1
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Akkoyunlu M. State of pneumococcal vaccine immunity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2336358. [PMID: 38567485 PMCID: PMC10993918 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2336358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Like the other invasive encapsulated bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae is also covered with a polysaccharide structure. Infants and elderly are most vulnerable to the invasive and noninvasive diseases caused by S. pneumoniae. Although antibodies against polysaccharide capsule are efficient in eliminating S. pneumoniae, the T cell independent nature of the immune response against polysaccharide vaccines renders them weakly antigenic. The introduction of protein conjugated capsular polysaccharide vaccines helped overcome the weak immunogenicity of pneumococcal polysaccharides and decreased the incidence of pneumococcal diseases, especially in pediatric population. Conjugate vaccines elicit T cell dependent response which involve the interaction of specialized CD4+ T cells, called follicular helper T cells (Tfh) with germinal center B cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Despite their improved immunogenicity, conjugate vaccines still need to be administered three to four times in infants during the first 15 month of their life because they mount poor Tfh response. Recent studies revealed fundamental differences in the generation of Tfh cells between neonates and adults. As the portfolio of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines continues to increase, better understanding of the mechanisms of antibody development in different age groups will help in the development of pneumococcal vaccines tailored for different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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2
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Kushwaha S, Shome P, Sehgal D. Antigen-driven Convergent Evolution of Polysaccharide-specific "DH-less" B Cells in Glycoconjugate Immunized Mice. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:511-526. [PMID: 39093310 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines elicit robust anti-polysaccharide Ab response by recruiting T-cell help. Multiple doses of glycoconjugate vaccine are required to induce long-lasting immunity. The characteristics of anti-polysaccharide Ab response have been reported previously. However, the effect of glycoconjugate booster immunization on anti-polysaccharide and anti-carrier protein Ab repertoire remains poorly understood. In this study, we used clinically relevant pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide type 14 (PCP14) conjugated with cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197) as a model glycoconjugate Ag (PCP14-CRM197). We performed a comprehensive sequence analysis of mouse mAbs generated against PCP14 and CRM197 following immunization with one or three doses of PCP14-CRM197. Analysis of the paired Ig H and L chain transcripts revealed that anti-PCP14 Ab repertoire is extremely restricted. The reoccurrence of five replacement mutations at identical positions in anti-polysaccharide mAbs generated from different mice provided evidence for Ag-driven selection in PCP14-specific B cells. Convergent evolution was observed wherein distinct V(D)J rearrangements resulted in identical or nearly identical CDR3 in anti-PCP14 mAbs. Abs that lacked DH encoded amino acids dominated the anti-PCP14 Ab response. In contrast, anti-CRM197 Ab response was quite diverse, with fewer mutations compared with the anti-PCP14 mAbs, suggesting that conjugation of the polysaccharide to a carrier protein interferes with the development of carrier protein-specific Ab responses. Our findings provide molecular insights into the maturation of Ab responses driven by booster doses of glycoconjugate. This has fundamental implications for the design of glycoconjugate vaccines, especially where the development of Ab response against the carrier protein is also crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kushwaha
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratiksha Shome
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Devinder Sehgal
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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3
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Kapetanovic MC. Pneumococcal vaccine in adults with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2024:S2665-9913(24)00185-1. [PMID: 39067458 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(24)00185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Meliha C Kapetanovic
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund SE-221 85, Sweden.
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4
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Chettri D, Chirania M, Boro D, Verma AK. Glycoconjugates: Advances in modern medicines and human health. Life Sci 2024; 348:122689. [PMID: 38710281 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Glycans and their glycoconjugates are complex biomolecules that are crucial for various biological processes. Glycoconjugates are found in all domains of life. They are covalently linked to key biomolecules such as proteins and lipids to play a pivotal role in cell signaling, adhesion, and recognition. The diversity of glycan structures and the associated complexity of glycoconjugates is the reason for their role in intricate biosynthetic pathways. Glycoconjugates play an important role in various diseases where they are actively involved in the immune response as well as in the pathogenicity of infectious diseases. In addition, various autoimmune diseases have been linked to glycosylation defects of different biomolecules, making them an important molecule in the field of medicine. The glycoconjugates have been explored for the development of therapeutics and vaccines, representing a breakthrough in medical science. They also hold significance in research studies to understand the mechanisms behind various biological processes. Finally, glycoconjugates have found an emerging role in various industrial and environmental applications which have been discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixita Chettri
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Manisha Chirania
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Deepjyoti Boro
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Anil Kumar Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India.
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5
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Pena JMS, Lannes-Costa PS, Nagao PE. Vaccines for Streptococcus agalactiae: current status and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1430901. [PMID: 38947337 PMCID: PMC11211565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1430901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A maternal vaccine to protect newborns against invasive Streptococcus agalactiae infection is a developing medical need. The vaccine should be offered during the third trimester of pregnancy and induce strong immune responses and placental transfer of protective antibodies. Polysaccharide vaccines against S. agalactiae conjugated to protein carriers are in advanced stages of development. Additionally, protein-based vaccines are also in development, showing great promise as they can provide protection regardless of serotype. Furthermore, safety concerns regarding a new vaccine are the main barriers identified. Here, we present vaccines in development and identified safety, cost, and efficacy concerns, especially in high-need, low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Matheus Sobral Pena
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pamella Silva Lannes-Costa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Prescilla Emy Nagao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Jordan C, Siebold K, Priegue P, Seeberger PH, Gilmour R. A Fluorinated Sialic Acid Vaccine Lead Against Meningitis B and C. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15366-15375. [PMID: 38768956 PMCID: PMC11157539 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by the specificity of α-(2,9)-sialyl epitopes in bacterial capsular polysaccharides (CPS), a doubly fluorinated disaccharide has been validated as a vaccine lead against Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C and/or B. Emulating the importance of fluorine in drug discovery, this molecular editing approach serves a multitude of purposes, which range from controlling α-selective chemical sialylation to mitigating competing elimination. Conjugation of the disialoside with two carrier proteins (CRM197 and PorA) enabled a semisynthetic vaccine to be generated; this was then investigated in six groups of six mice. The individual levels of antibodies formed were compared and classified as highly glycan-specific and protective. All glycoconjugates induced a stable and long-term IgG response and binding to the native CPS epitope was achieved. The generated antibodies were protective against MenC and/or MenB; this was validated in vitro by SBA and OPKA assays. By merging the fluorinated glycan epitope of MenC with an outer cell membrane protein of MenB, a bivalent vaccine against both serogroups was created. It is envisaged that validation of this synthetic, fluorinated disialoside bioisostere as a potent antigen will open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Jordan
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Kathrin Siebold
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Patricia Priegue
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute
for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Freie
Universität Berlin, Institute of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute
for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Freie
Universität Berlin, Institute of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
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7
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Feemster K, Buchwald UK, Banniettis N, Joyce JG, Velentgas P, Chapman TJ, Yildirim I. Immunogenicity of Current and Next-Generation Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Children: Current Challenges and Upcoming Opportunities. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae220. [PMID: 38770212 PMCID: PMC11103622 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Global use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) with increasingly broader serotype coverage has helped to reduce the burden of pneumococcal disease in children and adults. In clinical studies comparing PCVs, higher-valency PCVs have met noninferiority criteria (based on immunoglobulin G geometric mean concentrations and response rates) for most shared serotypes. A numeric trend of declining immunogenicity against shared serotypes with higher-valency PCVs has also been observed; however, the clinical relevance is uncertain, warranting additional research to evaluate the effectiveness of new vaccines. Novel conjugation processes, carriers, adjuvants, and vaccine platforms are approaches that could help maintain or improve immunogenicity and subsequent vaccine effectiveness while achieving broader protection with increasing valency in pneumococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Feemster
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ulrike K Buchwald
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Joseph G Joyce
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Timothy J Chapman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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8
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Cheng Y, Shen R, Liu F, Li Y, Wang J, Hou Y, Liu Y, Zhou H, Hou F, Wang Y, Li X, Qiao R, Luo S. Humoral and cellular immune responses induced by serogroup W135 meningococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines. Vaccine 2024; 42:2781-2792. [PMID: 38508928 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the mechanisms by which W135 meningococcal conjugate (PSW135-TT) activates adaptive immune responses in mice can provide a comprehensive understanding of the immune mechanisms of bacterial polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. We compared B-cell and T-cell immune responses immunized with W135 meningococcal capsular polysaccharides (PSW135), tetanus toxoid (TT) and PSW135-TT in mice. The results showed that PSW135-TT could induce higher PSW135-specific and TT-specific IgG antibodies with a significant enhancement after two doses. All serum antibodies immunized with PSW135- TT had strong bactericidal activity, whereas none of the serum antibodies immunized with PSW135 had bactericidal activity. Besides, IgM and IgG antibodies immunized with PSW135-TT after two doses were positively correlated with the titer of bactericidal antibodies. We also found Th cells favored Th2 humoral immune responses in PSW135-TT, PSW135, and TT-immunized mice, especially peripheral blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, PSW135-TT and TT could effectively activate bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and promote BMDCs to highly express major histocompatibility complex Ⅱ (MHCⅡ), CD86 and CD40 molecules in mice, whereas PSW135 couldn't. These data verified the typical characteristics of PSW135-TT and TT as T cell dependent antigen (TD-Ag) and PSW135 as T cell independent antigen (TI-Ag), which will be very helpful for further exploration of the immune mechanism of polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines and improvement of the quality of bacterial polysaccharide conjugate vaccines in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Cheng
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Rong Shen
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Fanglei Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yanting Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yali Hou
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yueping Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Haifei Zhou
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Fengping Hou
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yunjin Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiongxiong Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Ruijie Qiao
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Shuquan Luo
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China.
