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Li M, Tian Y, Wen X, Fu J, Gao J, Zhu Y. Inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and upregulation of apoptosis genes for effective anti-tumor sono-chemotherapy using a meso-organosilica nanomedicine. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3918-3932. [PMID: 38939985 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00583j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The thioredoxin system is involved in cancer development and therefore is a promising target for cancer chemotherapy. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a key component of the thioredoxin (Trx) system, and is overexpressed in many cancers to inhibit apoptosis-related proteins. Alternatively, inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and upregulation of apoptosis factors provide a therapeutic strategy for anti-tumor treatment. In this study, an ultrasound-activatable meso-organosilica nanomedicine was prepared by integrating chloroquine (CQ) into hollow mesoporous organosilica (CQ@MOS). The meso-organosilica nanomedicine can inhibit the activity of thioredoxin reductase, elevate cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, upregulate the pro-apoptotic factors in the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) apoptosis pathway and induce autophagy inhibition, further resulting in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization and cellular ATP content decrease, ultimately causing significant damage to tumor cells. Moreover, CQ@MOS can efficiently deliver chloroquine into cancer cells and promote an enhanced sonodynamic effect for effective anti-tumor chemotherapy and sonodynamic therapy. This study may enlighten us on a new anti-tumor strategy and suggest its promising applications in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials CAS, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineer, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials CAS, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials CAS, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineer, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingke Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Innovative Orthopaedic Instruments and Personalized Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Jianyong Gao
- Department of Stomatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yingchun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials CAS, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineer, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Maia LB, Maiti BK, Moura I, Moura JJG. Selenium-More than Just a Fortuitous Sulfur Substitute in Redox Biology. Molecules 2023; 29:120. [PMID: 38202704 PMCID: PMC10779653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Living organisms use selenium mainly in the form of selenocysteine in the active site of oxidoreductases. Here, selenium's unique chemistry is believed to modulate the reaction mechanism and enhance the catalytic efficiency of specific enzymes in ways not achievable with a sulfur-containing cysteine. However, despite the fact that selenium/sulfur have different physicochemical properties, several selenoproteins have fully functional cysteine-containing homologues and some organisms do not use selenocysteine at all. In this review, selected selenocysteine-containing proteins will be discussed to showcase both situations: (i) selenium as an obligatory element for the protein's physiological function, and (ii) selenium presenting no clear advantage over sulfur (functional proteins with either selenium or sulfur). Selenium's physiological roles in antioxidant defence (to maintain cellular redox status/hinder oxidative stress), hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis, and repair (maintain genetic stability) will be also highlighted, as well as selenium's role in human health. Formate dehydrogenases, hydrogenases, glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases, and iodothyronine deiodinases will be herein featured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B. Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.); (J.J.G.M.)
| | - Biplab K. Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Cluster University of Jammu, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Isabel Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.); (J.J.G.M.)
| | - José J. G. Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.); (J.J.G.M.)
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3
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Jiachen Z, Paul Kwong Hang T, Kenneth Kak Yuen W, Vincent Chi Hang L. Pathological role of methionine in the initiation and progression of biliary atresia. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1263836. [PMID: 37772039 PMCID: PMC10522914 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1263836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine (Met) is an essential amino acid, and its excessive dietary intake and/or its metabolism disturbance could lead to accumulation/depletion of hepatic Met and some of the key intermediates of these pathways, which would interfere normal liver function and would be associated with liver diseases. Biliary atresia (BA) is a life-threatening disease characterized by inflammatory fibrosclerosing changes of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary systems and is the primary cause of obstructive neonatal cholestasis with a rapid course of liver failure. However, its pathogenesis remains unknown. Previous studies reported elevated Met level in patients with obstructive cholestasis, suggesting a potential link between Met and BA. This paper reviews the Met metabolism in normal conditions and its dysregulation under abnormal conditions, the possible causes of hypermethioninemia, and its connection to BA pathogenesis: Abnormal hepatic level of Met could lead to a perturbation of redox homeostasis and mitochondrial functions of hepatocytes, enhancement of viral infectivity, and dysregulation of innate and adaptative immune cells in response to infection/damage of the liver contributing to the initiation/progression of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiachen
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tam Paul Kwong Hang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Wong Kenneth Kak Yuen
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lui Vincent Chi Hang
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Zhuo J, Wang K, Shi Z, Yuan C. Immunogenic cell death-led discovery of COVID-19 biomarkers and inflammatory infiltrates. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1191004. [PMID: 37228369 PMCID: PMC10203236 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1191004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) serves a critical role in regulating cell death adequate to activate an adaptive immune response, and it is associated with various inflammation-related diseases. However, the specific role of ICD-related genes in COVID-19 remains unclear. We acquired COVID-19-related information from the GEO database and a total of 14 ICD-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. These ICD-related DEGs were closely associated with inflammation and immune activity. Afterward, CASP1, CD4, and EIF2AK3 among the 14 DEGs were selected as feature genes based on LASSO, Random Forest, and SVM-RFE algorithms, which had reliable diagnostic abilities. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis indicated that these feature genes may have a potential role in COVID-19 by being involved in the regulation of immune response and metabolism. Further CIBERSORT analysis demonstrated that the variations in the immune microenvironment of COVID-19 patients may be correlated with CASP1, CD4, and EIF2AK3. Additionally, 33 drugs targeting 3 feature genes had been identified, and the ceRNA network demonstrated a complicated regulative association based on these feature genes. Our work identified that CASP1, CD4, and EIF2AK3 were diagnostic genes of COVID-19 and correlated with immune activity. This study presents a reliable diagnostic signature and offers an overview to investigate the mechanism of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhen Zhuo
- Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Zijun Shi
- Reproductive Medical Center, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Chunlei Yuan
- Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, China
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5
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Bhatta R, Han J, Liu Y, Bo Y, Wang H. T cell-responsive macroporous hydrogels for in situ T cell expansion and enhanced antitumor efficacy. Biomaterials 2023; 293:121972. [PMID: 36566554 PMCID: PMC9868092 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy has demonstrated great promise for treating cancer and other diseases. While extensive effort has been made to improve ex vivo expansion of T cells, strategies for maintaining the proliferation and function of T cells post adoptive transfer are still lacking. Here we report an injectable T cell-responsive macroporous hydrogel that enables in situ activation and expansion of T cells. The macroporous gel is composed of a polymeric network with dispersed macropores (∼150 μm) that are large enough to home T cells. In the presence of T cells that can gradually disrupt the gel network surrounding the macropores, activation cues can be gradually released for in situ activation and expansion of T cells. This T cell-responsive macroporous gel enables expansion of effector T cells in vivo, is stable over weeks upon subcutaneous injection, and results in enhanced CD8+ T cell response and antitumor efficacy. We further show that the T cell-responsive macroporous gel could achieve comparable antitumor efficacy to conventional T cell therapy with a much lower cell dose. This injectable, T cell-responsive macroporous gel provides a platform for in vivo expansion of engineered T cells in a controlled manner, for timely and effective treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimsha Bhatta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Joonsu Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yusheng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yang Bo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois (CCIL), Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Carle College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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6
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Lundberg M, Bohman H, Curbo S, Mansouri S, Agartz I, Areström I, Ahlborg N. Development of an ELISA displaying similar reactivity with reduced and oxidized human Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1): The plasma level of Trx1 in early onset psychosis disorders. J Immunol Methods 2022; 510:113347. [PMID: 36058259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The plasma level of human thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) has been shown to be increased in various somatic diseases and psychiatric disorders. However, when comparing the reported plasma levels of Trx1, a great inter-study variability, as well as variability in study outcomes of differences between patients and control subjects has been observed, ultimately limiting the possibility to make comparative analyses. Trx1 is a highly redox active protein prone to form various redox forms, e.g. dimers, oligomers or Trx1-protein complexes. We have recently shown that ELISA systems may vary in reactivity to various Trx1 redox forms. The primary aim of the present study was to develop an ELISA system with similar reactivity to various Trx1 redox forms. By evaluating a panel of novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in various paired combinations, three ELISA systems were generated, with observed large variability in reactivity to various Trx1 redox forms. Importantly, an ELISA system (capture mAb MT17R6 and detection mAb MT13X3-biotin), was identified that displayed similar reactivity to oxidized and DTT reduced Trx1. The ELISA system (MT17R6/MT13X3-biotin), was subsequently used to analyze the level of Trx1 in plasma from patients (<18 years) with early onset psychosis disorders (EOP). However, no significant (p > 0.7) difference in plasma Trx1 levels between patients with EOP (n = 23) and healthy age matched controls (HC) (n = 20) were observed. Furthermore, reliable measurement was shown to be dependent on the establishment of platelet poor plasma samples, enabled by rigorous blood sample centrifugation and by efficient blocking of potentially interfering heterophilic antibodies. In conclusion, we report the design and characterization of a Trx1 ELISA system with similar reactivity to various Trx1 redox forms. Importantly, data indicated that generated ELISA systems show large variability in reactivity to various redox forms with ultimate impact on measured levels of Trx1. Overall, results from this study suggests that future studies may be strongly improved by the use of Trx1 ELISA systems with characterized specificity to various redox forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychiatry Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hannes Bohman
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychiatry Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sophie Curbo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shiva Mansouri
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Niklas Ahlborg
- Mabtech, Nacka Strand, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wennergren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Ferroptosis in viral infection: the unexplored possibility. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1905-1915. [PMID: 34873317 PMCID: PMC8646346 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced cell death has long been thought of as a double-edged sword in the inhibition or exacerbation of viral infections. The vital role of iron, an essential element for various enzymes in the maintenance of cellular physiology and efficient viral replication, places it at the crossroads and makes it a micronutrient of competition between the viruses and the host. Viruses can interrupt iron uptake and the antioxidant response system, while others can utilize iron transporter proteins as receptors. Interestingly, the unavailability of iron facilitates certain viral infections and causes cell death characterized by lipid peroxide accumulation and malfunction of the antioxidant system. In this review, we discuss how iron uptake, regulation and metabolism, including the redistribution of iron in the host defense system during viral infection, can induce ferroptosis. Fenton reactions, a central characteristic of ferroptosis, are caused by the increased iron content in the cell. Therefore, viral infections that increase cellular iron content or intestinal iron absorption are likely to cause ferroptosis. In addition, we discuss the hijacking of the iron regulatoy pathway and the antioxidant response, both of which are typical in viral infections. Understanding the potential signaling mechanisms of ferroptosis in viral infections will aid in the development of new therapeutic agents.
