Based on our recent studies, we hypothesized that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a modifier of DNMT and TET expression and activity and an enabler of gene expression. In the aorta of CRISPR-edited rats with the Mediterranean G6PD variant, we determined DNA methylation by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, gene expression by RNA sequencing, and large artery stiffness by echocardiography. Here, we documented higher expression of Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Tet2, and Tet3 in aortas from Mediterranean G6PDS188F variant (a loss-of-function single nucleotide polymorphism) rats than their wild-type littermates. Concomitantly, we identified 17,618 differentially methylated loci genome-wide (5787 hypermethylated loci, including down-regulated genes encoding inflammation- and vasoconstriction-causing proteins, and 11,827 hypomethylated loci, including up-regulated genes encoding smooth muscle cell differentiation- and fatty acid metabolism-promoting proteins) in aortas from G6PDS188F as compared to wild-type rats. Our results demonstrated that nitric oxide, which is generated in a G6PD-derived NADPH-dependent manner, increases TET and decreases DNMT activity. Further, we observed less large artery (aorta) stiffness in G6PDS188F as compared to wild-type rats. These results establish a noncanonical function of the wild-type G6PD and G6PDS188F variant in the regulation of DNA methylation and gene expression in healthy vascular tissue and reveal that the G6PDS188F variant contributes to reducing large artery stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sachin A. Gupte
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA;
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John RM, Higgs MJ, Isles AR. Imprinted genes and the manipulation of parenting in mammals. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:783-796. [PMID: 37714957 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting refers to the parent-of-origin expression of genes, which originates from epigenetic events in the mammalian germ line. The evolution of imprinting may reflect a conflict over resource allocation early in life, with silencing of paternal genes in offspring soliciting increased maternal provision and silencing of maternal genes limiting demands on the mother. Parental caregiving has been identified as an area of potential conflict, with several imprinted genes serendipitously found to directly influence the quality of maternal care. Recent systems biology approaches, based on single-cell RNA sequencing data, support a more deliberate relationship, which is reinforced by the finding that imprinted genes expressed in the offspring influence the quality of maternal caregiving. These bidirectional, reiterative relationships between parents and their offspring are critical both for short-term survival and for lifelong wellbeing, with clear implications for human health.
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Hoyos Sanchez MC, Bayat T, Gee RRF, Fon Tacer K. Hormonal Imbalances in Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang Syndromes Imply the Evolution of Specific Regulation of Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine Function in Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13109. [PMID: 37685915 PMCID: PMC10487939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus regulates fundamental aspects of physiological homeostasis and behavior, including stress response, reproduction, growth, sleep, and feeding, several of which are affected in patients with Prader-Willi (PWS) and Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS). PWS is caused by paternal deletion, maternal uniparental disomy, or imprinting defects that lead to loss of expression of a maternally imprinted region of chromosome 15 encompassing non-coding RNAs and five protein-coding genes; SYS patients have a mutation in one of them, MAGEL2. Throughout life, PWS and SYS patients suffer from musculoskeletal deficiencies, intellectual disabilities, and hormonal abnormalities, which lead to compulsive behaviors like hyperphagia and temper outbursts. Management of PWS and SYS is mostly symptomatic and cures for these debilitating disorders do not exist, highlighting a clear, unmet medical need. Research over several decades into the molecular and cellular roles of PWS genes has uncovered that several impinge on the neuroendocrine system. In this review, we will discuss the expression and molecular functions of PWS genes, connecting them with hormonal imbalances in patients and animal models. Besides the observed hormonal imbalances, we will describe the recent findings about how the loss of individual genes, particularly MAGEL2, affects the molecular mechanisms of hormone secretion. These results suggest that MAGEL2 evolved as a mammalian-specific regulator of hypothalamic neuroendocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camila Hoyos Sanchez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, 7671 Evans Dr., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Tara Bayat
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, 7671 Evans Dr., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Rebecca R. Florke Gee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, 7671 Evans Dr., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Klementina Fon Tacer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, 7671 Evans Dr., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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9
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Castilla-Vallmanya L, Centeno-Pla M, Serrano M, Franco-Valls H, Martínez-Cabrera R, Prat-Planas A, Rojano E, Ranea JAG, Seoane P, Oliva C, Paredes-Fuentes AJ, Marfany G, Artuch R, Grinberg D, Rabionet R, Balcells S, Urreizti R. Advancing in Schaaf-Yang syndrome pathophysiology: from bedside to subcellular analyses of truncated MAGEL2. J Med Genet 2023; 60:406-415. [PMID: 36243518 PMCID: PMC10086475 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is caused by truncating mutations in MAGEL2, mapping to the Prader-Willi region (15q11-q13), with an observed phenotype partially overlapping that of Prader-Willi syndrome. MAGEL2 plays a role in retrograde transport and protein recycling regulation. Our aim is to contribute to the characterisation of SYS pathophysiology at clinical, genetic and molecular levels. METHODS We performed an extensive phenotypic and mutational revision of previously reported patients with SYS. We analysed the secretion levels of amyloid-β 1-40 peptide (Aβ1-40) and performed targeted metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles in fibroblasts of patients with SYS (n=7) compared with controls (n=11). We also transfected cell lines with vectors encoding wild-type (WT) or mutated MAGEL2 to assess stability and subcellular localisation of the truncated protein. RESULTS Functional studies show significantly decreased levels of secreted Aβ1-40 and intracellular glutamine in SYS fibroblasts compared with WT. We also identified 132 differentially expressed genes, including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as HOTAIR, and many of them related to developmental processes and mitotic mechanisms. The truncated form of MAGEL2 displayed a stability similar to the WT but it was significantly switched to the nucleus, compared with a mainly cytoplasmic distribution of the WT MAGEL2. Based on the updated knowledge, we offer guidelines for the clinical management of patients with SYS. CONCLUSION A truncated MAGEL2 protein is stable and localises mainly in the nucleus, where it might exert a pathogenic neomorphic effect. Aβ1-40 secretion levels and HOTAIR mRNA levels might be promising biomarkers for SYS. Our findings may improve SYS understanding and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castilla-Vallmanya
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Centeno-Pla
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Serrano
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor Franco-Valls
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Martínez-Cabrera
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aina Prat-Planas
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Rojano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan A G Ranea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Seoane
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Clara Oliva
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abraham J Paredes-Fuentes
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Rabionet
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susanna Balcells
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, IBUB, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roser Urreizti
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Espluques de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instiuto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Signoretti C, Gupte SA. Studies in CRISPR-generated Mediterranean G6PD variant rats reveal G6PD orchestrates genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression in vascular wall. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.06.531429. [PMID: 36945640 PMCID: PMC10028921 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.531429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent advances have revealed the importance of epigenetic modifications to gene regulation and transcriptional activity. DNA methylation, a determinant of genetic imprinting and de novo silencing of genes genome-wide, is known to be controlled by DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) and demethylases (TET) under disease conditions. However, the mechanism(s)/factor(s) influencing the expression and activity of DNMTs and TETs, and thus DNA methylation, in healthy vascular tissue is incompletely understood. Based on our recent studies, we hypothesized that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a modifier of DNMT and TET expression and activity and an enabler of gene expression. Methods In aorta of CRISPR-edited rats with the Mediterranean G6PD variant we determined DNA methylation by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, gene expression by RNA sequencing, and large artery stiffness by echocardiography. Results Here, we documented higher expression of Dnmt3a, Tet2, and Tet3 in aortas from Mediterranean G6PDS188F variant (a loss-of-function single nucleotide polymorphism) rats than their wild-type littermates. Concomitantly, we identified 17,618 differentially methylated loci genome-wide (5,787 hypermethylated loci, including down-regulated genes encoding inflammation- and vasoconstriction-causing proteins, and 11,827 hypomethylated loci, including up-regulated genes encoding smooth muscle cell differentiation- and fatty acid metabolism-promoting proteins) in aorta from G6PDS188F as compared to wild-type rats. Further, we observed less large artery (aorta) stiffness in G6PDS188F as compared to wild-type rats. Conclusions These results establish a noncanonical function of the wild-type G6PD and G6PDS188F variant in the regulation of DNA methylation and gene expression in healthy vascular tissue and reveals G6PDS188F variant contributes to reduce large artery stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sachin A. Gupte
