1
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Glutathione-dependent redox balance characterizes the distinct metabolic properties of follicular and marginal zone B cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1789. [PMID: 35379825 PMCID: PMC8980022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic principles underlying the differences between follicular and marginal zone B cells (FoB and MZB, respectively) are not well understood. Here we show, by studying mice with B cell-specific ablation of the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclc), that glutathione synthesis affects homeostasis and differentiation of MZB to a larger extent than FoB, while glutathione-dependent redox control contributes to the metabolic dependencies of FoB. Specifically, Gclc ablation in FoB induces metabolic features of wild-type MZB such as increased ATP levels, glucose metabolism, mTOR activation, and protein synthesis. Furthermore, Gclc-deficient FoB have a block in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) due to diminished complex I and II activity and thereby accumulate the tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolite succinate. Finally, Gclc deficiency hampers FoB activation and antibody responses in vitro and in vivo, and induces susceptibility to viral infections. Our results thus suggest that Gclc is required to ensure the development of MZB, the mitochondrial ETC integrity in FoB, and the efficacy of antiviral humoral immunity. Follicular and marginal zone B (FoB and MZB, respectively) cells have divergent metabolic characteristics. Here the authors show that deficiency of glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclc), the enzyme for glutathione synthesis, differentially impacts FoB and MZB homeostasis, while specifically impeding FoB activation and downstream antiviral immunity.
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2
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Di Pietro A, Polmear J, Cooper L, Damelang T, Hussain T, Hailes L, O'Donnell K, Udupa V, Mi T, Preston S, Shtewe A, Hershberg U, Turner SJ, La Gruta NL, Chung AW, Tarlinton DM, Scharer CD, Good-Jacobson KL. Targeting BMI-1 in B cells restores effective humoral immune responses and controls chronic viral infection. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:86-98. [PMID: 34845392 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ineffective antibody-mediated responses are a key characteristic of chronic viral infection. However, our understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms that drive this dysregulation are unclear. Here, we identify that targeting the epigenetic modifier BMI-1 in mice improves humoral responses to chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. BMI-1 was upregulated by germinal center B cells in chronic viral infection, correlating with changes to the accessible chromatin landscape, compared to acute infection. B cell-intrinsic deletion of Bmi1 accelerated viral clearance, reduced splenomegaly and restored splenic architecture. Deletion of Bmi1 restored c-Myc expression in B cells, concomitant with improved quality of antibody and coupled with reduced antibody-secreting cell numbers. Specifically, BMI-1-deficiency induced antibody with increased neutralizing capacity and enhanced antibody-dependent effector function. Using a small molecule inhibitor to murine BMI-1, we could deplete antibody-secreting cells and prohibit detrimental immune complex formation in vivo. This study defines BMI-1 as a crucial immune modifier that controls antibody-mediated responses in chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Pietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jack Polmear
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timon Damelang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tabinda Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Hailes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristy O'Donnell
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Research Alliance, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vibha Udupa
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tian Mi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Simon Preston
- Divisions of Immunology and Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Areen Shtewe
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Hershberg
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Research Alliance, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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3
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Hackler Y, Siebenhaar F, Löhning M, Maurer M, Muñoz M. Mast Cells Modulate Antigen-Specific CD8 + T Cell Activation During LCMV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688347. [PMID: 34194439 PMCID: PMC8236703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), strategically localized at mucosal surfaces, provide first-line defense against pathogens and shape innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent studies have shown that MCs are involved in pathogenic responses to several viruses including herpes simplex viruses, dengue virus, vaccinia virus and influenza virus. However, the underlying mechanisms of MCs in the activation of CD8+ T cells during viral infections are not fully understood. Therefore, we investigate the role of MCs in the development of virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses using the well-characterized murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model and the transgenic MasTRECK mice that contain the human diphtheria toxin receptor as an inducible MC-deficient model. Here, we report that MCs are essential for the activation and expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells. After MC depletion and subsequent intradermal LCMV infection, the CD8 + T cell effector phenotype and antiviral cytokine production were impaired at the peak of infection (day 8 p.i.). Importantly, MC-deficient mice were unable to control the infection and exhibited significantly higher viral loads in the spleen and in the ear draining lymph nodes compared to that of wild type control mice. In the absence of MCs, dendritic cell (DC) activation was impaired upon LCMV infection. In addition, type-I interferon (IFN) levels in the serum and in the spleen of MC-deficient mice were reduced during the first days of infection. Interestingly, depletion of MCs after intradermal LCMV infection did not impair virus-specific CD8+ T cell expansion, activation or antiviral cytokine production. In summary, our results indicate that MCs play a pivotal role in the activation and antiviral functions of CD8+ T cells through proper DC activation. A better understanding of the impact of MCs on CD8+ T cell responses is mandatory to improve antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Hackler
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Siebenhaar
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Löhning
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melba Muñoz
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Künzli M, Reuther P, Pinschewer DD, King CG. Opposing effects of T cell receptor signal strength on CD4 T cells responding to acute versus chronic viral infection. eLife 2021; 10:61869. [PMID: 33684030 PMCID: PMC7943189 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of adaptive immunity is CD4 T cells’ ability to differentiate into specialized effectors. A long-standing question is whether T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength can dominantly instruct the development of Th1 and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells across distinct infectious contexts. We characterized the differentiation of murine CD4 TCR transgenic T cells responding to altered peptide ligand lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses (LCMV) derived from acute and chronic parental strains. We found that TCR signal strength exerts opposite and hierarchical effects on the balance of Th1 and Tfh cells responding to acute versus persistent infection. TCR signal strength correlates positively with Th1 generation during acute but negatively during chronic infection. Weakly activated T cells express lower levels of markers associated with chronic T cell stimulation and may resist functional inactivation. We anticipate that the panel of recombinant viruses described herein will be valuable for investigating a wide range of CD4 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Künzli
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Reuther
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn G King
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Kräutler NJ, Yermanos A, Pedrioli A, Welten SPM, Lorgé D, Greczmiel U, Bartsch I, Scheuermann J, Kiefer JD, Eyer K, Menzel U, Greiff V, Neri D, Stadler T, Reddy ST, Oxenius A. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Humoral Immunity Reveals Continued and Personalized Evolution in Chronic Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 30:997-1012.e6. [PMID: 31995768 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of established chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection requires the production of neutralizing antibodies, but it remains unknown how the ensemble of antibodies evolves during ongoing infection. Here, we analyze the evolution of antibody responses during acute or chronic LCMV infection, combining quantitative functional assays and time-resolved antibody repertoire sequencing. We establish that antibody responses initially converge in both infection types on a functional and repertoire level, but diverge later during chronic infection, showing increased clonal diversity, the appearance of mouse-specific persistent clones, and distinct phylogenetic signatures. Chronic infection is characterized by a longer-lasting germinal center reaction and a continuous differentiation of plasma cells, resulting in the emergence of higher-affinity plasma cells exhibiting increased antibody secretion rates. Taken together, our findings reveal the emergence of a personalized antibody response in chronic infection and support the concept that maintaining B cell diversity throughout chronic LCMV infection correlates with the development of infection-resolving antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nike Julia Kräutler
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Pedrioli
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Lorgé
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ute Greczmiel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilka Bartsch
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Scheuermann
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D Kiefer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Eyer
- Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Menzel
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20 Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dario Neri
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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6
