1
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Roep BO. The need and benefit of immune monitoring to define patient and disease heterogeneity, mechanisms of therapeutic action and efficacy of intervention therapy for precision medicine in type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1112858. [PMID: 36733487 PMCID: PMC9887285 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1112858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The current standard of care for type 1 diabetes patients is limited to treatment of the symptoms of the disease, insulin insufficiency and its complications, not its cause. Given the autoimmune nature of type 1 diabetes, immunology is critical to understand the mechanism of disease progression, patient and disease heterogeneity and therapeutic action. Immune monitoring offers the key to all this essential knowledge and is therefore indispensable, despite the challenges and costs associated. In this perspective, I attempt to make this case by providing evidence from the past to create a perspective for future trials and patient selection.
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2
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Paez-Mayorga J, Campa-Carranza JN, Capuani S, Hernandez N, Liu HC, Chua CYX, Pons-Faudoa FP, Malgir G, Alvarez B, Niles JA, Argueta LB, Shelton KA, Kezar S, Nehete PN, Berman DM, Willman MA, Li XC, Ricordi C, Nichols JE, Gaber AO, Kenyon NS, Grattoni A. Implantable niche with local immunosuppression for islet allotransplantation achieves type 1 diabetes reversal in rats. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7951. [PMID: 36572684 PMCID: PMC9792517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation efficacy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) management is limited by hypoxia-related graft attrition and need for systemic immunosuppression. To overcome these challenges, we developed the Neovascularized Implantable Cell Homing and Encapsulation (NICHE) device, which integrates direct vascularization for facile mass transfer and localized immunosuppressant delivery for islet rejection prophylaxis. Here, we investigated NICHE efficacy for allogeneic islet transplantation and long-term diabetes reversal in an immunocompetent, male rat model. We demonstrated that allogeneic islets transplanted within pre-vascularized NICHE were engrafted, revascularized, and functional, reverting diabetes in rats for over 150 days. Notably, we confirmed that localized immunosuppression prevented islet rejection without inducing toxicity or systemic immunosuppression. Moreover, for translatability efforts, we showed NICHE biocompatibility and feasibility of deployment as well as short-term allogeneic islet engraftment in an MHC-mismatched nonhuman primate model. In sum, the NICHE holds promise as a viable approach for safe and effective islet transplantation and long-term T1D management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Paez-Mayorga
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA ,grid.419886.a0000 0001 2203 4701School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Nikita Campa-Carranza
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA ,grid.419886.a0000 0001 2203 4701School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL Mexico
| | - Simone Capuani
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Shijingshan, Beijing, China
| | - Nathanael Hernandez
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Hsuan-Chen Liu
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Corrine Ying Xuan Chua
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Fernanda Paola Pons-Faudoa
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Gulsah Malgir
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Bella Alvarez
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA ,grid.419886.a0000 0001 2203 4701School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL Mexico
| | - Jean A. Niles
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Center for Tissue Engineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Lissenya B. Argueta
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Center for Tissue Engineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Kathryn A. Shelton
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Comparative Medicine, Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX USA
| | - Sarah Kezar
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Comparative Medicine, Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX USA
| | - Pramod N. Nehete
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Comparative Medicine, Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX USA ,grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Dora M. Berman
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA ,grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Melissa A. Willman
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Xian C. Li
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA ,grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Joan E. Nichols
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Center for Tissue Engineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA ,grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - A. Osama Gaber
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Norma S. Kenyon
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA ,grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA ,grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA ,grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA ,grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Alessandro Grattoni
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA ,grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA ,grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA ,grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
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3
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Killick J, Hay J, Morandi E, Vermeren S, Kari S, Angles T, Williams A, Damoiseaux J, Astier AL. Vitamin D/CD46 Crosstalk in Human T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:598727. [PMID: 33329593 PMCID: PMC7732696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.598727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), in which T-cell migration into the CNS is key for pathogenesis. Patients with MS exhibit impaired regulatory T cell populations, and both Foxp3+ Tregs and type I regulatory T cells (Tr1) are dysfunctional. MS is a multifactorial disease and vitamin D deficiency is associated with disease. Herein, we examined the impact of 1,25(OH)2D3 on CD4+ T cells coactivated by either CD28 to induce polyclonal activation or by the complement regulator CD46 to promote Tr1 differentiation. Addition of 1,25(OH)2D3 led to a differential expression of adhesion molecules on CD28- and CD46-costimulated T cells isolated from both healthy donors or from patients with MS. 1,25(OH)2D3 favored Tr1 motility though a Vitamin D-CD46 crosstalk highlighted by increased VDR expression as well as increased CYP24A1 and miR-9 in CD46-costimulated T cells. Furthermore, analysis of CD46 expression on T cells from a cohort of patients with MS supplemented by vitamin D showed a negative correlation with the levels of circulating vitamin D. Moreover, t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) analysis allowed the visualization and identification of clusters increased by vitamin D supplementation, but not by placebo, that exhibited similar adhesion phenotype to what was observed in vitro. Overall, our data show a crosstalk between vitamin D and CD46 that allows a preferential effect of Vitamin D on Tr1 cells, providing novel key insights into the role of an important modifiable environmental factor in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Killick
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Hay
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Morandi
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM U1043, CNRS U5282, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sonja Vermeren
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Saniya Kari
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM U1043, CNRS U5282, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Thibault Angles
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM U1043, CNRS U5282, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anna Williams
- Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Damoiseaux