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA, 10595
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11
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Wang Y, Guo H, He F. Circadian disruption: from mouse models to molecular mechanisms and cancer therapeutic targets. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:297-322. [PMID: 36513953 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock is a timekeeping system for numerous biological rhythms that contribute to the regulation of numerous homeostatic processes in humans. Disruption of circadian rhythms influences physiology and behavior and is associated with adverse health outcomes, especially cancer. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of circadian disruption-associated cancer initiation and development remain unclear. It is essential to construct good circadian disruption models to uncover and validate the detailed molecular clock framework of circadian disruption in cancer development and progression. Mouse models are the most widely used in circadian studies due to their relatively small size, fast reproduction cycle, easy genome manipulation, and economic practicality. Here, we reviewed the current mouse models of circadian disruption, including suprachiasmatic nuclei destruction, genetic engineering, light disruption, sleep deprivation, and other lifestyle factors in our understanding of the crosstalk between circadian rhythms and oncogenic signaling, as well as the molecular mechanisms of circadian disruption that promotes cancer growth. We focused on the discoveries made with the nocturnal mouse, diurnal human being, and cell culture and provided several circadian rhythm-based cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haidong Guo
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Feng He
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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12
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Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) and Prenatal Diagnosis of Schaaf-Yang Syndrome: A Report of Three Families and a Research on Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041688. [PMID: 36836222 PMCID: PMC9962152 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Schaaf-Yang Syndrome (SYS) is a genetic disorder caused by truncating pathogenic variants in the paternal allele of the maternally imprinted, paternally expressed gene MAGEL2 and is characterized by genital hypoplasia, neonatal hypotonia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and other features. In this study, eleven SYS patients from three families were enrolled and comprehensive clinical features were gathered regarding each family. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed for the definitive molecular diagnosis of the disease. Identified variants were validated using Sanger sequencing. Three couples underwent PGT for monogenic diseases (PGT-M) and/or a prenatal diagnosis. Haplotype analysis was performed to deduce the embryo's genotype by using the short tandem repeats (STRs) identified in each sample. The prenatal diagnosis results showed that the fetus in each case did not carry pathogenic variants, and all the babies of the three families were born at full term and were healthy. We also performed a review of SYS cases. In addition to the 11 patients in our study, a total of 127 SYS patients were included in 11 papers. We summarized all variant sites and clinical symptoms thus far, and conducted a genotype-phenotype correlation analysis. Our results also indicated that the variation in phenotypic severity may depend on the specific location of the truncating variant, suggestive of a genotype-phenotype association.
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13
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Reznik DL, Yang MV, Albelda de la Haza P, Jain A, Spanjaard M, Theiss S, Schaaf CP, Malovannaya A, Strong TV, Veeraragavan S, Samaco RC. Magel2 truncation alters select behavioral and physiological outcomes in a rat model of Schaaf-Yang syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:286598. [PMID: 36637363 PMCID: PMC9922728 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in mice have utilized Magel2 gene deletion models to examine the consequences of its absence. We report the generation, molecular validation and phenotypic characterization of a novel rat model with a truncating Magel2 mutation modeling variants associated with Schaaf-Yang syndrome-causing mutations. Within the hypothalamus, a brain region in which human MAGEL2 is paternally expressed, we demonstrated, at the level of transcript and peptide detection, that rat Magel2 exhibits a paternal, parent-of-origin effect. In evaluations of behavioral features across several domains, juvenile Magel2 mutant rats displayed alterations in anxiety-like behavior and sociability measures. Moreover, the analysis of peripheral organ systems detected alterations in body composition, cardiac structure and function, and breathing irregularities in Magel2 mutant rats. Several of these findings are concordant with reported mouse phenotypes, indicating the conservation of MAGEL2 function across rodent species. Our comprehensive analysis revealing impairments across multiple domains demonstrates the tractability of this model system for the study of truncating MAGEL2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Reznik
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mingxiao V Yang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pedro Albelda de la Haza
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Antrix Jain
- Baylor College of Medicine, Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Melanie Spanjaard
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Human Genetics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Theiss
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Human Genetics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian P Schaaf
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Human Genetics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Malovannaya
- Baylor College of Medicine, Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Verna and Marrs McLean Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Theresa V Strong
- Foundation for Prader-Willi Research, Walnut, CA 91789, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Surabi Veeraragavan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rodney C Samaco
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Queen NJ, Zou X, Anderson JM, Huang W, Appana B, Komatineni S, Wevrick R, Cao L. Hypothalamic AAV-BDNF gene therapy improves metabolic function and behavior in the Magel2-null mouse model of Prader-Willi syndrome. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 27:131-148. [PMID: 36284766 PMCID: PMC9573893 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) display developmental delays, cognitive impairment, excessive hunger, obesity, and various behavioral abnormalities. Current PWS treatments are limited to strict supervision of food intake and growth hormone therapy, highlighting the need for new therapeutic strategies. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) functions downstream of hypothalamic feeding circuitry and has roles in energy homeostasis and behavior. In this preclinical study, we assessed the translational potential of hypothalamic adeno-associated virus (AAV)-BDNF gene therapy as a therapeutic for metabolic dysfunction in the Magel2-null mouse model of PWS. To facilitate clinical translation, our BDNF vector included an autoregulatory element allowing for transgene titration in response to the host's physiological needs. Hypothalamic BDNF gene transfer prevented weight gain, decreased fat mass, increased lean mass, and increased relative energy expenditure in female Magel2-null mice. Moreover, BDNF gene therapy improved glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and circulating adipokine levels. Metabolic improvements were maintained through 23 weeks with no adverse behavioral effects, indicating high levels of efficacy and safety. Male Magel2-null mice also responded positively to BDNF gene therapy, displaying improved body composition, insulin sensitivity, and glucose metabolism. Together, these data suggest that regulating hypothalamic BDNF could be effective in the treatment of PWS-related metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Queen
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xunchang Zou
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Anderson
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bhavya Appana
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Suraj Komatineni
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rachel Wevrick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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15
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Salminen I, Read S, Crespi B. Do the diverse phenotypes of Prader-Willi syndrome reflect extremes of covariation in typical populations? Front Genet 2022; 13:1041943. [PMID: 36506301 PMCID: PMC9731222 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1041943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypes of human imprinted neurogenetic disorders can be hypothesized as extreme alterations of typical human phenotypes. The imprinted neurogenetic disorder Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) features covarying phenotypes that centrally involve altered social behaviors, attachment, mood, circadian rhythms, and eating habits, that can be traced to altered functioning of the hypothalamus. Here, we conducted analyses to investigate the extent to which the behavioral variation shown in typical human populations for a set of PWAS-associated traits including autism spectrum cognition, schizotypal cognition, mood, eating, and sleeping phenotypes shows covariability that recapitulates the covariation observed in individuals with PWS. To this end, we collected data from 296 typical individuals for this set of phenotypes, and showed, using principal components analysis, evidence of a major axis reflecting key covarying PWS traits. We also reviewed the literature regarding neurogenetic syndromes that overlap in their affected traits with PWS, to determine their prevalence and properties. These findings demonstrate that a notable suite of syndromes shows phenotypic overlap with PWS, implicating a large set of imprinted and non-imprinted genes, some of which interact, in the phenotypes of this disorder. Considered together, these findings link variation in and among neurogenetic disorders with variation in typical populations, especially with regard to pleiotropic effects mediated by the hypothalamus. This work also implicates effects of imprinted gene variation on cognition and behavior in typical human populations.