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8
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Aires RL, Santos IA, Fontes JV, Bergamini FRG, Jardim ACG, Abbehausen C. Triphenylphosphine gold(I) derivatives promote antiviral effects against the Chikungunya virus. METALLOMICS : INTEGRATED BIOMETAL SCIENCE 2022; 14:6650674. [PMID: 35894863 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein a systematic series of four [AuLL']n+ n = 0, +1 complexes, where L = 1,3-bis(mesityl)imidazole-2-ylidene (IMes), or triphenylphosphine (PPh3), and L' = chloride, or 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), had their in vitro antiviral activity assessed against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The PPh3 derivatives inhibited viral replication by 99%, whereas the IMes derivatives about 50%. The lipophilicity of the PPh3 derivatives is higher than the IMes-bearing compounds, which can be related to their more prominent antiviral activities. The dissociation of DMAP is faster than chloride in solution for both IMes and PPh3 derivatives; however, it does not significantly affect their in vitro activities, showing a higher dependence on the nature of L rather than L' towards their antiviral effects. All complexes bind to N-acetyl-L-cysteine, with the Ph3P-bearing complexes coordinating at a faster rate to this amino acid. The binding constants to bovine serum albumin (BSA) are in the order of 104, slightly higher for the DMAP complexes in both PPh3 and IMes derivatives. Mechanistic investigations of the PPh3 complexes showed a ubiquitous protective effect of the compounds in the pre-treatment, early stages, and post-entry assays. The most significant inhibition was observed in post-entry activity, in which the complexes blocked viral replication in 99%, followed by up to 95% inhibition of the early stages of infection. Pre-treatment assays showed a 92% and 80% replication decrease for the chloride and DMAP derivatives, respectively. dsRNA binding assays showed a significant interaction of the compounds with dsRNA, an essential biomolecule to viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochanna L Aires
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas-SP, 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Igor A Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Josielle V Fontes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas-SP, 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Fernando R G Bergamini
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioinspired Molecules, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG 38408-100, Brazil.,Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ana Carolina G Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG 38405-302, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilla Abbehausen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas-SP, 13083-871, Brazil
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9
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Wang J, Zhou J, Wang C, Fukunaga A, Li S, Yodoi J, Tian H. Thioredoxin-1: A Promising Target for the Treatment of Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883116. [PMID: 35572600 PMCID: PMC9095844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) is an important regulator of cellular redox homeostasis that comprises a redox-active dithiol. Trx1 is induced in response to various stress conditions, such as oxidative damage, infection or inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, irradiation, and chemical exposure. It has shown excellent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in the treatment of various human inflammatory disorders in animal models. This review focused on the protective roles and mechanisms of Trx1 in allergic diseases, such as allergic asthma, contact dermatitis, food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and drug allergies. Trx1 plays an important role in allergic diseases through processes, such as antioxidation, inhibiting macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), regulating Th1/Th2 immune balance, modulating allergic inflammatory cells, and suppressing complement activation. The regulatory mechanism of Trx1 differs from that of glucocorticoids that regulates the inflammatory reactions associated with immune response suppression. Furthermore, Trx1 exerts a beneficial effect on glucocorticoid resistance of allergic inflammation by inhibiting the production and internalization of MIF. Our results suggest that Trx1 has the potential for future success in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Jiedong Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Cuixue Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shujing Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Junji Yodoi
- Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Department of Biological Response, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hai Tian
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- Department of Research and Development, Jiaozhimei Biotechnology (Shaoxing) Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, China
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10
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Tumba NL, Naicker P, Stoychev S, Killick MA, Owen GR, Papathanasopoulos MA. Covalent binding of human two-domain CD4 to an HIV-1 subtype C SOSIP.664 trimer modulates its structural dynamics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 612:181-187. [PMID: 35550505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) mediates host cell infection by binding to the cellular receptor CD4. Recombinant Env bound to CD4 has been explored for its potential as an HIV vaccine immunogen as receptor binding exposes otherwise shielded, conserved functional sites. Previous preclinical studies showed an interchain disulphide linkage facilitated between Env and 2dCD4S60C generates an immunogenic complex that elicits potent, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against clinically relevant HIV-1. This study investigated conformational dynamics of 2dCD4WT and 2dCD4S60C bound to an HIV-1C SOSIP.664 Env trimer using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. The Env:2dCD4S60C complex maintains key contact residues required for MHCII and Env/gp120 binding and the residues encompassing Ibalizumab's epitope. Important residues remaining anchored, with an increased flexibility in surrounding regions, evidenced by the higher exchange seen in flanking residues compared to Env:2dCD4WT. While changes in Env:2dCD4S60C dynamics in domain 1 were moderate, domain 2 exhibited greater variation. Lack of stability-inducing H-bonds in these allosteric sites suggest the improved immunogenicity of Env:2dCD4S60C result from exposed CD4 residues providing diverse/novel antigenic targets for the development of potent, broadly neutralizing Ibalizumab-like antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Tumba
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Previn Naicker
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Biosciences, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Stoyan Stoychev
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Biosciences, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Mark A Killick
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gavin R Owen
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Maria A Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
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11
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Pang Y, Zhang H, Ai HW. Improved Red Fluorescent Redox Indicators for Monitoring Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Thioredoxin Redox Dynamics. Biochemistry 2022; 61:377-384. [PMID: 35133140 PMCID: PMC8906223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is one of the major thiol-dependent antioxidants in living systems. The study of Trx functions in redox biology was impeded by the lack of practical tools to track Trx redox dynamics in live cells. Our previous work developed TrxRFP1, the first genetically encoded fluorescent indicator for Trx redox. In this work, we report an improved fluorescent indicator, TrxRFP2, for tracking the redox of Trx1, which is primarily cytosolic and nuclear. Furthermore, because mitochondria specifically express Trx2, we have created a new genetically encoded fluorescent indicator, MtrxRFP2, for the redox of mitochondrial Trx. We characterized MtrxRFP2 as a purified protein and used subcellularly localized MtrxRFP2 to image mitochondrial redox changes in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
- The UVA Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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12
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Piao X, Ma Y, Liu S, Hou N, Chen Q. A Novel Thioredoxin-Like Protein of Babesia microti Involved in Parasite Pathogenicity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:826818. [PMID: 35252036 PMCID: PMC8892138 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.826818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis poses a serious threat to immunocompromised individuals and the major etiological species of Babesia for human babesiosis is Babesia microti. Merozoites are a critical stage in the life cycle of Babesia microti. Several merozoite proteins have been demonstrated to play important roles in this process; however, most of the merozoite proteins of B. microti remain unknown. In the present study, we identified a novel merozoite protein of B. microti with similar structure to the thioredoxin (Trx)-like domain of the Trx family, which was named as B. microti Trx-like protein (BmTLP). Western blot assays demonstrated that this protein was expressed by B. microti during the erythrocytic infection process, and its expression peaked on day 7 post-infection in vivo. Immunofluorescence assay further showed that this protein is mainly expressed in B. microti merozoites. BmTLP hold both heparin- and erythrocyte-binding properties, which are critical functions of invasion-related proteins. Immunization with recombinant BmTLP imparted significant protection against B. microti infection in mice. Taken together, these results suggest that the novel merozoite protein, BmTLP, is an important pathogenic molecule of B. microti and may be a possible target for the design of babesiosis control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Piao
- National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Ma
- National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Hou
- National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Nan Hou, ; Qijun Chen,
| | - Qijun Chen
- National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Nan Hou, ; Qijun Chen,
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13
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Izumida M, Hayashi H, Smith C, Ishibashi F, Suga K, Kubo Y. Antivirus activity, but not thiolreductase activity, is conserved in interferon-gamma-inducible GILT protein in arthropod. Mol Immunol 2021; 140:240-249. [PMID: 34773863 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that gamma-interferon inducible lysosomal thiolreductase (GILT) functions as a host defense factor against retroviruses by digesting disulfide bonds on viral envelope proteins. GILT is widely conserved even in plants and fungi as well as animals. The thiolreductase active site of mammalian GILT is composed of a CXXC amino acid motif, whereas the C-terminal cysteine residue is changed to serine in arthropods including shrimps, crabs, and flies. GILT from Penaeus monodon (PmGILT) also has the CXXS motif instead of the CXXC active site. We demonstrate here that a human GILT mutant (GILT C75S) with the CXXS motif and PmGILT significantly inhibit amphotropic murine leukemia virus vector infection in human cells without alterning its expression level and lysosomal localization, showing that the C-terminal cysteine residue of the active site is not required for the antiviral activity. We have reported that human GILT suppresses HIV-1 particle production by digestion of disulfide bonds on CD63. However, GILT C75S mutant and PmGILT did not digest CD63 disulfide bonds, and had no effect on HIV-1 virion production, suggesting that they do not have thiolreductase activity. Taken together, this study found that antiviral activity, but not thiolreductase activity, is conserved in arthropod GILT proteins. This finding provides a new insight that the common function of GILT is antiviral activity in many animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Izumida