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Anne L Astier
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM U1043, CNRS U5282, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
Although the development of effective vaccines has saved countless lives from infectious diseases, the basic workings of the human immune system are complex and have required the development of animal models, such as inbred mice, to define mechanisms of immunity. More recently, new strategies and technologies have been developed to directly explore the human immune system with unprecedented precision. We discuss how these approaches are advancing our mechanistic understanding of human immunology and are facilitating the development of vaccines and therapeutics for infection, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H: Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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5
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Panzer JK, Hiller H, Cohrs CM, Almaça J, Enos SJ, Beery M, Cechin S, Drotar DM, Weitz JR, Santini J, Huber MK, Muhammad Fahd Qadir M, Pastori RL, Domínguez-Bendala J, Phelps EA, Atkinson MA, Pugliese A, Caicedo A, Kusmartseva I, Speier S. Pancreas tissue slices from organ donors enable in situ analysis of type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134525. [PMID: 32324170 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes (T1D), autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells leads to insulin deficiency and loss of glycemic control. However, knowledge about human pancreas pathophysiology in T1D remains incomplete. To address this limitation, we established a pancreas tissue slice platform of donor organs with and without diabetes, facilitating the first live cell studies of human pancreas in T1D pathogenesis to our knowledge. We show that pancreas tissue slices from organ donors allow thorough assessment of processes critical for disease development, including insulin secretion, β cell physiology, endocrine cell morphology, and immune infiltration within the same donor organ. Using this approach, we compared detailed pathophysiological profiles for 4 pancreata from donors with T1D with 19 nondiabetic control donors. We demonstrate that β cell loss, β cell dysfunction, alterations of β cell physiology, and islet infiltration contributed differently to individual cases of T1D, allowing insight into pathophysiology and heterogeneity of T1D pathogenesis. Thus, our study demonstrates that organ donor pancreas tissue slices represent a promising and potentially novel approach in the search for successful prevention and reversal strategies of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Panzer
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Hiller
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christian M Cohrs
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joana Almaça
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, and
| | - Stephen J Enos
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Beery
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sirlene Cechin
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Denise M Drotar
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John R Weitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, and
| | - Jorge Santini
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mollie K Huber
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and
| | - Ricardo L Pastori
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Juan Domínguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and
| | - Edward A Phelps
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, and.,Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, and
| | - Irina Kusmartseva
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Stephan Speier
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
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6
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Cellerino M, Ivaldi F, Pardini M, Rotta G, Vila G, Bäcker-Koduah P, Berge T, Laroni A, Lapucci C, Novi G, Boffa G, Sbragia E, Palmeri S, Asseyer S, Høgestøl E, Campi C, Piana M, Inglese M, Paul F, Harbo HF, Villoslada P, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Uccelli A. Impact of treatment on cellular immunophenotype in MS: A cross-sectional study. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/3/e693. [PMID: 32139439 PMCID: PMC7136062 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To establish cytometry profiles associated with disease stages and immunotherapy in MS. Methods Demographic/clinical data and peripheral blood samples were collected from 227 patients with MS and 82 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) enrolled in a cross-sectional study at 4 European MS centers (Spain, Italy, Germany, and Norway). Flow cytometry of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was performed in each center using specifically prepared antibody-cocktail Lyotubes; data analysis was centralized at the Genoa center. Differences in immune cell subsets were assessed between groups of untreated patients with relapsing-remitting or progressive MS (RRMS or PMS) and HCs and between groups of patients with RRMS taking 6 commonly used disease-modifying drugs. Results In untreated patients with MS, significantly higher frequencies of Th17 cells in the RRMS population compared with HC and lower frequencies of B-memory/B-regulatory cells as well as higher percentages of B-mature cells in patients with PMS compared with HCs emerged. Overall, the greatest deviation in immunophenotype in MS was observed by treatment rather than disease course, with the strongest impact found in fingolimod-treated patients. Fingolimod induced a decrease in total CD4+ T cells and in B-mature and B-memory cells and increases in CD4+ and CD8+ T-regulatory and B-regulatory cells. Conclusions Our highly standardized, multisite cytomics data provide further understanding of treatment impact on MS immunophenotype and could pave the way toward monitoring immune cells to help clinical management of MS individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cellerino
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Ivaldi
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pardini
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Rotta
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Gemma Vila
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Priscilla Bäcker-Koduah
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Tone Berge
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Alice Laroni
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Caterina Lapucci
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Novi
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Boffa
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Elvira Sbragia
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Serena Palmeri
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Susanna Asseyer
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Einar Høgestøl
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristina Campi
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Piana
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Matilde Inglese
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Friedemann Paul
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Hanne F Harbo
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicole Kerlero de Rosbo
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- From the Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (M.C., F.I., M.P., A.L., C.L., G.N., G.B., E.S., S.P., M.I., N.K.d.R.) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (A.U.), University of Genoa, Italy; BD Biosciences Italy (G.R.), Milan; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer (G.V., P.V.), Barcelona, Spain; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.B.-K., S.A., F.P.), Germany; Department of Research, Innovation and Education (T.B.), Neuroscience Research Unit, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Mechanical Electronics and Chemical Engineering (T.B.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; University of Oslo (E.H., H.F.H.) and Oslo University Hospital (H.F.H.), Norway; Department of Mathematics and Padova Neuroscience Center (C.C.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Mathematics (M.P.), University of Genoa, Italy; and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (A.L., M.P., M.I., A.U.), Genoa, Italy.
