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Maduka CV, Makela AV, Tundo A, Ural E, Stivers KB, Kuhnert MM, Alhaj M, Hoque Apu E, Ashammakhi N, Hankenson KD, Narayan R, Elisseeff JH, Contag CH. Regulating the proinflammatory response to composite biomaterials by targeting immunometabolism. Bioact Mater 2024; 40:64-73. [PMID: 38948254 PMCID: PMC11214186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Composite biomaterials comprising polylactide (PLA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) are applied in bone, cartilage and dental regenerative medicine, where HA confers osteoconductive properties. However, after surgical implantation, adverse immune responses to these composites can occur, which have been attributed to size and morphology of HA particles. Approaches to effectively modulate these adverse immune responses have not been described. PLA degradation products have been shown to alter immune cell metabolism (immunometabolism), which drives the inflammatory response. Accordingly, to modulate the inflammatory response to composite biomaterials, inhibitors were incorporated into composites comprised of amorphous PLA (aPLA) and HA (aPLA + HA) to regulate glycolytic flux. Inhibition at specific steps in glycolysis reduced proinflammatory (CD86+CD206-) and increased pro-regenerative (CD206+) immune cell populations around implanted aPLA + HA. Notably, neutrophil and dendritic cell (DC) numbers along with proinflammatory monocyte and macrophage populations were decreased, and Arginase 1 expression among DCs was increased. Targeting immunometabolism to control the proinflammatory response to biomaterial composites, thereby creating a pro-regenerative microenvironment, is a significant advance in tissue engineering where immunomodulation enhances osseointegration and angiogenesis, which could lead to improved bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chima V. Maduka
- Comparative Medicine & Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ashley V. Makela
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Anthony Tundo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Evran Ural
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Katlin B. Stivers
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Maxwell M. Kuhnert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Mohammed Alhaj
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ehsanul Hoque Apu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN, 37917, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kurt D. Hankenson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ramani Narayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jennifer H. Elisseeff
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Christopher H. Contag
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48864, USA
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Wang Y, Heymann F, Peiseler M. Intravital imaging: dynamic insights into liver immunity in health and disease. Gut 2024; 73:1364-1375. [PMID: 38777574 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical component of most acute and chronic liver diseases. The liver is a unique immunological organ with a dense vascular network, leading to intense crosstalk between tissue-resident immune cells, passenger leucocytes and parenchymal cells. During acute and chronic liver diseases, the multifaceted immune response is involved in disease promoting and repair mechanisms, while upholding core liver immune functions. In recent years, single-cell technologies have unravelled a previously unknown heterogeneity of immune cells, reshaping the complexity of the hepatic immune response. However, inflammation is a dynamic biological process, encompassing various immune cells, orchestrated in temporal and spatial dimensions, and driven by multiorgan signals. Intravital microscopy (IVM) has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate immunity by visualising the dynamic interplay between different immune cells and their surroundings within a near-natural environment. In this review, we summarise the experimental considerations to perform IVM and highlight recent technological developments. Furthermore, we outline the unique contributions of IVM to our understanding of liver immunity. Through the lens of liver disease, we discuss novel immune-mediated disease mechanisms uncovered by imaging-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Heymann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Bosch M, Kallin N, Donakonda S, Zhang JD, Wintersteller H, Hegenbarth S, Heim K, Ramirez C, Fürst A, Lattouf EI, Feuerherd M, Chattopadhyay S, Kumpesa N, Griesser V, Hoflack JC, Siebourg-Polster J, Mogler C, Swadling L, Pallett LJ, Meiser P, Manske K, de Almeida GP, Kosinska AD, Sandu I, Schneider A, Steinbacher V, Teng Y, Schnabel J, Theis F, Gehring AJ, Boonstra A, Janssen HLA, Vandenbosch M, Cuypers E, Öllinger R, Engleitner T, Rad R, Steiger K, Oxenius A, Lo WL, Klepsch V, Baier G, Holzmann B, Maini MK, Heeren R, Murray PJ, Thimme R, Herrmann C, Protzer U, Böttcher JP, Zehn D, Wohlleber D, Lauer GM, Hofmann M, Luangsay S, Knolle PA. A liver immune rheostat regulates CD8 T cell immunity in chronic HBV infection. Nature 2024; 631:867-875. [PMID: 38987588 PMCID: PMC11269190 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects 300 million patients worldwide1,2, in whom virus-specific CD8 T cells by still ill-defined mechanisms lose their function and cannot eliminate HBV-infected hepatocytes3-7. Here we demonstrate that a liver immune rheostat renders virus-specific CD8 T cells refractory to activation and leads to their loss of effector functions. In preclinical models of persistent infection with hepatotropic viruses such as HBV, dysfunctional virus-specific CXCR6+ CD8 T cells accumulated in the liver and, as a characteristic hallmark, showed enhanced transcriptional activity of cAMP-responsive element modulator (CREM) distinct from T cell exhaustion. In patients with chronic hepatitis B, circulating and intrahepatic HBV-specific CXCR6+ CD8 T cells with enhanced CREM expression and transcriptional activity were detected at a frequency of 12-22% of HBV-specific CD8 T cells. Knocking out the inhibitory CREM/ICER isoform in T cells, however, failed to rescue T cell immunity. This indicates that CREM activity was a consequence, rather than the cause, of loss in T cell function, further supported by the observation of enhanced phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) which is upstream of CREM. Indeed, we found that enhanced cAMP-PKA-signalling from increased T cell adenylyl cyclase activity augmented CREM activity and curbed T cell activation and effector function in persistent hepatic infection. Mechanistically, CD8 T cells recognizing their antigen on hepatocytes established close and extensive contact with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, thereby enhancing adenylyl cyclase-cAMP-PKA signalling in T cells. In these hepatic CD8 T cells, which recognize their antigen on hepatocytes, phosphorylation of key signalling kinases of the T cell receptor signalling pathway was impaired, which rendered them refractory to activation. Thus, close contact with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells curbs the activation and effector function of HBV-specific CD8 T cells that target hepatocytes expressing viral antigens by means of the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP-PKA axis in an immune rheostat-like fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bosch
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Kallin
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Sainitin Donakonda
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Jitao David Zhang
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Wintersteller
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Silke Hegenbarth
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heim
- Third Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carlos Ramirez
- Health Data Science Unit, Biomedical Genomics Group, Bioquant, Faculty of Medicine Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Fürst
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Elias Isaac Lattouf
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Feuerherd
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sutirtha Chattopadhyay
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Kumpesa
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vera Griesser
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Hoflack
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Siebourg-Polster
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Philippa Meiser
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Manske
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Gustavo P de Almeida
- Institute of Immunology and Animal Physiology, School of Life Science, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna D Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich site, Munich, Germany
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent Steinbacher
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Yan Teng
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Schnabel
- Institute of Machine Learning and Biomedical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Adam J Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andre Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michiel Vandenbosch
- Institute of Multimodal Imaging, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Institute of Multimodal Imaging, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wan-Lin Lo
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Victoria Klepsch
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Holzmann
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Mala K Maini
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Ron Heeren
- Institute of Multimodal Imaging, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Murray
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Third Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carl Herrmann
- Health Data Science Unit, Biomedical Genomics Group, Bioquant, Faculty of Medicine Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Immunology and Animal Physiology, School of Life Science, TUM, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan P Böttcher
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Institute of Immunology and Animal Physiology, School of Life Science, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Georg M Lauer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Third Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Souphalone Luangsay
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich site, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Life Science, TUM, Munich, Germany.
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Wu K, Zhang G, Shen C, Zhu L, Yu C, Sartorius K, Ding W, Jiang Y, Lu Y. Role of T cells in liver metastasis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:341. [PMID: 38755133 PMCID: PMC11099083 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The liver is a major metastatic site (organ) for gastrointestinal cancers (such as colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers) as well as non-gastrointestinal cancers (such as lung, breast, and melanoma cancers). Due to the innate anatomical position of the liver, the apoptosis of T cells in the liver, the unique metabolic regulation of hepatocytes and other potential mechanisms, the liver tends to form an immunosuppressive microenvironment and subsequently form a pre-metastatic niche (PMN), which can promote metastasis and colonization by various tumor cells(TCs). As a result, the critical role of immunoresponse in liver based metastasis has become increasingly appreciated. T cells, a centrally important member of adaptive immune response, play a significant role in liver based metastases and clarifying the different roles of the various T cells subsets is important to guide future clinical treatment. In this review, we first introduce the predisposing factors and related mechanisms of liver metastasis (LM) before introducing the PMN and its transition to LM. Finally, we detail the role of different subsets of T cells in LM and advances in the management of LM in order to identify potential therapeutic targets for patients with LM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Guozhu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Changbing Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Taizhou Second People's Hospital Affiliated with Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chongyuan Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Kurt Sartorius
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China.
- Department of General Surgery, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, China.
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Yunjie Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Department of General Surgery, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China.