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9
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Hils M, Hoffard N, Iuliano C, Kreft L, Chakrapani N, Swiontek K, Fischer K, Eberlein B, Köberle M, Fischer J, Hilger C, Ohnmacht C, Kaesler S, Wölbing F, Biedermann T. IgE and anaphylaxis specific to the carbohydrate alpha-gal depend on IL-4. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1050-1062.e6. [PMID: 38135009 PMCID: PMC10997276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-gal (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc) is a carbohydrate with the potential to elicit fatal allergic reactions to mammalian meat and drugs of mammalian origin. This type of allergy is induced by tick bites, and therapeutic options for this skin-driven food allergy are limited to the avoidance of the allergen and treatment of symptoms. Thus, a better understanding of the immune mechanisms resulting in sensitization through the skin is crucial, especially in the case of a carbohydrate allergen for which underlying immune responses are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to establish a mouse model of alpha-gal allergy for in-depth immunologic analyses. METHODS Alpha-galactosyltransferase 1-deficient mice devoid of alpha-gal glycosylations were sensitized with the alpha-gal-carrying self-protein mouse serum albumin by repetitive intracutaneous injections in combination with the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide. The role of basophils and IL-4 in sensitization was investigated by antibody-mediated depletion. RESULTS Alpha-gal-sensitized mice displayed increased levels of alpha-gal-specific IgE and IgG1 and developed systemic anaphylaxis on challenge with both alpha-gal-containing glycoproteins and glycolipids. In accordance with alpha-gal-allergic patients, we detected elevated numbers of basophils at the site of sensitization as well as increased numbers of alpha-gal-specific B cells, germinal center B cells, and B cells of IgE and IgG1 isotypes in skin-draining lymph nodes. By depleting IL-4 during sensitization, we demonstrated for the first time that sensitization and elicitation of allergy to alpha-gal and correspondingly to a carbohydrate allergen is dependent on IL-4. CONCLUSION These findings establish IL-4 as a potential target to interfere with alpha-gal allergy elicited by tick bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hils
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Hoffard
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Caterina Iuliano
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luisa Kreft
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Neera Chakrapani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Kyra Swiontek
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Konrad Fischer
- Department of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernadette Eberlein
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Köberle
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Hilger
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Caspar Ohnmacht
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kaesler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Wölbing
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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10
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Dolce M, Proietti D, Principato S, Giusti F, Adamo GM, Favaron S, Ferri E, Margarit I, Romano MR, Scarselli M, Carboni F. Impact of Protein Nanoparticle Shape on the Immunogenicity of Antimicrobial Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3736. [PMID: 38612547 PMCID: PMC11011275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein self-assembling nanoparticles (NPs) can be used as carriers for antigen delivery to increase vaccine immunogenicity. NPs mimic the majority of invading pathogens, inducing a robust adaptive immune response and long-lasting protective immunity. In this context, we investigated the potential of NPs of different sizes and shapes-ring-, rod-like, and spherical particles-as carriers for bacterial oligosaccharides by evaluating in murine models the role of these parameters on the immune response. Oligosaccharides from Neisseria meningitidis type W capsular polysaccharide were conjugated to ring-shape or nanotubes of engineered Pseudomonas aeruginosa Hemolysin-corregulated protein 1 (Hcp1cc) and to spherical Helicobacter pylori ferritin. Glycoconjugated NPs were characterized using advanced technologies such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Asymmetric Flow-Field Flow fractionation (AF4), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to verify their correct assembly, dimensions, and glycosylation degrees. Our results showed that spherical ferritin was able to induce the highest immune response in mice against the saccharide antigen compared to the other glycoconjugate NPs, with increased bactericidal activity compared to benchmark MenW-CRM197. We conclude that shape is a key attribute over size to be considered for glycoconjugate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dolce
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Sara Favaron
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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11
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Ye TJ, Fung KM, Lee IM, Ko TP, Lin CY, Wong CL, Tu IF, Huang TY, Yang FL, Chang YP, Wang JT, Lin TL, Huang KF, Wu SH. Klebsiella pneumoniae K2 capsular polysaccharide degradation by a bacteriophage depolymerase does not require trimer formation. mBio 2024; 15:e0351923. [PMID: 38349137 PMCID: PMC10936425 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03519-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
K2-capsular Klebsiella pneumoniae is a hypervirulent pathogen that causes fatal infections. Here, we describe a phage tailspike protein, named K2-2, that specifically depolymerizes the K2 capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of K. pneumoniae into tetrasaccharide repeating units. Nearly half of the products contained O-acetylation, which was thought crucial to the immunogenicity of CPS. The product-bound structures of this trimeric enzyme revealed intersubunit carbohydrate-binding grooves, each accommodating three tetrasaccharide units of K2 CPS. The catalytic residues and the key interactions responsible for K2 CPS recognition were identified and verified by site-directed mutagenesis. Further biophysical and functional characterization, along with the structure of a tetrameric form of K2-2, demonstrated that the formation of intersubunit catalytic center does not require trimerization, which could be nearly completely disrupted by a single-residue mutation in the C-terminal domain. Our findings regarding the assembly and catalysis of K2-2 provide cues for the development of glycoconjugate vaccines against K. pneumoniae infection. IMPORTANCE Generating fragments of capsular polysaccharides from pathogenic bacteria with crucial antigenic determinants for vaccine development continues to pose challenges. The significance of the C-terminal region of phage tailspike protein (TSP) in relation to its folding and trimer formation remains largely unexplored. The polysaccharide depolymerase described here demonstrates the ability to depolymerize the K2 CPS of K. pneumoniae into tetrasaccharide fragments while retaining the vital O-acetylation modification crucial for immunogenicity. By carefully characterizing the enzyme, elucidating its three-dimensional structures, conducting site-directed mutagenesis, and assessing the antimicrobial efficacy of the mutant enzymes against K2 K. pneumoniae, we offer valuable insights into the mechanism by which this enzyme recognizes and depolymerizes the K2 CPS. Our findings, particularly the discovery that trimer formation is not required for depolymerizing activity, challenge the current understanding of trimer-dependent TSP activity and highlight the catalytic mechanism of the TSP with an intersubunit catalytic center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Juan Ye
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kit-Man Fung
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Ming Lee
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Wong
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Fan Tu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yin Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Ling Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Pei Chang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Town Wang
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Lung Lin
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Fa Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiung Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Cui H, Zhang L, Shi Y. Biomaterials-mediated ligation of immune cell surface receptors for immunoengineering. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2024; 21:100695. [PMID: 38405432 PMCID: PMC10891334 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2023.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A wide variety of cell surface receptors found on immune cells are essential to the body's immunological defense mechanisms. Cell surface receptors enable immune cells to sense extracellular stimuli and identify pathogens, transmitting activating or inhibitory signals that regulate the immune cell state and coordinate immunological responses. These receptors can dynamically aggregate or disperse due to the fluidity of the cell membrane, particularly during interactions between cells or between cells and pathogens. At the contact surface, cell surface receptors form microclusters, facilitating the recruitment and amplification of downstream signals. The strength of the immune signal is influenced by both the quantity and the specific types of participating receptors. Generally, receptor cross-linking, meaning multivalent ligation of receptors on one cell, leads to greater interface connectivity and more robust signaling. However, intercellular interactions are often spatially restricted by other cellular structures. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend these receptors' features for developing effective immunoengineering approaches. Biomaterials can stimulate and simulate interactions between immune cells and their targets. Biomaterials can activate immune cells to act against pathogenic organisms or cancer cells, thereby offering a valuable immunoengineering toolset for vaccination and immunotherapy. In this review, we systematically summarize biomaterial-based immunoengineering strategies that consider the biology of diverse immune cell surface receptors and the structural attributes of pathogens. By combining this knowledge, we aim to advance the development of rational and effective approaches for immune modulation and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Cui
- Department of Polymer Therapeutics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Y. Shi
- Department of Polymer Therapeutics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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13
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Moustafa DA, DiGiandomenico A, Raghuram V, Schulman M, Scarff JM, Davis MR, Varga JJ, Dean CR, Goldberg JB. Efficacy of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa serogroup O9 vaccine. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0024723. [PMID: 37991349 PMCID: PMC10715167 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00247-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There are currently no approved vaccines against the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among vaccine targets, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigen of P. aeruginosa is the most immunodominant protective candidate. There are 20 different O antigens composed of different repeat sugar structures conferring serogroup specificity, and 10 are found most frequently in infection. Thus, one approach to combat infection by P. aeruginosa could be to generate immunity with a vaccine cocktail that includes all these serogroups. Serogroup O9 is 1 of the 10 serogroups commonly found in infection, but it has never been developed into a vaccine, due in part to the acid-labile nature of the O9 polysaccharide. Our laboratory has previously shown that intranasal administration of an attenuated Salmonella strain expressing the P. aeruginosa serogroup O11 LPS O antigen was effective in clearing bacteria and preventing mortality in mice following intranasal challenge with serogroup O11 P. aeruginosa. Consequently, we set out to develop a P. aeruginosa serogroup O9 vaccine using a similar approach. Here, we show that Salmonella expressing serogroup O9 triggered an antibody-mediated immune response following intranasal administration to mice and that it conferred protection from P. aeruginosa serogroup O9 in a murine model of acute pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. Moustafa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory+Children’s Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Antonio DiGiandomenico
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Vishnu Raghuram
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marc Schulman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Scarff
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael R. Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John J. Varga
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory+Children’s Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Charles R. Dean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory+Children’s Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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14
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Oldrini D, Di Benedetto R, Carducci M, De Simone D, Massai L, Alfini R, Galli B, Brunelli B, Przedpelski A, Barbieri JT, Rossi O, Giannelli C, Rappuoli R, Berti F, Micoli F. Testing a Recombinant Form of Tetanus Toxoid as a Carrier Protein for Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1770. [PMID: 38140177 PMCID: PMC10747096 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines play a major role in the prevention of infectious diseases worldwide, with significant impact on global health, enabling the polysaccharides to induce immunogenicity in infants and immunological memory. Tetanus toxoid (TT), a chemically detoxified bacterial toxin, is among the few carrier proteins used in licensed glycoconjugate vaccines. The recombinant full-length 8MTT was engineered in E. coli with eight individual amino acid mutations to inactivate three toxin functions. Previous studies in mice showed that 8MTT elicits a strong IgG response, confers protection, and can be used as a carrier protein. Here, we compared 8MTT to traditional carrier proteins TT and cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197), using different polysaccharides as models: Group A Streptococcus cell-wall carbohydrate (GAC), Salmonella Typhi Vi, and Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W, and Y. The persistency of the antibodies induced, the ability of the glycoconjugates to elicit booster response after re-injection at a later time point, the eventual carrier-induced epitopic suppression, and immune interference in multicomponent formulations were also evaluated. Overall, immunogenicity responses obtained with 8MTT glycoconjugates were compared to those obtained with corresponding TT and, in some cases, were higher than those induced by CRM197 glycoconjugates. Our results support the use of 8MTT as a good alternative carrier protein for glycoconjugate vaccines, with advantages in terms of manufacturability compared to TT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Oldrini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Roberta Di Benedetto
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Daniele De Simone
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Luisa Massai
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Barbara Galli
- GSK, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.G.); (B.B.); (F.B.)