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7
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Replacing murine insulin 1 with human insulin protects NOD mice from diabetes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225021. [PMID: 31821343 PMCID: PMC6903741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1, or autoimmune, diabetes is caused by the T-cell mediated destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes akin to human type 1 diabetes. For this reason, the NOD mouse has been the preeminent murine model for human type 1 diabetes research for several decades. However, humanized mouse models are highly sought after because they offer both the experimental tractability of a mouse model and the clinical relevance of human-based research. Autoimmune T-cell responses against insulin, and its precursor proinsulin, play central roles in the autoimmune responses against pancreatic beta cells in both humans and NOD mice. As a first step towards developing a murine model of the human autoimmune response against pancreatic beta cells we set out to replace the murine insulin 1 gene (Ins1) with the human insulin gene (Ins) using CRISPR/Cas9. Here we describe a NOD mouse strain that expresses human insulin in place of murine insulin 1, referred to as HuPI. HuPI mice express human insulin, and C-peptide, in their serum and pancreata and have normal glucose tolerance. Compared with wild type NOD mice, the incidence of diabetes is much lower in HuPI mice. Only 15–20% of HuPI mice developed diabetes after 300 days, compared to more than 60% of unmodified NOD mice. Immune-cell infiltration into the pancreatic islets of HuPI mice was not detectable at 100 days but was clearly evident by 300 days. This work highlights the feasibility of using CRISPR/Cas9 to create mouse models of human diseases that express proteins pivotal to the human disease. Furthermore, it reveals that even subtle changes in proinsulin protect NOD mice from diabetes.
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8
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Marx U, Walles H, Hoffmann S, Lindner G, Horland R, Sonntag F, Klotzbach U, Sakharov D, Tonevitsky A, Lauster R. ‘Human-on-a-chip’ Developments: A Translational Cutting-edge Alternative to Systemic Safety Assessment and Efficiency Evaluation of Substances in Laboratory Animals and Man? Altern Lab Anim 2019; 40:235-57. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291204000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Marx
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Silke Hoffmann
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Lindner
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reyk Horland
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Sonntag
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | - Udo Klotzbach
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Roland Lauster
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Luminex-Coupled EliFACS: A Multiparametric Method to Enumerate and Functionally Characterize Antigen-Specific T cells in Human Peripheral Blood. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30649774 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8938-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
We describe a Luminex-coupled EliFACS assay that integrates multiplexing technology, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT), and intracellular cytokine FACS staining for the detection of multiple parameters of antigen-specific T-cell activation in human peripheral blood. Although our protocol is for measuring T-cell responses against cardiac myosin heavy chain and myelin basic protein, the major autoantigens in myocarditis and multiple sclerosis, respectively, these methods could be used for the detection of T-cell responses to other antigens, including foreign antigens.
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10
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Lagou V, Garcia-Perez JE, Smets I, Van Horebeek L, Vandebergh M, Chen L, Mallants K, Prezzemolo T, Hilven K, Humblet-Baron S, Moisse M, Van Damme P, Boeckxstaens G, Bowness P, Dubois B, Dooley J, Liston A, Goris A. Genetic Architecture of Adaptive Immune System Identifies Key Immune Regulators. Cell Rep 2018; 25:798-810.e6. [PMID: 30332657 PMCID: PMC6205839 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is highly diverse, but characterization of its genetic architecture has lagged behind the vast progress made by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of emergent diseases. Our GWAS for 54 functionally relevant phenotypes of the adaptive immune system in 489 healthy individuals identifies eight genome-wide significant associations explaining 6%-20% of variance. Coding and splicing variants in PTPRC and COMMD10 are involved in memory T cell differentiation. Genetic variation controlling disease-relevant T helper cell subsets includes RICTOR and STON2 associated with Th2 and Th17, respectively, and the interferon-lambda locus controlling regulatory T cell proliferation. Early and memory B cell differentiation stages are associated with variation in LARP1B and SP4. Finally, the latrophilin family member ADGRL2 correlates with baseline pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 levels. Suggestive associations reveal mechanisms of autoimmune disease associations, in particular related to pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Pinpointing these key human immune regulators offers attractive therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lagou
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Josselyn E Garcia-Perez
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ide Smets
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Van Horebeek
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijne Vandebergh
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liye Chen
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Klara Mallants
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teresa Prezzemolo
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kelly Hilven
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- KU Leuven Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for GI Disorders (TARGID), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Bowness
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Bénédicte Dubois
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - James Dooley
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.
| | - An Goris
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.