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Gudd CLC, Mitchell E, Atkinson SR, Mawhin MA, Turajlic S, Larkin J, Thursz MR, Goldin RD, Powell N, Antoniades CG, Woollard KJ, Possamai LA, Triantafyllou E. Therapeutic inhibition of monocyte recruitment prevents checkpoint inhibitor-induced hepatitis. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008078. [PMID: 38580334 PMCID: PMC11002390 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Checkpoint inhibitor-induced hepatitis (CPI-hepatitis) is an emerging problem with the widening use of CPIs in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we developed a mouse model to characterize the mechanism of CPI-hepatitis and to therapeutically target key pathways driving this pathology. METHODS C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice were dosed with toll-like receptor (TLR)9 agonist (TLR9-L) for hepatic priming combined with anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) plus anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) ("CPI") or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) control for up to 7 days. Flow cytometry, histology/immunofluorescence and messenger RNA sequencing were used to characterize liver myeloid/lymphoid subsets and inflammation. Hepatocyte damage was assessed by plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and cytokeratin-18 (CK-18) measurements. In vivo investigations of CPI-hepatitis were carried out in Rag2-/- and Ccr2rfp/rfp transgenic mice, as well as following anti-CD4, anti-CD8 or cenicriviroc (CVC; CCR2/CCR5 antagonist) treatment. RESULTS Co-administration of combination CPIs with TLR9-L induced liver pathology closely resembling human disease, with increased infiltration and clustering of granzyme B+perforin+CD8+ T cells and CCR2+ monocytes, 7 days post treatment. This was accompanied by apoptotic hepatocytes surrounding these clusters and elevated ALT and CK-18 plasma levels. Liver RNA sequencing identified key signaling pathways (JAK-STAT, NF-ΚB) and cytokine/chemokine networks (Ifnγ, Cxcl9, Ccl2/Ccr2) as drivers of CPI-hepatitis. Using this model, we show that CD8+ T cells mediate hepatocyte damage in experimental CPI-hepatitis. However, their liver recruitment, clustering, and cytotoxic activity is dependent on the presence of CCR2+ monocytes. The absence of hepatic monocyte recruitment in Ccr2rfp/rfp mice and CCR2 inhibition by CVC treatment in WT mice was able to prevent the development and reverse established experimental CPI-hepatitis. CONCLUSION This newly established mouse model provides a platform for in vivo mechanistic studies of CPI-hepatitis. Using this model, we demonstrate the central role of liver infiltrating CCR2+ monocyte interaction with tissue-destructive CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of CPI-hepatitis and highlight CCR2 inhibition as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin L C Gudd
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eoin Mitchell
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen R Atkinson
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marie-Anne Mawhin
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samra Turajlic
- Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Melanoma and Kidney Cancer Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - James Larkin
- Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Melanoma and Kidney Cancer Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Mark R Thursz
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert D Goldin
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nick Powell
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kevin J Woollard
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lucia A Possamai
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Zhang Y, Bourgine M, Wan Y, Song J, Li Z, Yu Y, Jiang W, Zhou M, Guo C, Santucci D, Liang X, Brechot C, Zhang W, Charneau P, Wu H, Qiu C. Therapeutic vaccination with lentiviral vector in HBV-persistent mice and two inactive HBsAg carriers. J Hepatol 2024; 80:31-40. [PMID: 37827470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Immunotherapy for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has not yet demonstrated sufficient efficacy. We developed a non-integrative lentiviral-vectored therapeutic vaccine for chronic hepatitis B and tested its antiviral effects in HBV-persistent mice and two inactive HBsAg carriers. METHODS Lentiviral vectors (LVs) encoding the core, preS1, or large HBsAg (LHBs) proteins of HBV were evaluated for immunogenicity in HBV-naïve mice and therapeutic efficacy in a murine model of chronic HBV infection. In addition, two inactive HBsAg carriers each received two doses of 5×107 transduction units (TU) or 1×108 TU of lentiviral-vectored LHBs (LV-LHBs), respectively. The endpoints were safety, LHBs-specific T-cell responses, and serum HBsAg levels during a 24-week follow-up. RESULTS In the mouse models, LV-LHBs was the most promising in eliciting robust antigen-specific T cells and in reducing the levels of serum HBsAg and viral load. By the end of the 34-week observation period, six out of ten (60%) HBV-persistent mice vaccinated with LV-LHBs achieved serum HBsAg loss and significant depletion of HBV-positive hepatocytes in the liver. In the two inactive HBsAg carriers, vaccination with LV-LHBs induced a considerable increase in the number of peripheral LHBs-specific T cells in one patient, and a weak but detectable response in the other, accompanied by a sustained reduction of HBsAg (-0.31 log10 IU/ml and -0.46 log10 IU/ml, respectively) from baseline to nadir. CONCLUSIONS A lentiviral-vectored therapeutic vaccine for chronic HBV infection demonstrated the potential to improve HBV-specific T-cell responses and deplete HBV-positive hepatocytes, leading to a sustained loss or reduction of serum HBsAg. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Chronic HBV infection is characterized by an extremely low number and profound hypo-responsiveness of HBV-specific T cells. Therapeutic vaccines are designed to improve HBV-specific T-cell responses. We show that immunization with a lentiviral-vectored therapeutic HBV vaccine was able to expand HBV-specific T cells in vivo, leading to reductions of HBV-positive hepatocytes and serum HBsAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, 200052, China
| | - Maryline Bourgine
- Institut Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Department of Infectious Disease, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, 200052, China
| | - Jieyu Song
- Department of Infectious Disease, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yiqi Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Mingzhe Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiyuan Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China; Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | | | - Christian Brechot
- TheraVectys S.A., Paris, France; University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, 200052, China.
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Institut Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Hong Wu
- Changzhi People's Hospital, Changzhi, China.
| | - Chao Qiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, 200052, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China..
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7
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Zhao J, Zhang X, Li Y, Yu J, Chen Z, Niu Y, Ran S, Wang S, Ye W, Luo Z, Li X, Hao Y, Zong J, Xia C, Xia J, Wu J. Interorgan communication with the liver: novel mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1314123. [PMID: 38155961 PMCID: PMC10754533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1314123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a multifunctional organ that plays crucial roles in numerous physiological processes, such as production of bile and proteins for blood plasma, regulation of blood levels of amino acids, processing of hemoglobin, clearance of metabolic waste, maintenance of glucose, etc. Therefore, the liver is essential for the homeostasis of organisms. With the development of research on the liver, there is growing concern about its effect on immune cells of innate and adaptive immunity. For example, the liver regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions of immune cells through various secreted proteins (also known as "hepatokines"). As a result, the liver is identified as an important regulator of the immune system. Furthermore, many diseases resulting from immune disorders are thought to be related to the dysfunction of the liver, including systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and heart failure. Thus, the liver plays a role in remote immune regulation and is intricately linked with systemic immunity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the liver remote regulation of the body's innate and adaptive immunity regarding to main areas: immune-related molecules secreted by the liver and the liver-resident cells. Additionally, we assessed the influence of the liver on various facets of systemic immune-related diseases, offering insights into the clinical application of target therapies for liver immune regulation, as well as future developmental trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiulu Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jizhang Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqing Niu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuan Ran
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weicong Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zilong Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanglin Hao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Zong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengkun Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahong Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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8
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Palladini G, Di Pasqua LG, Croce AC, Ferrigno A, Vairetti M. Recent Updates on the Therapeutic Prospects of Reversion-Inducing Cysteine-Rich Protein with Kazal Motifs (RECK) in Liver Injuries. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17407. [PMID: 38139236 PMCID: PMC10743940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK), a membrane-anchored glycoprotein, negatively regulates various membrane proteins involved in the tissue governing extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling such as metalloproteases (MMPs) and the sheddases ADAM10 and ADAM17. The significance of the present review is to summarize the current understanding of the pathophysiological role of RECK, a newly discovered signaling pathway associated with different liver injuries. Specifically, this review analyzes published data on the downregulation of RECK expression in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, liver-related cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), as well as in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In addition, this review discusses the regulation of RECK by inducers, such as FXR agonists. The RECK protein has also been suggested as a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker for liver injury or as a biomarker with predictive value for drug treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Palladini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (L.G.D.P.); (M.V.)
- Internal Medicine Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Giuseppina Di Pasqua
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (L.G.D.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (L.G.D.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (L.G.D.P.); (M.V.)
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9
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Nasser N, Tonnerre P, Mansouri A, Asselah T. Hepatitis-B virus: replication cycle, targets, and antiviral approaches. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 63:101360. [PMID: 37696687 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 257 million people are chronic carriers of hepatitis-B virus (HBV) infection, which resulted in around 1 million deaths, mainly due to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Long-term nucleotide analog treatment of HBV infection is associated with favorable prognosis, no disease progression, and a reduction of HCC risk, but lifelong treatments are required. A better understanding of HBV replication cycle and the host immune response will likely improve the identification of new targets for drug development. Studies are ongoing to determine if it is possible to successfully combine direct-acting antivirals (DAA) with an immunomodulatory therapy to allow increased cure rates. This review will start with summarizing the HBV replication cycle, recall current treatments, and then discuss potential targets and antiviral approaches in development to optimistically reach the HBV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Nasser
- Université Paris-Cité, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm U1149, Paris, France; Department of Hepatology, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Pierre Tonnerre
- Université Paris-Cité, Inserm UMR 976, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy (HIPI), team ATIP-Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Abdellah Mansouri
- Université Paris-Cité, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm U1149, Paris, France; Department of Hepatology, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Tarik Asselah
- Université Paris-Cité, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm U1149, Paris, France; Department of Hepatology, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France.