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16
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Choi Y, Min HY, Hwang J, Jo YH. Magel2 knockdown in hypothalamic POMC neurons innervating the medial amygdala reduces susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/11/e202201502. [PMID: 36007929 PMCID: PMC9418835 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphagia and obesity profoundly affect the health of children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). The Magel2 gene among the genes in the Prader-Willi syndrome deletion region is expressed in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). Knockout of the Magel2 gene disrupts POMC neuronal circuits and functions. Here, we report that loss of the Magel2 gene exclusively in ARCPOMC neurons innervating the medial amygdala (MeA) causes a reduction in body weight in both male and female mice fed with a high-fat diet. This anti-obesity effect is associated with an increased locomotor activity. There are no significant differences in glucose and insulin tolerance in mice without the Magel2 gene in ARCPOMC neurons innervating the MeA. Plasma estrogen levels are higher in female mutant mice than in controls. Blockade of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), but not estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), reduces locomotor activity in female mutant mice. Hence, our study provides evidence that knockdown of the Magel2 gene in ARCPOMC neurons innervating the MeA reduces susceptibility to diet-induced obesity with increased locomotor activity through activation of central GPER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Choi
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Hyeon-Young Min
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jiyeon Hwang
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Young-Hwan Jo
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA .,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
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17
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Da Prato LC, Zayan U, Abdallah D, Point V, Schaller F, Pallesi-Pocachard E, Montheil A, Canaan S, Gaiarsa JL, Muscatelli F, Matarazzo V. Early life oxytocin treatment improves thermo-sensory reactivity and maternal behavior in neonates lacking the autism-associated gene Magel2. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1901-1912. [PMID: 35396500 PMCID: PMC9485246 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Atypical responses to sensory stimuli are considered as a core aspect and early life marker of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Although recent findings performed in mouse ASD genetic models report sensory deficits, these were explored exclusively during juvenile or adult period. Whether sensory dysfunctions might be present at the early life stage and rescued by therapeutic strategy are fairly uninvestigated. Here we found that under cool environment neonatal mice lacking the autism-associated gene Magel2 present pup calls hypo-reactivity and are retrieved with delay by their wild-type dam. This neonatal atypical sensory reactivity to cool stimuli was not associated with autonomic thermoregulatory alteration but with a deficit of the oxytocinergic system. Indeed, we show in control neonates that pharmacogenetic inactivation of hypothalamic oxytocin neurons mimicked atypical thermosensory reactivity found in Magel2 mutants. Furthermore, pharmacological intranasal administration of oxytocin to Magel2 neonates was able to rescue both the atypical thermosensory response and the maternal pup retrieval. This preclinical study establishes for the first-time early life impairments in thermosensory integration and suggest a therapeutic potential benefit of intranasal oxytocin treatment on neonatal atypical sensory reactivity for autism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ugo Zayan
- grid.461865.80000 0001 1486 4553Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France
| | - Dina Abdallah
- grid.461865.80000 0001 1486 4553Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France
| | - Vanessa Point
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM, Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Schaller
- grid.461865.80000 0001 1486 4553Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France
| | | | - Aurélie Montheil
- grid.461865.80000 0001 1486 4553Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gaiarsa
- grid.461865.80000 0001 1486 4553Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Muscatelli
- grid.461865.80000 0001 1486 4553Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France
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18
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Preserved Sleep for the Same Level of Respiratory Disturbance in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810580. [PMID: 36142494 PMCID: PMC9501212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Debate remains as to how to balance the use of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) as an important treatment in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) with its potential role in obstructive sleep apnea. This single-center, retrospective study assessed differences in overnight polysomnography results between children with and without PWS and changes in respiratory parameters before and after the initiation of rhGH treatment in those with PWS. Compared with age-, sex-, and body-mass-index-matched controls (n = 87), children with PWS (n = 29) had longer total sleep time (434 ± 72 vs. 365 ± 116 min; p < 0.01), higher sleep efficiency (86 ± 7 vs. 78 ± 15%; p < 0.05), and lower arousal events (8.1 ± 4.5 vs. 13.0 ± 8.9 events/h; p < 0.05). Mean oxygen saturation was lower in PWS children (94.3 ± 6.0 vs. 96.0 ± 2.0%; p < 0.05), with no other differences in respiratory parameters between groups. Eleven children with PWS (38%) met the criteria for further analyses of the impact of rhGH; polysomnography parameters did not change with treatment. Compared with other children undergoing polysomnography, children with PWS had more favorable markers of sleep continuity and lower oxygen saturation for the same level of respiratory disturbance. rhGH administration was not associated with changes in respiratory parameters in PWS.
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19
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Oxytocin-based therapies for treatment of Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang syndromes: evidence, disappointments, and future research strategies. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:318. [PMID: 35941105 PMCID: PMC9360032 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The prosocial neuropeptide oxytocin is being developed as a potential treatment for various neuropsychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Early studies using intranasal oxytocin in patients with ASD yielded encouraging results and for some time, scientists and affected families placed high hopes on the use of intranasal oxytocin for behavioral therapy in ASD. However, a recent Phase III trial obtained negative results using intranasal oxytocin for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in children with ASD. Given the frequently observed autism-like behavioral phenotypes in Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang syndromes, it is unclear whether oxytocin treatment represents a viable option to treat behavioral symptoms in these diseases. Here we review the latest findings on intranasal OT treatment, Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang syndromes, and propose novel research strategies for tailored oxytocin-based therapies for affected individuals. Finally, we propose the critical period theory, which could explain why oxytocin-based treatment seems to be most efficient in infants, but not adolescents.
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20
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Black Tea Reduces Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Gene Expression in Host Tissues. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081635. [PMID: 35458198 PMCID: PMC9027533 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Black tea was reported to alter the microbiome populations and metabolites in diet-induced obese mice and displays properties that prevent obesity, but the underlying mechanism of the preventative effect of black tea on high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity has not been elucidated. Epigenetic studies are a useful tool for determining the relationship between obesity and environment. Here, we show that the water extract of black tea (Lapsang souchong, LS) reverses HFD-induced gut dysbiosis, alters the tissue gene expression, changes the level of a major epigenetic modification (DNA methylation), and prevents obesity in HFD feeding mice. The anti-obesity properties of black tea are due to alkaloids, which are the principal active components. Our data indicate that the anti-obesity benefits of black tea are transmitted via fecal transplantation, and the change of tissue gene expression and the preventative effects on HFD-induced obesity in mice of black tea are dependent on the gut microbiota. We further show that black tea could regulate the DNA methylation of imprinted genes in the spermatozoa of high-fat diet mice. Our results show a mechanistic link between black tea, changes in the gut microbiota, epigenetic processes, and tissue gene expression in the modulation of diet-induced metabolic dysfunction.