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11
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Sharma S, Gioia L, Abe B, Holt M, Costanzo A, Kain L, Su A, Teyton L. Using single cell analysis for translational studies in immune mediated diseases: Opportunities and challenges. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:191-199. [PMID: 30300798 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The difficulty of studying small tissue samples and rare cell populations have been some of the main limitations in performing efficient translational studies of immune mediated diseases. Many of these conditions are grouped under the name of a single disease whilst there are strong suggestions that disease heterogeneity leads to variable disease progression as well as therapeutic responses. The recent development of single cell techniques, such as single cell RNA sequencing, gene expression profiling, or multiparametric cytometry, is likely to be a turning point. Single cell approaches provide researchers the opportunity to finally dissect disease pathology at a level that will allow mechanistic classifications and precision therapeutic strategies. In this review, we will give an overview of the current and developing repertoire of single cell techniques, the benefits and limitations of each, and provide an example of how single cell techniques can be utilized to understand complex immune mediated diseases and their translation from mouse to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Sharma
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Louis Gioia
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian Abe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Marie Holt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Anne Costanzo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lisa Kain
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrew Su
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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12
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Suwandi JS, Nikolic T, Roep BO. Translating Mechanism of Regulatory Action of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells to Monitoring Endpoints in Clinical Trials. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1598. [PMID: 29250062 PMCID: PMC5715363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) have reached patients with autoimmune and inflammatory disease, at least in clinical trials. The safety of tolDCs as intervention therapy has been established, but the capacity to modulate autoimmune response in vivo remains to be demonstrated. Studies have revealed a diversity of regulatory mechanisms that tolDCs may employ in vivo. These mechanisms differ between various types of modulated tolDC. The most often foreseen action of tolDCs is through regulatory polarization of naïve T cells or activation of existing regulatory T cells, which should ultimately diminish autoimmune inflammation. Yet, selection of a target autoantigen remains critical to expedite tissue specific tolerance induction, while measuring immune modulation incited by tolDCs in vivo provides a great challenge. We will discuss the regulatory action of different types of tolDCs and the possible methods to monitor immunological efficacy endpoints for the next generation clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Suwandi
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Nikolic
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bart O Roep
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Diabetes Immunology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
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14
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Abstract
There is an urgent and unmet need for humanized in vivo models of type 1 diabetes to study immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy, and in particular antigen-specific therapy. Transfer of patient blood lymphocytes to immunodeficient mice is associated with xenogeneic graft-versus-host reactivity that complicates assessment of autoimmunity. Improved models could identify which human T cells initiate and participate in beta-cell destruction and help define critical target islet autoantigens. We used humanized mice (hu-mice) containing robust human immune repertoires lacking xenogeneic graft-versus-host reactivity to address this question. Hu-mice constructed by transplantation of HLA-DQ8+ human fetal thymus and CD34+ cells into HLA-DQ8-transgenic immunodeficient mice developed hyperglycemia and diabetes after transfer of autologous HLA-DQ8/insulin-B:9-23 (InsB:9-23)-specific T-cell receptor (TCR)-expressing human CD4+ T cells and immunization with InsB:9-23. Survival of the infused human T cells depended on the preexisting autologous human immune system, and pancreatic infiltration by human CD3+ T cells and insulitis were observed in the diabetic hu-mice, provided their islets were stressed by streptozotocin. This study fits Koch's postulate for pathogenicity, demonstrating a pathogenic role of islet autoreactive CD4+ T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes induction in humans, underscores the role of the target beta-cells in their immunological fate, and demonstrates the capacity to initiate disease with T cells, recognizing the InsB:9-23 epitope in the presence of islet inflammation. This preclinical model has the potential to be used in studies of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and for testing of clinically relevant therapeutic interventions.
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15
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Rivellese F, Nerviani A, Rossi FW, Marone G, Matucci-Cerinic M, de Paulis A, Pitzalis C. Mast cells in rheumatoid arthritis: friends or foes? Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:557-563. [PMID: 28411167 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident cells of the innate immunity, implicated in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They are present in synovia and their activation has been linked to the potentiation of inflammation in the course of RA. However, recent investigations questioned the role of mast cells in arthritis. In particular, animal models generated conflicting results, so that many of their pro-inflammatory, i.e. pro-arthritogenic functions, even though supported by robust experimental evidence, have been labelled as redundant. At the same time, a growing body of evidence suggests that mast cells can act as tunable immunomodulatory cells. These characteristics, not yet fully understood in the context of RA, could partially explain the inconsistent results obtained with experimental models, which do not account for the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions exerted in more chronic heterogeneous conditions such as RA. Here we present an overview of the current knowledge on mast cell involvement in RA, including the intriguing hypothesis of mast cells acting as subtle immunomodulatory cells and the emerging concept of synovial mast cells as potential biomarkers for patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Rivellese
- William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Alessandra Nerviani
- William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Wanda Rossi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology AOUC, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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16
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Dooley J, Pauwels I, Franckaert D, Smets I, Garcia-Perez JE, Hilven K, Danso-Abeam D, Terbeek J, Nguyen ATL, De Muynck L, Decallonne B, Dubois B, Liston A, Goris A. Immunologic profiles of multiple sclerosis treatments reveal shared early B cell alterations. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2016; 3:e240. [PMID: 27231713 PMCID: PMC4872020 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We undertook a systems immunology approach of the adaptive immune system in multiple sclerosis (MS), overcoming tradeoffs between scale and level of detail, in order to identify the immunologic signature of MS and the changes wrought by current immunomodulatory treatments. Methods: We developed a comprehensive flow cytometry platform measuring 38 immunologic cell types in the peripheral blood of 245 individuals in a routine clinical setting. These include patients with MS, untreated or receiving any of 4 current immunomodulatory treatments (interferon-β, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, or fingolimod), patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, and healthy controls. Results: An increase in memory CD8+ T cells and B cells was observed in untreated patients with MS. Interferon-β and fingolimod induce significant changes upon multiple aspects of the peripheral immune system, with an unexpectedly prominent alteration of B cells. Overall, both treatments push the immune system in different directions, with only 2 significant effects shared across these treatments—an increase in transitional B cells and a decrease in class-switched B cells. We further identified heightened B cell-activating factor (BAFF) levels as regulating this shared B cell pathway. Conclusions: A systems immunology approach established different immunologic profiles induced by current immunomodulatory MS treatments, offering perspectives for personalized medicine. Pathways shared between the immunologic architecture of existing efficacious treatments identify targets for future treatment design.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dooley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ine Pauwels