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10
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Zhao Y, Shen G, Lin X, Zhang L, Fan F, Zhang Y, Li J. Identifying the Relationship between PM 2.5 and Hyperlipidemia Using Mendelian Randomization, RNA-seq Data and Model Mice Subjected to Air Pollution. TOXICS 2023; 11:823. [PMID: 37888673 PMCID: PMC10611378 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is an important public health problem that endangers human health. However, the casual association and pathogenesis between particles < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and hyperlipidemia remains incompletely unknown. Mendelian randomization (MR) and transcriptomic data analysis were performed, and an air pollution model using mice was constructed to investigate the association between PM2.5 and hyperlipidemia. MR analysis demonstrated that PM2.5 is associated with hyperlipidemia and the triglyceride (TG) level in the European population (IVW method of hyperlipidemia: OR: 1.0063, 95%CI: 1.0010-1.0118, p = 0.0210; IVW method of TG level: OR: 1.1004, 95%CI: 1.0067-1.2028, p = 0.0350). Mest, Adipoq, Ccl2, and Pcsk9 emerged in the differentially expressed genes of the liver and plasma of PM2.5 model mice, which might mediate atherosclerosis accelerated by PM2.5. The studied animal model shows that the Paigen Diet (PD)-fed male LDLR-/- mice had higher total cholesterol (TC), TG, and CM/VLDL cholesterol levels than the control group did after 10 times 5 mg/kg PM2.5 intranasal instillation once every three days. Our study revealed that PM2.5 had causality with hyperlipidemia, and PM2.5 might affect liver secretion, which could further regulate atherosclerosis. The lipid profile of PD-fed Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) model mice is more likely to be jeopardized by PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Y.Z.); (G.S.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (F.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Geng Shen
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Y.Z.); (G.S.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (F.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xipeng Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Y.Z.); (G.S.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (F.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Long Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Y.Z.); (G.S.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (F.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Fangfang Fan
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Y.Z.); (G.S.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (F.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Y.Z.); (G.S.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (F.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jianping Li
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Y.Z.); (G.S.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (F.F.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Beijing 100191, China
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11
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Hogan G, Winer BY, Ahodantin J, Sellau J, Huang T, Douam F, Funaki M, Chiriboga L, Su L, Ploss A. Persistent hepatitis B virus and HIV coinfections in dually humanized mice engrafted with human liver and immune system. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28930. [PMID: 37403703 PMCID: PMC11298785 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB), caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), remains a major medical problem. HBV has a high propensity for progressing to chronicity and can result in severe liver disease, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. CHB patients frequently present with viral coinfection, including human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV) and hepatitis delta virus. About 10% of chronic HIV carriers are also persistently infected with HBV, which can result in more exacerbated liver disease. Mechanistic studies of HBV-induced immune responses and pathogenesis, which could be significantly influenced by HIV infection, have been hampered by the scarcity of immunocompetent animal models. Here, we demonstrate that humanized mice dually engrafted with components of a human immune system and a human liver supported HBV infection, which was partially controlled by human immune cells, as evidenced by lower levels of serum viremia and HBV replication intermediates in the liver. HBV infection resulted in priming and expansion of human HLA-restricted CD8+ T cells, which acquired an activated phenotype. Notably, our dually humanized mice support persistent coinfections with HBV and HIV, which opens opportunities for analyzing immune dysregulation during HBV and HIV coinfection, and preclinical testing of novel immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Hogan
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Benjamin Y Winer
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - James Ahodantin
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie Sellau
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tiffany Huang
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Florian Douam
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Masaya Funaki
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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12
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Kayesh MEH, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Toll-like Receptor Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 or Co-Infection with Hepatitis B or C Virus: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119624. [PMID: 37298575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors that play important roles in the early detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses, which may influence the consequences of infection. Similarly to other viral infections, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) also modulates the host TLR response; therefore, a proper understanding of the response induced by human HIV-1 or co-infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), due to the common mode of transmission of these viruses, is essential for understanding HIV-1 pathogenesis during mono- or co-infection with HBV or HCV, as well as for HIV-1 cure strategies. In this review, we discuss the host TLR response during HIV-1 infection and the innate immune evasion mechanisms adopted by HIV-1 for infection establishment. We also examine changes in the host TLR response during HIV-1 co-infection with HBV or HCV; however, this type of study is extremely scarce. Moreover, we discuss studies investigating TLR agonists as latency-reverting agents and immune stimulators towards new strategies for curing HIV. This understanding will help develop a new strategy for curing HIV-1 mono-infection or co-infection with HBV or HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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13
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Nevola R, Beccia D, Rosato V, Ruocco R, Mastrocinque D, Villani A, Perillo P, Imbriani S, Delle Femine A, Criscuolo L, Alfano M, La Montagna M, Russo A, Marfella R, Cozzolino D, Sasso FC, Rinaldi L, Marrone A, Adinolfi LE, Claar E. HBV Infection and Host Interactions: The Role in Viral Persistence and Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087651. [PMID: 37108816 PMCID: PMC10145402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the advent of vaccines and potent antiviral agents able to suppress viral replication, recovery from chronic HBV infection is still an extremely difficult goal to achieve. Complex interactions between virus and host are responsible for HBV persistence and the risk of oncogenesis. Through multiple pathways, HBV is able to silence both innate and adaptive immunological responses and become out of control. Furthermore, the integration of the viral genome into that of the host and the production of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) represent reservoirs of viral persistence and account for the difficult eradication of the infection. An adequate knowledge of the virus-host interaction mechanisms responsible for viral persistence and the risk of hepatocarcinogenesis is necessary for the development of functional cures for chronic HBV infection. The purpose of this review is, therefore, to analyze how interactions between HBV and host concur in the mechanisms of infection, persistence, and oncogenesis and what are the implications and the therapeutic perspectives that follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Nevola
- Liver Unit, Ospedale Evangelico Betania, 80147 Naples, Italy
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Beccia
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Rosato
- Liver Unit, Ospedale Evangelico Betania, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Ruocco
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Angela Villani
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Simona Imbriani
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Augusto Delle Femine
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Criscuolo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Alfano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco La Montagna
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Marfella
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Cozzolino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Carlo Sasso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Marrone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Elio Adinolfi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Claar
- Liver Unit, Ospedale Evangelico Betania, 80147 Naples, Italy
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14
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Depew CE, Rixon JA, McSorley SJ. Optimal generation of hepatic tissue-resident memory CD4 T cells requires IL-1 and IL-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214699120. [PMID: 37040404 PMCID: PMC10120061 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214699120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic CD4 tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are required for robust protection against Salmonella infection; however, the generation of this T cell population is poorly understood. To interrogate the contribution of inflammation, we developed a simple Salmonella-specific T cell transfer system that allowed direct visualization of hepatic TRM formation. Salmonella-specific (SM1) T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD4 T cells were activated in vitro and adoptively transferred into C57BL/6 mice while hepatic inflammation was induced by acetaminophen overdose or L. monocytogenes infection. In both model systems, hepatic CD4 TRM formation was accentuated by local tissue responses. Liver inflammation also enhanced the suboptimal protection provided by a subunit Salmonella vaccine which typically induces circulating memory CD4 T cells. To further elucidate the mechanism of CD4 TRM formation in response to liver inflammation, various cytokines were examined by RNAseq, bone marrow chimeras, and in vivo neutralization. Surprisingly, IL-2 and IL-1 were found to enhance CD4 TRM formation. Thus, local inflammatory mediators enhance CD4 TRM populations and can boost the protective immunity provided by a suboptimal vaccine. This knowledge will be foundational for the development of a more effective vaccine against invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis (iNTS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Depew
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Jordan A. Rixon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Stephen J. McSorley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA95616
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15
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Lopez-Scarim J, Nambiar SM, Billerbeck E. Studying T Cell Responses to Hepatotropic Viruses in the Liver Microenvironment. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:681. [PMID: 36992265 PMCID: PMC10056334 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play an important role in the clearance of hepatotropic viruses but may also cause liver injury and contribute to disease progression in chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections which affect millions of people worldwide. The liver provides a unique microenvironment of immunological tolerance and hepatic immune regulation can modulate the functional properties of T cell subsets and influence the outcome of a virus infection. Extensive research over the last years has advanced our understanding of hepatic conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and unconventional T cell subsets and their functions in the liver environment during acute and chronic viral infections. The recent development of new small animal models and technological advances should further increase our knowledge of hepatic immunological mechanisms. Here we provide an overview of the existing models to study hepatic T cells and review the current knowledge about the distinct roles of heterogeneous T cell populations during acute and chronic viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Billerbeck
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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16