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21
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Bao Q, Ma X, Jia C, Wu X, Wu Y, Meng G, Bao P, Chu M, Guo X, Liang C, Yan P. Resequencing and Signatures of Selective Scans Point to Candidate Genetic Variants for Hair Length Traits in Long-Haired and Normal-Haired Tianzhu White Yak. Front Genet 2022; 13:798076. [PMID: 35360871 PMCID: PMC8962741 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.798076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tianzhu white yak is a rare local yak breed with a pure white coat in China. In recent years, breeders have discovered long-haired individuals characterized by long hair on the forehead in the Tianzhu white yak, and the length and density of the hair on these two parts of the body are higher than that of the normal Tianzhu white yak. To elucidate the genetic mechanism of hair length in Tianzhu white yak, we re-sequence the whole genome of long-haired Tianzhu White yak (LTWY) (n = 10) and normal Tianzhu White yak (NTWY) (n = 10). Then, fixation index (F ST), θπ ratio, cross-population composite likelihood ratio (XP-CLR), integrated haplotype score (iHS), cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH), and one composite method, the de-correlated composite of multiple signals (DCMS) were performed to discover the loci and genes related to long-haired traits. Based on five single methods, we found two hotspots of 0.2 and 1.1 MB in length on chromosome 6, annotating two (FGF5, CFAP299) and four genes (ATP8A1, SLC30A9, SHISA3, TMEM33), respectively. Function enrichment analysis of genes in two hotspots revealed Ras signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and Rap1 signaling pathway were involved in the process of hair length differences. Besides, the DCMS method further found that four genes (ACOXL, PDPK1, MAGEL2, CDH1) were associated with hair follicle development. Henceforth, our work provides novel genetic insights into the mechanisms of hair growth in the LTWY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Bao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Congjun Jia
- Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangyao Meng
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Chu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
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22
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Bonthuis PJ, Steinwand S, Stacher Hörndli CN, Emery J, Huang WC, Kravitz S, Ferris E, Gregg C. Noncanonical genomic imprinting in the monoamine system determines naturalistic foraging and brain-adrenal axis functions. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110500. [PMID: 35263575 PMCID: PMC9128000 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncanonical genomic imprinting can cause biased expression of one parental allele in a tissue; however, the functional relevance of such biases is unclear. To investigate ethological roles for noncanonical imprinting in dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) and tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), we use machine learning to decompose naturalistic foraging in maternal and paternal allele mutant heterozygous mice. We uncover distinct roles for the maternal versus paternal alleles on foraging, where maternal alleles affect sons while daughters are under paternal allelic control. Each parental allele controls specific action sequences reflecting decisions in naive or familiar contexts. The maternal Ddc allele is preferentially expressed in subsets of hypothalamic GABAergic neurons, while the paternal allele predominates in subsets of adrenal cells. Each Ddc allele affects distinct molecular and endocrine components of the brain-adrenal axis. Thus, monoaminergic noncanonical imprinting has ethological roles in foraging and endocrine functions and operates by affecting discrete subsets of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Bonthuis
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Susan Steinwand
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Cornelia N Stacher Hörndli
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jared Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Wei-Chao Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Stephanie Kravitz
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Elliott Ferris
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Christopher Gregg
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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23
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Glaser J, Iranzo J, Borensztein M, Marinucci M, Gualtieri A, Jouhanneau C, Teissandier A, Gaston-Massuet C, Bourc'his D. The imprinted Zdbf2 gene finely tunes control of feeding and growth in neonates. eLife 2022; 11:65641. [PMID: 35049495 PMCID: PMC8809892 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting refers to the mono-allelic and parent-specific expression of a subset of genes. While long recognized for their role in embryonic development, imprinted genes have recently emerged as important modulators of postnatal physiology, notably through hypothalamus-driven functions. Here, using mouse models of loss, gain and parental inversion of expression, we report that the paternally expressed Zdbf2 gene controls neonatal growth in mice, in a dose-sensitive but parent-of-origin-independent manner. We further found that Zdbf2-KO neonates failed to fully activate hypothalamic circuits that stimulate appetite, and suffered milk deprivation and diminished circulating Insulin Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1). Consequently, only half of Zdbf2-KO pups survived the first days after birth and those surviving were smaller. This study demonstrates that precise imprinted gene dosage is essential for vital physiological functions at the transition from intra- to extra-uterine life, here the adaptation to oral feeding and optimized body weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Glaser
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Julian Iranzo
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Maud Borensztein
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mattia Marinucci
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Angelica Gualtieri
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aurélie Teissandier
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Deborah Bourc'his
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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24
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Zahova SK, Humby T, Davies JR, Morgan JE, Isles AR. Comparison of mouse models reveals a molecular distinction between psychotic illness in PWS and schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:433. [PMID: 34417445 PMCID: PMC8379171 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations affecting paternal chromosome 15q11-q13, and characterized by hypotonia, hyperphagia, impaired cognition, and behavioural problems. Psychotic illness is a challenging problem for individuals with PWS and has different rates of prevalence in distinct PWS genotypes. Previously, we demonstrated behavioural and cognitive endophenotypes of relevance to psychiatric illness in a mouse model for one of the associated PWS genotypes, namely PWS-IC, in which deletion of the imprinting centre leads to loss of paternally imprinted gene expression and over-expression of Ube3a. Here we examine the broader gene expression changes that are specific to the psychiatric endophenotypes seen in this model. To do this we compared the brain transcriptomic profile of the PWS-IC mouse to the PWS-cr model that carries a deletion of the PWS minimal critical interval spanning the snoRNA Snord116 and Ipw. Firstly, we examined the same behavioural and cognitive endophenotypes of relevance to psychiatric illness in the PWS-cr mice. Unlike the PWS-IC mice, PWS-cr exhibit no differences in locomotor activity, sensory-motor gating, and attention. RNA-seq analysis of neonatal whole brain tissue revealed a greater number of transcriptional changes between PWS-IC and wild-type littermates than between PWS-cr and wild-type littermates. Moreover, the differentially expressed genes in the PWS-IC brain were enriched for GWAS variants of episodes of psychotic illness but, interestingly, not schizophrenia. These data illustrate the molecular pathways that may underpin psychotic illness in PWS and have implications for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona K Zahova
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Trevor Humby
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jennifer R Davies
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Joanne E Morgan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anthony R Isles
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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25
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Sanderson MR, Fahlman RP, Wevrick R. The N-terminal domain of the Schaaf-Yang syndrome protein MAGEL2 likely has a role in RNA metabolism. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100959. [PMID: 34265304 PMCID: PMC8350409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MAGEL2 encodes the L2 member of the melanoma-associated antigen gene (MAGE) protein family, truncating mutations of which can cause Schaaf-Yang syndrome, an autism spectrum disorder. MAGEL2 is also inactivated in Prader-Willi syndrome, which overlaps clinically and mechanistically with Schaaf-Yang syndrome. Studies to date have only investigated the C-terminal portion of the MAGEL2 protein, containing the MAGE homology domain that interacts with RING-E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases to form protein complexes that modify protein ubiquitination. In contrast, the N-terminal portion of the MAGEL2 protein has never been studied. Here, we find that MAGEL2 has a low-complexity intrinsically disordered N-terminus rich in Pro-Xn-Gly motifs that is predicted to mediate liquid-liquid phase separation to form biomolecular condensates. We used proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify MAGEL2-proximal proteins, then clustered these proteins into functional networks. We determined that coding mutations analogous to disruptive mutations in other MAGE proteins alter these networks in biologically relevant ways. Proteins identified as proximal to the N-terminal portion of MAGEL2 are primarily involved in mRNA metabolic processes and include three mRNA N 6-methyladenosine (m6A)-binding YTHDF proteins and two RNA interference-mediating TNRC6 proteins. We found that YTHDF2 coimmunoprecipitates with MAGEL2, and coexpression of MAGEL2 reduces the nuclear accumulation of YTHDF2 after heat shock. We suggest that the N-terminal region of MAGEL2 may have a role in RNA metabolism and in particular the regulation of mRNAs modified by m6A methylation. These results provide mechanistic insight into pathogenic MAGEL2 mutations associated with Schaaf-Yang syndrome and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthea R Sanderson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard P Fahlman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rachel Wevrick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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26
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Kummerfeld DM, Raabe CA, Brosius J, Mo D, Skryabin BV, Rozhdestvensky TS. A Comprehensive Review of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models for Prader-Willi Syndrome Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3613. [PMID: 33807162 PMCID: PMC8037846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurogenetic multifactorial disorder caused by the deletion or inactivation of paternally imprinted genes on human chromosome 15q11-q13. The affected homologous locus is on mouse chromosome 7C. The positional conservation and organization of genes including the imprinting pattern between mice and men implies similar physiological functions of this locus. Therefore, considerable efforts to recreate the pathogenesis of PWS have been accomplished in mouse models. We provide a summary of different mouse models that were generated for the analysis of PWS and discuss their impact on our current understanding of corresponding genes, their putative functions and the pathogenesis of PWS. Murine models of PWS unveiled the contribution of each affected gene to this multi-facetted disease, and also enabled the establishment of the minimal critical genomic region (PWScr) responsible for core symptoms, highlighting the importance of non-protein coding genes in the PWS locus. Although the underlying disease-causing mechanisms of PWS remain widely unresolved and existing mouse models do not fully capture the entire spectrum of the human PWS disorder, continuous improvements of genetically engineered mouse models have proven to be very powerful and valuable tools in PWS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delf-Magnus Kummerfeld
- Medical Faculty, Core Facility Transgenic Animal and Genetic Engineering Models (TRAM), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Carsten A. Raabe
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry (ZMBE), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Juergen Brosius
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dingding Mo
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Boris V. Skryabin
- Medical Faculty, Core Facility Transgenic Animal and Genetic Engineering Models (TRAM), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Timofey S. Rozhdestvensky
- Medical Faculty, Core Facility Transgenic Animal and Genetic Engineering Models (TRAM), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
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27
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Scagliotti V, Esse R, Willis TL, Howard M, Carrus I, Lodge E, Andoniadou CL, Charalambous M. Dynamic Expression of Imprinted Genes in the Developing and Postnatal Pituitary Gland. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040509. [PMID: 33808370 PMCID: PMC8066104 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, imprinted genes regulate many critical endocrine processes such as growth, the onset of puberty and maternal reproductive behaviour. Human imprinting disorders (IDs) are caused by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that alter the expression dosage of imprinted genes. Due to improvements in diagnosis, increasing numbers of patients with IDs are now identified and monitored across their lifetimes. Seminal work has revealed that IDs have a strong endocrine component, yet the contribution of imprinted gene products in the development and function of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis are not well defined. Postnatal endocrine processes are dependent upon the production of hormones from the pituitary gland. While the actions of a few imprinted genes in pituitary development and function have been described, to date there has been no attempt to link the expression of these genes as a class to the formation and function of this essential organ. This is important because IDs show considerable overlap, and imprinted genes are known to define a transcriptional network related to organ growth. This knowledge deficit is partly due to technical difficulties in obtaining useful transcriptomic data from the pituitary gland, namely, its small size during development and cellular complexity in maturity. Here we utilise high-sensitivity RNA sequencing at the embryonic stages, and single-cell RNA sequencing data to describe the imprinted transcriptome of the pituitary gland. In concert, we provide a comprehensive literature review of the current knowledge of the role of imprinted genes in pituitary hormonal pathways and how these relate to IDs. We present new data that implicate imprinted gene networks in the development of the gland and in the stem cell compartment. Furthermore, we suggest novel roles for individual imprinted genes in the aetiology of IDs. Finally, we describe the dynamic regulation of imprinted genes in the pituitary gland of the pregnant mother, with implications for the regulation of maternal metabolic adaptations to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Scagliotti
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE19RT, UK; (V.S.); (R.C.F.E.); (I.C.)