| | | | - Amanda Przedpelski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (A.P.); (J.T.B.)
| | - Joseph T. Barbieri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (A.P.); (J.T.B.)
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Carlo Giannelli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Fondazione Biotecnopolo, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Francesco Berti
- GSK, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.G.); (B.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
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15
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Hulbert SW, Desai P, Jewett MC, DeLisa MP, Williams AJ. Glycovaccinology: The design and engineering of carbohydrate-based vaccine components. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108234. [PMID: 37558188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines remain one of the most important pillars in preventative medicine, providing protection against a wide array of diseases by inducing humoral and/or cellular immunity. Of the many possible candidate antigens for subunit vaccine development, carbohydrates are particularly appealing because of their ubiquitous presence on the surface of all living cells, viruses, and parasites as well as their known interactions with both innate and adaptive immune cells. Indeed, several licensed vaccines leverage bacterial cell-surface carbohydrates as antigens for inducing antigen-specific plasma cells secreting protective antibodies and the development of memory T and B cells. Carbohydrates have also garnered attention in other aspects of vaccine development, for example, as adjuvants that enhance the immune response by either activating innate immune responses or targeting specific immune cells. Additionally, carbohydrates can function as immunomodulators that dampen undesired humoral immune responses to entire protein antigens or specific, conserved regions on antigenic proteins. In this review, we highlight how the interplay between carbohydrates and the adaptive and innate arms of the immune response is guiding the development of glycans as vaccine components that act as antigens, adjuvants, and immunomodulators. We also discuss how advances in the field of synthetic glycobiology are enabling the design, engineering, and production of this new generation of carbohydrate-containing vaccine formulations with the potential to prevent infectious diseases, malignancies, and complex immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia W Hulbert
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Primit Desai
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Asher J Williams
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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16
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Mu R, Dong L, Wang C. Carbohydrates as putative pattern recognition receptor agonists in vaccine development. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:845-857. [PMID: 37684173 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are essential components of modern vaccines. One general mechanism underlying their immunostimulatory functions is the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of innate immune cells. Carbohydrates - as essential signaling molecules on microbial surfaces - are potent PRR agonists and candidate materials for adjuvant design. Here, we summarize the latest trends in developing carbohydrate-containing adjuvants, with fresh opinions on how the physicochemical characteristics of the glycans (e.g., molecular size, assembly status, monosaccharide components, and functional group patterns) affect their adjuvant activities in aiding antigen transport, regulating antigen processing, and enhancing adaptive immune responses. From a translational perspective, we also discuss potential technologies for solving long-lasting challenges in carbohydrate adjuvant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Mu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lei Dong
- School of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
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17
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Koj S, Lugowski C, Niedziela T. In-cell depolymerization of polysaccharide antigens. Exploring the processing pathways of glycans and why some glycoconjugate vaccines are less effective than expected: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:120969. [PMID: 37230635 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Koj
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Czeslaw Lugowski
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Niedziela
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
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18
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Abouelhadid S, Atkins ER, Kay EJ, Passmore IJ, North SJ, Lehri B, Hitchen P, Bakke E, Rahman M, Bossé JT, Li Y, Terra VS, Langford PR, Dell A, Wren BW, Cuccui J. Development of a novel glycoengineering platform for the rapid production of conjugate vaccines. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:159. [PMID: 37596672 PMCID: PMC10436394 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugate vaccines produced either by chemical or biologically conjugation have been demonstrated to be safe and efficacious in protection against several deadly bacterial diseases. However, conjugate vaccine assembly and production have several shortcomings which hinders their wider availability. Here, we developed a tool, Mobile-element Assisted Glycoconjugation by Insertion on Chromosome, MAGIC, a novel biotechnological platform that overcomes the limitations of the current conjugate vaccine design method(s). As a model, we focused our design on a leading bioconjugation method using N-oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase), PglB. The installation of MAGIC led to at least twofold increase in glycoconjugate yield via MAGIC when compared to conventional N-OTase based bioconjugation method(s). Then, we improved MAGIC to (a) allow rapid installation of glycoengineering component(s), (b) omit the usage of antibiotics, (c) reduce the dependence on protein induction agents. Furthermore, we show the modularity of the MAGIC platform in performing glycoengineering in bacterial species that are less genetically tractable than the commonly used Escherichia coli. The MAGIC system promises a rapid, robust and versatile method to develop vaccines against serious bacterial pathogens. We anticipate the utility of the MAGIC platform could enhance vaccines production due to its compatibility with virtually any bioconjugation method, thus expanding vaccine biopreparedness toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Abouelhadid
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Atkins
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Emily J Kay
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Ian J Passmore
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Simon J North
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Burhan Lehri
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Paul Hitchen
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Eirik Bakke
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Mohammed Rahman
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Janine T Bossé
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Yanwen Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Vanessa S Terra
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Paul R Langford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Jon Cuccui
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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19
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Duke JA, Avci FY. Emerging vaccine strategies against the incessant pneumococcal disease. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:122. [PMID: 37591986 PMCID: PMC10435554 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by infection with the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) has been on a downward trend for decades due to worldwide vaccination programs. Despite the clinical successes observed, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) reports that the continued global burden of S. pneumoniae will be in the millions each year, with a case-fatality rate hovering around 5%. Thus, it is a top priority to continue developing new Spn vaccination strategies to harness immunological insight and increase the magnitude of protection provided. As emphasized by the World Health Organization (WHO), it is also crucial to broaden the implementation of vaccines that are already obtainable in the clinical setting. This review focuses on the immune mechanisms triggered by existing pneumococcal vaccines and provides an overview of the current and upcoming clinical strategies being employed. We highlight the associated challenges of serotype selectivity and using pneumococcal-derived proteins as alternative vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Duke
- Sanofi, Suite 300, 2501 Discovery Drive, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Fikri Y Avci
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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20
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Zhu H, Chelysheva I, Cross DL, Blackwell L, Jin C, Gibani MM, Jones E, Hill J, Trück J, Kelly DF, Blohmke CJ, Pollard AJ, O’Connor D. Molecular correlates of vaccine-induced protection against typhoid fever. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e169676. [PMID: 37402153 PMCID: PMC10425215 DOI: 10.1172/jci169676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDTyphoid fever is caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and poses a substantial public health burden worldwide. Vaccines have been developed based on the surface Vi-capsular polysaccharide of S. Typhi; these include a plain-polysaccharide-based vaccine, ViPS, and a glycoconjugate vaccine, ViTT. To understand immune responses to these vaccines and their vaccine-induced immunological protection, molecular signatures were analyzed using bioinformatic approaches.METHODSBulk RNA-Seq data were generated from blood samples obtained from adult human volunteers enrolled in a vaccine trial, who were then challenged with S. Typhi in a controlled human infection model (CHIM). These data were used to conduct differential gene expression analyses, gene set and modular analyses, B cell repertoire analyses, and time-course analyses at various post-vaccination and post-challenge time points between participants receiving ViTT, ViPS, or a control meningococcal vaccine.RESULTSTranscriptomic responses revealed strong differential molecular signatures between the 2 typhoid vaccines, mostly driven by the upregulation in humoral immune signatures, including selective usage of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) genes and more polarized clonal expansions. We describe several molecular correlates of protection against S. Typhi infection, including clusters of B cell receptor (BCR) clonotypes associated with protection, with known binders of Vi-polysaccharide among these.CONCLUSIONThe study reports a series of contemporary analyses that reveal the transcriptomic signatures after vaccination and infectious challenge, while identifying molecular correlates of protection that may inform future vaccine design and assessment.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02324751.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henderson Zhu
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Chelysheva
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah L. Cross
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Blackwell
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Celina Jin
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Malick M. Gibani
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Trück
- Division of Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominic F. Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph J. Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel O’Connor
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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21
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Haggenburg S, Garcia Garrido HM, Kant IMJ, Van der Straaten HM, De Boer F, Kersting S, Issa D, Te Raa D, Visser HPJ, Kater AP, Goorhuis A, De Heer K. Immunogenicity of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugated Vaccine Followed by the 23-Valent Polysaccharide Vaccine in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1201. [PMID: 37515017 PMCID: PMC10385862 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) have a 29- to 36-fold increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) compared to healthy adults. Therefore, most guidelines recommend vaccination with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV13) followed 2 months later by the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23). Because both CLL as well as immunosuppressive treatment have been identified as major determinants of immunogenicity, we aimed to assess the vaccination schedule in untreated and treated CLL patients. We quantified pneumococcal IgG concentrations against five serotypes shared across both vaccines, and against four serotypes unique to PPSV23, before and eight weeks after vaccination. In this retrospective cohort study, we included 143 CLL patients, either treated (n = 38) or naive to treatment (n = 105). While antibody concentrations increased significantly after vaccination, the overall serologic response was low (10.5%), defined as a ≥4-fold antibody increase against ≥70% of the measured serotypes, and significantly influenced by treatment status and prior lymphocyte number. The serologic protection rate, defined as an antibody concentration of ≥1.3 µg/mL for ≥70% of serotypes, was 13% in untreated and 3% in treated CLL patients. Future research should focus on vaccine regimens with a higher immunogenic potential, such as multi-dose schedules with higher-valent T cell dependent conjugated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Haggenburg