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Cooper L, Good-Jacobson KL. Dysregulation of humoral immunity in chronic infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:456-466. [PMID: 32275789 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic viral infections disrupt the ability of the humoral immune response to produce neutralizing antibody or form effective immune memory, preventing viral clearance and making vaccine design difficult. Multiple components of the B-cell response are affected by pathogens that are not cleared from the host. Changes in the microenvironment shift production of B cells to short-lived plasma cells early in the response. Polyclonal B cells are recruited into both the plasma cell and germinal center compartments, inhibiting the formation of a targeted, high-affinity response. Finally, memory B cells shift toward an "atypical" phenotype, which may in turn result in changes to the functional properties of this population. While similar properties of B-cell dysregulation have been described across different types of persistent infections, key questions about the underlying mechanisms remain. This review will discuss the recent advances in this field, as well as highlight the critical questions about the interplay between viral load, microenvironment, the polyclonal response and atypical memory B cells that are yet to be answered. Design of new preventative treatments will rely on identifying the extrinsic and intrinsic modulators that push B cells toward an ineffective response, and thus identify new ways to guide them back onto the best path for clearance of virus and formation of effective immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cooper
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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7
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Niessl J, Baxter AE, Morou A, Brunet-Ratnasingham E, Sannier G, Gendron-Lepage G, Richard J, Delgado GG, Brassard N, Turcotte I, Fromentin R, Bernard NF, Chomont N, Routy JP, Dubé M, Finzi A, Kaufmann DE. Persistent expansion and Th1-like skewing of HIV-specific circulating T follicular helper cells during antiretroviral therapy. EBioMedicine 2020; 54:102727. [PMID: 32268275 PMCID: PMC7136607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Untreated HIV infection leads to alterations in HIV-specific CD4+ T cells including increased expression of co-inhibitory receptors (IRs) and skewing toward a T follicular helper cell (Tfh) signature. However, which changes are maintained after suppression of viral replication with antiretroviral therapy (ART) is poorly known. Methods We analyzed blood CD4+ T cells specific to HIV and comparative viral antigens in ART-treated people using a cytokine-independent activation-induced marker assay alone or in combination with functional readouts. Findings In intra-individual comparisons, HIV-specific CD4+ T cells were characterized by a larger fraction of circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells than CMV- and HBV-specific cells and preferentially expressed multiple IRs and showed elevated production of the Tfh cytokines CXCL13 and IL-21. In addition, HIV-specific cTfh exhibited a predominant Th1-like phenotype and function when compared to cTfh of other specificities, contrasting with a reduction in Th1-functions in HIV-specific non-cTfh. Using longitudinal samples, we demonstrate that this distinct HIV-specific cTfh profile was induced during chronic untreated HIV infection, persisted on ART and correlated with the translation-competent HIV reservoir but not with the total HIV DNA reservoir. Interpretation Expansion and altered features of HIV-specific cTfh cells are maintained during ART and may be driven by persistent HIV antigen expression. Funding This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the FRQS AIDS and Infectious Diseases Network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Niessl
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Antigoni Morou
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elsa Brunet-Ratnasingham
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gérémy Sannier
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Gendron-Lepage
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gloria-Gabrielle Delgado
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Turcotte
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicole F Bernard
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, United States.
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8
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Greczmiel U, Kräutler NJ, Borsa M, Pedrioli A, Bartsch I, Richter K, Agnellini P, Bedenikovic G, Oxenius A. LCMV-specific CD4 T cell dependent polyclonal B-cell activation upon persistent viral infection is short lived and extrafollicular. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:396-403. [PMID: 31724162 PMCID: PMC7079077 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Persistent virus infections with non‐ or poorly cytopathic viruses are commonly associated with B cell dysregulations. These include the induction of hypergammaglobulinemia and the emergence of virus‐unspecific antibodies. These seemingly unspecific antibody responses interfere with the virus‐specific humoral immunity and contribute to delayed virus control. Whether these virus‐unspecific antibodies are induced in the B cell follicle or at extrafollicular sites and whether one specific CD4 T cell subset is involved in the polyclonal B cell activation is unclear. Here we studied virus‐unrelated IgG antibody responses against self or foreign antigens in the context of persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. We found that the LCMV‐unspecific antibody response is short‐lived and induced predominantly at extrafollicular sites and depends on the presence of LCMV‐specific CD4 T cells. Our data support a scenario in which activated, virus‐specific CD4 T cells provide help to non‐specific B cells at extrafollicular sites, supporting the production of virus unspecific IgG antibodies during persistent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Greczmiel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ilka Bartsch
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Vaccine-induced antibodies target sequestered viral antigens to prevent ocular HSV-1 pathogenesis, preserve vision, and preempt productive neuronal infection. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:827-839. [PMID: 30670763 PMCID: PMC6462227 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cornea is essential for vision yet highly sensitive to immune-mediated damage following infection. Generating vaccines that provide sterile immunity against ocular surface pathogens without evoking vision loss is therefore clinically challenging. Here, we tested a prophylactic live-attenuated vaccine against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a widespread human pathogen that can cause corneal blindness. Parenteral vaccination of mice resulted in sterile immunity to subsequent HSV-1 challenge in the cornea and suppressed productive infection of the nervous system. This protection was unmatched by a relevant glycoprotein subunit vaccine. Efficacy of the live-attenuated vaccine involved a T-dependent humoral immune response and complement C3 but not Fcγ-receptor 3 or interferon-α/β signaling. Proteomic analysis of viral proteins recognized by antiserum revealed an unexpected repertoire dominated by sequestered antigens rather than surface-exposed envelope glycoproteins. Ocular HSV-1 challenge in naive and subunit-vaccinated mice triggered vision loss and severe ocular pathologies including corneal opacification, scar formation, neovascularization, and sensation loss. However, corneal pathology was absent in mice receiving the live-attenuated vaccine concomitant with complete preservation of visual acuity. Collectively, this is the first comprehensive report of a prophylactic vaccine candidate that elicits resistance to ocular HSV-1 infection while fully preserving the cornea and visual acuity.
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10
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Greczmiel U, Oxenius A. The Janus Face of Follicular T Helper Cells in Chronic Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1162. [PMID: 29887868 PMCID: PMC5982684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections with non-cytopathic viruses constitutively expose virus-specific adaptive immune cells to cognate antigen, requiring their numeric and functional adaptation. Virus-specific CD8 T cells are compromised by various means in their effector functions, collectively termed T cell exhaustion. Alike CD8 T cells, virus-specific CD4 Th1 cell responses are gradually downregulated but instead, follicular T helper (TFH) cell differentiation and maintenance is strongly promoted during chronic infection. Thereby, the immune system promotes antibody responses, which bear less immune-pathological risk compared to cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory T cell responses. This emphasis on TFH cells contributes to tolerance of the chronic infection and is pivotal for the continued maturation and adaptation of the antibody response, leading eventually to the emergence of virus-neutralizing antibodies, which possess the potential to control the established chronic infection. However, sustained high levels of TFH cells can also result in a less stringent B cell selection process in active germinal center reactions, leading to the activation of virus-unspecific B cells, including self-reactive B cells, and to hypergammaglobulinemia. This dispersal of B cell help comes at the expense of a stringently selected virus-specific antibody response, thereby contributing to its delayed maturation. Here, we discuss these opposing facets of TFH cells in chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Greczmiel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Abstract
Antibodies play a crucial role in virus control. The production of antibodies requires virus-specific B cells to encounter viral antigens in lymph nodes, become activated, interact with different immune cells, proliferate and enter specific differentiation programmes. Each step occurs in distinct lymph node niches, requiring a coordinated migration of B cells between different subcompartments. The development of multiphoton intravital microscopy has enabled researchers to begin to elucidate the precise cellular and molecular events by which lymph nodes coordinate humoral responses. This Review discusses recent studies that clarify how viruses interfere with antibody responses, highlighting how these mechanisms relate to our topological and temporal understanding of B cell activation within secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, Milan 20132, Italy
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12
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Greczmiel U, Kräutler NJ, Pedrioli A, Bartsch I, Agnellini P, Bedenikovic G, Harker J, Richter K, Oxenius A. Sustained T follicular helper cell response is essential for control of chronic viral infection. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/18/eaam8686. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aam8686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Schmid D, Park CG, Hartl CA, Subedi N, Cartwright AN, Puerto RB, Zheng Y, Maiarana J, Freeman GJ, Wucherpfennig KW, Irvine DJ, Goldberg MS. T cell-targeting nanoparticles focus delivery of immunotherapy to improve antitumor immunity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1747. [PMID: 29170511 PMCID: PMC5700944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of compounds to particular cell subsets can enhance therapeutic index by concentrating their action on the cells of interest. Because attempts to target tumors directly have yielded limited benefit, we instead target endogenous immune cell subsets in the circulation that can migrate actively into tumors. We describe antibody-targeted nanoparticles that bind to CD8+ T cells in the blood, lymphoid tissues, and tumors of mice. PD-1+ T cells are successfully targeted in the circulation and tumor. The delivery of an inhibitor of TGFβ signaling to PD-1-expressing cells extends the survival of tumor-bearing mice, whereas free drugs have no effect at such doses. This modular platform also enables PD-1-targeted delivery of a TLR7/8 agonist to the tumor microenvironment, increasing the proportion of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and sensitizing tumors to subsequent anti-PD-1. Targeted delivery of immunotherapy to defined subsets of endogenous leukocytes may be superior to administration of free drugs. Targeted delivery of immunomodulatory compounds to defined subsets of endogenous immune cells may improve the efficacy of combination immunotherapies. Here, the authors use PD-1-targeting nanoparticles containing a TGFβ inhibitor or a TLR7/8 agonist to deliver these payloads to T cells or via T cells to the tumor microenvironment, respectively, leading to anti-tumor efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schmid