| | - Ruben Esse
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE19RT, UK; (V.S.); (R.C.F.E.); (I.C.)
| | - Thea L. Willis
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE19RT, UK; (T.L.W.); (E.L.); (C.L.A.)
| | - Mark Howard
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE19RT, UK;
| | - Isabella Carrus
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE19RT, UK; (V.S.); (R.C.F.E.); (I.C.)
| | - Emily Lodge
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE19RT, UK; (T.L.W.); (E.L.); (C.L.A.)
| | - Cynthia L. Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE19RT, UK; (T.L.W.); (E.L.); (C.L.A.)
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marika Charalambous
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE19RT, UK; (V.S.); (R.C.F.E.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Reichova A, Schaller F, Bukatova S, Bacova Z, Muscatelli F, Bakos J. The impact of oxytocin on neurite outgrowth and synaptic proteins in Magel2-deficient mice. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:366-388. [PMID: 33609001 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin contributes to the regulation of cytoskeletal and synaptic proteins and could, therefore, affect the mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism. Both the Prader-Willi syndrome and Schaaf-Yang syndrome exhibit autistic symptoms involving the MAGEL2 gene. Magel2-deficient mice show a deficit in social behavior that is rescued following the postnatal administration of oxytocin. Here, in Magel2-deficient mice, we showed that the neurite outgrowth of primary cultures of immature hippocampal neurons is reduced. Treatment with oxytocin reversed this abnormality. In the hippocampus of Magel2-deficient pups, we further demonstrated that several transcripts of neurite outgrowth-associated proteins, synaptic vesicle proteins, and cell-adhesion molecules are decreased. In the juvenile stage, when neurons are mature, normalization or even overexpression of most of these markers was observed, suggesting a delay in the neuronal maturation of Magel2-deficient pups. Moreover, we found reduced transcripts of the excitatory postsynaptic marker, Psd95 in the hippocampus and we observed a decrease of PSD95/VGLUT2 colocalization in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions in Magel2-deficient mice, indicating a defect in glutamatergic synapses. Postnatal administration of oxytocin upregulated postsynaptic transcripts in pups; however, it did not restore the level of markers of glutamatergic synapses in Magel2-deficient mice. Overall, Magel2 deficiency leads to abnormal neurite outgrowth and reduced glutamatergic synapses during development, suggesting abnormal neuronal maturation. Oxytocin stimulates the expression of numerous genes involved in neurite outgrowth and synapse formation in early development stages. Postnatal oxytocin administration has a strong effect on development that should be considered for certain neuropsychiatric conditions in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Reichova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Fabienne Schaller
- Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology (INMED), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Stanislava Bukatova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Bacova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Françoise Muscatelli
- Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology (INMED), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Jan Bakos
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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29
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Mendiola AJP, LaSalle JM. Epigenetics in Prader-Willi Syndrome. Front Genet 2021; 12:624581. [PMID: 33659026 PMCID: PMC7917289 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.624581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 1 in 20,000 individuals worldwide. Symptom progression in PWS is classically characterized by two nutritional stages. Stage 1 is hypotonia characterized by poor muscle tone that leads to poor feeding behavior causing failure to thrive in early neonatal life. Stage 2 is followed by the development of extreme hyperphagia, also known as insatiable eating and fixation on food that often leads to obesity in early childhood. Other major features of PWS include obsessive-compulsive and hoarding behaviors, intellectual disability, and sleep abnormalities. PWS is genetic disorder mapping to imprinted 15q11.2-q13.3 locus, specifically at the paternally expressed SNORD116 locus of small nucleolar RNAs and noncoding host gene transcripts. SNORD116 is processed into several noncoding components and is hypothesized to orchestrate diurnal changes in metabolism through epigenetics, according to functional studies. Here, we review the current status of epigenetic mechanisms in PWS, with an emphasis on an emerging role for SNORD116 in circadian and sleep phenotypes. We also summarize current ongoing therapeutic strategies, as well as potential implications for more common human metabolic and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janine M. LaSalle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Genome Center, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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30
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Cataldi M, Arnaldi D, Tucci V, De Carli F, Patti G, Napoli F, Pace M, Maghnie M, Nobili L. Sleep disorders in Prader-Willi syndrome, evidence from animal models and humans. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 57:101432. [PMID: 33567377 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder with multiple cognitive, behavioral and endocrine dysfunctions. Sleep alterations and sleep disorders such as Sleep-disordered breathing and Central disorders of hypersomnolence are frequently recognized (either isolated or in comorbidity). The aim of the review is to highlight the pathophysiology and the clinical features of sleep disorders in PWS, providing the basis for early diagnosis and management. We reviewed the genetic features of the syndrome and the possible relationship with sleep alterations in animal models, and we described sleep phenotypes, diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches in humans. Moreover, we performed a meta-analysis of cerebrospinal fluid orexin levels in patients with PWS; significantly lower levels of orexin were detected in PWS with respect to control subjects (although significantly higher than the ones of narcoleptic patients). Sleep disorders in humans with PWS are multifaceted and are often the result of different mechanisms. Since hypothalamic dysfunction seems to partially influence metabolic, respiratory and sleep/wake characteristics of this syndrome, additional studies are required in this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cataldi
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medical and Surgical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Arnaldi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valter Tucci
- Genetics and Epigenetics of Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Carli
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Patti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Flavia Napoli
- Department of Pediatrics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marta Pace
- Genetics and Epigenetics of Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medical and Surgical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperphagia, hypotonia, learning disability, as well as a range of psychiatric conditions. The conservation of the PWS genetic interval on chromosome 15q11-q13 in human, and a cluster of genes on mouse chromosome 7, has facilitated the use of mice as animal models for PWS. Some models faithfully mimic the loss of all gene expression from the paternally inherited PWS genetic interval, whereas others target smaller regions or individual genes. Collectively, these models have provided insight into the mechanisms, many of which lead to alterations in hypothalamic function, underlying the core symptoms of PWS, including growth retardation, hyperphagia and metabolism, reproductive maturation and endophenotypes of relevance to behavioral and psychiatric problems. Here we review and summarize these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Zahova
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R Isles
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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32
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Berteotti C, Liguori C, Pace M. Dysregulation of the orexin/hypocretin system is not limited to narcolepsy but has far-reaching implications for neurological disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1136-1154. [PMID: 33290595 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides orexin A and B (OX-A/B, also called hypocretin 1 and 2) are released selectively by a population of neurons which projects widely into the entire central nervous system but is localized in a restricted area of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus, caudal to the paraventricular nucleus. The OX system prominently targets brain structures involved in the regulation of wake-sleep state switching, and also orchestrates multiple physiological functions. The degeneration and dysregulation of the OX system promotes narcoleptic phenotypes both in humans and animals. Hence, this review begins with the already proven involvement of OX in narcolepsy, but it mainly discusses the new pre-clinical and clinical insights of the role of OX in three major neurological disorders characterized by sleep impairment which have been recently associated with OX dysfunction, such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke and Prader Willi syndrome, and have been emerged over the past 10 years to be strongly associated with the OX dysfunction and should be more considered in the future. In the light of the impairment of the OX system in these neurological disorders, it is conceivable to speculate that the integrity of the OX system is necessary for a healthy functioning body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Berteotti
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Liguori
- Sleep Medicine Centre, Neurology Unit, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Pace
- Genetics and Epigenetics of Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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33
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Florke Gee RR, Chen H, Lee AK, Daly CA, Wilander BA, Fon Tacer K, Potts PR. Emerging roles of the MAGE protein family in stress response pathways. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16121-16155. [PMID: 32921631 PMCID: PMC7681028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanoma antigen (MAGE) proteins all contain a MAGE homology domain. MAGE genes are conserved in all eukaryotes and have expanded from a single gene in lower eukaryotes to ∼40 genes in humans and mice. Whereas some MAGEs are ubiquitously expressed in tissues, others are expressed in only germ cells with aberrant reactivation in multiple cancers. Much of the initial research on MAGEs focused on exploiting their antigenicity and restricted expression pattern to target them with cancer immunotherapy. Beyond their potential clinical application and role in tumorigenesis, recent studies have shown that MAGE proteins regulate diverse cellular and developmental pathways, implicating them in many diseases besides cancer, including lung, renal, and neurodevelopmental disorders. At the molecular level, many MAGEs bind to E3 RING ubiquitin ligases and, thus, regulate their substrate specificity, ligase activity, and subcellular localization. On a broader scale, the MAGE genes likely expanded in eutherian mammals to protect the germline from environmental stress and aid in stress adaptation, and this stress tolerance may explain why many cancers aberrantly express MAGEs Here, we present an updated, comprehensive review on the MAGE family that highlights general characteristics, emphasizes recent comparative studies in mice, and describes the diverse functions exerted by individual MAGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Florke Gee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Helen Chen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anna K Lee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christina A Daly
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin A Wilander
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Klementina Fon Tacer
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas, USA.