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Medical University Research Administrator, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chris Smith
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Japan; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Fumito Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koushirou Suga
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Kubo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical Medicine and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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14
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Mukherjee T, Kanvah S, Klymchenko AS, Collot M. Probing Variations of Reduction Activity at the Plasma Membrane Using a Targeted Ratiometric FRET Probe. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:40315-40324. [PMID: 34424677 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane (PM) is the turntable of various reactions that regulate essential functionalities of cells. Among these reactions, the thiol disulfide exchange (TDE) reaction plays an important role in cellular processes. We herein designed a selective probe, called membrane reduction probe (MRP), that is able to report TDE activity at the PM. MRP is based on a green emitting BODIPY PM probe connected to rhodamine through a disulfide bond. MRP is fluorogenic as it is turned off in aqueous media due to aggregation-caused quenching, and once inserted in the PM, it displays a bright red signal due to an efficient fluorescence energy resonance transfer (FRET) between the BODIPY donor and the rhodamine acceptor. In the PM model, the MRP can undergo TDE reaction with external reductive agents as well as with thiolated lipids embedded in the bilayer. Upon TDE reaction, the FRET is turned off and a bright green signal appears allowing a ratiometric readout of this reaction. In cells, the MRP quickly labeled the PM and was able to probe variations of TDE activity using ratiometric imaging. With this tool in hand, we were able to monitor variations of TDE activity at the PM under stress conditions, and we showed that cancer cell lines presented a reduced TDE activity at the PM compared to noncancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarushyam Mukherjee
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Sriram Kanvah
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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15
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Rudd CE. How the Discovery of the CD4/CD8-p56 lck Complexes Changed Immunology and Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626095. [PMID: 33791292 PMCID: PMC8005572 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The past 25 years have seen enormous progress in uncovering the receptors and signaling mechanisms on T-cells that activate their various effecter functions. Until the late 1980s, most studies on T-cells had focused on the influx of calcium and the levels of cAMP/GMP in T-cells. My laboratory then uncovered the interaction of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors with the protein-tyrosine kinase p56lck which are now widely accepted as the initiators of the tyrosine phosphorylation cascade leading to T-cell activation. The finding explained how immune recognition receptors expressed by many immune cells, which lack intrinsic catalytic activity, can transduce activation signals via non-covalent association with non-receptor tyrosine kinases. The discovery also established the concept that a protein tyrosine phosphorylation cascade operated in T-cells. In this vein, we and others then showed that the CD4- and CD8-p56lck complexes phosphorylate the TCR complexes which led to the identification of other protein-tyrosine kinases such as ZAP-70 and an array of substrates that are now central to studies in T-cell immunity. Other receptors such as B-cell receptor, Fc receptors and others were also subsequently found to use src kinases to control cell growth. In T-cells, p56lck driven phosphorylation targets include co-receptors such as CD28 and CTLA-4 and immune cell-specific adaptor proteins such as LAT and SLP-76 which act to integrate signals proximal to surface receptors. CD4/CD8-p56lck regulated events in T-cells include intracellular calcium mobilization, integrin activation and the induction of transcription factors for gene expression. Lastly, the identification of the targets of p56lck in the TCR and CD28 provided the framework for the development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy in the treatment of cancer. In this review, I outline a history of the development of events that led to the development of the "TCR signaling paradigm" and its implications to immunology and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Rudd
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (CR-HMR), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Tanaka LY, Oliveira PVS, Laurindo FRM. Peri/Epicellular Thiol Oxidoreductases as Mediators of Extracellular Redox Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:280-307. [PMID: 31910038 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Supracellular redox networks regulating cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and organ system architecture merge with structural and functional (catalytic or allosteric) properties of disulfide bonds. This review addresses emerging evidence that exported thiol oxidoreductases (TORs), such as thioredoxin, protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), quiescin sulfhydryl oxidases (QSOX)1, and peroxiredoxins, composing a peri/epicellular (pec)TOR pool, mediate relevant signaling. pecTOR functions depend mainly on kinetic and spatial regulation of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions governed by redox potentials, which are modulated by exported intracellular low-molecular-weight thiols, together conferring signal specificity. Recent Advances: pecTOR redox-modulates several targets including integrins, ECM proteins, surface molecules, and plasma components, although clear-cut documentation of direct effects is lacking in many cases. TOR catalytic pathways, displaying common patterns, culminate in substrate thiol reduction, oxidation, or isomerization. Peroxiredoxins act as redox/peroxide sensors, contrary to PDIs, which are likely substrate-targeted redox modulators. Emerging evidence suggests important pecTOR roles in patho(physio)logical processes, including blood coagulation, vascular remodeling, mechanosensing, endothelial function, immune responses, and inflammation. Critical Issues: Effects of pecPDIs supporting thrombosis/platelet activation have been well documented and reached the clinical arena. Roles of pecPDIA1 in vascular remodeling/mechanosensing are also emerging. Extracellular thioredoxin and pecPDIs redox-regulate immunoinflammation. Routes of TOR externalization remain elusive and appear to involve Golgi-independent routes. pecTORs are particularly accessible drug targets. Future Directions: Further understanding mechanisms of thiol redox reactions and developing assays for assessing pecTOR redox activities remain important research avenues. Also, addressing pecTORs as disease markers and achieving more efficient/specific drugs for pecTOR modulation are major perspectives for diagnostic/therapeutic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Percillia V S Oliveira
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Sitia R, Rubartelli A. Evolution, role in inflammation, and redox control of leaderless secretory proteins. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7799-7811. [PMID: 32332096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.008907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the interleukin (IL)-1 family are key determinants of inflammation. Despite their role as intercellular mediators, most lack the leader peptide typically required for protein secretion. This lack is a characteristic of dozens of other proteins that are actively and selectively secreted from living cells independently of the classical endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi exocytic route. These proteins, termed leaderless secretory proteins (LLSPs), comprise proteins directly or indirectly involved in inflammation, including cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18, growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), redox enzymes such as thioredoxin, and proteins most expressed in the brain, some of which participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Despite much effort, motifs that promote LLSP secretion remain to be identified. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms and pathophysiological significance of the unconventional secretory pathways that cells use to release LLSPs. We place special emphasis on redox regulation and inflammation, with a focus on IL-1β, which is secreted after processing of its biologically inactive precursor pro-IL-1β in the cytosol. Although LLSP externalization remains poorly understood, some possible mechanisms have emerged. For example, a common feature of LLSP pathways is that they become more active in response to stress and that they involve several distinct excretion mechanisms, including direct plasma membrane translocation, lysosome exocytosis, exosome formation, membrane vesiculation, autophagy, and pyroptosis. Further investigations of unconventional secretory pathways for LLSP secretion may shed light on their evolution and could help advance therapeutic avenues for managing pathological conditions, such as diseases arising from inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele/Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele/Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy .,Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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18
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Zhou J, Wang C, Wu J, Fukunaga A, Cheng Z, Wang J, Yamauchi A, Yodoi J, Tian H. Anti-Allergic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Thioredoxin on Respiratory System Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:785-801. [PMID: 31884805 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The pathogenesis and progression of allergic inflammation in the respiratory system are closely linked to oxidative stress. Thioredoxin (TRX) is an essential redox balance regulator in organisms and is induced by various oxidative stress factors, including ultraviolet rays, radiation, oxidation, viral infections, ischemia reperfusion, and anticancer agents. Recent Advances: We demonstrated that systemic administration and transgenic overexpression of TRX is useful in a wide variety of in vivo inflammatory respiratory diseases models, such as viral pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, by removing reactive oxygen species, blocking production of inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting migration and activation of neutrophils and eosinophils, and regulating the cellular redox status. In addition, TRX's anti-inflammatory mechanism is different from the mechanisms associated with anti-inflammatory agents, such as glucocorticoids, which regulate the inflammatory reaction in association with suppressing immune responses. Critical Issues: Understanding the molecular mechanism of TRX is very helpful for understanding the role of TRX in respiratory diseases. In this review, we show the protective effect of TRX in various respiratory diseases. In addition, we discuss its anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory molecular mechanism in detail. Future Directions: The application of TRX may be useful for treating respiratory allergic inflammatory disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 32, 785-801.