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Christina A Hartl
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nikita Subedi
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Adam N Cartwright
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Regina Bou Puerto
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yiran Zheng
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - James Maiarana
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Michael S Goldberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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14
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The dynamics of HCV-specific antibody responses in HIV/HCV patients on long-term antiretroviral therapy. Clin Immunol 2017; 179:54-63. [PMID: 28315414 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses have not been fully characterised in chronically HIV/HCV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Seventeen HIV/HCV patients receiving ART were followed for a median (range) interval of 597 (186-766) weeks. Prior to ART, HIV/HCV patients had lower levels of antibodies reactive with HCV core and JFH-1, and lower genotype cross-reactive neutralising antibodies (nAb) titres, than HCV patients. Levels of JFH-1 reactive antibody increased on ART, irrespective of CD4+ T-cell counts or changes in serum ALT levels. The appearance of nAb coincided with control of HCV viral replication in five HIV/HCV patients. In other patients, HCV viral loads remained elevated despite nAb responses. Sustained virological responses following HCV therapy were associated with reduced antibody responses to JFH-1 and core but elevated responses to non-structural proteins. We conclude that nAb responses alone may fail to clear HCV, but contribute to control of viral replication in some HIV/HCV patients responding to ART.
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15
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Moseman EA, Wu T, de la Torre JC, Schwartzberg PL, McGavern DB. Type I interferon suppresses virus-specific B cell responses by modulating CD8
+
T cell differentiation. Sci Immunol 2016; 1. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah3565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Ashley Moseman
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tuoqi Wu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Fallet B, Narr K, Ertuna YI, Remy M, Sommerstein R, Cornille K, Kreutzfeldt M, Page N, Zimmer G, Geier F, Straub T, Pircher H, Larimore K, Greenberg PD, Merkler D, Pinschewer DD. Interferon-driven deletion of antiviral B cells at the onset of chronic infection. Sci Immunol 2016; 1:eaah6817. [PMID: 27872905 PMCID: PMC5115616 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah6817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate antibody responses and perturbed B cell compartments represent hallmarks of persistent microbial infections, but the mechanisms whereby persisting pathogens suppress humoral immunity remain poorly defined. Using adoptive transfer experiments in the context of a chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice, we have documented rapid depletion of virus-specific B cells that coincided with the early type I interferon response to infection. We found that the loss of activated B cells was driven by type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling to several cell types including dendritic cells, T cells and myeloid cells. Intriguingly, this process was independent of B cell-intrinsic IFN-I sensing and resulted from biased differentiation of naïve B cells into short-lived antibody-secreting cells. The ability to generate robust B cell responses was restored upon IFN-I receptor blockade or, partially, when experimentally depleting myeloid cells or the IFN-I-induced cytokines interleukin 10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. We have termed this IFN-I-driven depletion of B cells "B cell decimation". Strategies to counter "B cell decimation" should thus help us better leverage humoral immunity in the combat against persistent microbial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Fallet
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Narr
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yusuf I. Ertuna
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Remy
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Karen Cornille
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Geier
- Department of Biomedicine, Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Larimore
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, WA 98109, USA
| | - Philip D. Greenberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, WA 98109, USA
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Rusert P, Kouyos RD, Kadelka C, Ebner H, Schanz M, Huber M, Braun DL, Hozé N, Scherrer A, Magnus C, Weber J, Uhr T, Cippa V, Thorball CW, Kuster H, Cavassini M, Bernasconi E, Hoffmann M, Calmy A, Battegay M, Rauch A, Yerly S, Aubert V, Klimkait T, Böni J, Fellay J, Regoes RR, Günthard HF, Trkola A. Determinants of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody induction. Nat Med 2016; 22:1260-1267. [PMID: 27668936 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are a focal component of HIV-1 vaccine design, yet basic aspects of their induction remain poorly understood. Here we report on viral, host and disease factors that steer bnAb evolution using the results of a systematic survey in 4,484 HIV-1-infected individuals that identified 239 bnAb inducers. We show that three parameters that reflect the exposure to antigen-viral load, length of untreated infection and viral diversity-independently drive bnAb evolution. Notably, black participants showed significantly (P = 0.0086-0.038) higher rates of bnAb induction than white participants. Neutralization fingerprint analysis, which was used to delineate plasma specificity, identified strong virus subtype dependencies, with higher frequencies of CD4-binding-site bnAbs in infection with subtype B viruses (P = 0.02) and higher frequencies of V2-glycan-specific bnAbs in infection with non-subtype B viruses (P = 1 × 10-5). Thus, key host, disease and viral determinants, including subtype-specific envelope features that determine bnAb specificity, remain to be unraveled and harnessed for bnAb-based vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rusert
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claus Kadelka
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Ebner
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merle Schanz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique L Braun
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathanael Hozé
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Scherrer
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Magnus
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Weber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Therese Uhr
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Cippa
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian W Thorball
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Kuster
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Aubert
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Klimkait
- Department of Biomedicine-Petersplatz, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Fellay
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roland R Regoes
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Bruno F, Fornara C, Zelini P, Furione M, Carrara E, Scaramuzzi L, Cane I, Mele F, Sallusto F, Lilleri D, Gerna G. Follicular helper T-cells and virus-specific antibody response in primary and reactivated human cytomegalovirus infections of the immunocompetent and immunocompromised transplant patients. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1928-1941. [PMID: 27113912 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) primary infection in immunocompetent (n=40) and immunocompromised transplant patients (n=20) revealed that the median peak antibody titre neutralizing infection of epithelial cells was 16-fold higher in immunocompromised patients. The mechanism of this finding was investigated by measuring: (i) HCMV DNAemia; (ii) HCMV neutralizing antibodies; (iii) ELISA IgG antibody titre to HCMV glycoprotein complexes gHgLpUL128L, gHgLgO and gB; and (iv) HCMV-specific (IFN-γ+) CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Circulating CXCR5+ CD4+ (memory T follicular helper - TFH-cells) were identified as activated TFH (ICOS+PD-1++CCR7lo) and quiescent cells. In the early stages of primary infection, activated TFH cells increased in number. Concomitantly, both neutralizing and IgG antibodies to HCMV glycoproteins reached a peak, followed by a plateau. A stop in antibody rise occurred upon appearance of HCMV-specific CD4+ T-cells, HCMV clearance and progressive reduction in activated TFH cells. The main differences between healthy and transplant patients were that the latter had a delayed DNA peak, a much higher DNA load and delayed activated TFH cells and antibody peaks. Similar events were observed in clinically severe HCMV reactivations of transplant patients. A preliminary analysis of the specificity of the activated TFH cell response to viral proteins showed a major response to the pentamer gHgLpUL128L and gB. In conclusion, in the absence of T-cell immunity, one of the first lines of defence, during primary infection, is conferred by antibodies produced through the interaction of TFH cells and B-cells of germinal centres, resulting in differentiation of B-cells into antibody producing plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bruno
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Area Trapiantologica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fornara
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Area Trapiantologica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Zelini
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Area Trapiantologica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Milena Furione
- Struttura Semplice Virologia Molecolare, Struttura Complessa Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Carrara
- Divisione di Cardiochirurgia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia Scaramuzzi
- Divisione di Nefrologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cane
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Area Trapiantologica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Mele
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Area Trapiantologica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gerna
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Area Trapiantologica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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19