| | - Patrick Ryan Potts
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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34
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Complex Economic Behavior Patterns Are Constructed from Finite, Genetically Controlled Modules of Behavior. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1814-1829.e6. [PMID: 31412249 PMCID: PMC7476553 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex ethological behaviors could be constructed from finite modules that are reproducible functional units of behavior. Here, we test this idea for foraging and develop methods to dissect rich behavior patterns in mice. We uncover discrete modules of foraging behavior reproducible across different strains and ages, as well as nonmodular behavioral sequences. Modules differ in terms of form, expression frequency, and expression timing and are expressed in a probabilistically determined order. Modules shape economic patterns of feeding, exposure, activity, and perseveration responses. The modular architecture of foraging changes developmentally, and different developmental, genetic, and parental effects are found to shape the expression of specific modules. Dissecting modules from complex patterns is powerful for phenotype analysis. We discover that both parental alleles of the imprinted Prader-Willi syndrome gene Magel2 are functional in mice but regulate different modules. Our study found that complex economic patterns are built from finite, genetically controlled modules. The principles and mechanisms involved in constructing complex behavior patterns are not well defined. Stacher Hörndli et al. find that complex foraging patterns in mice are constructed from finite modules, defined as significantly reproducible behavioral sequences. Modules are expressed in a probabilistically defined order to construct complex patterns and controlled by genetic mechanisms.
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35
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Chen H, Victor AK, Klein J, Tacer KF, Tai DJ, de Esch C, Nuttle A, Temirov J, Burnett LC, Rosenbaum M, Zhang Y, Ding L, Moresco JJ, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Tillman HS, Leibel RL, Talkowski ME, Billadeau DD, Reiter LT, Potts PR. Loss of MAGEL2 in Prader-Willi syndrome leads to decreased secretory granule and neuropeptide production. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138576. [PMID: 32879135 PMCID: PMC7526459 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a developmental disorder caused by loss of maternally imprinted genes on 15q11-q13, including melanoma antigen gene family member L2 (MAGEL2). The clinical phenotypes of PWS suggest impaired hypothalamic neuroendocrine function; however, the exact cellular defects are unknown. Here, we report deficits in secretory granule (SG) abundance and bioactive neuropeptide production upon loss of MAGEL2 in humans and mice. Unbiased proteomic analysis of Magel2pΔ/m+ mice revealed a reduction in components of SG in the hypothalamus that was confirmed in 2 PWS patient-derived neuronal cell models. Mechanistically, we show that proper endosomal trafficking by the MAGEL2-regulated WASH complex is required to prevent aberrant lysosomal degradation of SG proteins and reduction of mature SG abundance. Importantly, loss of MAGEL2 in mice, NGN2-induced neurons, and human patients led to reduced neuropeptide production. Thus, MAGEL2 plays an important role in hypothalamic neuroendocrine function, and cellular defects in this pathway may contribute to PWS disease etiology. Moreover, these findings suggest unanticipated approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - A Kaitlyn Victor
- Department of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathon Klein
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Klementina Fon Tacer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Derek Jc Tai
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Celine de Esch
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Nuttle
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamshid Temirov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lisa C Burnett
- Levo Therapeutics, Inc., Skokie, Illinois, USA.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - James J Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Heather S Tillman
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lawrence T Reiter
- Department of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patrick Ryan Potts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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36
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Chung MS, Langouët M, Chamberlain SJ, Carmichael GG. Prader-Willi syndrome: reflections on seminal studies and future therapies. Open Biol 2020; 10:200195. [PMID: 32961075 PMCID: PMC7536080 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is caused by the loss of function of the paternally inherited 15q11-q13 locus. This region is governed by genomic imprinting, a phenomenon in which genes are expressed exclusively from one parental allele. The genomic imprinting of the 15q11-q13 locus is established in the germline and is largely controlled by a bipartite imprinting centre. One part, termed the Prader-Willi syndrome imprinting center (PWS-IC), comprises a CpG island that is unmethylated on the paternal allele and methylated on the maternal allele. The second part, termed the Angelman syndrome imprinting centre, is required to silence the PWS_IC in the maternal germline. The loss of the paternal contribution of the imprinted 15q11-q13 locus most frequently occurs owing to a large deletion of the entire imprinted region but can also occur through maternal uniparental disomy or an imprinting defect. While PWS is considered a contiguous gene syndrome based on large-deletion and uniparental disomy patients, the lack of expression of only non-coding RNA transcripts from the SNURF-SNRPN/SNHG14 may be the primary cause of PWS. Patients with small atypical deletions of the paternal SNORD116 cluster alone appear to have most of the PWS related clinical phenotypes. The loss of the maternal contribution of the 15q11-q13 locus causes a separate and distinct condition called Angelman syndrome. Importantly, while much has been learned about the regulation and expression of genes and transcripts deriving from the 15q11-q13 locus, there remains much to be learned about how these genes and transcripts contribute at the molecular level to the clinical traits and developmental aspects of PWS that have been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gordon G. Carmichael
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UCONN Health, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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37
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Lu R, Dong Y, Li JD. Necdin regulates BMAL1 stability and circadian clock through SGT1-HSP90 chaperone machinery. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:7944-7957. [PMID: 32667666 PMCID: PMC7430654 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are endogenous oscillators that control ∼24-hour physiology and behaviors in virtually all organisms. The circadian oscillator comprises interconnected transcriptional and translational feedback loops, but also requires finely coordinated protein homeostasis including protein degradation and maturation. However, the mechanisms underlying the mammalian clock protein maturation is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that necdin, one of the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS)-causative genes, is highly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the pacemaker of circadian clocks in mammals. Mice deficient in necdin show abnormal behaviors during an 8-hour advance jet-lag paradigm and disrupted clock gene expression in the liver. By using yeast two hybrid screening, we identified BMAL1, the core component of the circadian clock, and co-chaperone SGT1 as two necdin-interactive proteins. BMAL1 and SGT1 associated with the N-terminal and C-terminal fragments of necdin, respectively. Mechanistically, necdin enables SGT1-HSP90 chaperone machinery to stabilize BMAL1. Depletion of necdin or SGT1/HSP90 leads to degradation of BMAL1 through the ubiquitin-proteasome system, resulting in alterations in both clock gene expression and circadian rhythms. Taken together, our data identify the PWS-associated protein necdin as a novel regulator of the circadian clock, and further emphasize the critical roles of chaperone machinery in circadian clock regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renbin Lu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yufan Dong
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Da Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
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38
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Ieda D, Negishi Y, Miyamoto T, Johmura Y, Kumamoto N, Kato K, Miyoshi I, Nakanishi M, Ugawa S, Oishi H, Saitoh S. Two mouse models carrying truncating mutations in Magel2 show distinct phenotypes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237814. [PMID: 32804975 PMCID: PMC7430741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by truncating variants in the paternal allele of MAGEL2, located in the Prader-Willi critical region, 15q11-q13. Although the phenotypes of SYS overlap those of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), including neonatal hypotonia, feeding problems, and developmental delay/intellectual disability, SYS patients show autism spectrum disorder and joint contractures, which are atypical phenotypes for PWS. Therefore, we hypothesized that the truncated Magel2 protein could potentially produce gain-of-function toxic effects. To test the hypothesis, we generated two engineered mouse models; one, an overexpression model that expressed the N-terminal region of Magel2 that was FLAG tagged with a strong ubiquitous promoter, and another, a genome-edited model that carried a truncating variant in Magel2 generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. In the overexpression model, all transgenic mice died in the fetal or neonatal period indicating embryonic or neonatal lethality of the transgene. Therefore, overexpression of the truncated Magel2 could show toxic effects. In the genome-edited model, we generated a mouse model carrying a frameshift variant (c.1690_1924del; p(Glu564Serfs*130)) in Magel2. Model mice carrying the frameshift variant in the paternal or maternal allele of Magel2 were termed Magel2P:fs and Magel2M:fs, respectively. The imprinted expression and spatial distribution of truncating Magel2 transcripts in the brain were maintained. Although neonatal Magel2P:fs mice were lighter than wildtype littermates, Magel2P:fs males and females weighed the same as their wildtype littermates by eight and four weeks of age, respectively. Collectively, the overexpression mouse model may recapitulate fetal or neonatal death, which are the severest phenotypes for SYS. In contrast, the genome-edited mouse model maintains genomic imprinting and distribution of truncated Magel2 transcripts in the brain, but only partially recapitulates SYS phenotypes. Therefore, our results imply that simple gain-of-function toxic effects may not explain the patho-mechanism of SYS, but rather suggest a range of effects due to Magel2 variants as in human SYS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ieda