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Affiliation(s)
- JieDong Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - CuiXue Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - JiaLin Wu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - ZuSheng Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Shaoxing Seventh People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - JinQuan Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nara Prefectural General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Junji Yodoi
- Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Department of Biological Response, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hai Tian
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China.,Jiaozhimei Biotechnology (Shaoxing) Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, China
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19
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Dopieralski P, Zoloff Michoff ME, Marx D. Mechanochemical disulfide reduction reveals imprints of noncovalent sulfur⋯oxygen chalcogen bonds in protein-inspired mimics in aqueous solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25112-25117. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04026f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chalcogen bonds in proteins are found to impact on the mechanochemical reduction of disulfide bridges in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
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20
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Passam FJ, Chiu J. Allosteric disulphide bonds as reversible mechano-sensitive switches that control protein functions in the vasculature. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:419-430. [PMID: 31090016 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Disulphide bonds are covalent linkages of two cysteine residues (R-S-S-R') in proteins. Unlike peptide bonds, disulphide bonds are reversible in nature allowing cleaved bonds to reform. Disulphide bonds are important structural elements that stabilise protein conformation. They can be of catalytic function found in enzymes that facilitate redox reactions in the cleavage/formation of disulphide bonds in their substrates. Emerging evidence also indicates that disulphide bonds can be of regulatory function which alter protein activity when they are cleaved or formed. This class of regulatory disulphide bonds is known as allosteric disulphide bonds. Allosteric disulphide bonds are mechano-sensitive, and stretching or twisting the sulphur-sulphur bond by mechanical force can make it easier or harder to be cleaved. This makes allosteric disulphide bonds an ideal type of mechano-sensitive switches for regulating protein functions in the vasculature where cells are continuously subjected to fluid shear force. This review will discuss the chemistry and biophysical properties of allosteric disulphide bonds and how they emerge to be mechano-sensitive switches in regulating platelet function and clot formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freda J Passam
- Heart Research Institute and Charles Perkins centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Joyce Chiu
- The Centenary Institute, NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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21
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Assessing the Evolutionary Conservation of Protein Disulphide Bonds. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31069762 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9187-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Studying the evolutionary conservation of proteins can be a valuable tool for understanding its function. At the sequence level, the conservation of each residue can be used to infer the importance of the particular regions of proteins. In the case of protein disulphide bonds, the conservation of the cysteines involved can be used to infer the conservation of the disulphide bond itself. In this chapter, bioinformatics methods are described that can be used to assess the conservation of a protein disulphide bond with a focus on the study of human proteins. Conservation will be assessed at the species and at the human population level. The methods described make use of publicly available databases and can be applied by any researcher using a standard desktop computer with Internet access.
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22
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Lundberg M, Mattsson Å, Reiser K, Holmgren A, Curbo S. Inhibition of the thioredoxin system by PX-12 (1-methylpropyl 2-imidazolyl disulfide) impedes HIV-1 infection in TZM-bl cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5656. [PMID: 30948772 PMCID: PMC6449384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry is initiated by the binding between the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the host receptor CD4, and followed by reduction of structural disulfides of gp120 and CD4. The host thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) efficiently reduces disulfides of gp120 and CD4 in vitro, and recently CD4-dependent HIV-1 entry was shown to be inhibited by anti-Trx1-antibodies, indicating a central role for Trx1. 1-methylpropyl-2-imidazolyl disulfide (PX-12) is a reversible inhibitor of the Trx1 system that may also cause a slow irreversible thioalkylation of Trx1. It was developed as an antitumor agent, however, the current study aimed to determine if it also has an anti-HIV-1 effect. We show that PX-12 has anti-HIV-1(IIIB) activity in TZM-bl cells, in fact, no virus was detected inside the cells in the presence of 10 µM PX-12. Moreover, PX-12 inhibited the enzymatic activity of Trx1 and the Trx1-dependent disulfide reduction of gp120. Microtubule polymerization and formation of acetylated microtubules were also inhibited, activities shown to be required for HIV-1 life cycle propagation. In conclusion, our data strengthens the notion that the early steps of the HIV-1 life cycle depends on the Trx1 system and indicate that the Trx1 system may be a rational drug target for HIV-1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åse Mattsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathrin Reiser
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Curbo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Glatzová D, Cebecauer M. Dual Role of CD4 in Peripheral T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:618. [PMID: 31001252 PMCID: PMC6454155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of T-cell receptors (TCRs) with self- and non-self-peptides in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) stimulates crucial signaling events, which in turn can activate T lymphocytes. A variety of accessory molecules further modulate T-cell signaling. Of these, the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors make the most critical contributions to T cell sensitivity in vivo. Whereas, CD4 function in T cell development is well-characterized, its role in peripheral T cells remains incompletely understood. It was originally suggested that CD4 stabilizes weak interactions between TCRs and peptides in the MHC and delivers Lck kinases to that complex. The results of numerous experiments support the latter role, indicating that the CD4-Lck complex accelerates TCR-triggered signaling and controls the availability of the kinase for TCR in the absence of the ligand. On the other hand, extremely low affinity of CD4 for MHC rules out its ability to stabilize the receptor-ligand complex. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on CD4 in T cells, with a special emphasis on the spatio-temporal organization of early signaling events and the relevance for CD4 function. We further highlight the capacity of CD4 to interact with the MHC in the absence of TCR. It drives the adhesion of T cells to the cells that express the MHC. This process is facilitated by the CD4 accumulation in the tips of microvilli on the surface of unstimulated T cells. Based on these observations, we suggest an alternative model of CD4 role in T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Glatzová
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marek Cebecauer
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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24
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Chiu J, Hogg PJ. Allosteric disulfides: Sophisticated molecular structures enabling flexible protein regulation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:2949-2960. [PMID: 30635401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev118.005604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide bonds link pairs of cysteine residues in polypeptide chains. Many of these bonds serve a purely structural or energetic role, but a growing subset of cleavable disulfide bonds has been shown to control the function of the mature protein in which they reside. These allosteric disulfides and the factors that cleave these bonds are being identified across biological systems and life forms and have been shown to control hemostasis, the immune response, and viral infection in mammals. The discovery of these functional disulfides and a rationale for their facile nature has been aided by the emergence of a conformational signature for allosteric bonds. This post-translational modification mostly occurs extracellularly, making these chemical events prime drug targets. Indeed, a membrane-impermeable inhibitor of one of the cleaving factors is currently being trialed as an antithrombotic agent in cancer patients. Allosteric disulfides are firmly established as a sophisticated means by which a protein's shape and function can be altered; however, the full scope of this biological regulation will not be realized without new tools and techniques to study this regulation and innovative ways of targeting it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Chiu
- From the Centenary Institute, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Philip J Hogg
- From the Centenary Institute, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Abstract
Protein disulphide bonds are the links between pairs of cysteine residues in the polypeptide chain. These bonds are classified based on the sign of the five dihedral angles that define the cystine residue. Twenty disulphide conformations are possible using this convention and all 20 are represented in protein structures. Force distribution analysis of the pairwise forces between the cysteine residues of the different conformations identified 2 of the 20 as having significant strain: the -RHstaple and -/+RHhook disulphide bonds. These two disulphide conformations are associated with allosteric function in proteins. An online tool is available that provides a comprehensive analysis of disulphide bonds in protein structures, including conformation, strain energy, solvent accessibility and secondary structures that the disulphide links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aster E Pijning
- The Centenary Institute, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Hogg
- The Centenary Institute, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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26
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Lian G, Gnanaprakasam JNR, Wang T, Wu R, Chen X, Liu L, Shen Y, Yang M, Yang J, Chen Y, Vasiliou V, Cassel TA, Green DR, Liu Y, Fan TWM, Wang R. Glutathione de novo synthesis but not recycling process coordinates with glutamine catabolism to control redox homeostasis and directs murine T cell differentiation. eLife 2018; 7:e36158. [PMID: 30198844 PMCID: PMC6152796 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon antigen stimulation, T lymphocytes undergo dramatic changes in metabolism to fulfill the bioenergetic, biosynthetic and redox demands of proliferation and differentiation. Glutathione (GSH) plays an essential role in controlling redox balance and cell fate. While GSH can be recycled from Glutathione disulfide (GSSG), the inhibition of this recycling pathway does not impact GSH content and murine T cell fate. By contrast, the inhibition of the de novo synthesis of GSH, by deleting either the catalytic (Gclc) or the modifier (Gclm) subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (Gcl), dampens intracellular GSH, increases ROS, and impact T cell differentiation. Moreover, the inhibition of GSH de novo synthesis dampened the pathological progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We further reveal that glutamine provides essential precursors for GSH biosynthesis. Our findings suggest that glutamine catabolism fuels de novo synthesis of GSH and directs the lineage choice in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojian Lian
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology, Oncology and BMThe Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
- Medical Research CenterUniversity of South ChinaHengyang, Hunan ProvinceChina
| | - JN Rashida Gnanaprakasam