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Duhan V, Khairnar V, Friedrich SK, Zhou F, Gassa A, Honke N, Shaabani N, Gailus N, Botezatu L, Khandanpour C, Dittmer U, Häussinger D, Recher M, Hardt C, Lang PA, Lang KS. Virus-specific antibodies allow viral replication in the marginal zone, thereby promoting CD8(+) T-cell priming and viral control. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19191. [PMID: 26805453 PMCID: PMC4726415 DOI: 10.1038/srep19191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically used human vaccination aims to induce specific antibodies that can guarantee long-term protection against a pathogen. The reasons that other immune components often fail to induce protective immunity are still debated. Recently we found that enforced viral replication in secondary lymphoid organs is essential for immune activation. In this study we used the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to determine whether enforced virus replication occurs in the presence of virus-specific antibodies or virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. We found that after systemic recall infection with LCMV-WE the presence of virus-specific antibodies allowed intracellular replication of virus in the marginal zone of spleen. In contrast, specific antibodies limited viral replication in liver, lung, and kidney. Upon recall infection with the persistent virus strain LCMV-Docile, viral replication in spleen was essential for the priming of CD8(+) T cells and for viral control. In contrast to specific antibodies, memory CD8(+) T cells inhibited viral replication in marginal zone but failed to protect mice from persistent viral infection. We conclude that virus-specific antibodies limit viral infection in peripheral organs but still allow replication of LCMV in the marginal zone, a mechanism that allows immune boosting during recall infection and thereby guarantees control of persistent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Duhan
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Vishal Khairnar
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Sarah-Kim Friedrich
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Fan Zhou
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Asmae Gassa
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cologne University, Heart Center, Kerpener strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadine Honke
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Namir Shaabani
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Nicole Gailus
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Lacramioara Botezatu
- Department of Hematology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Cyrus Khandanpour
- Department of Hematology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Mike Recher
- Clinic for Primary Immunodeficiency, Medical Outpatient Unit and Immunodeficiency Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Hardt
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.,Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany.,Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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20
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Clouthier DL, Watts TH. TNFRs and Control of Chronic LCMV Infection: Implications for Therapy. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:697-708. [PMID: 26481667 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The control of persistent viral infections requires the immune system to limit the spread of the virus while avoiding immunopathology. Recent studies have revealed that members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily play unique and pivotal roles in control of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and in some settings can tip the balance between immune control and immune pathology. We review these findings and discuss how our understanding of the role of TNFRs in the immune response to chronic LCMV infection may shed light on what happens during HIV infection in humans. We discuss preclinical models of TNF/TNFR family-targeted immunotherapy of chronic LCMV infection and evaluate which TNFRs present the most promising targets for immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Clouthier
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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21
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Shaabani N, Honke N, Dolff S, Görg B, Khairnar V, Merches K, Duhan V, Metzger S, Recher M, Barthuber C, Hardt C, Proksch P, Häussinger D, Witzke O, Lang PA, Lang KS. IFN-γ licenses CD11b(+) cells to induce progression of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2015; 62:11-21. [PMID: 26094774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies are a hallmark of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune hepatitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). High titers of anti-nuclear antibodies are used as surrogate marker for SLE, however their contribution to pathogenesis remains unclear. Using murine model of SLE and human samples, we studied the effect of immune stimulation on relapsing of SLE. Although autoantibodies bound to target cells in vivo, only additional activation of CD8(+) T cells converted this silent autoimmunity into overt disease. In mice as well as in humans CD8(+) T cells derived IFN-γ enhanced expression of Fc-receptors on CD11b(+) cells. High expression of Fc-receptors allowed CD11b(+) cells to bind to antibody covered target cells and to destroy them in vivo. We found that autoantibodies induce clinically relevant disease when adaptive immunity, specific for disease non-related antigen, is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namir Shaabani
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine Honke
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dolff
- Department for Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Boris Görg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vishal Khairnar
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katja Merches
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vikas Duhan
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Metzger
- Metabolomics Facility, Cologne Biocenter, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mike Recher
- Clinic for Primary Immunodeficiency, Medical Outpatient Unit and Immunodeficiency Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Barthuber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia Hardt
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department for Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich-Heine-University Düssledorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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22
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Khairnar V, Duhan V, Maney SK, Honke N, Shaabani N, Pandyra AA, Seifert M, Pozdeev V, Xu HC, Sharma P, Baldin F, Marquardsen F, Merches K, Lang E, Kirschning C, Westendorf AM, Häussinger D, Lang F, Dittmer U, Küppers R, Recher M, Hardt C, Scheffrahn I, Beauchemin N, Göthert JR, Singer BB, Lang PA, Lang KS. CEACAM1 induces B-cell survival and is essential for protective antiviral antibody production. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6217. [PMID: 25692415 PMCID: PMC4346637 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are essential for antiviral immune defence because they produce neutralizing antibodies, present antigen and maintain the lymphoid architecture. Here we show that intrinsic signalling of CEACAM1 is essential for generating efficient B-cell responses. Although CEACAM1 exerts limited influence on the proliferation of B cells, expression of CEACAM1 induces survival of proliferating B cells via the BTK/Syk/NF-κB-axis. The absence of this signalling cascade in naive Ceacam1−/− mice limits the survival of B cells. During systemic infection with cytopathic vesicular stomatitis virus, Ceacam1−/− mice can barely induce neutralizing antibody responses and die early after infection. We find, therefore, that CEACAM1 is a crucial regulator of B-cell survival, influencing B-cell numbers and protective antiviral antibody responses. Antibody responses are regulated by selective survival of B cells with proper antigen specificity. Here the authors show that CEACAM1 is critical for B-cell survival during homeostasis and antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Khairnar
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Vikas Duhan
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Sathish Kumar Maney
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Nadine Honke
- 1] Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany [2] Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Namir Shaabani
- 1] Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany [2] Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Aleksandra A Pandyra
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Vitaly Pozdeev
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Haifeng C Xu
- 1] Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany [2] Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Piyush Sharma
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Fabian Baldin
- Clinic for Primary Immunodeficiency, Medical Outpatient Unit and Immunodeficiency Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Florian Marquardsen
- Clinic for Primary Immunodeficiency, Medical Outpatient Unit and Immunodeficiency Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Katja Merches
- 1] Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany [2] Department of Physiology I, University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Lang
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Carsten Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Mike Recher
- Clinic for Primary Immunodeficiency, Medical Outpatient Unit and Immunodeficiency Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Hardt
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Inka Scheffrahn
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Nicole Beauchemin
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine and Oncology, McIntyre Medical Science Building, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Joachim R Göthert
- Department of Hematology, West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Bernhard B Singer
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- 1] Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany [2] Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- 1] Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany [2] Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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23
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Spaan M, Kreefft K, de Graav GN, Brouwer WP, de Knegt RJ, ten Kate FJW, Baan CC, Vanwolleghem T, Janssen HLA, Boonstra A. CD4+ CXCR5+ T cells in chronic HCV infection produce less IL-21, yet are efficient at supporting B cell responses. J Hepatol 2015; 62:303-10. [PMID: 25281860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS During chronic HCV infection, T cell dependent virus-specific antibodies are produced. However, the role of B-T cell interaction in chronic HCV is largely unknown. CD4(+)CXCR5(+) T follicular helper (TFH)-cells activate B cells and are important for clearance of various chronic viral infections. We investigated the function of TFH cells and B cells in liver and in peripheral blood of chronic HCV patients. METHODS T cells from chronic HCV patients and healthy individuals were analysed for expression of CXCR5, PD-1, ICOS, and IL-21 and IFN-γ production by flow cytometry. CD19(+) B cell subpopulations were identified on the basis of CD27 and IgD expression. In order to assess the frequency and function of T cells and B cells in liver follicles, immunohistochemistry was performed for CD3, CXCR5, Bcl6, IL-21, CD20, IgD, IgM, and IgG. RESULTS The frequency of IL-21-producing CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cells in blood was lower in HCV patients compared to healthy individuals (p=0.002), which was reflected by lower serum IL-21 levels (p<0.001). Nonetheless, CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cells from HCV patients and healthy individuals were equally capable to stimulate CD19(+)CD27(+) memory B cells into IgG and IgM-producing plasmablasts. Importantly, human intrahepatic TFH cells and their related function were identified by immunohistochemistry on liver biopsies for CD3, Bcl6, and CD20 within portal areas and follicles. CONCLUSIONS The specific localization of TFH cells and IgG and IgD/IgM-producing B cells suggests a functional B-T cell environment in liver follicles during HCV infection. The decreased frequency of IL-21-producing CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cells and lower serum IL-21 levels in chronic HCV patients did not lead to an altered TFH-B cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Spaan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Kreefft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gretchen N de Graav