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dean Franckaert
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ide Smets
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Josselyn E Garcia-Perez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kelly Hilven
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dina Danso-Abeam
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joanne Terbeek
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anh T L Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Louis De Muynck
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Decallonne
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Dubois
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Goris
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences (I.P., I.S., K.H., B. Dubois, A.G.), Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences (L.D.M.), Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (B. Decallonne), and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven (I.S., J.T., B. Dubois), KU Leuven-University of Leuven; and Center for the Biology of Disease (J.D., D.F., J.E.G.-P., D.D.-A., A.T.L.N., A.L.), VIB (L.D.M.), Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Northrup L, Christopher MA, Sullivan BP, Berkland C. Combining antigen and immunomodulators: Emerging trends in antigen-specific immunotherapy for autoimmunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 98:86-98. [PMID: 26546466 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A majority of current therapies for autoimmune diseases are general immunosuppressants, which can compromise patient response to opportunistic infection and lead to adverse events. Using antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) to selectively disarm autoimmune diseases, without suppressing the global immune response, would be a transformative therapy for patients. ASIT has been used historically in allergy hyposensitization therapy to induce tolerance to an allergen. Similar strategies to induce immune tolerance toward autoantigens responsible for autoimmune disease have been attempted but have yielded limited clinical success. Recent studies of ASIT for autoimmunity have explored combination therapy, combining the disease-causing autoantigen with an immunomodulatory compound. ASIT combination therapy may direct the immune response in an antigen-specific manner, potentially reversing the root cause of autoimmunity while limiting side effects. This review analyzes recent advances in ASIT applied to autoimmune diseases, emphasizing current combination therapies and future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Northrup
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Matthew A Christopher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Bradley P Sullivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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18
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Jörns A, Ertekin ÜG, Arndt T, Terbish T, Wedekind D, Lenzen S. TNF-α Antibody Therapy in Combination With the T-Cell-Specific Antibody Anti-TCR Reverses the Diabetic Metabolic State in the LEW.1AR1-iddm Rat. Diabetes 2015; 64:2880-91. [PMID: 25784545 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) therapy (5 mg/kg body weight), alone or combined with the T-cell-specific antibody anti-T-cell receptor (TCR) (0.5 mg/kg body weight), was performed over 5 days immediately after disease manifestation to reverse the diabetic metabolic state in the LEW.1AR1-iddm rat, an animal model of human type 1 diabetes. Only combination therapy starting at blood glucose concentrations below 15 mmol/L restored normoglycemia and normalized C-peptide. Increased β-cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis led to a restoration of β-cell mass along with an immune cell infiltration-free pancreas 60 days after the end of therapy. This combination of two antibodies, anti-TCR/CD3, as a cornerstone compound in anti-T-cell therapy, and anti-TNF-α, as the most prominent and effective therapeutic antibody in suppressing TNF-α action in many autoimmune diseases, was able to reverse the diabetic metabolic state. With increasing blood glucose concentrations during the disease progression, however, the proapoptotic pressure on the residual β-cell mass increased, ultimately reaching a point where the reservoir of the surviving β-cells was insufficient to allow a restoration of normal β-cell mass through regeneration. The present results may open a therapeutic window for reversal of diabetic hyperglycemia in patients, worthwhile of being tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jörns
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Centre for Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ümüs Gül Ertekin
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Arndt
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Taivankhuu Terbish
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Wedekind
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sigurd Lenzen
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Trinschek B, Luessi F, Gross CC, Wiendl H, Jonuleit H. Interferon-Beta Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis Patients Improves the Responsiveness of T Cells for Immune Suppression by Regulatory T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:16330-46. [PMID: 26193267 PMCID: PMC4519953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by imbalanced immune regulatory networks, and MS patient-derived T effector cells are inefficiently suppressed through regulatory T cells (Treg), a phenomenon known as Treg resistance. In the current study we investigated T cell function in MS patients before and after interferon-beta therapy. We compared cytokine profile, responsiveness for Treg-mediated suppression ex vivo and evaluated reactivity of T cells in vivo using a humanized mouse model. We found that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of therapy-naive MS patients were resistant to Treg-mediated suppression. Treg resistance is associated with an augmented IL-6 production, enhanced IL-6 receptor expression, and increased PKB/c-Akt phosphorylation. These parameters as well as responsiveness of T cells to Treg-mediated suppression were restored after interferon-beta therapy of MS patients. Following transfer into immunodeficient mice, MS T cells induced a lethal graft versus host disease (GvHD) and in contrast to T cells of healthy volunteers, this aggressive T cell response could not be controlled by Treg, but was abolished by anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies. However, magnitude and lethality of GvHD induced by MS T cells was significantly decreased after interferon-beta therapy and the reaction was prevented by Treg activation in vivo. Our data reveals that interferon-beta therapy improves the immunoregulation of autoaggressive T effector cells in MS patients by changing the IL-6 signal transduction pathway, thus restoring their sensitivity to Treg-mediated suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Trinschek
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology-Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology-Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Helmut Jonuleit