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology, Oncology and BMThe Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Tingting Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology, Oncology and BMThe Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Ruohan Wu
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology, Oncology and BMThe Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Xuyong Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology, Oncology and BMThe Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Lingling Liu
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology, Oncology and BMThe Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Yuqing Shen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology, Oncology and BMThe Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Mao Yang
- Department of ImmunologySt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisUnited States
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of SurgerySt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisUnited States
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public HealthYale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public HealthYale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Teresa A Cassel
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Center for Environmental and Systems BiochemistryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of ImmunologySt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisUnited States
| | - Yusen Liu
- Center for Perinatal ResearchThe Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio, United States
| | - Teresa WM Fan
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Center for Environmental and Systems BiochemistryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology, Oncology and BMThe Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
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27
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Jung SR, Suprunenko T, Ashhurst TM, King NJC, Hofer MJ. Collateral Damage: What Effect Does Anti-CD4 and Anti-CD8α Antibody-Mediated Depletion Have on Leukocyte Populations? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2176-2186. [PMID: 30143586 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CD4 or anti-CD8α Ab-mediated depletion strategies are widely used to determine the role of T cell subsets. However, surface expression of CD4 and CD8α is not limited to T cells and occurs on other leukocyte populations as well. Using both unbiased t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding of flow cytometry data and conventional gating strategies, we assessed the impact of anti-CD4 and anti-CD8α Ab-mediated depletion on non-T cell populations in mice. Our results show that anti-CD4 and anti-CD8α Ab injections not only resulted in depletion of T cells but also led to depletion of specific dendritic cell subsets in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, the extent of this effect varied between mock- and virus-infected mice. We also demonstrate the importance of using a second, noncompeting Ab (clone CT-CD8α) to detect CD8α+ cells following depletion with anti-CD8α Ab clone 2.43. Our study provides a necessary caution to carefully consider the effects on nontarget cells when using Ab injections for leukocyte depletion in all experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ri Jung
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Tamara Suprunenko
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas M Ashhurst
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Sydney Cytometry, Core Facility of The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; and.,Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Sydney Cytometry, Core Facility of The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; and.,Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; .,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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28
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Rashida Gnanaprakasam JN, Wu R, Wang R. Metabolic Reprogramming in Modulating T Cell Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Antioxidant Capacity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1075. [PMID: 29868027 PMCID: PMC5964129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust adaptive immune response requires a phase of proliferative burst which is followed by the polarization of T cells into relevant functional subsets. Both processes are associated with dramatically increased bioenergetics demands, biosynthetic demands, and redox demands. T cells meet these demands by rewiring their central metabolic pathways that generate energy and biosynthetic precursors by catabolizing and oxidizing nutrients into carbon dioxide. Simultaneously, oxidative metabolism also produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are tightly controlled by antioxidants and plays important role in regulating T cell functions. In this review, we discuss how metabolic rewiring during T cell activation influence ROS production and antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephin N Rashida Gnanaprakasam
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ruohan Wu
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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29
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Kubo Y, Izumida M, Yashima Y, Yoshii-Kamiyama H, Tanaka Y, Yasui K, Hayashi H, Matsuyama T. Gamma-interferon-inducible, lysosome/endosome-localized thiolreductase, GILT, has anti-retroviral activity and its expression is counteracted by HIV-1. Oncotarget 2018; 7:71255-71273. [PMID: 27655726 PMCID: PMC5342076 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which type II interferon (IFN) inhibits virus replications remains to be identified. Murine leukemia virus (MLV) replication was significantly restricted by γ-IFN, but not human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Because MLV enters host cells via endosomes, we speculated that certain cellular factors among γ-IFN-induced, endosome-localized proteins inhibit MLV replication. We found that γ-IFN-inducible lysosomal thiolreductase (GILT) significantly restricts HIV-1 replication as well as MLV replication by its thiolreductase activity. GILT silencing enhanced replication-defective HIV-1 vector infection and virion production in γ-IFN-treated cells, although γ-IFN did not inhibit HIV-1 replication. This result showed that GILT is required for the anti-viral activity of γ-IFN. Interestingly, GILT protein level was increased by γ-IFN in uninfected cells and env-deleted HIV-1-infected cells, but not in full-length HIV-1-infected cells. γ-IFN-induced transcription from the γ-IFN-activation sequence was attenuated by the HIV-1 Env protein. These results suggested that the γ-IFN cannot restrict HIV-1 replication due to the inhibition of γ-IFN signaling by HIV-1 Env. Finally, we found that 4,4′-dithiodipyridine (4-PDS), which inhibits S-S bond formation at acidic pH, significantly suppresses HIV-1 vector infection and virion production, like GILT. In conclusion, this study showed that GILT functions as a host restriction factor against the retroviruses, and a GILT mimic, 4-PDS, is the leading compound for the development of novel concept of anti-viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Kubo
- Division of Cytokine Signaling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of AIDS Research, Institute of Tropical Medicine, G-COE, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mai Izumida
- Division of Cytokine Signaling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuka Yashima
- Division of Cytokine Signaling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Haruka Yoshii-Kamiyama
- Division of Cytokine Signaling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of AIDS Research, Institute of Tropical Medicine, G-COE, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yasui
- Division of Cytokine Signaling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Division of Cytokine Signaling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Matsuyama
- Division of Cytokine Signaling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Present address: Department of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Pijning AE, Chiu J, Yeo RX, Wong JWH, Hogg PJ. Identification of allosteric disulfides from labile bonds in X-ray structures. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171058. [PMID: 29515832 PMCID: PMC5830721 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein disulfide bonds link pairs of cysteine sulfur atoms and are either structural or functional motifs. The allosteric disulfides control the function of the protein in which they reside when cleaved or formed. Here, we identify potential allosteric disulfides in all Protein Data Bank X-ray structures from bonds that are present in some molecules of a protein crystal but absent in others, or present in some structures of a protein but absent in others. We reasoned that the labile nature of these disulfides signifies a propensity for cleavage and so possible allosteric regulation of the protein in which the bond resides. A total of 511 labile disulfide bonds were identified. The labile disulfides are more stressed than the average bond, being characterized by high average torsional strain and stretching of the sulfur-sulfur bond and neighbouring bond angles. This pre-stress likely underpins their susceptibility to cleavage. The coagulation, complement and oxygen-sensing hypoxia inducible factor-1 pathways, which are known or have been suggested to be regulated by allosteric disulfides, are enriched in proteins containing labile disulfides. The identification of labile disulfide bonds will facilitate the study of this post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aster E. Pijning
- The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Joyce Chiu
- The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Reichelle X. Yeo
- The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Jason W. H. Wong
- Prince of Wales Clinical School and Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Philip J. Hogg
- The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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31
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Cysteines and N-Glycosylation Sites Conserved among All Alphaherpesviruses Regulate Membrane Fusion in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00873-17. [PMID: 28835497 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00873-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotropism is a defining characteristic of alphaherpesvirus pathogenicity. Glycoprotein K (gK) is a conserved virion glycoprotein of all alphaherpesviruses that is not found in other herpesvirus subfamilies. The extracellular amino terminus of gK has been shown to be important to the ability of the prototypic alphaherpesvirus herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) to enter neurons via axonal termini. Here, we determined the role of the two conserved N-linked glycosylation (N48 and N58) sites of gK in virus-induced cell fusion and replication. We found that N-linked glycosylation is important to the regulation of HSV-1-induced membrane fusion since mutating N58 to alanine (N58A) caused extensive virus-induced cell fusion. Due to the known contributions of N-linked glycosylation to protein processing and correct disulfide bond formation, we investigated whether the conserved extracellular cysteine residues within the amino terminus of gK contributed to the regulation of HSV-1-induced membrane fusion. We found that mutation of C37 and C114 residues led to a gK-null phenotype characterized by very small plaque formation and drastic reduction in infectious virus production, while mutation of C82 and C243 caused extensive virus-induced cell fusion. Comparison of N-linked glycosylation and cysteine mutant replication kinetics identified disparate effects on infectious virion egress from infected cells. Specifically, cysteine mutations caused defects in the accumulation of infectious virus in both the cellular and supernatant fractions, while glycosylation site mutants did not adversely affect virion egress from infected cells. These results demonstrate a critical role for the N glycosylation sites and cysteines for the structure and function of the amino terminus of gK.IMPORTANCE We have previously identified important entry and neurotropic determinants in the amino terminus of HSV-1 glycoprotein K (gK). Alphaherpesvirus-mediated membrane fusion is a complex and highly regulated process that is not clearly understood. gK and UL20, which are highly conserved across all alphaherpesviruses, play important roles in the regulation of HSV-1 fusion in the context of infection. A greater understanding of mechanisms governing alphaherpesvirus membrane fusion is expected to inform the rational design of therapeutic and prevention strategies to combat herpesviral infection and pathogenesis. This work adds to the growing reports regarding the importance of gK to alphaherpesvirus pathogenesis and details important structural features of gK that are involved in gK-mediated regulation of virus-induced membrane fusion.