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem P Brouwer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J de Knegt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fibo J W ten Kate
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Vanwolleghem
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Liver Clinic University Health Network, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Andre Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Penaloza-MacMaster P, Barber DL, Wherry EJ, Provine NM, Teigler JE, Parenteau L, Blackmore S, Borducchi EN, Larocca RA, Yates KB, Shen H, Haining WN, Sommerstein R, Pinschewer DD, Ahmed R, Barouch DH. Vaccine-elicited CD4 T cells induce immunopathology after chronic LCMV infection. Science 2015; 347:278-82. [PMID: 25593185 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells promote innate and adaptive immune responses, but how vaccine-elicited CD4 T cells contribute to immune protection remains unclear. We evaluated whether induction of virus-specific CD4 T cells by vaccination would protect mice against infection with chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Immunization with vaccines that selectively induced CD4 T cell responses resulted in catastrophic inflammation and mortality after challenge with a persistent strain of LCMV. Immunopathology required antigen-specific CD4 T cells and was associated with a cytokine storm, generalized inflammation, and multi-organ system failure. Virus-specific CD8 T cells or antibodies abrogated the pathology. These data demonstrate that vaccine-elicited CD4 T cells in the absence of effective antiviral immune responses can trigger lethal immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel L Barber
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas M Provine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Teigler
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lily Parenteau
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephen Blackmore
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Erica N Borducchi
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rafael A Larocca
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kathleen B Yates
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - W Nicholas Haining
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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25
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Bęczkowski PM, Logan N, McMonagle E, Litster A, Willett BJ, Hosie MJ. An investigation of the breadth of neutralizing antibody response in cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:671-680. [PMID: 25395594 PMCID: PMC4336861 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.071522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are believed to comprise an essential component of the protective immune response induced by vaccines against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. However, relatively little is known about the role of NAbs in controlling FIV infection and subsequent disease progression. Here, we present studies where we examined the neutralization of HIV-luciferase pseudotypes bearing homologous and heterologous FIV envelope proteins (n = 278) by sequential plasma samples collected at 6 month intervals from naturally infected cats (n = 38) over a period of 18 months. We evaluated the breadth of the NAb response against non-recombinant homologous and heterologous clade A and clade B viral variants, as well as recombinants, and assessed the results, testing for evidence of an association between the potency of the NAb response and the duration of infection, CD4+ T lymphocyte numbers, health status and survival times of the infected cats. Neutralization profiles varied significantly between FIV-infected cats and strong autologous neutralization, assessed using luciferase-based in vitro assays, did not correlate with the clinical outcome. No association was observed between strong NAb responses and either improved health status or increased survival time of infected animals, implying that other protective mechanisms were likely to be involved. Similarly, no correlation was observed between the development of autologous NAbs and the duration of infection. Furthermore, cross-neutralizing antibodies were evident in only a small proportion (13 %) of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł M Bęczkowski
- Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicola Logan
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elizabeth McMonagle
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Annette Litster
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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26
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Type I interferon suppresses de novo virus-specific CD4 Th1 immunity during an established persistent viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7409-14. [PMID: 24799699 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401662111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are central to orchestrate, sustain, and potentially regenerate antiviral immunity throughout persistent viral infections. Although the evolving immune environment during persistent infection reshapes established CD4 T-cell responses, the fate of naïve CD4 T cells primed in the midst of persistent infection is unclear. We demonstrate that, in marked contrast to the onset of infection, virus-specific CD4 T cells primed during an established persistent infection have diminished ability to develop Th1 responses, to efficiently accumulate in peripheral tissues, and almost exclusively differentiate into T follicular helper cells. Consistent with suppressed Th1 and heightened Tfh differentiation, virus-specific CD4 T cells primed during the established persistent infection provide help to B cells, but only limited help to CD8 T cells. The suppression of de novo Th1 generation and tissue distribution was mediated by chronic type I IFN (IFN-I) production and was effectively restored by blocking IFN-I signaling during CD4 T-cell priming. Thus, we establish a suppressive function of chronic IFN-I signaling and mechanism of immunoregulation during an established persistent virus infection.
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27
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Ng CT, Snell LM, Brooks DG, Oldstone MBA. Networking at the level of host immunity: immune cell interactions during persistent viral infections. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:652-64. [PMID: 23768490 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Persistent viral infections are the result of a series of connected events that culminate in diminished immunity and the inability to eliminate infection. By building our understanding of how distinct components of the immune system function both individually and collectively in productive versus abortive responses, new potential therapeutic targets can be developed to overcome immune dysfunction and thus fight persistent infections. Using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) as a model of a persistent virus infection and drawing parallels to persistent human viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), we describe the cellular relationships and interactions that determine the outcome of initial infection and highlight immune targets for therapeutic intervention to prevent or treat persistent infections. Ultimately, these findings will further our understanding of the immunologic basis of persistent viral infection and likely lead to strategies to treat human viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie T Ng
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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28
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Khanolkar A, Williams MA, Harty JT. Antigen experience shapes phenotype and function of memory Th1 cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65234. [PMID: 23762323 PMCID: PMC3676405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary and secondary (boosted) memory CD8 T cells exhibit differences in gene expression, phenotype and function. The impact of repeated antigen stimulations on memory CD4 T cells is largely unknown. To address this issue, we utilized LCMV and Listeria monocytogenes infection of mice to characterize primary and secondary antigen (Ag)-specific Th1 CD4 T cell responses. Ag-specific primary memory CD4 T cells display a CD62LloCCR7hi CD27hi CD127hi phenotype and are polyfunctional (most produce IFNγ, TNFα and IL-2). Following homologous prime-boost immunization we observed pathogen-specific differences in the rate of CD62L and CCR7 upregulation on memory CD4 T cells as well as in IL-2+IFNγco-production by secondary effectors. Phenotypic and functional plasticity of memory Th1 cells was observed following heterologous prime-boost immunization, wherein secondary memory CD4 T cells acquired phenotypic and functional characteristics dictated by the boosting agent rather than the primary immunizing agent. Our data also demonstrate that secondary memory Th1 cells accelerated neutralizing Ab formation in response to LCMV infection, suggesting enhanced capacity of this population to provide quality help for antibody production. Collectively these data have important implications for prime-boost vaccination strategies that seek to enhance protective immune responses mediated by Th1 CD4 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaruni Khanolkar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JTH); (MAW)
| | - John T. Harty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JTH); (MAW)
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29
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Persistent Antigen and Germinal Center B Cells Sustain T Follicular Helper Cell Responses and Phenotype. Immunity 2013; 38:596-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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30
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[Analytic and integrative perspectives for HIV vaccine design]. Uirusu 2013; 63:219-32. [PMID: 25366056 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.63.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic AIDS vaccines are required to optimally load adaptive immune responses against a virus optimally designed to impair those responses and induce persistent infection. This inevitably may necessitate atypical induction patterns that are distinct from well-balanced responses deriving from the inherent immunological framework. This review discusses how the diverse features of pathologic context-dependent T-cell (CTL/Th) and B-cell (neutralizing antibody) responses may be incorporated into vaccine-induced immunity to achieve HIV control in vivo.