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Bidmon N, Attig S, Rae R, Schröder H, Omokoko TA, Simon P, Kuhn AN, Kreiter S, Sahin U, Gouttefangeas C, van der Burg SH, Britten CM. Generation of TCR-Engineered T Cells and Their Use To Control the Performance of T Cell Assays. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:6177-89. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Kolber P, Montag S, Fleischer V, Luessi F, Wilting J, Gawehn J, Gröger A, Zipp F. Identification of cortical lesions using DIR and FLAIR in early stages of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2015; 262:1473-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Kim J, Lee H, Selimović Š, Gauvin R, Bae H. Organ-On-A-Chip: Development and Clinical Prospects Toward Toxicity Assessment with an Emphasis on Bone Marrow. Drug Saf 2015; 38:409-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s40264-015-0284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Woittiez NJC, Roep BO. Impact of disease heterogeneity on treatment efficacy of immunotherapy in Type 1 diabetes: different shades of gray. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:163-74. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from selective destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells by a progressive autoimmune process. Type 1 diabetes proves very heterogeneous in pathology, disease progression and efficacy of therapeutic intervention. Indeed, several immunotherapies that appear ineffective for the entire treated patient population in fact look promising in subgroups of patients. It therefore seems inconceivable that one standard therapy will provide the golden bullet of disease intervention. Instead, personalized medicine may improve immune intervention efficacy rates. We discuss the effect of disease heterogeneity on treatment outcome of immunotherapies, identifying apparent gaps in our understanding of treatment efficacy in subgroups of Type 1 diabetic patients as well as identifying future opportunities for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky JC Woittiez
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, LUMC, PO Box 9600, NL-2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart O Roep
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, LUMC, PO Box 9600, NL-2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Singh A, Peppas NA. Hydrogels and scaffolds for immunomodulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6530-41. [PMID: 25155610 PMCID: PMC4269549 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
For over two decades, immunologists and biomaterials scientists have co-existed in parallel world with the rationale of understanding the molecular profile of immune responses to vaccination, implantation, and treating incurable diseases. Much of the field of biomaterial-based immunotherapy has relied on evaluating model antigens such as chicken egg ovalbumin in mouse models but their relevance to humans has been point of much discussion. Nevertheless, such model antigens have provided important insights into the mechanisms of immune regulation and served as a proof-of-concept for plethora of biomaterial-based vaccines. After years of extensive development of numerous biomaterials for immunomodulation, it is only recently that an experimental scaffold vaccine implanted beneath the skin has begun to use the human model to study the immune responses to cancer vaccination by co-delivering patient-derived tumor lysates and immunomodulatory proteins. If successful, this scaffold vaccine will change the way we approached untreatable cancers, but more importantly, will allow a faster and more rational translation of therapeutic regimes to other cancers, chronic infections, and autoimmune diseases. Most materials reviews have focused on immunomodulatory adjuvants and micro-nano-particles. Here we provide an insight into emerging hydrogel and scaffold based immunomodulatory approaches that continue to demonstrate efficacy against immune associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Singh
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering and College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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25
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Abreu JRF, Roep BO. Targeting proinsulin-reactive CD8+ T cells: a new direction for type 1 diabetes treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:1001-3. [PMID: 24168405 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2013.852958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana R F Abreu
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Mohanta SK, Yin C, Peng L, Srikakulapu P, Bontha V, Hu D, Weih F, Weber C, Gerdes N, Habenicht AJ. Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs Contribute to Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Advanced Mouse Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2014; 114:1772-87. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.301137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs emerge in tissues in response to nonresolving inflammation. Recent research characterized artery tertiary lymphoid organs in the aorta adventitia of aged apolipoprotein E–deficient mice. The atherosclerosis-associated lymphocyte aggregates are organized into distinct compartments, including separate T-cell areas harboring conventional, monocyte-derived, lymphoid, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, as well as activated T-cell effectors and memory cells; B-cell follicles containing follicular dendritic cells in activated germinal centers; and peripheral niches of plasma cells. Artery tertiary lymphoid organs show marked neoangiogenesis, aberrant lymphangiogenesis, and extensive induction of high endothelial venules. Moreover, newly formed lymph node–like conduits connect the external lamina with high endothelial venules in T-cell areas and also extend into germinal centers. Mouse artery tertiary lymphoid organs recruit large numbers of naïve T cells and harbor lymphocyte subsets with opposing activities, including CD4
+
and CD8
+
effector and memory T cells, natural and induced CD4
+
regulatory T cells, and memory B cells at different stages of differentiation. These data suggest that artery tertiary lymphoid organs participate in primary immune responses and organize T- and B-cell autoimmune responses in advanced atherosclerosis. In this review, we discuss the novel concept that pro- and antiatherogenic immune responses toward unknown arterial wall–derived autoantigens may be organized by artery tertiary lymphoid organs and that disruption of the balance between pro- and antiatherogenic immune cell subsets may trigger clinically overt atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarajo Kumar Mohanta
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.K.M., C.Y., C.W., N.G., A.J.R.H.); Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany (L.P., P.S., V.B., F.W.); and Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Changjun Yin
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.K.M., C.Y., C.W., N.G., A.J.R.H.); Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany (L.P., P.S., V.B., F.W.); and Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Li Peng
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.K.M., C.Y., C.W., N.G., A.J.R.H.); Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany (L.P., P.S., V.B., F.W.); and Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Prasad Srikakulapu
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.K.M., C.Y., C.W., N.G., A.J.R.H.); Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany (L.P., P.S., V.B., F.W.); and Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Vineela Bontha
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.K.M., C.Y., C.W., N.G., A.J.R.H.); Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany (L.P., P.S., V.B., F.W.); and Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Desheng Hu
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.K.M., C.Y., C.W., N.G., A.J.R.H.); Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany (L.P., P.S., V.B., F.W.); and Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Falk Weih
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.K.M., C.Y., C.W., N.G., A.J.R.H.); Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany (L.P., P.S., V.B., F.W.); and Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.K.M., C.Y., C.W., N.G., A.J.R.H.); Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany (L.P., P.S., V.B., F.W.); and Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.K.M., C.Y., C.W., N.G., A.J.R.H.); Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany (L.P., P.S., V.B., F.W.); and Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Andreas J.R. Habenicht
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.K.M., C.Y., C.W., N.G., A.J.R.H.); Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany (L.P., P.S., V.B., F.W.); and Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany (D.H.)