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32
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Bechtel TJ, Weerapana E. From structure to redox: The diverse functional roles of disulfides and implications in disease. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28044432 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the functional roles of disulfide bonds and their relevance to human disease. The critical roles of disulfide bonds in protein structure stabilization and redox regulation of protein activity are addressed. Disulfide bonds are essential to the structural stability of many proteins within the secretory pathway and can exist as intramolecular or inter-domain disulfides. The proper formation of these bonds often relies on folding chaperones and oxidases such as members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. Many of the PDI family members catalyze disulfide-bond formation, reduction, and isomerization through redox-active disulfides and perturbed PDI activity is characteristic of carcinomas and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to catalytic function in oxidoreductases, redox-active disulfides are also found on a diverse array of cellular proteins and act to regulate protein activity and localization in response to oxidative changes in the local environment. These redox-active disulfides are either dynamic intramolecular protein disulfides or mixed disulfides with small-molecule thiols generating glutathionylation and cysteinylation adducts. The oxidation and reduction of redox-active disulfides are mediated by cellular reactive oxygen species and activity of reductases, such as glutaredoxin and thioredoxin. Dysregulation of cellular redox conditions and resulting changes in mixed disulfide formation are directly linked to diseases such as cardiovascular disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Bechtel
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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33
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Yodoi J, Matsuo Y, Tian H, Masutani H, Inamoto T. Anti-Inflammatory Thioredoxin Family Proteins for Medicare, Healthcare and Aging Care. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101081. [PMID: 28961169 PMCID: PMC5691698 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human thioredoxin (TRX) is a 12-kDa protein with redox-active dithiol in the active site -Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys-, which is induced by biological stress due to oxidative damage, metabolic dysfunction, chemicals, infection/inflammation, irradiation, or hypoxia/ischemia-reperfusion. Our research has demonstrated that exogenous TRX is effective in a wide variety of inflammatory diseases, including viral pneumonia, acute lung injury, gastric injury, and dermatitis, as well as in the prevention and amelioration of food allergies. Preclinical and clinical studies using recombinant TRX (rhTRX) are now underway. We have also identified substances that induce the expression of TRX in the body, in vegetables and other plant ingredients. Skincare products are being developed that take advantage of the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic action of TRX. Furthermore, we are currently engaged in the highly efficient production of pure rhTRX in several plants, such as lettuce, grain and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Yodoi
- Japan Biostress Research Promotion Alliance (JBPA), 1-6 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan.
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsuo
- Department of Human Stress Response Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Hai Tian
- Japan Biostress Research Promotion Alliance (JBPA), 1-6 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan.
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Shaoxing University, No 900 Cengnan Avenue, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Hiroshi Masutani
- Terni Health Care University, 80-1 Bessho-cho, Tenri, Nara 632-0018, Japan.
| | - Takashi Inamoto
- Japan Biostress Research Promotion Alliance (JBPA), 1-6 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan.
- Terni Health Care University, 80-1 Bessho-cho, Tenri, Nara 632-0018, Japan.
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34
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Fraternale A, Brundu S, Magnani M. Glutathione and glutathione derivatives in immunotherapy. Biol Chem 2017; 398:261-275. [PMID: 27514076 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Reduced glutathione (GSH) is the most prevalent non-protein thiol in animal cells. Its de novo and salvage synthesis serves to maintain a reduced cellular environment, which is important for several cellular functions. Altered intracellular GSH levels are observed in a wide range of pathologies, including several viral infections, as well as in aging, all of which are also characterized by an unbalanced Th1/Th2 immune response. A central role in influencing the immune response has been ascribed to GSH. Specifically, GSH depletion in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) correlates with altered antigen processing and reduced secretion of Th1 cytokines. Conversely, an increase in intracellular GSH content stimulates IL-12 and/or IL-27, which in turn induces differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to Th1 cells. In addition, GSH has been shown to inhibit the replication/survival of several pathogens, i.e. viruses and bacteria. Hence, molecules able to increase GSH levels have been proposed as new tools to more effectively hinder different pathogens by acting as both immunomodulators and antimicrobials. Herein, the new role of GSH and its derivatives as immunotherapeutics will be discussed.
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35
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High thioredoxin-1 levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients diminish binding and signalling of the monoclonal antibody Tregalizumab. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e121. [PMID: 28090323 PMCID: PMC5192061 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The humanized non-depleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody Tregalizumab (BT-061) is able to selectively activate the suppressive function of regulatory T cells and has been investigated up to phase IIb in clinical trials in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model based on clinical data from RA and healthy volunteers, which used the cell surface CD4 downmodulation as marker of activity, confirmed a stronger effect in healthy volunteers compared with RA patients. We tried to understand this phenomenon and evaluated the influence of the small oxidoreductase thioredoxin-1 (Trx1). To counteract oxidative stress that is strongly associated with RA pathophysiology, the organism employs Trx1. Therefore, increased expression and secretion of Trx1 is found in the synovial fluid and plasma of RA patients. Moreover, the binding site of Tregalizumab is in close proximity to a disulphide bond in domain 2 (D2) of CD4, which is a known target for a reduction by oxidoreductase Trx1. With the experiments reported herein, we demonstrated that specific reduction of the D2 disulphide bond by Trx1 led to diminished binding of Tregalizumab to recombinant human soluble CD4 and membrane-bound CD4 on T cells. Moreover, we showed that this caused changes in the Tregalizumab-induced CD4 signalling pathway via the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase p56Lck and CD4 downmodulation. In summary, we provide evidence that high Trx1 levels in RA patients compared with healthy subjects are a potential reason for diminished binding of Tregalizumab to CD4-positive T cells and offer an explanation for the observed decreased CD4 downmodulation in RA patients in comparison to healthy subjects.
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36
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Plugis NM, Palanski BA, Weng CH, Albertelli M, Khosla C. Thioredoxin-1 Selectively Activates Transglutaminase 2 in the Extracellular Matrix of the Small Intestine: IMPLICATIONS FOR CELIAC DISEASE. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2000-2008. [PMID: 28003361 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.767988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) catalyzes transamidation or deamidation of its substrates and is ordinarily maintained in a catalytically inactive state in the intestine and other organs. Aberrant TG2 activity is thought to play a role in celiac disease, suggesting that a better understanding of TG2 regulation could help to elucidate the mechanistic basis of this malady. Structural and biochemical analysis has led to the hypothesis that extracellular TG2 activation involves reduction of an allosteric disulfide bond by thioredoxin-1 (TRX), but cellular and in vivo evidence for this proposal is lacking. To test the physiological relevance of this hypothesis, we first showed that macrophages exposed to pro-inflammatory stimuli released TRX in sufficient quantities to activate their extracellular pools of TG2. By using the C35S mutant of TRX, which formed a metastable mixed disulfide bond with TG2, we demonstrated that these proteins specifically recognized each other in the extracellular matrix of fibroblasts. When injected into mice and visualized with antibodies, we observed the C35S TRX mutant bound to endogenous TG2 as its principal protein partner in the small intestine. Control experiments showed no labeling of TG2 knock-out mice. Intravenous administration of recombinant TRX in wild-type mice, but not TG2 knock-out mice, led to a rapid rise in intestinal transglutaminase activity in a manner that could be inhibited by small molecules targeting TG2 or TRX. Our findings support the potential pathophysiological relevance of TRX in celiac disease and establish the Cys370-Cys371 disulfide bond of TG2 as one of clearest examples of an allosteric disulfide bond in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Plugis
- From the Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Brad A Palanski
- From the Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Chih-Hisang Weng
- From the Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; the School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; the Medical Science Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Megan Albertelli
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- From the Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.