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah M Garcia Garrido
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris M J Kant
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fransien De Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ikazia Ziekenhuis, 3083 AN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabina Kersting
- Department of Hematology, HagaZiekenhuis, 2545 AA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Djamila Issa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, 5223 GZ 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Doreen Te Raa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ziekenhuis Gelderse Vallei, 6716 RP Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Hein P J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, 1815 JD Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Goorhuis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen De Heer
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Flevoziekenhuis, 1315 RA Almere, The Netherlands
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22
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Wilck M, Barnabas S, Chokephaibulkit K, Violari A, Kosalaraksa P, Yesypenko S, Chukhalova I, Dagan R, Richmond P, Mikviman E, Morgan L, Feemster K, Lupinacci R, Chiarappa J, Madhi SA, Bickham K, Musey L. A phase 3 study of safety and immunogenicity of V114, a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, followed by 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, in children with HIV. AIDS 2023; 37:1227-1237. [PMID: 36939067 PMCID: PMC10241418 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of V114 [15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) containing serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9 V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F, 33F], followed by 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) 8 weeks later, in children with HIV. DESIGN This phase 3 study (NCT03921424) randomized participants 6-17 years of age with HIV (CD4 + T-cell count ≥200 cells/μl, plasma HIV RNA <50 000 copies/ml) to receive V114 or 13-valent PCV (PCV13) in a double-blind manner on Day 1, followed by PPSV23 at Week 8. METHODS Adverse events (AEs), pneumococcal serotype-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) were evaluated 30 days after each vaccination. RESULTS The proportion of participants experiencing at least one AE post-PCV was 78.8% in the V114 group ( n = 203) and 69.6% in the PCV13 group ( n = 204); respective proportions post-PPSV23 were 75.4% ( n = 203) and 77.2% ( n = 202). There were no vaccine-related serious AEs. IgG geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) and OPA geometric mean titers (GMTs) were generally comparable between V114 and PCV13 for shared serotypes at Day 30, and were higher for V114 compared with PCV13 for the additional V114 serotypes 22F and 33F. Approximately 30 days after PPSV23, IgG GMCs and OPA GMTs were generally comparable between the V114 and PCV13 groups for all 15 serotypes in V114. CONCLUSIONS In children with HIV, a sequential administration of V114 followed 8 weeks later with PPSV23 is well tolerated and induces immune responses for all 15 pneumococcal serotypes included in V114.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaun Barnabas
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Avy Violari
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Iryna Chukhalova
- Dnipropetrovsk Regional Medical Center Of Socially Significant Diseases, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Ron Dagan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics Faculty of Health Sciences of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shabir A. Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Luwy Musey
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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23
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Aceil J, Venkat A, Pan E, Kannan N, Avci FY. Prevalence and Homology of the Pneumococcal Serine-Rich Repeat Protein at the Global Scale. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0325222. [PMID: 36995217 PMCID: PMC10269691 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03252-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal pneumonia remains a WHO high-priority disease despite multivalent conjugate vaccines administered in clinical practice worldwide. A protein-based, serotype-independent vaccine has long-promised comprehensive coverage of most clinical isolates of the pneumococcus. Along with numerous pneumococcal surface protein immunogens, the pneumococcal serine-rich repeat protein (PsrP) has been investigated as a potential vaccine target due to its surface exposure and functions toward bacterial virulence and lung infection. Three critical criteria for its vaccine potential - the clinical prevalence, serotype distribution, and sequence homology of PsrP - have yet to be well characterized. Here, we used genomes of 13,454 clinically isolated pneumococci from the Global Pneumococcal Sequencing project to investigate PsrP presence among isolates, distribution among serotypes, and interrogate its homology as a protein across species. These isolates represent all age groups, countries worldwide, and types of pneumococcal infection. We found PsrP present in at least 50% of all isolates across all determined serotypes and nontypeable (NT) clinical isolates. Using a combination of peptide matching and HMM profiles built on full-length and individual PsrP domains, we identified novel variants that expand PsrP diversity and prevalence. We also observed sequence variability in its basic region (BR) between isolates and serotypes. PsrP has a strong vaccine potential due to its breadth of coverage, especially in nonvaccine serotypes (NVTs) when exploiting its regions of conservation in vaccine design. IMPORTANCE An updated outlook on PsrP prevalence and serotype distribution sheds new light on the comprehensiveness of a PsrP-based protein vaccine. The protein is present in all vaccine serotypes and highly present in the next wave of potentially disease-causing serotypes not included in the current multivalent conjugate vaccines. Furthermore, PsrP is strongly correlated with clinical isolates harboring pneumococcal disease as opposed to pneumococcal carriage. PsrP is also highly present in strains and serotypes from Africa, where the need for a protein-based vaccine is the greatest, giving new reasoning to pursue PsrP as a protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Aceil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Aarya Venkat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Fikri Y. Avci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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24
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Liu Y, Li S, Guo Y, Li X, Zhu L, Wang H, Wu J, Pan C. Genetic Engineering of Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 25955 for Bioconjugate Vaccine Applications. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1321. [PMID: 37317295 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is considered the most effective means to fight against the multidrug-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. In recent years, a potential protein glycan coupling technology has been extensively used in the production of bioconjugated vaccines. Here, a series of glycoengineering strains derived from K. pneumoniae ATCC 25955 were designed for protein glycan coupling technology. The capsule polysaccharide biosynthesis gene cluster and the O-antigen ligase gene waaL were deleted via the CRISPR/Cas9 system to further weaken the virulence of host stains and block the unwanted endogenous glycan synthesis. Particularly, the SpyCatcher protein in the efficient protein covalent ligation system (SpyTag/SpyCatcher) was selected as the carrier protein to load the bacterial antigenic polysaccharides (O1 serotype), which could covalently bind to SpyTag-functionalized nanoparticles AP205 to form nanovaccines. Furthermore, two genes (wbbY and wbbZ) located in the O-antigen biosynthesis gene cluster were knocked out to change the O1 serotype of the engineered strain into the O2 serotype. Both KPO1-SC and KPO2-SC glycoproteins were successfully obtained as expected using our glycoengineering strains. Our work provides new insights into the design of nontraditional bacterial chassis for bioconjugate nanovaccines against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shulei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hengliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
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25
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Micoli F, Stefanetti G, MacLennan CA. Exploring the variables influencing the immune response of traditional and innovative glycoconjugate vaccines. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1201693. [PMID: 37261327 PMCID: PMC10227950 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1201693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are cost-effective tools for reducing morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases. The rapid evolution of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, the introduction of tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines, mass vaccination campaigns in Africa with a meningococcal A conjugate vaccine, and the recent licensure and introduction of glycoconjugates against S. Typhi underlie the continued importance of research on glycoconjugate vaccines. More innovative ways to produce carbohydrate-based vaccines have been developed over the years, including bioconjugation, Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) and the Multiple antigen-presenting system (MAPS). Several variables in the design of these vaccines can affect the induced immune responses. We review immunogenicity studies comparing conjugate vaccines that differ in design variables, such as saccharide chain length and conjugation chemistry, as well as carrier protein and saccharide to protein ratio. We evaluate how a better understanding of the effects of these different parameters is key to designing improved glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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26
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von Gunten S, Schneider C, Imamovic L, Gorochov G. Antibody diversity in IVIG: Therapeutic opportunities for novel immunotherapeutic drugs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166821. [PMID: 37063852 PMCID: PMC10090664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the elucidation of human antibody repertoires. Furthermore, non-canonical functions of antibodies have been identified that reach beyond classical functions linked to protection from pathogens. Polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations such as IVIG and SCIG represent the IgG repertoire of the donor population and will likely remain the cornerstone of antibody replacement therapy in immunodeficiencies. However, novel evidence suggests that pooled IgA might promote orthobiotic microbial colonization in gut dysbiosis linked to mucosal IgA immunodeficiency. Plasma-derived polyclonal IgG and IgA exhibit immunoregulatory effects by a diversity of different mechanisms, which have inspired the development of novel drugs. Here we highlight recent insights into IgG and IgA repertoires and discuss potential implications for polyclonal immunoglobulin therapy and inspired drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan von Gunten
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Stephan von Gunten,
| | | | - Lejla Imamovic
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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27
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Burns K, Dorfmueller HC, Wren BW, Mawas F, Shaw HA. Progress towards a glycoconjugate vaccine against Group A Streptococcus. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:48. [PMID: 36977677 PMCID: PMC10043865 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Group A Carbohydrate (GAC) is a defining feature of Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) or Streptococcus pyogenes. It is a conserved and simple polysaccharide, comprising a rhamnose backbone and GlcNAc side chains, further decorated with glycerol phosphate on approximately 40% GlcNAc residues. Its conservation, surface exposure and antigenicity have made it an interesting focus on Strep A vaccine design. Glycoconjugates containing this conserved carbohydrate should be a key approach towards the successful mission to build a universal Strep A vaccine candidate. In this review, a brief introduction to GAC, the main carbohydrate component of Strep A bacteria, and a variety of published carrier proteins and conjugation technologies are discussed. Components and technologies should be chosen carefully for building affordable Strep A vaccine candidates, particularly for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Towards this, novel technologies are discussed, such as the prospective use of bioconjugation with PglB for rhamnose polymer conjugation and generalised modules for membrane antigens (GMMA), particularly as low-cost solutions to vaccine production. Rational design of "double-hit" conjugates encompassing species specific glycan and protein components would be beneficial and production of a conserved vaccine to target Strep A colonisation without invoking an autoimmune response would be ideal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira Burns
- Vaccine Division, Scientific Research & Innovation Group, MHRA, Potters Bar, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Helge C Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Dow Street, Dundee, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fatme Mawas
- Vaccine Division, Scientific Research & Innovation Group, MHRA, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Helen A Shaw
- Vaccine Division, Scientific Research & Innovation Group, MHRA, Potters Bar, UK.