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Pallett LJ, Swadling L, Diniz M, Maini AA, Schwabenland M, Gasull AD, Davies J, Kucykowicz S, Skelton JK, Thomas N, Schmidt NM, Amin OE, Gill US, Stegmann KA, Burton AR, Stephenson E, Reynolds G, Whelan M, Sanchez J, de Maeyer R, Thakker C, Suveizdyte K, Uddin I, Ortega-Prieto AM, Grant C, Froghi F, Fusai G, Lens S, Pérez-Del-Pulgar S, Al-Akkad W, Mazza G, Noursadeghi M, Akbar A, Kennedy PTF, Davidson BR, Prinz M, Chain BM, Haniffa M, Gilroy DW, Dorner M, Bengsch B, Schurich A, Maini MK. Tissue CD14 +CD8 + T cells reprogrammed by myeloid cells and modulated by LPS. Nature 2023; 614:334-342. [PMID: 36697826 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The liver is bathed in bacterial products, including lipopolysaccharide transported from the intestinal portal vasculature, but maintains a state of tolerance that is exploited by persistent pathogens and tumours1-4. The cellular basis mediating this tolerance, yet allowing a switch to immunity or immunopathology, needs to be better understood for successful immunotherapy of liver diseases. Here we show that a variable proportion of CD8+ T cells compartmentalized in the human liver co-stain for CD14 and other prototypic myeloid membrane proteins and are enriched in close proximity to CD14high myeloid cells in hepatic zone 2. CD14+CD8+ T cells preferentially accumulate within the donor pool in liver allografts, among hepatic virus-specific and tumour-infiltrating responses, and in cirrhotic ascites. CD14+CD8+ T cells exhibit increased turnover, activation and constitutive immunomodulatory features with high homeostatic IL-10 and IL-2 production ex vivo, and enhanced antiviral/anti-tumour effector function after TCR engagement. This CD14+CD8+ T cell profile can be recapitulated by the acquisition of membrane proteins-including the lipopolysaccharide receptor complex-from mononuclear phagocytes, resulting in augmented tumour killing by TCR-redirected T cells in vitro. CD14+CD8+ T cells express integrins and chemokine receptors that favour interactions with the local stroma, which can promote their induction through CXCL12. Lipopolysaccharide can also increase the frequency of CD14+CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo, and skew their function towards the production of chemotactic and regenerative cytokines. Thus, bacterial products in the gut-liver axis and tissue stromal factors can tune liver immunity by driving myeloid instruction of CD8+ T cells with immunomodulatory ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mariana Diniz
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Davies
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Kucykowicz
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Niclas Thomas
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalie M Schmidt
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver E Amin
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Upkar S Gill
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kerstin A Stegmann
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alice R Burton
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emily Stephenson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gary Reynolds
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matt Whelan
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jenifer Sanchez
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Roel de Maeyer
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clare Thakker
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kornelija Suveizdyte
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Imran Uddin
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Farid Froghi
- Division of Surgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Division of Surgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sabela Lens
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofia Pérez-Del-Pulgar
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walid Al-Akkad
- Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Arne Akbar
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick T F Kennedy
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Chain
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Derek W Gilroy
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
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17
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Complexing CpG adjuvants with cationic liposomes enhances vaccine-induced formation of liver T RM cells. Vaccine 2023; 41:1094-1107. [PMID: 36609029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM cells) can provide effective tissue surveillance and can respond rapidly to infection. Vaccination strategies aimed at generating TRM cells have shown promise against a range of pathogens. We have previously shown that the choice of adjuvant critically influences CD8+ TRM cell formation in the liver. However, the range of adjuvants tested was limited. Here, we assessed the ability of a broad range of adjuvants stimulating membrane (TLR4), endosomal (TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9) and cytosolic (cGAS, RIG-I) pathogen recognition receptors for their capacity to induce CD8+ TRM formation in a subunit vaccination model. We show that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) remain the most efficient inducers of liver TRM cells among all adjuvants tested. Moreover, their combination with the cationic liposome DOTAP further enhances the potency, particularly of the class B ODN CpG 1668 and the human TLR9 ligand CpG 2006 (CpG 7909). This study informs the design of efficient liver TRM-based vaccines for their potential translation.
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18
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Contribution of T- and B-cell intrinsic toll-like receptors to the adaptive immune response in viral infectious diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:547. [PMID: 36224474 PMCID: PMC9555683 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a class of highly conserved molecules that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play a vital role in host defense against multiple viral infectious diseases. Although TLRs are highly expressed on innate immune cells and play indirect roles in regulating antiviral adaptive immune responses, intrinsic expression of TLRs in adaptive immune cells, including T cells and B cells, cannot be ignored. TLRs expressed in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells play roles in enhancing TCR signal-induced T-cell activation, proliferation, function, and survival, serving as costimulatory molecules. Gene knockout of TLR signaling molecules has been shown to diminish antiviral adaptive immune responses and affect viral clearance in multiple viral infectious animal models. These results have highlighted the critical role of TLRs in the long-term immunological control of viral infection. This review summarizes the expression and function of TLR signaling pathways in T and B cells, focusing on the in vitro and vivo mechanisms and effects of intrinsic TLR signaling in regulating T- and B-cell responses during viral infection. The potential clinical use of TLR-based immune regulatory drugs for viral infectious diseases is also explored.
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19
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Du Y, Wu J, Liu J, Zheng X, Yang D, Lu M. Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity orchestrates adaptive immune responses in HBV infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:965018. [PMID: 35967443 PMCID: PMC9372436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.965018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains to be a substantial global burden, especially for end-stage liver diseases. It is well accepted that HBV-specific T and B cells are essential for controlling HBV infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent one of the major first-line antiviral defenses through intracellular signaling pathways that induce antiviral inflammatory cytokines and interferons, thereby shaping adaptive immunity. However, HBV has evolved strategies to counter TLR responses by suppressing the expression of TLRs and blocking the downstream signaling pathways, thus limiting HBV-specific adaptive immunity and facilitating viral persistence. Recent studies have stated that stimulation of the TLR signaling pathway by different TLR agonists strengthens host innate immune responses and results in suppression of HBV replication. In this review, we will discuss how TLR-mediated responses shape HBV-specific adaptive immunity as demonstrated in different experimental models. This information may provide important insight for HBV functional cure based on TLR agonists as immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mengji Lu,
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20
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Xu HC, Huang J, Pandyra AA, Pandey P, Wang R, Zhang Z, Zhuang Y, Gertzen CG, Münk C, Herebian D, Borkhardt A, Recher M, Gohlke H, Esposito I, Oberbarnscheidt M, Häussinger D, Lang KS, Lang PA. Single MHC-I Expression Promotes Virus-Induced Liver Immunopathology. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1620-1633. [PMID: 35166071 PMCID: PMC9234681 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) molecules present epitopes on the cellular surface of antigen-presenting cells to prime cytotoxic clusters of differentiation 8 (CD8)+ T cells (CTLs), which then identify and eliminate other cells such as virus-infected cells bearing the antigen. Human hepatitis virus cohort studies have previously identified MHC-I molecules as promising predictors of viral clearance. However, the underlying functional significance of these predictions is not fully understood. Here, we show that expression of single MHC-I isomers promotes virus-induced liver immunopathology. Specifically, using the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model system, we found MHC-I proteins to be highly up-regulated during infection. Deletion of one of the two MHC-I isomers histocompatibility antigen 2 (H2)-Db or H2-Kb in C57Bl/6 mice resulted in CTL activation recognizing the remaining MHC-I with LCMV epitopes in increased paucity. This increased CTL response resulted in hepatocyte death, increased caspase activation, and severe metabolic changes in liver tissue following infection with LCMV. Moreover, depletion of CTLs abolished LCMV-induced pathology in these mice with resulting viral persistence. In turn, natural killer (NK) cell depletion further increased antiviral CTL immunity and clearance of LCMV even in the presence of a single MHC-I isomer. Conclusion: Our results suggest that uniform MHC-I molecule expression promotes enhanced CTL immunity during viral infection and contributes to increased CTL-mediated liver cell damage that was alleviated by CD8 or NK cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng C. Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Aleksandra A. Pandyra
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical ImmunologyMedical FacultyCenter of Child and Adolescent HealthHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Zeli Zhang
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious DiseasesMedical FacultyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Christoph G.W. Gertzen
- John von Neumann Institute for ComputingJülich Supercomputing CenterInstitute of Biological Information Processing (Structural Biochemistry) and Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences (Bioinformatics)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Center for Structural StudiesHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious DiseasesMedical FacultyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Diran Herebian
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric CardiologyMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical ImmunologyMedical FacultyCenter of Child and Adolescent HealthHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Mike Recher
- Immunodeficiency ClinicMedical Outpatient Unit and Immunodeficiency LabDepartment BiomedicineBasel University HospitalBaselSwitzerland
| | - Holger Gohlke
- John von Neumann Institute for ComputingJülich Supercomputing CenterInstitute of Biological Information Processing (Structural Biochemistry) and Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences (Bioinformatics)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of PathologyMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine University and University Hospital of DuesseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | | | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious DiseasesMedical FacultyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Karl S. Lang
- Institute of ImmunologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Philipp A. Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
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21
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Fung S, Choi HSJ, Gehring A, Janssen HLA. Getting to HBV cure: The promising paths forward. Hepatology 2022; 76:233-250. [PMID: 34990029 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic HBV infection is a global public health burden estimated to impact nearly 300 million persons worldwide. Despite the advent of potent antiviral agents that effectively suppress viral replication, HBV cure remains difficult to achieve because of the persistence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), HBV-DNA integration into the host genome, and impaired immune response. Indefinite treatment is necessary for most patients to maintain level of viral suppression. The success of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for hepatitis C treatment has rejuvenated the search for a cure for chronic hepatitis B (CHB), though an HBV cure likely requires an additional layer: immunomodulators for restoration of robust immune responses. DAAs such as entry inhibitors, capsid assembly modulators, inhibitors of subviral particle release, cccDNA silencers, and RNA interference molecules have reached clinical development. Immunomodulators, namely innate immunomodulators (Toll-like receptor agonists), therapeutic vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies, are also progressing toward clinical development. The future of the HBV cure possibly lies in triple combination therapies with concerted action on replication inhibition, antigen reduction, and immune stimulation. Many obstacles remain, such as overcoming translational failures, choosing the right endpoint using the right biomarkers, and leveraging current treatments in combination regimens to enhance response rates. This review gives an overview of the current therapies for CHB, HBV biomarkers used to evaluate treatment response, and development of DAAs and immune-targeting drugs and discusses the limitations and unanswered questions on the journey to an HBV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Fung