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Gao W, Li T, Wang J, Zhao Y, Wu C. Thioether-Bonded Fluorescent Probes for Deciphering Thiol-Mediated Exchange Reactions on the Cell Surface. Anal Chem 2016; 89:937-944. [PMID: 27976862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Study on the processes of the thiol-mediated disulfide exchange reactions on the cell surface is not only important to our understanding of extracellular natural bioreduction processes but to the development of novel strategies for the intracellular delivery of synthetic bioactive molecules. However, disulfide-bonded probes have their intrinsic inferiority in exploring the detailed exchange pathway because of the bidirectional reactivity of disulfide bonds toward reactive thiols. In this work, we developed thioether-bonded fluorescent probes that enable us to explore thiol-mediated thioether (and disulfide) exchange reactions on the cell surface through fluorescence recovery and/or cell imaging. We demonstrated that our thioether-bonded probes can be efficiently cleaved through thiol-thioether exchanges with exofacial protein thiols and/or glutathione (GSH) efflux. The exchanges mainly take place on the cell surface, and GSH efflux-mediated exchange reactions can take place without the requirement of pre-exchanges of the probes with cell surface-associated protein thiols. On the basis of our founder methodology, for the first time we demonstrated the interplay of exofacial protein thiols and GSH efflux on the cleavage of external thioether-bonded compounds. Moreover, given that an understanding of the process of GSH efflux and the mechanism on which it relies is crucial to our understanding of the cellular redox homeostasis and the mechanism of multidrug resistance, we expect that our thioether-bonded probes and strategies would greatly benefit the fundamental study of GSH efflux in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yibing Zhao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
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Bui VC, Nguyen TH. Insights into the interaction of CD4 with anti-CD4 antibodies. Immunobiology 2016; 222:148-154. [PMID: 27773661 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about the mechanism by which some antibodies can block HIV-1 entry is critical to our understanding of their function and may offer new avenues for controlling the adhesion of HIV-1 to the host cells. While much progress has been made, this mechanism remains unclear. Here, atomic force microscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and circular dichroism spectroscopy were used to measure some biophysical characteristics of the interaction of four-domains (D1-D4) membrane protein CD4 with anti-D3 antibody OKT4 and with HIV-1 entry blocking anti-D1 antibody Leu3a. The results showed that at 37°C they bind with similar binding strength, thermodynamics, and kinetics but with different assembly states. Further analyzing the interactions at different temperatures by ITC showed that binding of CD4 with Leu3a is characteristic for specific hydrophobic binding as well as for protein folding while with OKT4 comes from an extensive additional hydration upon binding and charge-related interactions within the binding site. Comparing these characteristics with those of HIV-1 gp120-CD4 interaction revealed that Leu3a binds to CD4 faster than HIV-1 followed by changing local structure of D1 to which HIV-1 binds leading to a prevention of viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Chien Bui
- Center for Innovation Competence, Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thi-Huong Nguyen
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
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Dopieralski P, Ribas–Arino J, Anjukandi P, Krupicka M, Marx D. Unexpected mechanochemical complexity in the mechanistic scenarios of disulfide bond reduction in alkaline solution. Nat Chem 2016; 9:164-170. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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40
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Moolla N, Killick M, Papathanasopoulos M, Capovilla A. Thioredoxin (Trx1) regulates CD4 membrane domain localization and is required for efficient CD4-dependent HIV-1 entry. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1854-63. [PMID: 27233453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4 is a glycoprotein expressed on the surfaces of certain immune cells. On lymphocytes, an important function of CD4 is to co-engage Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules with the T Cell Receptor (TCR), a process that is essential for antigen-specific activation of T cells. CD4 localizes dynamically into distinct membrane microdomains, an important feature of its immunoregulatory function that has also been shown to influence the efficiency of HIV replication. However, the mechanism by which CD4 localization is regulated and the biological significance of this is incompletely understood. METHODS In this study, we used confocal microscopy, density-gradient centrifugation and flow cytometry to analyze dynamic redox-dependent effects on CD4 membrane domain localization. RESULTS Blocking cell surface redox exchanges with both a membrane-impermeable sulfhydryl blocker (DTNB) and specific antibody inhibitors of Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) induces translocation of CD4 into detergent-resistant membrane domains (DRM). In contrast, Trx1 inactivation does not change the localization of the chemokine receptor CCR5, suggesting that this effect is targeted. Moreover, DTNB treatment and Trx1 depletion coincide with strong inhibition of CD4-dependent HIV entry, but only moderate reductions in the infectivity of a CD4-independent HIV pseudovirion. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the extracellular redox environment, potentially mediated by allosteric consequences of functional disulfide bond oxidoreduction, may represent a signal for translocation of CD4 into DRM clusters, and this sequestration, another potential mechanism by which the anti-HIV effects of cell surface oxidoreductase inhibition are exerted. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Extracellular redox conditions may regulate CD4 function by potentiating changes in its membrane domain localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naazneen Moolla
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 York Road Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark Killick
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 York Road Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 York Road Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alexio Capovilla
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 York Road Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa.
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41
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Owen GR, Channell JA, Forsyth VT, Haertlein M, Mitchell EP, Capovilla A, Papathanasopoulos M, Cerutti NM. Human CD4 Metastability Is a Function of the Allosteric Disulfide Bond in Domain 2. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2227-37. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R. Owen
- HIV
Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7
York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jennifer A. Channell
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
- Life
Sciences Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - V. Trevor Forsyth
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
- Life
Sciences Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Haertlein
- Life
Sciences Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Edward P. Mitchell
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexio Capovilla
- HIV
Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7
York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Papathanasopoulos
- HIV
Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7
York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nichole M. Cerutti
- HIV
Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7
York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract
Disulfide bonds represent versatile posttranslational modifications whose roles encompass the structure, catalysis, and regulation of protein function. Due to the oxidizing nature of the extracellular environment, disulfide bonds found in secreted proteins were once believed to be inert. This notion has been challenged by the discovery of redox-sensitive disulfides that, once cleaved, can lead to changes in protein activity. These functional disulfides are twisted into unique configurations, leading to high strain and potential energy. In some cases, cleavage of these disulfides can lead to a gain of function in protein activity. Thus, these motifs can be referred to as switches. We describe the couples that control redox in the extracellular environment, examine several examples of proteins with switchable disulfides, and discuss the potential applications of disulfides in molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; ,
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; , .,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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43
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New Approach for Inhibition of HIV Entry: Modifying CD4 Binding Sites by Thiolated Pyrimidine Derivatives. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 22:617-23. [PMID: 26860867 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Thiolated pyrimidine derivatives have been synthetized and their antiretroviral effect against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1IIIB) and HIV-1 chimeric pseudovirions have been quantitatively determined in cell-based viral infectivity assays including syncytium inhibition assay as well as a single-cycle viral infection assay on HeLaCD4-LTR/ß-gal cells. Pseudotype virions prepared bearing HIV-1 envelope preference for CCR5 coreceptor, CXCR4 coreceptor or for both, respectively, with a HIV-1 core containing luciferase reporter gene were able to infect susceptible cells but are replication defective so unable to replicate in the cells . Data indicate that thiolated pyrimidine derivatives inhibited effectively virally induced cell fusion in vitro as well as infectivity of primary HIV-1IIIB strain and HIV-1 pseudovirions using chemokine receptors CCR5 or CXCR4 or both for virus entry a dose dependent manner. Inhibition was selective, depended on the pseudovirus coreceptor preference. Our results suggest that some of these sulfur containing pyrimidines interact with redoxactive -SH groups required for successful HIV entry, including a redox active disulfide in the CD4 molecule as well as -SH groups in HIV viral envelope gp120. This mode of action is unique representing a new class of potential HIV entry inhibitors.
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Bailey LD, Kalyana Sundaram RV, Li H, Duffy C, Aneja R, Rosemary Bastian A, Holmes AP, Kamanna K, Rashad AA, Chaiken I. Disulfide Sensitivity in the Env Protein Underlies Lytic Inactivation of HIV-1 by Peptide Triazole Thiols. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2861-73. [PMID: 26458166 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mode of action underlying lytic inactivation of HIV-1 virions by peptide triazole thiol (PTT), in particular the relationship between gp120 disulfides and the C-terminal cysteine-SH required for virolysis. Obligate PTT dimer obtained by PTT SH cross-linking and PTTs with serially truncated linkers between pharmacophore isoleucine-ferrocenyltriazole-proline-tryptophan and cysteine-SH were synthesized. PTT variants showed loss of lytic activity but not binding and infection inhibition upon SH blockade. A disproportionate loss of lysis activity vs binding and infection inhibition was observed upon linker truncation. Molecular docking of PTT onto gp120 argued that, with sufficient linker length, the peptide SH could approach and disrupt several alternative gp120 disulfides. Inhibition of lysis by gp120 mAb 2G12, which binds at the base of the V3 loop, as well as disulfide mutational effects, argued that PTT-induced disruption of the gp120 disulfide cluster at the base of the V3 loop is an important step in lytic inactivation of HIV-1. Further, PTT-induced lysis was enhanced after treating virus with reducing agents dithiothreitol and tris (2-carboxyethyl)phosphine. Overall, the results are consistent with the view that the binding of PTT positions the peptide SH group to interfere with conserved disulfides clustered proximal to the CD4 binding site in gp120, leading to disulfide exchange in gp120 and possibly gp41, rearrangement of the Env spike, and ultimately disruption of the viral membrane. The dependence of lysis activity on thiol-disulfide interaction may be related to intrinsic disulfide exchange susceptibility in gp120 that has been reported previously to play a role in HIV-1 cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D. Bailey
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Ramalingam Venkat Kalyana Sundaram
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Huiyuan Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Caitlin Duffy
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Rachna Aneja
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | | | - Andrew P. Holmes
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Kantharaju Kamanna
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Adel A. Rashad
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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Conformational Masking and Receptor-Dependent Unmasking of Highly Conserved Env Epitopes Recognized by Non-Neutralizing Antibodies That Mediate Potent ADCC against HIV-1. Viruses 2015; 7:5115-32. [PMID: 26393642 PMCID: PMC4584300 DOI: 10.3390/v7092856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of antibody-mediated protection is a major focus of HIV-1 vaccine development and a significant issue in the control of viremia. Virus neutralization, Fc-mediated effector function, or both, are major mechanisms of antibody-mediated protection against HIV-1, although other mechanisms, such as virus aggregation, are known. The interplay between virus neutralization and Fc-mediated effector function in protection against HIV-1 is complex and only partially understood. Passive immunization studies using potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) show that both neutralization and Fc-mediated effector function provides the widest dynamic range of protection; however, a vaccine to elicit these responses remains elusive. By contrast, active immunization studies in both humans and non-human primates using HIV-1 vaccine candidates suggest that weakly neutralizing or non-neutralizing antibodies can protect by Fc-mediated effector function, albeit with a much lower dynamic range seen for passive immunization with bnAbs. HIV-1 has evolved mechanisms to evade each type of antibody-mediated protection that must be countered by a successful AIDS vaccine. Overcoming the hurdles required to elicit bnAbs has become a major focus of HIV-1 vaccine development. Here, we discuss a less studied problem, the structural basis of protection (and its evasion) by antibodies that protect only by potent Fc-mediated effector function.