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28
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Jossi SE, Arcuri M, Alshayea A, Persaud RR, Marcial-Juárez E, Palmieri E, Di Benedetto R, Pérez-Toledo M, Pillaye J, Channell WM, Schager AE, Lamerton RE, Cook CN, Goodall M, Haneda T, Bäumler AJ, Jackson-Jones LH, Toellner KM, MacLennan CA, Henderson IR, Micoli F, Cunningham AF. Vi polysaccharide and conjugated vaccines afford similar early, IgM or IgG-independent control of infection but boosting with conjugated Vi vaccines sustains the efficacy of immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139329. [PMID: 37033932 PMCID: PMC10076549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vaccination with Vi capsular polysaccharide (Vi-PS) or protein-Vi typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) can protect adults against Salmonella Typhi infections. TCVs offer better protection than Vi-PS in infants and may offer better protection in adults. Potential reasons for why TCV may be superior in adults are not fully understood. Methods and results Here, we immunized wild-type (WT) mice and mice deficient in IgG or IgM with Vi-PS or TCVs (Vi conjugated to tetanus toxoid or CRM197) for up to seven months, with and without subsequent challenge with Vi-expressing Salmonella Typhimurium. Unexpectedly, IgM or IgG alone were similarly able to reduce bacterial burdens in tissues, and this was observed in response to conjugated or unconjugated Vi vaccines and was independent of antibody being of high affinity. Only in the longer-term after immunization (>5 months) were differences observed in tissue bacterial burdens of mice immunized with Vi-PS or TCV. These differences related to the maintenance of antibody responses at higher levels in mice boosted with TCV, with the rate of fall in IgG titres induced to Vi-PS being greater than for TCV. Discussion Therefore, Vi-specific IgM or IgG are independently capable of protecting from infection and any superior protection from vaccination with TCV in adults may relate to responses being able to persist better rather than from differences in the antibody isotypes induced. These findings suggest that enhancing our understanding of how responses to vaccines are maintained may inform on how to maximize protection afforded by conjugate vaccines against encapsulated pathogens such as S. Typhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân E. Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Arcuri
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health SRL, Siena, Italy
| | - Areej Alshayea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby R. Persaud
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Marcial-Juárez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Palmieri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health SRL, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Marisol Pérez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Pillaye
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Will M. Channell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anna E. Schager
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E. Lamerton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte N. Cook
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Haneda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lucy H. Jackson-Jones
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, London, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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29
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Violo T, Lambert A, Pillot A, Fanuel M, Mac-Béar J, Broussard C, Grandjean C, Camberlein E. Site-Selective Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation at Single or Multiple Positions to Control Sugar-Protein Connectivity in Glycoconjugate Vaccine Candidates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203497. [PMID: 36533568 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In cellulo site-specific unnatural amino acid incorporation based on amber stop codon reassignment is a powerful tool to modify proteins at defined positions. This technique is herein applied to the selective functionalization of the Pneumococcal surface adhesin A protein at three distinct positions. Nϵ -propargyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine residues were incorporated and their alkyne groups reacted using click-chemistry with a synthetic azido-functionalized tetrasaccharide representative of one repeat unit of the Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14 capsular polysaccharide. Anti-PsaA antibody response induced in mice by the trivalent glycoconjugate was determined in comparison with corresponding monovalent and randomly functionalized conjugates. Our results suggest that controlled was superior to random conjugation for preserving antigenicity. In definitive, the reported strategy offers a unique opportunity to study the impact of carbohydrate antigen-carrier protein connectivity on immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Typhaine Violo
- Nantes Université, CNRS Unité des Sciences Biologiques et des Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR 6286, 2 chemin de la Houssinière, BP92208, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Annie Lambert
- Nantes Université, CNRS Unité des Sciences Biologiques et des Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR 6286, 2 chemin de la Houssinière, BP92208, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Aline Pillot
- Nantes Université, CNRS Unité des Sciences Biologiques et des Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR 6286, 2 chemin de la Houssinière, BP92208, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, F-44300, Nantes, France.,INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure BIBS facility, F-44300, Nantes, France
| | - Jessica Mac-Béar
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, F-44300, Nantes, France.,INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure BIBS facility, F-44300, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Broussard
- Protéom'IC facility, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Grandjean
- Nantes Université, CNRS Unité des Sciences Biologiques et des Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR 6286, 2 chemin de la Houssinière, BP92208, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Camberlein
- Nantes Université, CNRS Unité des Sciences Biologiques et des Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR 6286, 2 chemin de la Houssinière, BP92208, 44000, Nantes, France
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30
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Rohokale R, Guo Z. Development in the Concept of Bacterial Polysaccharide Repeating Unit-Based Antibacterial Conjugate Vaccines. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:178-212. [PMID: 36706246 PMCID: PMC9930202 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The surface of cells is coated with a dense layer of glycans, known as the cell glycocalyx. The complex glycans in the glycocalyx are involved in various biological events, such as bacterial pathogenesis, protection of bacteria from environmental stresses, etc. Polysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface are highly conserved and accessible molecules, and thus they are excellent immunological targets. Consequently, bacterial polysaccharides and their repeating units have been extensively studied as antigens for the development of antibacterial vaccines. This Review surveys the recent developments in the synthetic and immunological investigations of bacterial polysaccharide repeating unit-based conjugate vaccines against several human pathogenic bacteria. The major challenges associated with the development of functional carbohydrate-based antibacterial conjugate vaccines are also considered.
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31
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Optimization of the Process for Preparing Bivalent Polysaccharide Conjugates to Develop Multivalent Conjugate Vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis and Comparison with the Corresponding Licensed Vaccines in Animal Models. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:22-34. [PMID: 36680685 PMCID: PMC9862236 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe, optimize and evaluate a method for preparing multivalent conjugate vaccines by simultaneous conjugation of two different bacterial capsular polysaccharides (CPs) with tetanus toxoid (TT) as bivalent conjugates. METHODS Different molecular weights (MWs) of polysaccharides, activating agents and capsular polysaccharide/protein (CP/Pro) ratio that may influence conjugation and immunogenicity were investigated and optimized to prepare the bivalent conjugate bulk. Using the described method and optimized parameters, a 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and a bivalent meningococcal vaccine were developed and their effectiveness was compared to that of corresponding licensed vaccines in rabbit or mouse models. RESULTS The immunogenicity test revealed that polysaccharides with lower MWs were better for Pn1-TT-Pn3 and MenA-TT-MenC, while higher MWs were superior for Pn4-TT-Pn14, Pn6A-TT-Pn6B, Pn7F-TT-Pn23F and Pn8-TT-Pn11A. For activating polysaccharides, 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) was superior to cyanogen bromide (CNBr), but for Pn1, Pn3 and MenC, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) was the most suitable option. For Pn6A-TT-Pn6B and Pn8-TT-Pn11A, rabbits immunized with bivalent conjugates with lower CP/Pro ratios showed significantly stronger CP-specific antibody responses, while for Pn4-TT-Pn14, higher CP/Pro ratio was better. Instead of interfering with the respective immunological activity, our bivalent conjugates usually induced higher IgG titers than their monovalent counterparts. CONCLUSION The result indicated that the described conjugation technique was feasible and efficacious to prepare glycoconjugate vaccines, laying a solid foundation for developing extended-valent multivalent or combined conjugate vaccines without potentially decreased immune function.