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31
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Lang PA, Shaabani N, Borkens S, Honke N, Scheu S, Booth S, Brenner D, Meryk A, Barthuber C, Recher M, Mak TW, Ohashi PS, Häussinger D, Griffiths GM, Thrasher AJ, Bouma G, Lang KS. Reduced type I interferon production by dendritic cells and weakened antiviral immunity in patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 131:815-24. [PMID: 23141740 PMCID: PMC3757164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked primary immunodeficiency caused by absence of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) expression, resulting in defective function of many immune cell lineages and susceptibility to severe bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Despite a significant proportion of patients with WAS having recurrent viral infections, surprisingly little is known about the effects of WASP deficiency on antiviral immunity. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the antiviral immune response in patients with WASP deficiency in vivo. METHODS Viral clearance and associated immunopathology were measured after infection of WASP-deficient (WAS KO) mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Induction of antiviral CD8(+) T-cell immunity and cytotoxicity was documented in WAS KO mice by means of temporal enumeration of total and antigen-specific T-cell numbers. Type I interferon (IFN-I) production was measured in serum in response to LCMV challenge and characterized in vivo by using IFN-I reporter mice crossed with WAS KO mice. RESULTS WAS KO mice showed reduced viral clearance and enhanced immunopathology during LCMV infection. This was attributed to both an intrinsic CD8(+) T-cell defect and defective priming of CD8(+) T cells by dendritic cells (DCs). IFN-I production by WAS KO DCs was reduced both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These studies use a well-characterized model of persistence-prone viral infection to reveal a critical deficiency of CD8(+) T-cell responses in murine WASP deficiency, in which abrogated production of IFN-I by DCs might play an important contributory role. These findings might help us to understand the immunodeficiency of WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Lang
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Euler Z, Schuitemaker H. Cross-reactive broadly neutralizing antibodies: timing is everything. Front Immunol 2012; 3:215. [PMID: 22833745 PMCID: PMC3400945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent surge of research into new broadly neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1 infection has recharged the field of HIV-1 vaccinology. In this review we discuss the currently known broadly neutralizing antibodies and focus on factors that may shape these antibodies in natural infection. We further discuss the role of these antibodies in the clinical course of the infection and consider immunological obstacles in inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies with a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelda Euler
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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33
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Abstract
Severe arenaviral infections in humans are characterized by clinical findings common to other viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs), including thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, skin and internal organ hemorrhages, high viral replication, splenic necrosis, and death. Host responses, rather than direct damage by the arenaviral replication, account for most of the observed pathology, but it is not known what protective roles platelets may have in each of the manifestations. To address this issue in an animal model, we compared nondepleted (100%), partially depleted (15%), and profoundly (< 2.5%) platelet depleted mice infected with the mouse arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Here, we describe that systemic bleedings and death were seen only in those animals receiving the stronger depletion treatment. Furthermore, we showed that the nonhemorrhagic but partially platelet-depleted mice were unable to control the viral replication because of generalized splenic necrosis, affecting innate and adaptive immune cells.These data suggest that, by their supportive roles in hemostasis, platelets may be preventing the severe pathology observed in human arenaviral infections.
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Balakrishnan T, Bela-Ong DB, Toh YX, Flamand M, Devi S, Koh MB, Hibberd ML, Ooi EE, Low JG, Leo YS, Gu F, Fink K. Dengue virus activates polyreactive, natural IgG B cells after primary and secondary infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29430. [PMID: 22216280 PMCID: PMC3245273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and has four serotypes. Cross-protection to other serotypes lasting for a few months is observed following infection with one serotype. There is evidence that low-affinity T and/or B cells from primary infections contribute to the severe syndromes often associated with secondary dengue infections. such pronounced immune-mediated enhancement suggests a dengue-specific pattern of immune cell activation. This study investigates the acute and early convalescent B cell response leading to the generation of cross-reactive and neutralizing antibodies following dengue infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We assayed blood samples taken from dengue patients with primary or secondary infection during acute disease and convalescence and compared them to samples from patients presenting with non-dengue related fever. Dengue induced massive early plasmablast formation, which correlated with the appearance of polyclonal, cross-reactive IgG for both primary and secondary infection. Surprisingly, the contribution of IgG to the neutralizing titer 4-7 days after fever onset was more than 50% even after primary infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Poly-reactive and virus serotype cross-reactive IgG are an important component of the innate response in humans during both primary and secondary dengue infection, and "innate specificities" seem to constitute part of the adaptive response in dengue. While of potential importance for protection during secondary infection, cross-reactive B cells will also compete with highly neutralizing B cells and possibly interfere with their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thavamalar Balakrishnan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ying Xiu Toh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marie Flamand
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Shamala Devi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mickey B. Koh
- Blood Services Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin L. Hibberd
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jenny G. Low
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Communicable Disease Centre, Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Sin Leo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Communicable Disease Centre, Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Gu
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katja Fink
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Matter MS, Hilmenyuk T, Claus C, Marone R, Schürch C, Tinguely M, Terracciano L, Luther SA, Ochsenbein AF. Destruction of lymphoid organ architecture and hepatitis caused by CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24772. [PMID: 21966366 PMCID: PMC3179489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses have the important function of host defense and protection against pathogens. However, the immune response also causes inflammation and host tissue injury, termed immunopathology. For example, hepatitis B and C virus infection in humans cause immunopathological sequel with destruction of liver cells by the host's own immune response. Similarly, after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in mice, the adaptive immune response causes liver cell damage, choriomeningitis and destruction of lymphoid organ architecture. The immunopathological sequel during LCMV infection has been attributed to cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. However, we now show that during LCMV infection CD4(+) T cells selectively induced the destruction of splenic marginal zone and caused liver cell damage with elevated serum alanin-transferase (ALT) levels. The destruction of the splenic marginal zone by CD4(+) T cells included the reduction of marginal zone B cells, marginal zone macrophages and marginal zone metallophilic macrophages. Functionally, this resulted in an impaired production of neutralizing antibodies against LCMV. Furthermore, CD4(+) T cells reduced B cells with an IgM(high)IgD(low) phenotype (transitional stage 1 and 2, marginal zone B cells), whereas other B cell subtypes such as follicular type 1 and 2 and germinal center/memory B cells were not affected. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells lacking different important effector cytokines and cytolytic pathways such as IFNγ, TNFα, perforin and Fas-FasL interaction did reveal that these cytolytic pathways are redundant in the induction of immunopathological sequel in spleen. In conclusion, our results define an important role of CD4(+) T cells in the induction of immunopathology in liver and spleen. This includes the CD4(+) T cell mediated destruction of the splenic marginal zone with consecutively impaired protective neutralizing antibody responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Fas Ligand Protein/deficiency
- Fas Ligand Protein/genetics
- Fas Ligand Protein/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/metabolism
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Lymphoid Tissue/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Perforin/deficiency
- Perforin/genetics
- Perforin/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/virology
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Matter
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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36