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Jörns A, Arndt T, Meyer zu Vilsendorf A, Klempnauer J, Wedekind D, Hedrich HJ, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Harada N, Nakaya Y, Wang GS, Scott FW, Gysemans C, Mathieu C, Lenzen S. Islet infiltration, cytokine expression and beta cell death in the NOD mouse, BB rat, Komeda rat, LEW.1AR1-iddm rat and humans with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57:512-21. [PMID: 24310561 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Research on the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes relies heavily on good animal models. The aim of this work was to study the translational value of animal models of type 1 diabetes to the human situation. METHODS We compared the four major animal models of spontaneous type 1 diabetes, namely the NOD mouse, BioBreeding (BB) rat, Komeda rat and LEW.1AR1-iddm rat, by examining the immunohistochemistry and in situ RT-PCR of immune cell infiltrate and cytokine pattern in pancreatic islets, and by comparing findings with human data. RESULTS After type 1 diabetes manifestation CD8(+) T cells, CD68(+) macrophages and CD4(+) T cells were observed as the main immune cell types with declining frequency, in infiltrated islets of all diabetic pancreases. IL-1β and TNF-α were the main proinflammatory cytokines in the immune cell infiltrate in NOD mice, BB rats and LEW.1AR1-iddm rats, as well as in humans. The Komeda rat was the exception, with IFN-γ and TNF-α being the main cytokines. In addition, IL-17 and IL-6 and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 were found in some infiltrating immune cells. Apoptotic as well as proliferating beta cells were observed in infiltrated islets. In healthy pancreases no proinflammatory cytokine expression was observed. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION With the exception of the Komeda rat, the animal models mirror very well the situation in humans with type 1 diabetes. Thus animal models of type 1 diabetes can provide meaningful information on the disease processes in the pancreas of patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jörns
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30623, Hannover, Germany
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28
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Miniaturized and high-throughput assays for analysis of T-cell immunity specific for opportunistic pathogens and HIV. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:488-95. [PMID: 24477854 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00660-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of antigen-specific T-cell responses is valuable in numerous conditions that include infectious diseases, vaccinations, and opportunistic infections associated with acquired or congenital immune defects. A variety of assays that make use of peripheral lymphocytes to test activation markers, T-cell receptor expression, or functional responses are currently available. The last group of assays calls for large numbers of functional lymphocytes. The number of cells increases with the number of antigens to be tested. Consequently, cells may be the limiting factor, particularly in lymphopenic subjects and in children, the groups that more often require immune monitoring. We have developed immunochemical assays that measure secreted cytokines in the same wells in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are cultured. This procedure lent itself to miniaturization and automation. Lymphoproliferation and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay have been adapted to a miniaturized format. Here we provide examples of immune profiles and describe a comparison between miniaturized assays based on cytokine secretion or proliferation. We also demonstrate that these assays are convenient for use in testing antigen specificity in established T-cell lines, in addition to analysis of PBMC. In summary, the applicabilities of miniaturization to save cells and reagents and of automation to save time and increase accuracy were demonstrated in this study using different methodological approaches valuable in the clinical immunology laboratory.
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29
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Abstract
Glioma-like inflammatory demyelinating lesions can be found in patients with pre-diagnosed multiple sclerosis, but they have also been described as an isolated disease entity. The initial diagnostic work-up usually includes a biopsy for histopathological analysis. However, even after unambiguous histopathologic classification, tumefactive lesions pose a therapeutic challenge. Until now, there have been no guidelines on how to treat patients with these rare and extreme lesion phenotypes. Here we report a patient with a relapsing unifocal tumefactive demyelinating lesion. The patient initially showed a good response to steroid treatment, with full clinical recovery. However, after relapse of the same lesion, recovery was incomplete. Although immunosuppression was initiated, the patient presented with subsequent further deterioration. Only maximal escalation of immunosuppression was able to stop the inflammatory activity. Due to the length of time of the step-wise escalation treatment however, the lengthy lesion activity led to irreversible tissue destruction and residual non-remitting disability. Early aggressive treatment with an induction therapy regimen might be more appropriate for these rare and often strongly disabling lesion subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Siffrin
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart O Roep
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden NL-2333ZA 2, Netherlands.
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31
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Antibody biomarker discovery through in vitro directed evolution of consensus recognition epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:19330-5. [PMID: 24222690 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314792110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To enable discovery of serum antibodies indicative of disease and simultaneously develop reagents suitable for diagnosis, in vitro directed evolution was applied to identify consensus peptides recognized by patients' serum antibodies. Bacterial cell-displayed peptide libraries were quantitatively screened for binders to serum antibodies from patients with celiac disease (CD), using cell-sorting instrumentation to identify two distinct consensus epitope families specific to CD patients (PEQ and (E)/DxFV(Y)/FQ). Evolution of the (E)/DxFV(Y)/FQ consensus epitope identified a celiac-specific epitope, distinct from the two CD hallmark antigens tissue transglutaminase-2 and deamidated gliadin, exhibiting 71% sensitivity and 99% specificity (n = 231). Expansion of the first-generation PEQ consensus epitope via in vitro evolution yielded octapeptides QPEQAFPE and PFPEQxFP that identified ω- and γ-gliadins, and their deamidated forms, as immunodominant B-cell epitopes in wheat and related cereal proteins. The evolved octapeptides, but not first-generation peptides, discriminated one-way blinded CD and non-CD sera (n = 78) with exceptional accuracy, yielding 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity. Because this method, termed antibody diagnostics via evolution of peptides, does not require prior knowledge of pathobiology, it may be broadly useful for de novo discovery of antibody biomarkers and reagents for their detection.
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32
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Tang J, Lu J, Yan HP. Diagnostic and predictive significance of autoantibody profiles in autoimmune liver disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:2544-2550. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i25.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune liver disease (AILD) is a chronic inflammatory disease presumably induced by a disorder of immune homeostasis within the liver, which can lead to damage to or loss of the hepatic parenchyma or bile duct epithelia. Indirect immunofluorescence and antibody specificity assays are important tools for the diagnosis of AILD. Over the last decade, there have been an increasing number of newly characterized target antigens for autoantibodies in AILD. Autoantibodies, as biomarkers, are used not only for disease diagnosis, but also for monitoring disease activity and progression and predicting prognosis and treatment responses.