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Negishi
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomomi Miyamoto
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Johmura
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kumamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohji Kato
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya Japan
| | - Ichiro Miyoshi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Ugawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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39
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The RDoC approach for translational psychiatry: Could a genetic disorder with psychiatric symptoms help fill the matrix? the example of Prader-Willi syndrome. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:274. [PMID: 32772048 PMCID: PMC7415132 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Research Domain Criteria project (RDoc) proposes a new classification system based on information from several fields in order to encourage translational perspectives. Nevertheless, integrating genetic markers into this classification has remained difficult because of the lack of powerful associations between targeted genes and RDoC domains. We hypothesized that genetic diseases with psychiatric manifestations would be good models for RDoC gene investigations and would thereby extend the translational approach to involve targeted gene pathways. To explore this possibility, we reviewed the current knowledge on Prader-Willi syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by the absence of expression of some of the genes of the chromosome 15q11-13 region inherited from the father. Indeed, we found that the associations between genes of the PW locus and the modification identified in the relevant behavioral, physiological, and brain imaging studies followed the structure of the RDoC matrix and its six domains (positive valence, negative valence, social processing, cognitive systems, arousal/regulatory systems, and sensorimotor systems).
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40
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Chen X, Ma X, Zou C. Phenotypic spectrum and genetic analysis in the fatal cases of Schaaf-Yang syndrome: Two case reports and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20574. [PMID: 32702813 PMCID: PMC7373511 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Schaaf-Yang syndrome, a rare imprinted hereditary disease caused by MAGEL2 variants, manifests as developmental delay/intellectual disability, neonatal hypotonia, feeding difficulties, contractures, and autism spectrum disorder. PATIENT CONCERNS Patient 1 and 2 were infant girls presenting facial dysmorphisms, contractures of interphalangeal joints, neonatal hypotonia, feeding difficulties, congenital heart diseases, and respiratory complications. Besides, Patient 2 presented with delayed psychomotor development. DIAGNOSIS Whole-exome sequencing was performed and heterozygous mutations of the MAGEL2 gene were detected in the patients. They were diagnosed as Schaaf-Yang syndrome. INTERVENTIONS The patients received supportive treatment including mechanical ventilation, parenteral nutrition and gastric tube feeding. OUTCOMES Whole-exome sequencing revealed de novo heterozygous c.1996dupC pathogenic mutations in the MAGEL2 gene in the 2 patients. They died due to respiratory failure at the age of 20 days and 98 days, respectively. LESSONS Our results indicate that MAGEL2 variants can cause congenital heart disease and fatal respiratory complications, broadening the phenotypic spectrum and adding to the fatal cases of Schaaf-Yang syndrome. We highly suggest that the MAGEL2 gene should be added to gene-panels or gene-filters in next-generation sequencing-based diagnostics, which is of great significance for early diagnosis and early intervention of Schaaf-Yang syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolu Ma
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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41
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Pace M, Falappa M, Freschi A, Balzani E, Berteotti C, Lo Martire V, Kaveh F, Hovig E, Zoccoli G, Amici R, Cerri M, Urbanucci A, Tucci V. Loss of Snord116 impacts lateral hypothalamus, sleep, and food-related behaviors. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137495. [PMID: 32365348 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprinted genes are highly expressed in the hypothalamus; however, whether specific imprinted genes affect hypothalamic neuromodulators and their functions is unknown. It has been suggested that Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by lack of paternal expression at chromosome 15q11-q13, is characterized by hypothalamic insufficiency. Here, we investigate the role of the paternally expressed Snord116 gene within the context of sleep and metabolic abnormalities of PWS, and we report a significant role of this imprinted gene in the function and organization of the 2 main neuromodulatory systems of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) - namely, the orexin (OX) and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) - systems. We observed that the dynamics between neuronal discharge in the LH and the sleep-wake states of mice with paternal deletion of Snord116 (PWScrm+/p-) are compromised. This abnormal state-dependent neuronal activity is paralleled by a significant reduction in OX neurons in the LH of mutant mice. Therefore, we propose that an imbalance between OX- and MCH-expressing neurons in the LH of mutant mice reflects a series of deficits manifested in the PWS, such as dysregulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, food intake, and temperature control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pace
- Genetics and Epigenetics of Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Italy
| | - Matteo Falappa
- Genetics and Epigenetics of Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Italy.,Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili (DINOGMI), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Freschi
- Genetics and Epigenetics of Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Italy
| | - Edoardo Balzani
- Genetics and Epigenetics of Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Italy
| | - Chiara Berteotti
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Viviana Lo Martire
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fatemeh Kaveh
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Giovanna Zoccoli
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Amici
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Cerri
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valter Tucci
- Genetics and Epigenetics of Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Italy
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Wintler T, Schoch H, Frank M, Peixoto L. Sleep, brain development, and autism spectrum disorders: Insights from animal models. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1137-1149. [PMID: 32215963 PMCID: PMC7199437 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved and powerful drive, although its complete functions are still unknown. One possible function of sleep is that it promotes brain development. The amount of sleep is greatest during ages when the brain is rapidly developing, and sleep has been shown to influence critical period plasticity. This supports a role for sleep in brain development and suggests that abnormal sleep in early life may lead to abnormal development. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in the United States. It is estimated that insomnia affects 44%-86% of the ASD population, predicting the severity of ASD core symptoms and associated behavioral problems. Sleep problems impact the quality of life of both ASD individuals and their caregivers, thus it is important to understand why they are so prevalent. In this review, we explore the role of sleep in early life as a causal factor in ASD. First, we review fundamental steps in mammalian sleep ontogeny and regulation and how sleep influences brain development. Next, we summarize current knowledge gained from studying sleep in animal models of ASD. Ultimately, our goal is to highlight the importance of understanding the role of sleep in brain development and the use of animal models to provide mechanistic insight into the origin of sleep problems in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Wintler
- Washington State University Elson S Floyd College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Spokane, WA, 99202USA
| | - Hannah Schoch
- Washington State University Elson S Floyd College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Spokane, WA, 99202USA
| | - Marcos Frank
- Washington State University Elson S Floyd College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Spokane, WA, 99202USA
| | - Lucia Peixoto
- Washington State University Elson S Floyd College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Spokane, WA, 99202USA
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44