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Herkel J, Carambia A. Let it B in viral hepatitis? J Hepatol 2011; 55:5-7. [PMID: 21238517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gray ES, Madiga MC, Hermanus T, Moore PL, Wibmer CK, Tumba NL, Werner L, Mlisana K, Sibeko S, Williamson C, Abdool Karim SS, Morris L. The neutralization breadth of HIV-1 develops incrementally over four years and is associated with CD4+ T cell decline and high viral load during acute infection. J Virol 2011; 85:4828-40. [PMID: 21389135 PMCID: PMC3126191 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00198-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of how broadly neutralizing activity develops in HIV-1-infected individuals is needed to guide vaccine design and immunization strategies. Here we used a large panel of 44 HIV-1 envelope variants (subtypes A, B, and C) to evaluate the presence of broadly neutralizing antibodies in serum samples obtained 3 years after seroconversion from 40 women enrolled in the CAPRISA 002 acute infection cohort. Seven of 40 participants had serum antibodies that neutralized more than 40% of viruses tested and were considered to have neutralization breadth. Among the samples with breadth, CAP257 serum neutralized 82% (36/44 variants) of the panel, while CAP256 serum neutralized 77% (33/43 variants) of the panel. Analysis of longitudinal samples showed that breadth developed gradually starting from year 2, with the number of viruses neutralized as well as the antibody titer increasing over time. Interestingly, neutralization breadth peaked at 4 years postinfection, with no increase thereafter. The extent of cross-neutralizing activity correlated with CD4(+) T cell decline, viral load, and CD4(+) T cell count at 6 months postinfection but not at later time points, suggesting that early events set the stage for the development of breadth. However, in a multivariate analysis, CD4 decline was the major driver of this association, as viral load was not an independent predictor of breadth. Mapping of the epitopes targeted by cross-neutralizing antibodies revealed that in one individual these antibodies recognized the membrane-proximal external region (MPER), while in two other individuals, cross-neutralizing activity was adsorbed by monomeric gp120 and targeted epitopes that involved the N-linked glycan at position 332 in the C3 region. Serum antibodies from the other four participants targeted quaternary epitopes, at least 2 of which were PG9/16-like and depended on the N160 and/or L165 residue in the V2 region. These data indicate that fewer than 20% of HIV-1 subtype C-infected individuals develop antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity after 3 years of infection and that these antibodies target different regions of the HIV-1 envelope, including as yet uncharacterized epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin S. Gray
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maphuti C. Madiga
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Constantinos Kurt Wibmer
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nancy L. Tumba
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lise Werner
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Koleka Mlisana
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sengeziwe Sibeko
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Salim S. Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - and the CAPRISA002 Study Team
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Cafaro A, Macchia I, Maggiorella MT, Titti F, Ensoli B. Innovative approaches to develop prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against HIV/AIDS. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 655:189-242. [PMID: 20047043 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1132-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) emerged in the human population in the summer of 1981. According to the latest United Nations estimates, worldwide over 33 million people are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the prevalence rates continue to rise globally. To control the alarming spread of HIV, an urgent need exists for developing a safe and effective vaccine that prevents individuals from becoming infected or progressing to disease. To be effective, an HIV/AIDS vaccine should induce broad and long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses, at both mucosal and systemic level. However, the nature of protective immune responses remains largely elusive and this represents one of the major roadblocks preventing the development of an effective vaccine. Here we summarize our present understanding of the factors responsible for resistance to infection or control of progression to disease in human and monkey that may be relevant to vaccine development and briefly review recent approaches which are currently being tested in clinical trials. Finally, the rationale and the current status of novel strategies based on nonstructural HIV-1 proteins, such as Tat, Nef and Rev, used alone or in combination with modified structural HIV-1 Env proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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39
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Doria-Rose NA. HIV neutralizing antibodies: clinical correlates and implications for vaccines. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:981-3. [PMID: 20170372 DOI: 10.1086/651143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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40
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Influence of disulfide-stabilized structure on the specificity of helper T-cell and antibody responses to HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120. J Virol 2010; 84:3303-11. [PMID: 20089653 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02242-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) helper T cells specific for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are associated with control of viremia. Nevertheless, vaccines have had limited effectiveness thus far, in part because sequence variability and other structural features of the HIV envelope glycoprotein deflect the immune response. Previous studies indicated that CD4(+) T-cell epitope dominance is controlled by antigen three-dimensional structure through its influence on antigen processing and presentation. In this work, three disulfide bonds in the outer domain of gp120 were individually deleted in order to destabilize the local three-dimensional structure and enhance the presentation of nearby weakly immunogenic epitopes. However, upon immunization of groups of BALB/c mice, the CD4(+) T-cell response was broadly reduced for all three variants, and distinct epitope profiles emerged. For one variant, antibody titers were sharply increased, and the antibody exhibited significant CD4-blocking activity.
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41
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Hegazy AN, Peine M, Helmstetter C, Panse I, Fröhlich A, Bergthaler A, Flatz L, Pinschewer DD, Radbruch A, Löhning M. Interferons direct Th2 cell reprogramming to generate a stable GATA-3(+)T-bet(+) cell subset with combined Th2 and Th1 cell functions. Immunity 2010; 32:116-28. [PMID: 20079668 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Current T cell differentiation models invoke separate T helper 2 (Th2) and Th1 cell lineages governed by the lineage-specifying transcription factors GATA-3 and T-bet. However, knowledge on the plasticity of Th2 cell lineage commitment is limited. Here we show that infection with Th1 cell-promoting lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) reprogrammed otherwise stably committed GATA-3(+) Th2 cells to adopt a GATA-3(+)T-bet(+) and interleukin-4(+)interferon-gamma(+) "Th2+1" phenotype that was maintained in vivo for months. Th2 cell reprogramming required T cell receptor stimulation, concerted type I and type II interferon and interleukin-12 signals, and T-bet. LCMV-triggered T-bet induction in adoptively transferred virus-specific Th2 cells was crucial to prevent viral persistence and fatal immunopathology. Thus, functional reprogramming of unfavorably differentiated Th2 cells may facilitate the establishment of protective immune responses. Stable coexpression of GATA-3 and T-bet provides a molecular concept for the long-term coexistence of Th2 and Th1 cell lineage characteristics in single memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed N Hegazy
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Prevalence of cross-reactive HIV-1-neutralizing activity in HIV-1-infected patients with rapid or slow disease progression. AIDS 2009; 23:2405-14. [PMID: 19770692 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32833243e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The native envelope gp160 trimer of HIV-1 is thought to shield vulnerable epitopes that could otherwise elicit effectively neutralizing antibodies. However, little is known about the prevalence of naturally occurring broadly neutralizing activity in serum of HIV-1-infected individuals. METHODS Here, we studied 35 participants of the Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV-1 infection (20 long-term nonprogressors and 15 progressors) for the presence of cross-reactive neutralizing activity in their sera at 2 and 4 years after seroconversion. Neutralizing activity was tested in a pseudovirus assay, against a panel of HIV-1 envelope variants from subtypes A, B, C, and D. RESULTS Already at year 2 after seroconversion, seven out of 35 individuals (20%) had cross-reactive neutralizing activity, which increased to 11 individuals (31%) at 4 years after seroconversion. There was no difference in the prevalence of cross-reactive neutralizing serum activity between long-term nonprogressors and progressors.Interestingly, high plasma viral RNA load and low CD4(+) cell count at set-point were associated with early development of cross-reactive neutralizing activity. Neutralization titers in serum increased during the course of infection for 91% of individuals studied here, although less rapidly for those who did not develop cross-reactive neutralizing activity. CONCLUSION Overall, we here demonstrate a relatively high prevalence of cross-reactive neutralizing serum activity in HIV-1-infected patients, which increased with duration of infection. These data may imply that immunogenicity of the native envelope spike of HIV-1 for eliciting cross-reactive humoral immune responses may be better than previously anticipated.