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32
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Sorieul C, Dolce M, Romano MR, Codée J, Adamo R. Glycoconjugate vaccines against antimicrobial resistant pathogens. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:1055-1078. [PMID: 37902243 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2274955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is responsible for the death of millions worldwide and stands as a major threat to our healthcare systems, which are heavily reliant on antibiotics to fight bacterial infections. The development of vaccines against the main pathogens involved is urgently required as prevention remains essential against the rise of AMR. AREAS COVERED A systematic research review was conducted on MEDLINE database focusing on the six AMR pathogens defined as ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli), which are considered critical or high priority pathogens by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The analysis was intersecated with the terms carbohydrate, glycoconjugate, bioconjugate, glyconanoparticle, and multiple presenting antigen system vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Glycoconjugate vaccines have been successful in preventing meningitis and pneumoniae, and there are high expectations that they will play a key role in fighting AMR. We herein discuss the recent technological, preclinical, and clinical advances, as well as the challenges associated with the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines against leading AMR bacteria, with focus on the ESKAPE pathogens. The need of innovative clinical and regulatory approaches to tackle these targets is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sorieul
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Dolce
- GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Jeroen Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Plum M, Tjerrild L, Raiber T, Bantleon F, Bantleon S, Miehe M, Jabs F, Seismann H, Möbs C, Pfützner W, Jakob T, Andersen GR, Spillner E. Structural and functional analyses of antibodies specific for modified core N-glycans suggest a role in T H 2 responses. Allergy 2023; 78:121-130. [PMID: 35726192 PMCID: PMC10083920 DOI: 10.1111/all.15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune responses to N-glycan structures from allergens and parasites are often associated with pronounced, high affinity IgE reactivities. Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) are constituted by modified N-glycan core structures and represent the most frequently recognized epitopes in allergic immune responses. Although recently accepted as potentially allergenic epitopes, the biological and clinical relevance as well as structural and functional characteristics of CCD-specific antibodies remain elusive. METHODS In order to gain structural insights into the recognition of CCDs, two specific antibody fragments were isolated from a leporid immune repertoire library and converted into human/leporid IgE and IgG formats. The antibody formats were assessed by ELISA and surface plasmon resonance, structural and functional analyses were performed by X-ray crystallography, mediator release, and ELIFAB assays. RESULTS The recombinant IgE exhibited highly specific interactions with different types of CCDs on numerous CCD-carrying glycoproteins. Crystal structures of two CCD-specific antibodies, one of which in complex with a CCD-derived disaccharide emphasize that mechanisms of core glycan epitope recognition are as specific as those governing protein epitope recognition. The rIgE triggered immediate cellular responses via FcεRI cross-linking and mediated facilitated antigen presentation by binding of IgE/antigen complexes to CD23, a process that also could be blocked by IgG of allergic patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for the relevance of N-glycan recognition in TH 2 responses and corroborates that IgE and IgG antibodies to ubiquitous carbohydrate epitopes can be equivalent to those directed against proteinaceous epitopes with implications for diagnostic and immunotherapeutic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Plum
- Immunological Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Luna Tjerrild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tim Raiber
- Immunological Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Bantleon
- Immunological Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sara Bantleon
- Immunological Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Miehe
- Immunological Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frederic Jabs
- Immunological Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Seismann
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Möbs
- Clinical & Experimental Allergology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Pfützner
- Clinical & Experimental Allergology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Medical Center Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Edzard Spillner
- Immunological Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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A Bivalent MAPS Vaccine Induces Protective Antibody Responses against Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010091. [PMID: 36679935 PMCID: PMC9865949 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A strain are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Generation of antibodies against the Vi capsular polysaccharide of S. Typhi via either pure polysaccharide or protein-polysaccharide conjugate is a very effective way to protect against S. Typhi. To date, there is no commercially available vaccine against S. Paratyphi A. The O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) has been generally considered a good vaccine target for Paratyphi A. Here, a bivalent vaccine against Vi and OSP was generated using the Multiple Antigen Presenting System (MAPS). Three different protein constructs, including CRM197, rEPA of Pseudomonas, and a pneumococcal fusion protein SP1500-SP0785, were fused to Rhizavidin (Rhavi) and evaluated their impact on immunogenicity when incorporated as fusion proteins affinity-bound to the two polysaccharides. We compared the antibody responses, antibody avidity, and cidal activity of sera post-immunization with monovalent vs. combination vaccines. We also wished to evaluate the generation of Vi-specific memory B cells in mice. We found little interference when combination vaccine was compared to monovalent vaccines with respect to antibody concentration and cidal activity of sera. Significant affinity maturation was noted for both Vi and OSP antigens. Thus, our preclinical results with a combination Vi- and OSP-MAPS vaccine strongly support the feasibility of this approach and its application of this approach to other important salmonella and Shigella species.
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Konietzny PB, Freytag J, Feldhof MI, Müller JC, Ohl D, Stehle T, Hartmann L. Synthesis of Homo- and Heteromultivalent Fucosylated and Sialylated Oligosaccharide Conjugates via Preactivated N-Methyloxyamine Precision Macromolecules and Their Binding to Polyomavirus Capsid Proteins. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:5273-5284. [PMID: 36398945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are a versatile class of bioactive molecules that have found application as vaccines and antivirals and in cancer therapy. Their synthesis typically involves elaborate functionalization and use of protecting groups on the carbohydrate component in order to ensure efficient and selective conjugation. Alternatively, non-functionalized, non-protected carbohydrates isolated from biological sources or derived through biotechnological methods can be directly conjugated via N-methyloxyamine groups. In this study, we introduce such N-methyloxyamine groups into a variety of multivalent scaffolds─from small to oligomeric to polymeric scaffolds─making use of solid-phase polymer synthesis to assemble monodisperse sequence-defined macromolecules. These scaffolds are then successfully functionalized with different types of human milk oligosaccharides deriving a library of homo- and heteromultivalent glycoconjugates. Glycomacromolecules presenting oligosaccharide side chains with either α2,3- or α2,6-linked terminal sialic acid are used in a binding study with two types of polyomavirus capsid proteins showing that the multivalent presentation through the N-methyloxyamine-derived scaffolds increases the number of contacts with the protein. Overall, a straightforward route to derive glycoconjugates from complex oligosaccharides with high variability yet control in the multivalent scaffold is presented, and applicability of the derived structures is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Konietzny
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Jasmin Freytag
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 34, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Melina I Feldhof
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Joshua C Müller
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 34, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Daniel Ohl
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 34, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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Makandar AI, Jain M, Yuba E, Sethi G, Gupta RK. Canvassing Prospects of Glyco-Nanovaccines for Developing Cross-Presentation Mediated Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122049. [PMID: 36560459 PMCID: PMC9784904 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the severe downsides of conventional cancer therapies, the quest of developing alternative strategies still remains of critical importance. In this regard, antigen cross-presentation, usually employed by dendritic cells (DCs), has been recognized as a potential solution to overcome the present impasse in anti-cancer therapeutic strategies. It has been established that an elevated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against cancer cells can be achieved by targeting receptors expressed on DCs with specific ligands. Glycans are known to serve as ligands for C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) expressed on DCs, and are also known to act as a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), and, thus, can be harnessed as a potential immunotherapeutic target. In this scenario, integrating the knowledge of cross-presentation and glycan-conjugated nanovaccines can help us to develop so called 'glyco-nanovaccines' (GNVs) for targeting DCs. Here, we briefly review and analyze the potential of GNVs as the next-generation anti-tumor immunotherapy. We have compared different antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for their ability to cross-present antigens and described the potential nanocarriers for tumor antigen cross-presentation. Further, we discuss the role of glycans in targeting of DCs, the immune response due to pathogens, and imitative approaches, along with parameters, strategies, and challenges involved in cross-presentation-based GNVs for cancer immunotherapy. It is known that the effectiveness of GNVs in eradicating tumors by inducing strong CTL response in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been largely hindered by tumor glycosylation and the expression of different lectin receptors (such as galectins) by cancer cells. Tumor glycan signatures can be sensed by a variety of lectins expressed on immune cells and mediate the immune suppression which, in turn, facilitates immune evasion. Therefore, a sound understanding of the glycan language of cancer cells, and glycan-lectin interaction between the cancer cells and immune cells, would help in strategically designing the next-generation GNVs for anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina I. Makandar
- Protein Biochemistry Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mannat Jain
- Protein Biochemistry Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Eiji Yuba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence: (E.Y.); (G.S.); or (R.K.G.)
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Correspondence: (E.Y.); (G.S.); or (R.K.G.)
| | - Rajesh Kumar Gupta
- Protein Biochemistry Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, Maharashtra, India
- Correspondence: (E.Y.); (G.S.); or (R.K.G.)