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Wevrick R. Disentangling ingestive behavior-related phenotypes in Prader–Willi syndrome: Integrating information from nonclinical studies and clinical trials to better understand the pathophysiology of hyperphagia and obesity. Physiol Behav 2020; 219:112864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Carias KV, Zoeteman M, Seewald A, Sanderson MR, Bischof JM, Wevrick R. A MAGEL2-deubiquitinase complex modulates the ubiquitination of circadian rhythm protein CRY1. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230874. [PMID: 32315313 PMCID: PMC7173924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MAGEL2 encodes the L2 member of the MAGE (melanoma antigen) protein family. Protein truncating mutations in MAGEL2 cause Schaaf-Yang syndrome, and MAGEL2 is one of a small set of genes deleted in Prader-Willi syndrome. Excessive daytime sleepiness, night-time or early morning waking, and narcoleptic symptoms are seen in people with Prader-Willi syndrome and Schaaf-Yang syndrome, while mice carrying a gene-targeted Magel2 deletion have disrupted circadian rhythms. These phenotypes suggest that MAGEL2 is important for the robustness of the circadian rhythm. However, a cellular role for MAGEL2 has yet to be elucidated. MAGEL2 influences the ubiquitination of substrate proteins to target them for further modification or to alter their stability through proteasomal degradation pathways. Here, we characterized relationships among MAGEL2 and proteins that regulate circadian rhythm. The effect of MAGEL2 on the key circadian rhythm protein cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) was assessed using in vivo proximity labelling (BioID), immunofluorescence microscopy and ubiquitination assays. We demonstrate that MAGEL2 modulates the ubiquitination of CRY1. Further studies will clarify the cellular role MAGEL2 normally plays in circadian rhythm, in part through ubiquitination and regulation of stability of the CRY1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Vanessa Carias
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mercedes Zoeteman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Abigail Seewald
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Jocelyn M. Bischof
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel Wevrick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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46
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Brueggeman L, Koomar T, Michaelson JJ. Forecasting risk gene discovery in autism with machine learning and genome-scale data. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4569. [PMID: 32165711 PMCID: PMC7067874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetics has been one of the most powerful windows into the biology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is estimated that a thousand or more genes may confer risk for ASD when functionally perturbed, however, only around 100 genes currently have sufficient evidence to be considered true "autism risk genes". Massive genetic studies are currently underway producing data to implicate additional genes. This approach - although necessary - is costly and slow-moving, making identification of putative ASD risk genes with existing data vital. Here, we approach autism risk gene discovery as a machine learning problem, rather than a genetic association problem, by using genome-scale data as predictors to identify new genes with similar properties to established autism risk genes. This ensemble method, forecASD, integrates brain gene expression, heterogeneous network data, and previous gene-level predictors of autism association into an ensemble classifier that yields a single score indexing evidence of each gene's involvement in the etiology of autism. We demonstrate that forecASD has substantially better performance than previous predictors of autism association in three independent trio-based sequencing studies. Studying forecASD prioritized genes, we show that forecASD is a robust indicator of a gene's involvement in ASD etiology, with diverse applications to gene discovery, differential expression analysis, eQTL prioritization, and pathway enrichment analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Brueggeman
- University of Iowa, Department of Psychiatry, Iowa City, IA, USA
- University of Iowa, Interdisciplinary Genetics Program, Iowa City, IA, USA
- University of Iowa, Medical Scientist Training Program, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Tanner Koomar
- University of Iowa, Department of Psychiatry, Iowa City, IA, USA
- University of Iowa, Interdisciplinary Genetics Program, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jacob J Michaelson
- University of Iowa, Department of Psychiatry, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- University of Iowa, Interdisciplinary Genetics Program, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Germain ND, Levine ES, Chamberlain SJ. IPSC Models of Chromosome 15Q Imprinting Disorders: From Disease Modeling to Therapeutic Strategies. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 25:55-77. [PMID: 32578144 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45493-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The chromosome 15q11-q13 region of the human genome is regulated by genomic imprinting, an epigenetic phenomenon in which genes are expressed exclusively from one parental allele. Several genes within the 15q11-q13 region are expressed exclusively from the paternally inherited chromosome 15. At least one gene UBE3A, shows exclusive expression of the maternal allele, but this allele-specific expression is restricted to neurons. The appropriate regulation of imprinted gene expression across chromosome 15q11-q13 has important implications for human disease. Three different neurodevelopmental disorders result from aberrant expression of imprinted genes in this region: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), Angelman syndrome (AS), and 15q duplication syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle D Germain
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Eric S Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Stormy J Chamberlain
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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49
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Crutcher E, Pal R, Naini F, Zhang P, Laugsch M, Kim J, Bajic A, Schaaf CP. mTOR and autophagy pathways are dysregulated in murine and human models of Schaaf-Yang syndrome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15935. [PMID: 31685878 PMCID: PMC6828689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
MAGEL2 is a maternally imprinted, paternally expressed gene, located in the Prader-Willi region of human chromosome 15. Pathogenic variants in the paternal copy of MAGEL2 cause Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SHFYNG), a neurodevelopmental disorder related to Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Patients with SHFYNG, like PWS, manifest neonatal hypotonia, feeding difficulties, hypogonadism, intellectual disability and sleep apnea. However, individuals with SHFYNG have joint contractures, greater cognitive impairment, and higher prevalence of autism than seen in PWS. Additionally, SHFYNG is associated with a lower prevalence of hyperphagia and obesity than PWS. Previous studies have shown that truncating variants in MAGEL2 lead to SHFYNG. However, the molecular pathways involved in manifestation of the SHFYNG disease phenotype are still unknown. Here we show that a Magel2 null mouse model and fibroblast cell lines from individuals with SHFYNG exhibit increased expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and decreased autophagy. Additionally, we show that SHFYNG induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons exhibit impaired dendrite formation. Alterations in SHFYNG patient fibroblast lines and iPSC-derived neurons are rescued by treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Collectively, our findings identify mTOR as a potential target for the development of pharmacological treatments for SHFYNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Crutcher
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rituraj Pal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fatemeh Naini
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Human Neural Differentiation Core, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Human Stem Cell Core, Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Magdalena Laugsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Human Stem Cell Core, Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Aleksandar Bajic
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Human Neural Differentiation Core, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christian P Schaaf
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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50
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Adhikari A, Copping NA, Onaga B, Pride MC, Coulson RL, Yang M, Yasui DH, LaSalle JM, Silverman JL. Cognitive deficits in the Snord116 deletion mouse model for Prader-Willi syndrome. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 165:106874. [PMID: 29800646 PMCID: PMC6520209 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is an imprinted neurodevelopmental disease caused by a loss of paternal genes on chromosome 15q11-q13. It is characterized by cognitive impairments, developmental delay, sleep abnormalities, and hyperphagia often leading to obesity. Clinical research has shown that a lack of expression of SNORD116, a paternally expressed imprinted gene cluster that encodes multiple copies of a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) in both humans and mice, is most likely responsible for many PWS symptoms seen in humans. The majority of previous research using PWS preclinical models focused on characterization of the hyperphagic and metabolic phenotypes. However, a crucial understudied clinical phenotype is cognitive impairments and thus we investigated the learning and memory abilities using a model of PWS, with a heterozygous deletion in Snord116. We utilized the novel object recognition task, which doesn't require external motivation, or exhaustive swim training. Automated findings were further confirmed with manual scoring by a highly trained blinded investigator. We discovered deficits in Snord116+/- mutant mice in the novel object recognition, location memory and tone cue fear conditioning assays when compared to age-, sex- matched, littermate control Snord116+/+ mice. Further, we confirmed that despite physical neo-natal developmental delays, Snord116+/- mice had normal exploratory and motor abilities. These results show that the Snord116+/- deletion murine model is a valuable preclinical model for investigating learning and memory impairments in individuals with PWS without common confounding phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Adhikari
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nycole A Copping
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Beth Onaga
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Pride
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rochelle L Coulson
- MIND Institute, Genome Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Genomic Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dag H Yasui
- MIND Institute, Genome Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Janine M LaSalle
- MIND Institute, Genome Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jill L Silverman
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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