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hannah S J Choi
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Gottwick C, Carambia A, Herkel J. Harnessing the liver to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:475-484. [PMID: 35513495 PMCID: PMC9256566 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases develop when the adaptive immune system attacks the body’s own antigens leading to tissue damage. At least 80 different conditions are believed to have an autoimmune aetiology, including rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis or systemic lupus erythematosus. Collectively, autoimmune diseases are a leading cause of severe health impairment along with substantial socioeconomic costs. Current treatments are mostly symptomatic and non-specific, and it is typically not possible to cure these diseases. Thus, the development of more causative treatments that suppress only the pathogenic immune responses, but spare general immunity is of great biomedical interest. The liver offers considerable potential for development of such antigen-specific immunotherapies, as it has a distinct physiological capacity to induce immune tolerance. Indeed, the liver has been shown to specifically suppress autoimmune responses to organ allografts co-transplanted with the liver or to autoantigens that were transferred to the liver. Liver tolerance is established by a unique microenvironment that facilitates interactions between liver-resident antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes passing by in the low blood flow within the hepatic sinusoids. Here, we summarise current concepts and mechanisms of liver immune tolerance, and review present approaches to harness liver tolerance for antigen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Gottwick
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Antonella Carambia
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Herkel
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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23
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Diniz MO, Schurich A, Chinnakannan SK, Duriez M, Stegmann KA, Davies J, Kucykowicz S, Suveizdyte K, Amin OE, Alcock F, Cargill T, Barnes E, Maini MK. NK cells limit therapeutic vaccine-induced CD8 +T cell immunity in a PD-L1-dependent manner. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabi4670. [PMID: 35417187 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abi4670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of mechanisms that regulate CD8+T cell responses to therapeutic vaccines is needed to develop approaches to enhance vaccine efficacy for chronic viral infections and cancers. We show here that NK cell depletion enhanced antigen-specific T cell responses to chimp adenoviral vector (ChAdOx) vaccination in a mouse model of chronic HBV infection (CHB). Probing the mechanism underlying this negative regulation, we observed that CHB drove parallel up-regulation of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on liver-resident NK cells and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) on intrahepatic T cells. PD-L1-expressing liver-resident NK cells suppressed PD-1hiCD8+T cells enriched within the HBV-specific response to therapeutic vaccination. Cytokine activation of NK cells also induced PD-L1, and combining cytokine activation with PD-L1 blockade resulted in conversion of NK cells into efficient helpers that boosted HBV-specific CD8+T cell responses to therapeutic vaccination in mice and to chronic infection in humans. Our findings delineate an immunotherapeutic combination that can boost the response to therapeutic vaccination in CHB and highlight the broader importance of PD-L1-dependent regulation of T cells by cytokine-activated NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Senthil K Chinnakannan
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marion Duriez
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Kerstin A Stegmann
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jessica Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Kucykowicz
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Kornelija Suveizdyte
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Oliver E Amin
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Frances Alcock
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Tamsin Cargill
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
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24
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Proliferation of CD11b+ myeloid cells induced by TLR4 signaling promotes hepatitis B virus clearance. Cytokine 2022; 153:155867. [PMID: 35390759 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Effective immune response plays a key role in the clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, the specific role of innate immune response in the clearance of virus is still unclear. Here we investigated the effect of TLR4 signaling on the proliferation and differentiation of CD11b+ myeloid cells, which contributes to virus clearance. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide by intraperitoneal injection. Hydrodynamic injection (HI) was performed to establish HBV-replicated mice. The viremia was monitored. The immune cells were isolated from liver and spleen of the mice. The proliferation and differentiation of CD11b+ myeloid cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The changes of CD11b+ myeloid cells and its role in virus clearance during HBV infection after LPS stimulation were analyzed. RESULTS LPS stimulation induced the proliferation of CD11b+ myeloid cells which differentiated into neutrophils and inflammatory mononuclear macrophages. The expression of F4/80 protein on the surface of mononuclear macrophages in the liver of LPS-stimulated mice was significantly lower than that of control. It indicated that intrahepatic Kupffer cells were significantly decreased in the LPS-stimulated mice, which promoted the clearance of virus. CONCLUSION LPS stimulation induces the proliferation of CD11b+ myeloid cells that differentiate into inflammatory neutrophils and monocytes, which inhibits HBV replication. And the decrease of intrahepatic Kupffer cells also contributes to the clearance of HBV during HBV infection.
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25
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Wu R, Fan X, Wang Y, Shen M, Zheng Y, Zhao S, Yang L. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Immunity and Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833878. [PMID: 35309311 PMCID: PMC8930843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as the most common cell source for stem cell therapy, play an important role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and have been widely used in clinical trials to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Recent experimental and clinical studies have shown that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can inhibit the activation and proliferation of a variety of proinflammatory cells, such as Th1, Th17 and M1 macrophages, reducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, while promoting the proliferation of anti-inflammatory cells, such as M2 macrophages and Tregs, and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus playing a role in immune regulation and exhibiting immunomodulatory functions. Besides MSC-EVs are more convenient and less immunogenic than MSCs. There is growing interest in the role of MSC-EVs in liver diseases owing to the intrinsic liver tropism of MSC-EVs. In this review, we focus on the immunomodulatory effects of MSC-EVs and summarize the pivotal roles of MSC-EVs as a cell-free therapy in liver diseases, including NAFLD, AIH, acute liver failure, liver fibrosis and hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury. Moreover, we provide a concise overview of the potential use and limits of MSC-EVs in clinical application.
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26
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Ushach I, Zhu R, Rosler E, Pandey RK, De Costa NTS, Pourshahian S, Han Q, Li C, Beigelman L, Gryaznov SM, Yun T. Targeting TLR9 agonists to secondary lymphoid organs induces potent immune responses against HBV infection. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:1103-1115. [PMID: 35228903 PMCID: PMC8857595 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the existence of a prophylactic vaccine against hepatitis B virus (HBV), chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection remains the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer in developing countries. Because HBV persistence is associated with insufficient host immune responses to the infection, development of an immunomodulator as a component of therapeutic vaccination may become an important strategy for treatment CHB. In the present study, we aimed to design a novel immunomodulator with the capacity to subvert immune tolerance to HBV. We developed a lymphoid organ-targeting immunomodulator by conjugating a naturally occurring, lipophilic molecule, α-tocopherol, to a potent CpG oligonucleotide adjuvant pharmacophore. This approach resulted in preferential trafficking of the α-tocopherol-conjugated oligonucleotide to lymphoid organs where it was internalized by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Moreover, we show that conjugation of the oligonucleotides to α-tocopherol results in micelle-like structure formation, which improved cellular internalization and enhanced immunomodulatory properties of the conjugates. In a mouse model of chronic HBV infection, targeting CpG oligonucleotide to lymphoid organs induced strong cellular and humoral immune responses that resulted in sustained control of the virus. Given the potency and tolerability of an α-tocopherol-conjugated CpG oligonucleotide, this modality could potentially be broadly applied for therapeutic vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Ushach
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 260 E. Grand Avenue, 169 Harbor Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Corresponding author Irina Ushach, 260 E. Grand Avenue, 169 Harbor Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ren Zhu
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 260 E. Grand Avenue, 169 Harbor Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- China R&D, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 4560 Jinke Road, Pudong, Shanghai 200010, China
| | - Elen Rosler
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 260 E. Grand Avenue, 169 Harbor Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Rajendra K. Pandey
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 260 E. Grand Avenue, 169 Harbor Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - N. Tilani S. De Costa
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 260 E. Grand Avenue, 169 Harbor Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Soheil Pourshahian
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 260 E. Grand Avenue, 169 Harbor Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Qinglin Han
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 260 E. Grand Avenue, 169 Harbor Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- China R&D, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 4560 Jinke Road, Pudong, Shanghai 200010, China
| | - Chris Li
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 260 E. Grand Avenue, 169 Harbor Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- China R&D, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 4560 Jinke Road, Pudong, Shanghai 200010, China
| | - Leonid Beigelman
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 260 E. Grand Avenue, 169 Harbor Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sergei M. Gryaznov
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 260 E. Grand Avenue, 169 Harbor Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Theodore Yun
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 260 E. Grand Avenue, 169 Harbor Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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27
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Humoral immunity in hepatitis B virus infection: Rehabilitating the B in HBV. JHEP REPORTS : INNOVATION IN HEPATOLOGY 2022; 4:100398. [PMID: 35059620 PMCID: PMC8760517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insights into the immunopathogenesis of chronic HBV infections are fundamental in the quest for novel treatment approaches aimed at a functional cure. While much is known about the ineffective HBV-specific T-cell responses that characterise persistent HBV replication, B cells have been left largely understudied. However, an important role for humoral immunity during the natural history of HBV infections, as well as after functional cure, has been inadvertently revealed by the occurrence of HBV flares following B cell-depleting treatments. Herein, we review our current understanding of the role of the humoral immune response in chronic HBV, both at the level of HBV-specific antibody production and at the phenotypic and broader functional level of B cells. The recent development of fluorescently labelled HBV proteins has given us unprecedented insights into the phenotype and function of HBsAg- and HBcAg-specific B cells. This should fuel novel research into the mechanisms behind dysfunctional HBsAg-specific and fluctuating, possibly pathogenic, HBcAg-specific B-cell responses in chronic HBV. Finally, novel immunomodulatory treatments that partly target B cells are currently in clinical development, but a detailed assessment of their impact on HBV-specific B-cell responses is lacking. We plead for a rehabilitation of B-cell studies related to both the natural history of HBV and treatment development programmes.