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Mathys L, Balzarini J. The role of cellular oxidoreductases in viral entry and virus infection-associated oxidative stress: potential therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:123-43. [PMID: 26178644 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1068760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cellular oxidoreductases catalyze thiol/disulfide exchange reactions in susceptible proteins and contribute to the cellular defense against oxidative stress. Oxidoreductases and oxidative stress are also involved in viral infections. In this overview, different aspects of the role of cellular oxidoreductases and oxidative stress during viral infections are discussed from a chemotherapeutic viewpoint. AREAS COVERED Entry of enveloped viruses into their target cells is triggered by the interaction of viral envelope glycoproteins with cellular (co)receptor(s) and depends on obligatory conformational changes in these viral envelope glycoproteins and/or cellular receptors. For some viruses, these conformational changes are mediated by cell surface-associated cellular oxidoreductases, which mediate disulfide bridge reductions in viral envelope glycoprotein(s). Therefore, targeting these oxidoreductases using oxidoreductase inhibitors might yield an interesting strategy to block viral entry of these viruses. Furthermore, since viral infections are often associated with systemic oxidative stress, contributing to disease progression, the enhancement of the cellular antioxidant defense systems might have potential as an adjuvant antiviral strategy, slowing down disease progression. EXPERT OPINION Promising antiviral data were obtained for both strategies. However, potential pitfalls have also been identified for these strategies, indicating that it is important to carefully assess the benefits versus risks of these antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Mathys
- a 1 Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10 blok x - bus 1030, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- b 2 Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10 blok x - bus 1030, Leuven, Belgium +32 16 3 37352 ; +32 16 3 37340 ;
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47
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Jacquez P, Avila G, Boone K, Altiyev A, Puschhof J, Sauter R, Arigi E, Ruiz B, Peng X, Almeida I, Sherman M, Xiao C, Sun J. The Disulfide Bond Cys255-Cys279 in the Immunoglobulin-Like Domain of Anthrax Toxin Receptor 2 Is Required for Membrane Insertion of Anthrax Protective Antigen Pore. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130832. [PMID: 26107617 PMCID: PMC4479931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax toxin receptors act as molecular clamps or switches that control anthrax toxin entry, pH-dependent pore formation, and translocation of enzymatic moieties across the endosomal membranes. We previously reported that reduction of the disulfide bonds in the immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domain of the anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2) inhibited the function of the protective antigen (PA) pore. In the present study, the disulfide linkage in the Ig domain was identified as Cys255-Cys279 and Cys230-Cys315. Specific disulfide bond deletion mutants were achieved by replacing Cys residues with Ala residues. Deletion of the disulfide bond C255-C279, but not C230-C315, inhibited the PA pore-induced release of the fluorescence dyes from the liposomes, suggesting that C255-C279 is essential for PA pore function. Furthermore, we found that deletion of C255-C279 did not affect PA prepore-to-pore conversion, but inhibited PA pore membrane insertion by trapping the PA membrane-inserting loops in proteinaceous hydrophobic pockets. Fluorescence spectra of Trp59, a residue adjacent to the PA-binding motif in von Willebrand factor A (VWA) domain of ANTXR2, showed that deletion of C255-C279 resulted in a significant conformational change on the receptor ectodomain. The disulfide deletion-induced conformational change on the VWA domain was further confirmed by single-particle 3D reconstruction of the negatively stained PA-receptor heptameric complexes. Together, the biochemical and structural data obtained in this study provides a mechanistic insight into the role of the receptor disulfide bond C255-C279 in anthrax toxin action. Manipulation of the redox states of the receptor, specifically targeting to C255-C279, may become a novel strategy to treat anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jacquez
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Avila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Kyle Boone
- Bioinformatics Program of University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Agamyrat Altiyev
- Bioinformatics Program of University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Jens Puschhof
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Roland Sauter
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Emma Arigi
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Blanca Ruiz
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Xiuli Peng
- China National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Igor Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Michael Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, United States of America
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CX); (JS)
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CX); (JS)
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Mohanasundaram KA, Haworth NL, Grover MP, Crowley TM, Goscinski A, Wouters MA. Potential role of glutathione in evolution of thiol-based redox signaling sites in proteins. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:1. [PMID: 25805991 PMCID: PMC4354306 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine is susceptible to a variety of modifications by reactive oxygen and nitrogen oxide species, including glutathionylation; and when two cysteines are involved, disulfide formation. Glutathione-cysteine adducts may be removed from proteins by glutaredoxin, whereas disulfides may be reduced by thioredoxin. Glutaredoxin is homologous to the disulfide-reducing thioredoxin and shares similar binding modes of the protein substrate. The evolution of these systems is not well characterized. When a single Cys is present in a protein, conjugation of the redox buffer glutathione may induce conformational changes, resulting in a simple redox switch that effects a signaling cascade. If a second cysteine is introduced into the sequence, the potential for disulfide formation exists. In favorable protein contexts, a bistable redox switch may be formed. Because of glutaredoxin's similarities to thioredoxin, the mutated protein may be immediately exapted into the thioredoxin-dependent redox cycle upon addition of the second cysteine. Here we searched for examples of protein substrates where the number of redox-active cysteine residues has changed throughout evolution. We focused on cross-strand disulfides (CSDs), the most common type of forbidden disulfide. We searched for proteins where the CSD is present, absent and also found as a single cysteine in protein orthologs. Three different proteins were selected for detailed study-CD4, ERO1, and AKT. We created phylogenetic trees, examining when the CSD residues were mutated during protein evolution. We posit that the primordial cysteine is likely to be the cysteine of the CSD which undergoes nucleophilic attack by thioredoxin. Thus, a redox-active disulfide may be introduced into a protein structure by stepwise mutation of two residues in the native sequence to Cys. By extension, evolutionary acquisition of structural disulfides in proteins can potentially occur via transition through a redox-active disulfide state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naomi L. Haworth
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mani P. Grover
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Tamsyn M. Crowley
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Animal, Food and Health Sciences Division, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationGeelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrzej Goscinski
- School of Information Technology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Merridee A. Wouters
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
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49
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Haworth NL, Wouters MA. Cross-strand disulfides in the non-hydrogen bonding site of antiparallel β-sheet (aCSDns): poised for biological switching. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
aCSDns are forbidden disulfides with protein redox-activity. Within the aCSDn structural motif, a cognate substrate of Trx-like enzymes, the disulfide bonds are strained and metastable, facilitating their role as redox-regulated protein switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L. Haworth
- Life and Environmental Sciences
- Deakin University
- Geelong 3217
- Australia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute
| | - Merridee A. Wouters
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute
- Heidelberg 3084
- Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine
- La Trobe University
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Perez-Jimenez R, Alonso-Caballero A, Berkovich R, Franco D, Chen MW, Richard P, Badilla CL, Fernandez JM. Probing the effect of force on HIV-1 receptor CD4. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10313-10320. [PMID: 25299596 PMCID: PMC4212800 DOI: 10.1021/nn503557w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cell-surface proteins are central for the interaction of cells with their surroundings and are also associated with numerous diseases. These molecules are exposed to mechanical forces, but the exact relation between force and the functions and pathologies associated with cell-surface proteins is unclear. An important cell-surface protein is CD4, the primary receptor of HIV-1. Here we show that mechanical force activates conformational and chemical changes on CD4 that may be important during viral attachment. We have used single-molecule force spectroscopy and analysis on HIV-1 infectivity to demonstrate that the mechanical extension of CD4 occurs in a time-dependent manner and correlates with HIV-1 infectivity. We show that Ibalizumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks HIV-1, prevents the mechanical extension of CD4 domains 1 and 2. Furthermore, we demonstrate that thiol/disulfide exchange in CD4 requires force for exposure of cryptic disulfide bonds. This mechanical perspective provides unprecedented information that can change our understanding on how viruses interact with their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Perez-Jimenez
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- CIC nanoGUNE, San Sebastian, E-20018, Spain
| | | | - Ronen Berkovich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - David Franco
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ming-Wei Chen
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Patricia Richard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Carmen L. Badilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Julio M. Fernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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