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Rudenko N, Karatovskaya A, Zamyatina A, Shepelyakovskaya A, Semushina S, Brovko F, Shpirt A, Torgov V, Kolotyrkina N, Zinin A, Kasimova A, Perepelov A, Shneider M, Knirel Y. Immune Response to Conjugates of Fragments of the Type K9 Capsular Polysaccharide of Acinetobacter baumannii with Carrier Proteins. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0167422. [PMID: 35980044 PMCID: PMC9602423 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01674-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The clonal bacterial species Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen which causes high-lethality infections. Cells of A. baumannii are surrounded by the type-specific capsular polysaccharide (CPS), which provides resistance to the protective mechanisms of the host and is considered a target for immunization. The conjugates of three inert carrier proteins and A. baumannii type K9 CPS fragments, which contained various numbers of oligosaccharide repeats (K-units), were synthesized by periodate oxidation and squaric acid chemistry. The conjugates were applied to immunize mice, and chemical synthesis by squaric acid was shown to significantly improve the immunogenic properties of glycoconjugate. In BALB/c mice, IgG antibodies were predominant among type K9 CPS reactive antibodies, and their total content was several times higher than that of IgM. Immune sera were characterized by their opsonization ability during practically the entire lives of the experimental mice. The sera were cross-reactive, but the highest specificity was observed against the antigen (type K9 CPS) used for immunization. The immunization of BALB/c and ICR-1 mice with a glycoconjugate without adjuvants led to varying degrees of stimulation of IL-10, IL-17A, and TNF-α production, but not IL-4 production in the ICR-1 mice. This is in contrast to the BALB/c mice, in which γ-IFN production was also activated. The protective effectiveness of the glycoconjugates obtained by squaric acid chemistry was demonstrated by experiments that involved challenging immunized and nonimmunized animals with a lethal dose of A. baumannii K9. IMPORTANCE Immunization by glycoconjugates with A. baumannii type K9 CPS fragments induced a high level of antibodies (predominantly IgG) in sera, which reacted specifically with the CPS of A. baumannii type K9, as well as a long immunological memory. The sera of immunized animals efficiently opsonized A. baumannii type K9. Immunization resulted in the balanced production of pro/anti-inflammatory lymphokines and protective antibodies to ensure the survival of the mice infected with A. baumannii. The level of specific antibodies was sufficient to provide protective immunity against the challenge by A. baumannii, making this approach applicable in the development of vaccine preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rudenko
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna Karatovskaya
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna Zamyatina
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna Shepelyakovskaya
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Svetlana Semushina
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Fedor Brovko
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna Shpirt
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Torgov
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Kolotyrkina
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr Zinin
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Kasimova
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Perepelov
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shneider
- Laboratory of Molecular Bioengineering, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy Knirel
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a prototype pneumococcal bioconjugate vaccine. Vaccine 2022; 40:6107-6113. [PMID: 36115800 PMCID: PMC10388713 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides (CPSs), with which most pathogenic bacterial surfaces are decorated, have been used as the main components of glycoconjugate vaccines against bacterial diseases in clinical practice worldwide. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are administered globally to prevent invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). While PCVs have played important roles in controlling IPD in all age groups, their empirical, and labor-intensive chemical conjugation yield poorly characterized, heterogeneous, and variably immunogenic vaccines, with poor immune responses in high-risk populations such as the elderly and patients with weak immune systems. We previously developed a method that bypasses the dependency of chemical conjugation and instead exploits prokaryotic glycosylation systems to produce pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. The bioconjugation platform relies on a conjugating enzyme to transfer a bacterial polysaccharide to an engineered carrier protein all within the lab safe bacterium E. coli. In these studies, we demonstrate that a serotype 8 pneumococcal bioconjugate vaccine is highly immunogenic and elicits functionally protective anti-serotype 8 antibody responses. Specifically, using multiple models we show that mice immunized with multiple doses of a serotype 8 bioconjugate vaccine elicit antibody responses that mediate opsonophagocytic killing, protect mice from systemic infection, and decrease the ability of serotype 8 pneumococci to colonize the nasopharynx and disseminate. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the utility of bioconjugation to produce efficacious pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
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Smith AA, Corona-Torres R, Hewitt RE, Stevens MP, Grant AJ. Modification of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli χ7122 lipopolysaccharide increases accessibility to glycoconjugate antigens. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:181. [PMID: 36071433 PMCID: PMC9449299 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, an estimated 70.7 billion broilers were produced in 2020. With the reduction in use of prophylactic antibiotics as a result of consumer pressure and regulatory oversight alternative approaches, such as vaccination, are required to control bacterial infections. A potential way to produce a multivalent vaccine is via the generation of a glycoconjugate vaccine which consists of an antigenic protein covalently linked to an immunogenic carbohydrate. Protein-glycan coupling technology (PGCT) is an approach to generate glycoconjugates using enzymes that can couple proteins and glycan when produced in bacterial cells. Previous studies have used PGCT to generate a live-attenuated avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strain capable of N-glycosylation of target proteins using a chromosomally integrated Campylobacter jejuni pgl locus. However, this proved ineffective against C. jejuni challenge. Results In this study we demonstrate the lack of surface exposure of glycosylated protein in APEC strain χ7122 carrying the pgl locus. Furthermore, we hypothesise that this may be due to the complex cell-surface architecture of E. coli. To this end, we removed the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of APEC χ7122 pgl+ via deletion of the wecA gene and demonstrate increased surface exposure of glycosylated antigens (NetB and FlpA) in this strain. We hypothesise that increasing the surface expression of the glycosylated protein would increase the chance of host immune cells being exposed to the glycoconjugate, and therefore the generation of an efficacious immune response would be more likely. Conclusions Our results demonstrate an increase in cell surface exposure and therefore accessibility of glycosylated antigens upon removal of lipopolysaccharide antigen from the APEC cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Smith
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ricardo Corona-Torres
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Rachel E Hewitt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Andrew J Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK.
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Gao CA, Morales-Nebreda L, Pickens CI. Gearing up for battle: Harnessing adaptive T cell immunity against gram-negative pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:934671. [PMID: 36061870 PMCID: PMC9433749 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.934671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and Gram-negative bacteria are a major cause of severe pneumonia. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, the rise of multidrug-resistant organisms and hypervirulent strains demonstrates that there will continue to be challenges with traditional treatment strategies using antibiotics. Hence, an alternative approach is to focus on the disease tolerance components that mediate immune resistance and enhance tissue resilience. Adaptive immunity plays a pivotal role in modulating these processes, thus affecting the incidence and severity of pneumonia. In this review, we focus on the adaptive T cell responses to pneumonia induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. We highlight key factors in these responses that have potential for therapeutic targeting, as well as the gaps in current knowledge to be focused on in future work.
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Sun T, Mai S, Mao H, Li H, Duan Y, Meng S, Bao J, Ding N, Zong C. Conjugate of structurally reassigned pneumococcal serotype 31 polysaccharide with CRM197 elicited potent immune response. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 289:119414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Sorieul C, Papi F, Carboni F, Pecetta S, Phogat S, Adamo R. Recent advances and future perspectives on carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines and therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108158. [PMID: 35183590 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are abundantly expressed on the surface of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, often as post translational modifications of proteins. Glycoproteins are recognized by the immune system and can trigger both innate and humoral responses. This feature has been harnessed to generate vaccines against polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis. In cancer, glycosylation plays a pivotal role in malignancy development and progression. Since glycans are specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, they have been targeted for the discovery of anticancer preventive and therapeutic treatments, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. Despite the various efforts made over the last years, resulting in a series of clinical studies, attempts of vaccination with carbohydrate-based candidates have proven unsuccessful, primarily due to the immune tolerance often associated with these glycans. New strategies are thus deployed to enhance carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines. Moreover, lessons learned from glycan immunobiology paved the way to the development of new monoclonal antibodies specifically designed to recognize cancer-bound carbohydrates and induce tumor cell killing. Herein we provide an overview of the immunological principles behind the immune response towards glycans and glycoconjugates and the approaches exploited at both preclinical and clinical level to target cancer-associated glycans for the development of vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. We also discuss gaps and opportunities to successfully advance glycan-directed cancer therapies, which could provide patients with innovative and effective treatments.
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Generation of glycan-specific nanobodies. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1353-1361.e6. [PMID: 35705094 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of antibodies that target specific glycan structures on cancer cells or human pathogens poses a significant challenge due to the immense complexity of naturally occurring glycans. Automated glycan assembly enables the production of structurally homogeneous glycans in amounts that are difficult to derive from natural sources. Nanobodies (Nbs) are the smallest antigen-binding domains of heavy-chain-only antibodies (hcAbs) found in camelids. To date, the development of glycan-specific Nbs using synthetic glycans has not been reported. Here, we use defined synthetic glycans for alpaca immunization to elicit glycan-specific hcAbs, and describe the identification, isolation, and production of a Nb specific for the tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen Globo-H. The Nb binds the terminal fucose of Globo-H and recognizes synthetic Globo-H in solution and native Globo-H on breast cancer cells with high specificity. These results demonstrate the potential of our approach for generating glycan-targeting Nbs to be used in biomedical and biotechnological applications.