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28
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Wei L, Zhao T, Zhang J, Mao Q, Gong G, Sun Y, Chen Y, Wang M, Tan D, Gong Z, Li B, Niu J, Li S, Gong H, Zou L, Zhou W, Jia Z, Tang Y, Fei L, Hu Y, Shang X, Han J, Zhang B, Wu Y. Efficacy and safety of a nanoparticle therapeutic vaccine in patients with chronic hepatitis B: A randomized clinical trial. Hepatology 2022; 75:182-195. [PMID: 34396571 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM HBV DNA can be reduced using antiviral drugs in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB); however, the rate of HBeAg seroconversion remains low. A clinical trial was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of a de novo designed liposome-based nanoparticle lipopeptide vaccine, εPA-44, for CHB. APPROACH AND RESULTS A two-stage phase 2 trial, which included a 76-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (stage 1) and a 68-week open-label extension (stage 2), was conducted in 15 centers across China (Clinicaltrials.gov No. NCT00869778). In stage 1, 360 human leukocyte antigen A2 (HLA-A2)-positive and HBeAg-positive patients were randomly and equally distributed to receive six subcutaneous injections of 600 µg or 900 µg εPA-44 or placebo at week 0, 4, 8, 12, 20, and 28. In stage 2, 183 patients received extended 900 µg εPA-44, and 26 patients were observed for relapse without further treatment. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients with HBeAg seroconversion at week 76. At week 76, patients receiving 900 µg εPA-44 achieved significantly higher HBeAg seroconversion rate (38.8%) versus placebo (20.2%) (95% CI, 6.9-29.6%; p = 0.002). With a combined endpoint of HBeAg seroconversion, alanine aminotransferase normalization and HBV DNA < 2,000 IU/mL, both 900 µg (18.1%) and 600 µg (14.3%), resulted in significantly higher rate versus placebo (5.0%) (p = 0.002 and p = 0.02, respectively) at week 76. In stage 2, none (0 of 20) of 900 µg εPA-44-treated patients experienced serologic relapse. The safety profile of εPA-44 was comparable to that of placebo. CONCLUSIONS Among HLA-A2-positive patients with progressive CHB, a finite duration of 900 µg εPA-44 monotherapy resulted in significantly higher HBeAg seroconversion rate than placebo and sustained off-treatment effect. A phase 3 trial is ongoing (ChiCTR2100043708).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wei
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology institute, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Infectious Diseases Institute of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guozhong Gong
- Infectious Diseases Department, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongtao Sun
- Infectious Diseases Department, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Infectious Diseases Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Maorong Wang
- Infectious Diseases Department, The 81th Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
| | - Deming Tan
- Infectious Diseases Department, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zuojiong Gong
- Infectious Diseases Department, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baosen Li
- Infectious Diseases Department, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Infectious Diseases Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuchen Li
- Infectious Diseases Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huanyu Gong
- Infectious Diseases Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyun Zou
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengcai Jia
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Fei
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junfeng Han
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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29
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Lee JC, Green MD, Huppert LA, Chow C, Pierce RH, Daud AI. The Liver-Immunity Nexus and Cancer Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:5-12. [PMID: 34285059 PMCID: PMC8897983 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The impact of liver metastases on immune checkpoint-inhibitor effectiveness in patients with solid-tumor malignancies has been the focus of several recent clinical and translational studies. We review the literature describing the immune functions of the liver and particularly the mechanistic observations in these studies. The initial clinical observation was that pembrolizumab appeared to be much less effective in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with liver metastasis. Subsequently other clinical studies have extended and reported similar findings with programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors in many cancers. Two recent translational studies in animal models have dissected the mechanism of this systemic immune suppression. In both studies CD11b+ suppressive macrophages generated by liver metastasis in a two-site MC38 model appear to delete CD8+ T cells in a FasL-dependent manner. In addition, regulatory T-cell (Treg) activation was observed and contributed to the distal immunosuppression. Finally, we discuss some of the interventions reported to address liver immune suppression, such as radiation therapy, combination checkpoint blockade, and Treg depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Lee
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of
Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco,
California
| | - Michael D. Green
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Michigan Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, U.S.
Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura A. Huppert
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of
Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Christine Chow
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of
Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Adil I. Daud
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of
Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco,
California
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30
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Papachristoforou E, Ramachandran P. Macrophages as key regulators of liver health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 368:143-212. [PMID: 35636927 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells and key cellular components of the liver. Hepatic macrophages consist of embryologically-derived resident Kupffer cells (KC), recruited monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and capsular macrophages. Both the diversity and plasticity of hepatic macrophage subsets explain their different functions in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis and in injury processes in acute and chronic liver diseases. In this review, we assess the evidence for macrophage involvement in regulating both liver health and injury responses in liver diseases including acute liver injury (ALI), chronic liver disease (CLD) (including liver fibrosis) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In healthy livers, KC display critical functions such as phagocytosis, danger signal recognition, cytokine release, antigen processing and the ability to orchestrate immune responses and maintain immunological tolerance. However, in most liver diseases there is a striking hepatic MDM expansion, which orchestrate both disease progression and regression. Single-cell approaches have transformed our understanding of liver macrophage heterogeneity, dynamics, and functions in both human samples and preclinical models. We will further discuss the new insights provided by these approaches and how they are enabling high-fidelity work to specifically identify pathogenic macrophage subpopulations. Given the important role of macrophages in regulating injury responses in a broad range of settings, there is now a huge interest in developing new therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting macrophages. Therefore, we also review the current approaches being used to modulate macrophage function in liver diseases and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting macrophage subpopulations as a novel treatment strategy for patients with liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papachristoforou
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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31
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Argemi J, Ponz-Sarvise M, Sangro B. Immunotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Current and developing strategies. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 156:367-413. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Bala N, McGurk AI, Zilch T, Rup AN, Carter EM, Leddon SA, Fowell DJ. T cell activation niches-Optimizing T cell effector function in inflamed and infected tissues. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:164-180. [PMID: 34859453 PMCID: PMC9218983 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Successful immunity to infection, malignancy, and tissue damage requires the coordinated recruitment of numerous immune cell subsets to target tissues. Once within the target tissue, effector T cells rely on local chemotactic cues and structural cues from the tissue matrix to navigate the tissue, interact with antigen-presenting cells, and release effector cytokines. This highly dynamic process has been "caught on camera" in situ by intravital multiphoton imaging. Initial studies revealed a surprising randomness to the pattern of T cell migration through inflamed tissues, behavior thought to facilitate chance encounters with rare antigen-bearing cells. Subsequent tissue-wide visualization has uncovered a high degree of spatial preference when it comes to T cell activation. Here, we discuss the basic tenants of a successful effector T cell activation niche, taking cues from the dynamics of Tfh positioning in the lymph node germinal center. In peripheral tissues, steady-state microanatomical organization may direct the location of "pop-up" de novo activation niches, often observed as perivascular clusters, that support early effector T cell activation. These perivascular activation niches appear to be regulated by site-specific chemokines that coordinate the recruitment of dendritic cells and other innate cells for local T cell activation, survival, and optimized effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Bala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Alexander I McGurk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Tiago Zilch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Anastasia N Rup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Evan M Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Scott A Leddon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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33
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Du Y, Broering R, Li X, Zhang X, Liu J, Yang D, Lu M. In Vivo Mouse Models for Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Their Application. Front Immunol 2021; 12:766534. [PMID: 34777385 PMCID: PMC8586444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective vaccination, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a major challenge worldwide. Research efforts are ongoing to find an effective cure for the estimated 250 million people chronically infected by HBV in recent years. The exceptionally limited host spectrum of HBV has limited the research progress. Thus, different HBV mouse models have been developed and used for studies on infection, immune responses, pathogenesis, and antiviral therapies. However, these mouse models have great limitations as no spread of HBV infection occurs in the mouse liver and no or only very mild hepatitis is present. Thus, the suitability of these mouse models for a given issue and the interpretation of the results need to be critically assessed. This review summarizes the currently available mouse models for HBV research, including hydrodynamic injection, viral vector-mediated transfection, recombinant covalently closed circular DNA (rc-cccDNA), transgenic, and liver humanized mouse models. We systematically discuss the characteristics of each model, with the main focus on hydrodynamic injection mouse model. The usefulness and limitations of each mouse model are discussed based on the published studies. This review summarizes the facts for considerations of the use and suitability of mouse model in future HBV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Du
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaoran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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34