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Pike R, Filby A, Ploquin MJY, Eksmond U, Marques R, Antunes I, Hasenkrug K, Kassiotis G. Race between retroviral spread and CD4+ T-cell response determines the outcome of acute Friend virus infection. J Virol 2009; 83:11211-22. [PMID: 19692462 PMCID: PMC2772778 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01225-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses can establish persistent infection despite induction of a multipartite antiviral immune response. Whether collective failure of all parts of the immune response or selective deficiency in one crucial part underlies the inability of the host to clear retroviral infections is currently uncertain. We examine here the contribution of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells in resistance against Friend virus (FV) infection in the murine host. We show that the magnitude and duration of the FV-specific CD4(+) T-cell response is directly proportional to resistance against acute FV infection and subsequent disease. Notably, significant protection against FV-induced disease is afforded by FV-specific CD4(+) T cells in the absence of a virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell or B-cell response. Enhanced spread of FV infection in hosts with increased genetic susceptibility or coinfection with Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) causes a proportional increase in the number of FV-specific CD4(+) T cells required to control FV-induced disease. Furthermore, ultimate failure of FV/LDV coinfected hosts to control FV-induced disease is accompanied by accelerated contraction of the FV-specific CD4(+) T-cell response. Conversely, an increased frequency or continuous supply of FV-specific CD4(+) T cells is both necessary and sufficient to effectively contain acute infection and prevent disease, even in the presence of coinfection. Thus, these results suggest that FV-specific CD4(+) T cells provide significant direct protection against acute FV infection, the extent of which critically depends on the ratio of FV-infected cells to FV-specific CD4(+) T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Friend murine leukemia virus/immunology
- Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus/immunology
- Leukemia, Experimental/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Retroviridae Infections/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Pike
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840
| | - Andrew Filby
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840
| | - Mickaël J.-Y. Ploquin
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840
| | - Urszula Eksmond
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840
| | - Rute Marques
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840
| | - Inês Antunes
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840
| | - Kim Hasenkrug
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840
| | - George Kassiotis
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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Beishuizen CRL, Kragten NAM, Boon L, Nolte MA, van Lier RAW, van Gisbergen KPJM. Chronic CD70-Driven Costimulation Impairs IgG Responses by Instructing T Cells to Inhibit Germinal Center B Cell Formation through FasL-Fas Interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6442-51. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Immunosuppression during acute infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine is mediated by IL-10. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5659. [PMID: 19478852 PMCID: PMC2682558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the most contagious animal viruses, causing a devastating disease in cloven-hoofed animals with enormous economic consequences. Identification of the different parameters involved in the immune response elicited against FMDV remains unclear, and it is fundamental the understanding of such parameters before effective control measures can be put in place. In the present study, we show that interleukin-10 (IL-10) production by dendritic cells (DCs) is drastically increased during acute infection with FMDV in swine. In vitro blockade of IL-10 with a neutralizing antibody against porcine IL-10 restores T cell activation by DCs. Additionally, we describe that FMDV infects DC precursors and interferes with DC maturation and antigen presentation capacity. Thus, we propose a new mechanism of virus immunity in which a non-persistent virus, FMDV, induces immunosuppression by an increment in the production of IL-10, which in turn, reduces T cell function. This reduction of T cell activity may result in a more potent induction of neutralizing antibody responses, clearing the viral infection.
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Fairlie-Clarke KJ, Shuker DM, Graham AL. Why do adaptive immune responses cross-react? Evol Appl 2008; 2:122-31. [PMID: 25567852 PMCID: PMC3352416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen specificity of adaptive immune responses is often in the host's best interests, but with important and as yet unpredictable exceptions. For example, antibodies that bind to multiple flaviviral or malarial species can provide hosts with simultaneous protection against many parasite genotypes. Vaccinology often aims to harness such imprecision, because cross-reactive antibodies might provide broad-spectrum protection in the face of antigenic variation by parasites. However, the causes of cross-reactivity among immune responses are not always known, and here, we explore potential proximate and evolutionary explanations for cross-reactivity. We particularly consider whether cross-reactivity is the result of constraints on the ability of the immune system to process information about the world of antigens, or whether an intermediate level of cross-reactivity may instead represent an evolutionary optimum. We conclude with a series of open questions for future interdisciplinary research, including the suggestion that the evolutionary ecology of information processing might benefit from close examination of immunological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Fairlie-Clarke
- Institutes of Evolution, Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David M Shuker
- Institutes of Evolution, Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Institutes of Evolution, Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
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Visciano ML, Tuen M, Chen PD, Hioe CE. Antibodies to the CD4-binding site of HIV-1 gp120 suppress gp120-specific CD4 T cell response while enhancing antibody response. Infect Agent Cancer 2008; 3:11. [PMID: 18638381 PMCID: PMC2503958 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The binding of Abs to the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) of HIV-1 envelope gp120 has been shown to obstruct the processing and generation of helper epitopes from this antigen, resulting in poor presentation of various gp120 epitopes by MHC class II to CD4 T cells. However, the physiologic significance of these inhibitory anti-CD4bs Abs in vivo has remained unclear. In this study, we evaluated the immunologic effects of anti-CD4bs Abs in vivo using a murine model. RESULTS Animals were immunized with recombinant envelope proteins with or without CD4-binding activity (designated CD4bs+ Env and CD4bs- Env, respectively). As expected, anti-CD4bs Abs were generated only after immunization with CD4bs+ Env and not with CD4bs- Env. The presence of anti-CD4bs Abs was associated with lower levels of envelope-specific lymphoproliferation in animals immunized with CD4bs+ Env. To further determine the specific role of the anti-CD4bs Abs, we immunized mice with gp120 in the presence of an inhibitory anti-CD4bs mAb or a non-inhibitory anti-gp120 mAb. The data show that the presence of anti-CD4bs mAb reduced CD4 T cell responses to gp120. However, we also detected significantly higher titers of anti-gp120 Abs following immunization with gp120 and the anti-CD4bs mAb. CONCLUSION Anti-CD4bs Abs can exert discordant effects on the gp120-specific CD4 T cell and Ab responses in vivo, indicating the importance of these particular Abs in influencing both the cellular and the humoral immune responses against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Visciano
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, USA.
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Matter MS, Ochsenbein AF. Natural antibodies target virus–antibody complexes to organized lymphoid tissue. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7:480-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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MyD88 negatively controls hypergammaglobulinemia with autoantibody production during bacterial infection. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1657-67. [PMID: 18227170 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00951-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence has convincingly shown that Toll-like receptors are necessary sensors for infections with pathogens, but their activation was also suggested to generate autoimmunity. During experimental infections, the lack of these sensors or of their signaling molecules should lead to a deficient immune response. We found out that MyD88, the major adaptor of the Toll/interleukin-1 (Toll/IL-1) receptor signaling pathway, can actually act as a negative regulator of B-cell function in some settings. MyD88-deficient mice infected by Borrelia burgdorferi developed extreme hypergammaglobulinemia compared to wild-type animals, with high levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) autoantibodies. In vivo, cell transfer experiments and cell blocking assays showed that this phenotype was not linked to the absence of MyD88 in B cells but rather to CD4 T-cell and likely dendritic cell dysfunctions leading to a Th1-to-Th2 cytokine switch. In addition, our results suggest a relative defect in the Ig class switch recombination process, since MyD88 knockout mice developed mostly IgM antibodies. Collectively, these data emphasize the complex role of the Toll/IL-1 receptor pathway in tuning the immune response against infection and avoiding autoimmunity.
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Lang KS, Hegazy AN, Lang PA, Eschli B, Löhning M, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM, Recher M. "Negative vaccination" by specific CD4 T cell tolerisation enhances virus-specific protective antibody responses. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1162. [PMID: 18000535 PMCID: PMC2048666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cooperation of CD4+ T helper cells with specific B cells is crucial for protective vaccination against pathogens by inducing long-lived neutralizing antibody responses. During infection with persistence-prone viruses, prolonged virus replication correlates with low neutralizing antibody responses. We recently described that a viral mutant of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which lacks a T helper epitope, counterintuitively induced an enhanced protective antibody response. Likewise, partial depletion of the CD4+ T cell compartment by using anti-CD4 antibodies enhanced protective antibodies. Principal Findings Here we have developed a protocol to selectively reduce the CD4+ T cell response against viral CD4+ T cell epitopes. We demonstrate that in vivo treatment with LCMV-derived MHC-II peptides induced non-responsiveness of specific CD4+ T cells without affecting CD4+ T cell reactivity towards other antigens. This was associated with accelerated virus-specific neutralizing IgG-antibody responses. In contrast to a complete absence of CD4+ T cell help, tolerisation did not impair CD8+ T cell responses. Conclusions This result reveals a novel “negative vaccination” strategy where specific CD4+ T cell unresponsiveness may be used to enhance the delayed protective antibody responses in chronic virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl S Lang
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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