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Hung JT, Chen IJ, Ueng SH, Huang CS, Chen SC, Chen MY, Lin YC, Lin CY, Campbell MJ, Rugo HS, Yu AL. The clinical relevance of humoral immune responses to Globo H-KLH vaccine adagloxad simolenin (OBI-822)/OBI-821 and expression of Globo H in metastatic breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004312. [PMID: 35732348 PMCID: PMC9226869 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An international randomized phase II trial of Globo H (GH) vaccine, adagloxad simolenin/OBI-821 in 349 patients with metastatic breast cancer showed longer progression-free survival (PFS) in vaccinated patients who developed anti-Globo H (anti-GH) IgG than those who did not and the placebo group. The impacts of anti-GH IgM and GH expression on peak anti-GH IgG and clinical outcome were further evaluated. The titers of anti-GH IgG and IgM were determined by ELISA. GH expression in tumor was examined by immunohistochemical staining. Immunophenotyping was conducted by flow cytometry. Adagloxad simolenin elicited anti-GH IgM which peaked at titers ≥1:80 between weeks 5 and 13. The mean anti-GH IgG titer peaked at week 41 and decreased thereafter on the completion of vaccination. One log increase in peak IgM was associated with 10.6% decrease in the HR of disease progression (HR: 0.894, 95% CI: 0.833 to 0.960, p=0.0019). Patients with anti-GH IgM ≥1:320 within first 4 weeks after vaccination had significantly higher maximum anti-GH IgM (p<0.0001) and IgG titers (p<0.0001) than those with <1:320. Moreover, the median PFS appears to be longer for patients with anti-GH IgM ≥1:320 within first 4 weeks than those with anti-GH IgM titer <1:320 (11.1 vs 7.3 months, p=0.164), but not statistically significant. Among patients with H score ≥80 for GH expression by immunohistochemistry, the vaccination group (n=42) seemed to have better PFS than the placebo group (n=23) (HR=0.59; 95% CI: 0.32 to 1.10, p=0.10), but the difference did not reach statistical significance. In addition, peak levels of anti-GH IgM were higher in patients who had lower percentage of activated regulatory T cells (Treg cells; CD4+CD45RA-Foxp3high) at baseline than those who had higher activated Treg cells (p=0.042). This study demonstrates that adagloxad simolenin induced both IgG and IgM antibodies against GH. Anti-GH IgM ≥1:320 within first 4 weeks or low activated Treg cells at baseline may help to select patients who are likely to produce a higher level of GH-specific IgM and IgG in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Tung Hung
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Shir-Hwa Ueng
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiun-Sheng Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Cheh Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Yung-Chang Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Michael J Campbell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hope S Rugo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alice L Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Modified E2 Glycoprotein of Hepatitis C Virus Enhances Proinflammatory Cytokines and Protective Immune Response. J Virol 2022; 96:e0052322. [PMID: 35612312 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00523-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is characterized by a high number of chronic cases owing to an impairment of innate and adaptive immune responses. CD81 on the cell surface facilitates HCV entry by interacting with the E2 envelope glycoprotein. In addition, CD81/E2 binding on immunity-related cells may also influence host response outcome to HCV infection. Here, we performed site-specific amino acid substitution in the front layer of E2 sequence to reduce CD81 binding and evaluate the potential of the resulting immunogen as an HCV vaccine candidate. The modified sE2 protein (F442NYT), unlike unmodified sE2, exhibited a significant reduction in CD81 binding, induced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, repressed anti-inflammatory response in primary monocyte-derived macrophages as antigen-presenting cells, and stimulated CD4+ T cell proliferation. Immunization of BALB/c mice with an E1/sE2F442NYT nucleoside-modified mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) vaccine resulted in improved IgG1-to-IgG2a isotype switching, an increase in neutralizing antibodies against HCV pseudotype virus, a B and T cell proliferative response to antigens, and improved protection against infection with a surrogate recombinant vaccinia virus-expressing HCV E1-E2-NS2aa134-966 challenge model compared to E1/unmodified sE2 mRNA-LNP vaccine. Further investigation of the modified E2 antigen may provide helpful information for HCV vaccine development. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2-CD81 binding dampens protective immune response. We have identified that an alteration of amino acids in the front layer of soluble E2 (sE2) disrupts CD81 interaction and alters the cytokine response. Immunization with modified sE2F442NYT (includes an added potential N-linked glycosylation site and reduces CD81 binding activity)-mRNA-LNP candidate vaccine generates improved proinflammatory response and protective efficacy against a surrogate HCV vaccinia challenge model in mice. The results clearly suggested that HCV E2 exhibits immunoregulatory activity that inhibits induction of robust protective immune responses. Selection of engineered E2 antigen in an mRNA-LNP platform amenable to nucleic acid sequence alterations may open a novel approach for multigenotype HCV vaccine development.
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Toraskar S, Madhukar Chaudhary P, Kikkeri R. The Shape of Nanostructures Encodes Immunomodulation of Carbohydrate Antigen and Vaccine Development. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1122-1130. [PMID: 35426652 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have shown remarkable potential for vaccine development, but the influence of the size and shape of nanoparticles modulating the T-cell-dependent carbohydrate antigen processing and immunomodulation is poorly investigated. Here, we described how different shapes and sizes of gold nanostructures carrying adjuvant modulate carbohydrate-based antigen processing in murine dendritic cells (mDCs) and subsequent T-cell activation produce a robust antibody response. As a prototype, CpG-adjuvant-coated spherical and rod- and star-shaped AuNPs were conjugated to the tripodal Tn-glycopeptide antigen to study their DC uptake and activation of T-cells in a DCs/T-cell co-culture assay. Our results showed that the spherical and star-shaped AuNPs displayed relatively weak receptor-mediated uptake and endosomal sequestration; however, they induced a high level of T helper-1 (Th1) biasing immune responses compared with rod-shaped AuNPs. Furthermore, the in vivo administration of AuNPs showed that the small spherical and star-shaped AuNPs induced an effective anti-Tn-glycopeptide immunoglobulin (IgG) antibody response compared with rod-shaped AuNPs. These results indicated that one could obtain superior carbohydrate vaccines by varying the shape and size parameters of nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Toraskar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Preeti Madhukar Chaudhary
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
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Aceil J, Avci FY. Pneumococcal Surface Proteins as Virulence Factors, Immunogens, and Conserved Vaccine Targets. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:832254. [PMID: 35646747 PMCID: PMC9133333 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.832254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen that causes over 1 million deaths annually despite the availability of several multivalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). Due to the limitations surrounding PCVs along with an evolutionary rise in antibiotic-resistant and unencapsulated strains, conserved immunogenic proteins as vaccine targets continue to be an important field of study for pneumococcal disease prevention. In this review, we provide an overview of multiple classes of conserved surface proteins that have been studied for their contribution to pneumococcal virulence. Furthermore, we discuss the immune responses observed in response to these proteins and their promise as vaccine targets.
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Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) are important antigenic targets against bacterial infections. As T-independent antigens, however, CPSs elicit short-lived immune responses in adults and are poorly immunogenic in young children. Coupling CPS with protein carriers enhances anti-CPS responses and generates long-lasting immune memory. However, the mechanisms whereby carrier proteins accomplish this are not fully understood. Here, we dissect different mechanisms whereby carrier proteins enhance anti-CPS immunity. We show how coupling CPS with protein carriers modifies the interaction of CPS with antigen-presenting cells, enables a dual-activation mechanism for CPS-specific B cells via interaction with CPS- or carrier-specific T helper cells, and potentiates the recall of anti-CPS responses by engaging memory T helper cells during subsequent vaccination or bacterial exposure. Our findings provide new insights into the immunological basis of carrier-mediated anti-CPS immunity and may help in the design of more effective CPS-based vaccines.
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Sun P, Li X, Pan C, Liu Z, Wu J, Wang H, Zhu L. A Short Peptide of Autotransporter Ata Is a Promising Protective Antigen for Vaccination Against Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884555. [PMID: 35493470 PMCID: PMC9043751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, Acinetobacter baumannii infection is becoming a thorny health problem in hospitals. However, there are no licensed vaccines against A. baumannii. Acinetobacter trimeric autotransporter (Ata) is an important known virulence factor located on the outer membrane of bacteria. Herein, we carried out a series of experiments to test the immunogenicity of a short C-terminal extracellular region of Ata (Ataα, only containing 39 amino acids) in a murine model. The short peptide Ataα was fused with the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), which has been reported to have immunoadjuvant activity. The fusion protein showed no inflammation and organ damages, and have the ability to elicit both Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice. The bactericidal activities against A. baumannii and prophylactic effects of the fusion protein were further evidenced by a significant reduction in the bacterial load in the organs and blood. In addition, the candidate vaccine could provide broad protection against lethal challenges with a variety of A. baumannii strains. Moreover, when CpG was added on the basis of aluminum adjuvant, the immune response, especially cellular immunity, could be further strengthened. Overall, these results revealed that the Ataα is a promising vaccine target against A. baumannii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Hengliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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Mohapi L, Pinedo Y, Osiyemi O, Supparatpinyo K, Ratanasuwan W, Molina JM, Dagan R, Tamms G, Sterling T, Zhang Y, Pedley A, Hartzel J, Kan Y, Hurtado K, Musey L, Simon JK, Buchwald UK. Safety and immunogenicity of V114, a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, in adults living with HIV. AIDS 2022; 36:373-382. [PMID: 34750291 PMCID: PMC8815827 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate safety and immunogenicity of V114 [15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) containing serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F, and 33F], followed by 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) 8 weeks later, in adults living with HIV. DESIGN In this phase 3 study (V114-018; NCT03480802), pneumococcal vaccine-naive adults with HIV (CD4+ cell count ≥50 cells/μl, plasma HIV RNA <50 000 copies/ml, receiving antiretroviral therapy) were randomized 1 : 1 to receive one dose of V114 or licensed 13-valent PCV (PCV13) on day 1; participants received PPSV23 at week 8. METHODS Adverse events and serotype-specific opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were evaluated after each vaccination. RESULTS Of 302 participants enrolled, 292 (96.7%) completed the study. Proportions of participants experiencing at least one adverse event were 73.0 and 62.7% in the V114 and PCV13 groups following PCV and 60.7 and 71.6% following PPSV23. Most solicited adverse events were of mild or moderate severity and short duration. OPA geometric mean titers (GMTs) and IgG geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were generally comparable between groups for shared serotypes at day 30 and maintained at week 12. OPA and IgG responses for additional serotypes in V114 (22F, 33F) were higher following V114 than PCV13 at day 30 but comparable at week 12, 30 days post-PPSV23. CONCLUSION In pneumococcal vaccine-naive adults living with HIV, V114 was well tolerated and induced immune responses for all 15 pneumococcal serotypes. V114 can be followed by PPSV23 8 weeks later to broaden serotype coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerato Mohapi
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ron Dagan
- Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Ying Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Jon Hartzel
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yanqing Kan
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kim Hurtado
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Luwy Musey
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
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