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Knolle PA, Huang LR, Kosinska A, Wohlleber D, Protzer U. Improving Therapeutic Vaccination against Hepatitis B-Insights from Preclinical Models of Immune Therapy against Persistent Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1333. [PMID: 34835264 PMCID: PMC8623083 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B affects more than 250 million individuals worldwide, putting them at risk of developing liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. While antiviral immune responses are key to eliminating hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, insufficient antiviral immunity characterized by failure to eliminate HBV-infected hepatocytes is associated with chronic hepatitis B. Prophylactic vaccination against hepatitis B successfully established protective immunity against infection with the hepatitis B virus and has been instrumental in controlling hepatitis B. However, prophylactic vaccination schemes have not been successful in mounting protective immunity to eliminate HBV infections in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the development and efficacy of therapeutic vaccination strategies against chronic hepatitis B with particular emphasis on the pathogenetic understanding of dysfunctional anti-viral immunity. We explore the development of additional immune stimulation measures within tissues, in particular activation of immunogenic myeloid cell populations, and their use for combination with therapeutic vaccination strategies to improve the efficacy of therapeutic vaccination against chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy A. Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for infection Research (DZIF), Munich Site, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Li-Rung Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli City 350, Taiwan;
| | - Anna Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- German Center for infection Research (DZIF), Munich Site, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
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35
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Lang-Meli J, Neumann-Haefelin C, Thimme R. Immunotherapy and therapeutic vaccines for chronic HBV infection. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:149-157. [PMID: 34710645 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health burden causing severe complications like liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Curative treatment options are lacking. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic options. Immunotherapy with the goal to restore dysfunctional HBV-specific T cell immunity is an interesting new therapeutic strategy. Based on current evidence on dysfunction of the HBV-specific CD8+ T cell response in chronic HBV infection, we will review the growing field of immunotherapeutic approaches for treatment of chronic HBV infection. The review will focus on therapies targeting T cells and will cover checkpoint inhibitors, T cell engineering, Toll-like receptor agonists and therapeutic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lang-Meli
- Dept. of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; IMM-PACT Programm, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Dept. of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Dept. of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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36
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Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, estimated to be globally responsible for ∼800,000 deaths annually. Although effective vaccines are available to prevent new HBV infection, treatment of existing chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is limited, as the current standard-of-care antiviral drugs can only suppress viral replication without achieving cure. In 2016, the World Health Organization called for the elimination of viral hepatitis as a global public health threat by 2030. The United States and other nations are working to meet this ambitious goal by developing strategies to cure CHB, as well as prevent HBV transmission. This review considers recent research progress in understanding HBV pathobiology and development of therapeutics for the cure of CHB, which is necessary for elimination of hepatitis B by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Block
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, USA;
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- The Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, USA;
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37
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Fowell DJ, Kim M. The spatio-temporal control of effector T cell migration. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:582-596. [PMID: 33627851 PMCID: PMC9380693 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effector T cells leave the lymph nodes armed with specialized functional attributes. Their antigenic targets may be located anywhere in the body, posing the ultimate challenge: how to efficiently identify the target tissue, navigate through a complex tissue matrix and, ultimately, locate the immunological insult. Recent advances in real-time in situ imaging of effector T cell migratory behaviour have revealed a great degree of mechanistic plasticity that enables effector T cells to push and squeeze their way through inflamed tissues. This process is shaped by an array of 'stop' and 'go' guidance signals including target antigens, chemokines, integrin ligands and the mechanical cues of the inflamed microenvironment. Effector T cells must sense and interpret these competing signals to correctly position themselves to mediate their effector functions for complete and durable responses in infectious disease and malignancy. Tuning T cell migration therapeutically will require a new understanding of this complex decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Fowell
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Minsoo Kim
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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38
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Ehlting C, Wolf SD, Bode JG. Acute-phase protein synthesis: a key feature of innate immune functions of the liver. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1129-1145. [PMID: 34323429 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression of acute-phase proteins (APP's) maintains homeostasis and tissue repair, but also represents a central component of the organism's defense strategy, especially in the context of innate immunity. Accordingly, an inflammatory response is accompanied by significant changes in the serum protein composition, an aspect that is also used diagnostically. As the main site of APP synthesis the liver is constantly exposed to antigens or pathogens via blood flow, but also to systemic inflammatory signals originating either from the splanchnic area or from the circulation. Under both homeostatic and acute-phase response (APR) conditions the composition of APP's is determined by the pattern of regulatory mediators derived from the systemic circulation or from local cell populations, especially liver macrophages. The key regulators mentioned here most frequently are IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition to a variety of molecular mediators described mainly on the basis of in vitro studies, recent data emphasize the in vivo relevance of cellular key effectors as well as molecular key mediators and protein modifications for the regulation and function of APP's. These are aspects, on which the present review is primarily focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ehlting
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephanie D Wolf
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes G Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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39
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Vacani-Martins N, Meuser-Batista M, dos Santos CDLP, Hasslocher-Moreno AM, Henriques-Pons A. The Liver and the Hepatic Immune Response in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection, a Historical and Updated View. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091074. [PMID: 34578107 PMCID: PMC8465576 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease was described more than a century ago and, despite great efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms that lead to cardiac and digestive manifestations in chronic patients, much remains to be clarified. The disease is found beyond Latin America, including Japan, the USA, France, Spain, and Australia, and is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Dr. Carlos Chagas described Chagas disease in 1909 in Brazil, and hepatomegaly was among the clinical signs observed. Currently, hepatomegaly is cited in most papers published which either study acutely infected patients or experimental models, and we know that the parasite can infect multiple cell types in the liver, especially Kupffer cells and dendritic cells. Moreover, liver damage is more pronounced in cases of oral infection, which is mainly found in the Amazon region. However, the importance of liver involvement, including the hepatic immune response, in disease progression does not receive much attention. In this review, we present the very first paper published approaching the liver's participation in the infection, as well as subsequent papers published in the last century, up to and including our recently published results. We propose that, after infection, activated peripheral T lymphocytes reach the liver and induce a shift to a pro-inflammatory ambient environment. Thus, there is an immunological integration and cooperation between peripheral and hepatic immunity, contributing to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vacani-Martins
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil; (N.V.-M.); (C.d.L.P.d.S.)
| | - Marcelo Meuser-Batista
- Depto de Anatomia Patológica e Citopatologia, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 22250-020, Brazil;
| | - Carina de Lima Pereira dos Santos
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil; (N.V.-M.); (C.d.L.P.d.S.)
| | | | - Andrea Henriques-Pons
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil; (N.V.-M.); (C.d.L.P.d.S.)
- Correspondence:
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40
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Chiale C, Marchese AM, Robek MD. Innate immunity and HBV persistence. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 49:13-20. [PMID: 33992859 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes chronic infections that are associated with immune dysfunction. Though T cell impairment is perhaps the most prominent immune change contributing to viral persistence, HBV interaction with the innate immune system is also likely key, as the lack of effective innate immunity has functional consequences that promote chronic infection. In addition to an intrinsic ability to fight viral infections, the innate immune system also impacts T cell responses and other adaptive immune mechanisms critical for HBV control. Therefore, it is essential to understand the relationships between HBV and innate immunity, as these interactions may be useful immunotherapeutic targets to manage the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Chiale
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Anthony M Marchese
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Michael D Robek
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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41
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Yang M, Yang Y, He Q, Zhu P, Liu M, Xu J, Zhao M. Intestinal Microbiota-A Promising Target for Antiviral Therapy? Front Immunol 2021; 12:676232. [PMID: 34054866 PMCID: PMC8149780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is thought to be an important biological barrier against enteric pathogens. Its depletion, however, also has curative effects against some viral infections, suggesting that different components of the intestinal microbiota can play both promoting and inhibitory roles depending on the type of viral infection. The two primary mechanisms by which the microbiota facilitates or inhibits viral invasion involve participation in the innate and adaptive immune responses and direct or indirect interaction with the virus, during which the abundance and composition of the intestinal microbiota might be changed by the virus. Oral administration of probiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and antibiotics are major therapeutic strategies for regulating intestinal microbiota balance. However, these three methods have shown limited curative effects in clinical trials. Therefore, the intestinal microbiota might represent a new and promising supplementary antiviral therapeutic target, and more efficient and safer methods for regulating the microbiota require deeper investigation. This review summarizes the latest research on the relationship among the intestinal microbiota, anti-viral immunity and viruses and the most commonly used methods for regulating the intestinal microbiota with the goal of providing new insight into the antiviral effects of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingnan He
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiahao Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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42
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Ploss A, Strick-Marchand H, Li W. Animal Models for Hepatitis B: Does the Supply Meet the Demand? Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1437-1442. [PMID: 33352166 PMCID: PMC8035324 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.
| | - Hélène Strick-Marchand
- Innate Immunity Unit and, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences and, Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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43
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Leone V, Ali A, Weber A, Tschaharganeh DF, Heikenwalder M. Liver Inflammation and Hepatobiliary Cancers. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:606-623. [PMID: 33674229 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune regulation has an important role in cancer development, particularly in organs with continuous exposure to environmental pathogens, such as the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Chronic liver inflammation can lead to the development of hepatobiliary cancers, namely hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), or combined HCC (cHCC)-CCA. In this review, we discuss the link between oxidative stress and the hepatic immune compartments, as well as how these factors trigger hepatocyte damage, proliferation, and eventually cancer initiation and its sustainment. We further give an overview of new anticancer therapies based on immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Leone
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Adnan Ali
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research (IMCR), University Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darjus Felix Tschaharganeh
- Helmholtz-University Group Cell Plasticity and Epigenetic Remodeling, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Institute of Pathology University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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44
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Fernandez-Ruiz D, de Menezes MN, Holz LE, Ghilas S, Heath WR, Beattie L. Harnessing liver-resident memory T cells for protection against malaria. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:127-141. [PMID: 33501877 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1881485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are powerful mediators of protracted adaptive immunity to infection in peripheral organs. Harnessing TRM cells through vaccination hence promises unprecedented potential for protection against infection. A paramount example of this is malaria, a major infectious disease for which immunity through traditional vaccination strategies remains challenging. Liver TRM cells appear to be highly protective against malaria, and recent developments in our knowledge of the biology of these cells have defined promising, novel strategies for their induction. AREAS COVERED Here, we describe the path that led to the discovery of TRM cells and discuss the importance of liver TRM cells in immunity against Plasmodium spp. infection; we summarize current knowledge on TRM cell biology and discuss the current state and potential of TRM-based vaccination against malaria. EXPERT OPINION TRM based vaccination has emerged as a promising means to achieve efficient protection against malaria. Recent advances provide a solid basis for continuing the development of this area of research. Deeper understanding of the mechanisms that mediate TRM formation and maintenance and identification of immunogenic and protective target epitopes suitable for human vaccination remain the main challenges for translation of these discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
| | - Maria N de Menezes
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Lauren E Holz
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
| | - Sonia Ghilas
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
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45
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Kumashie KG, Cebula M, Hagedorn C, Kreppel F, Pils MC, Koch-Nolte F, Rissiek B, Wirth D. Improved Functionality of Exhausted Intrahepatic CXCR5+ CD8+ T Cells Contributes to Chronic Antigen Clearance Upon Immunomodulation. Front Immunol 2021; 11:592328. [PMID: 33613516 PMCID: PMC7886981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatotropic viral infections are characterized by exhausted CD8+ T cells in the presence of cognate antigen in the liver. The impairment of T cell response limits the control of chronic hepatotropic viruses. Immune-modulatory strategies are attractive options to re-invigorate exhausted T cells. However, in hepatotropic viral infections, the knowledge about immune-modulatory effects on the in-situ regulation of exhausted intrahepatic CD8+ T cells is limited. In this study, we elucidated the functional heterogeneity in the pool of exhausted CD8+ T cells in the liver of mice expressing the model antigen Ova in a fraction of hepatocytes. We found a subpopulation of intrahepatic CXCR5+ Ova-specific CD8+ T cells, which are profoundly cytotoxic, exhibiting efficient metabolic functions as well as improved memory recall and self-maintenance. The intrahepatic Ova-specific CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells are possibly tissue resident cells, which may rely largely on OXPHOS and glycolysis to fuel their cellular processes. Importantly, host conditioning with CpG oligonucleotide reinvigorates and promotes exhausted T cell expansion, facilitating complete antigen eradication. The CpG oligonucleotide-mediated reinvigoration may support resident memory T cell formation and the maintenance of CXCR5+ Ova-specific CD8+ T cells in the liver. These findings suggest that CpG oligodinucleotide may preferentially target CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells for expansion to facilitate the revival of exhausted T cells. Thus, therapeutic strategies aiming to expand CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells might provide a novel approach against chronic liver infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Gideon Kumashie
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marcin Cebula
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia Hagedorn
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Marina C Pils
- Mouse Pathology Unit, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Institute of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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46
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Li L, Zeng Z. Live Imaging of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in the Liver. Front Immunol 2020; 11:564768. [PMID: 33042143 PMCID: PMC7527534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.564768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune response in the liver is determined by the spatial organization and cellular dynamics of hepatic immune cells. The liver vasculature accommodates abundant tissue-resident innate immune cells, such as Kupffer cells, natural killer cells, and natural killer T cells, to ensure efficient intravascular immunosurveillance. The fenestrated sinusoids also allow direct contact between circulating T cells and non-canonical antigen-presenting cells, such as hepatocytes, to instruct adaptive immune responses. Distinct cellular behaviors are exploited by liver immune cells to exert proper functions. Intravital imaging enables real-time visualization of individual immune cell in living animals, representing a powerful tool in dissecting the spatiotemporal features of intrahepatic immune cells during steady state and liver diseases. This review summarizes current advances in liver immunology prompted by in vivo imaging, with a particular focus on liver-resident innate immune cells and hepatic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhutian Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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47
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Yan H, Zhong M, Yang J, Guo J, Yu J, Yang Y, Ma Z, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wu C, Dittmer U, Yang D, Lu M, Zhang E, Yan H. TLR5 activation in hepatocytes alleviates the functional suppression of intrahepatic CD8 + T cells. Immunology 2020; 161:325-344. [PMID: 32852795 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is an immune-privileged organ with a tolerogenic environment for maintaining liver homeostasis. This hepatic tolerance limits the intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell response for eliminating infections. The tolerant microenvironment in the liver is orchestrated by liver-specific immunoregulatory cells that can be functionally regulated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here, we report that flagellin, a key PAMP of gut bacteria, modulates the intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell response by activating the TLR5 signalling pathway of hepatocytes. We found that mice treated with Salmonella-derived recombinant flagellin (SF) by hydrodynamic injection had a significantly elevated IFN-γ production by the intrahepatic lymphocytes in 7 days after injection. This was correlated with a reduced immune suppressive effect of primary mouse hepatocytes (PMHs) in comparison with that of PMHs from mock-injected control mice. In vitro co-culture of SF-treated PMHs with splenocytes revealed that hepatocyte-induced immune suppression is alleviated through activation of the TLR5 but not the NLRC4 signalling pathway, leading to improved activation and function of CD8+ T cells during anti-CD3 stimulation or antigen-specific activation. In an acute HBV replication mouse model established by co-administration of SF together with an HBV-replicating plasmid by hydrodynamic injection, SF significantly enhanced the intrahepatic HBV-specific CD8+ T-cell response against HBV surface antigen. Our results clearly showed that flagellin plays a role in modulating the intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell response by activating the TLR5 pathway in PMHs, which suggests a potential role for gut bacteria in regulating liver immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maohua Zhong
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiabao Guo
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bali Zhao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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48
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Ficht X, Iannacone M. Immune surveillance of the liver by T cells. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/51/eaba2351. [PMID: 32887842 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aba2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the target of several infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases, which affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide and cause an estimated death toll of more than 2 million people each year. Dysregulation of T cell responses has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases; hence, it is critically important to understand the function and fate of T cells in the liver. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on liver immune surveillance by conventional and invariant T cells and explore the complex cross-talk between immune cell subsets that determines the balance between hepatic immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Ficht
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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49
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Abstract
Chronic liver injury due to viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and metabolic disorders is a worldwide health concern. Insufficient treatment of chronic liver injury leads to fibrosis, causing liver dysfunction and carcinogenesis. Most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develop in the fibrotic liver. Pathological features of liver fibrosis include extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, mesenchymal cell activation, immune deregulation, and angiogenesis, all of which contribute to the precancerous environment, supporting tumor development. Among liver cells, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and macrophages play critical roles in fibrosis and HCC. These two cell types interplay and remodel the ECM and immune microenvironment in the fibrotic liver. Once HCC develops, HCC-derived factors influence HSCs and macrophages to switch to protumorigenic cell populations, cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages, respectively. This review aims to summarize currently available data on the roles of HSCs and macrophages in liver fibrosis and HCC, with a focus on their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Matsuda
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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50
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A Natural Peptide Antigen within the Plasmodium Ribosomal Protein RPL6 Confers Liver TRM Cell-Mediated Immunity against Malaria in Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:950-962.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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