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Ahmed ST, Akirav E, Bradshaw E, Buckner J, McKinney E, Quintana FJ, Waldron-Lynch F, Nepom J. Immunological biomarkers: catalysts for translational advances in autoimmune diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 172:178-85. [PMID: 23574315 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent workshop organized by the JDRF focused on the 'Identification and Utilization of Robust Biomarkers in Type1 Diabetes', leaders in the field of type 1 diabetes (T1D)/autoimmunity and assay technology came together from academia, government and industry to assess the current state of the field, evaluate available resources/technologies and identify gaps that need to be filled for moving the field of T1D research forward. The highlights of this workshop are discussed in this paper, as well as the proposal for a larger, planned consortium effort, incorporating a JDRF Biomarker Core, to foster collaboration and accelerate progress in this critically needed area of T1D research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Ahmed
- JDRF, 26, Broadway, 14th Floor, New York, NY 10004, USA.
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34
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Michels AW. Targeting the trimolecular complex: the pathway towards type 1 diabetes prevention. Diabetes Technol Ther 2013; 15 Suppl 2:S2-8-S2-12. [PMID: 23786298 PMCID: PMC3676662 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2013.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
George Eisenbarth devoted his life to understanding the basic immunology of the autoimmune polyglandular syndromes and type 1 diabetes, while providing exceptional clinical care to individuals afflicted with these disorders. Over the last 5 years, I was privileged to know George Eisenbarth as a mentor, colleague, and friend. His enthusiasm for science and specifically understanding the basic immunology of type 1 diabetes was infectious. George was the first to initially hypothesize that type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disorder. He made diabetes a predictable disease by developing biochemical assays to measure islet autoantibodies and provided this technology worldwide to researchers and the medical community. His work identifying and detecting islet autoantibodies allowed for clinical intervention trials aimed at preventing type 1 diabetes. George worked fervently to prevent the disease. During my time as a fellow in George's laboratory and faculty member at the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, we focused our efforts for diabetes prevention at the trimolecular complex (human leukocyte antigen molecule, self-peptide, and T cell receptor), which plays a pivotal role in diabetes pathogenesis. It is our belief that targeting this complex with safe and specific therapies will lead to the prevention of type 1 diabetes and an improved understanding as to why diabetes develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart O Roep
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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36
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Subclinical CNS Inflammation as Response to a Myelin Antigen in Humanized Mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:1037-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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37
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Fleming J. Helminth therapy and multiple sclerosis. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:259-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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38
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Mallone R, Roep BO. Biomarkers for immune intervention trials in type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:286-96. [PMID: 23510725 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After many efforts to improve and standardize assays for detecting immune biomarkers in type 1 diabetes (T1D), methods to identify and monitor such correlates of insulitis are coming of age. The ultimate goal is to use these correlates to predict disease progression before onset and regression following therapeutic intervention, which would allow performing smaller and shorter pilot clinical trials with earlier endpoints than those offered by preserved β-cell function or improved glycemic control. Here, too, progress has been made. With the emerging insight that T1D represents a heterogeneous disease, the next challenge is to define patient subpopulations that qualify for personalized medicine or that should be enrolled for immune intervention, to maximize clinical benefit and decrease collateral damage by ineffective or even adverse immune therapeutics. This review discusses the current state of the art, setting the stage for future efforts to monitor disease heterogeneity, progression and therapeutic intervention in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mallone
- Cochin Institute, INSERM U1016, DeAR Lab Avenir, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôtel Dieu, Service de Diabétologie, Paris, France.
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39
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Shapiro AMJ. Islet transplantation in type 1 diabetes: ongoing challenges, refined procedures, and long-term outcome. Rev Diabet Stud 2012; 9:385-406. [PMID: 23804275 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2012.9.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made in islet transplantation over a span of 40 years. Once just an experimental curiosity in mice, this therapy has moved forward, and can now provide robust therapy for highly selected patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), refractory to stabilization by other means. This progress could not have occurred without extensive dynamic international collaboration. Currently, 1,085 patients have undergone islet transplantation at 40 international sites since the Edmonton Protocol was reported in 2000 (752 allografts, 333 autografts), according to the Collaborative Islet Transplant Registry. The long-term results of islet transplantation in selected centers now match registry data of pancreas-alone transplantation, with 6 sites reporting five-year insulin independence rates ≥50%. Islet transplantation has been criticized for the use of multiple donor pancreas organs, but progress has also occurred in single-donor success, with 10 sites reporting increased single-donor engraftment. The next wave of innovative clinical trial interventions will address instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR), apoptosis, and inflammation, and will translate into further marked improvements in single-donor success. Effective control of auto- and alloimmunity is the key to long-term islet function, and high-resolution cellular and antibody-based assays will add considerable precision to this process. Advances in immunosuppression, with new antibody-based targeting of costimulatory blockade and other T-B cellular signaling, will have further profound impact on the safety record of immunotherapy. Clinical trials will move forward shortly to test out new human stem cell derived islets, and in parallel trials will move forward, testing pig islets for compatibility in patients. Induction of immunological tolerance to self-islet antigens and to allografts is a difficult challenge, but potentially within our grasp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M James Shapiro
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 2000 College Plaza, 8215 112th Street, Edmonton AB Canada T6G 2C8.
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40
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Ward JM, Vallender EJ. The resurgence and genetic implications of New World primates in biomedical research. Trends Genet 2012; 28:586-91. [PMID: 23099234 PMCID: PMC3500444 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There has been a recent resurgence of interest in New World monkeys within the biomedical research community, driven by both the sequencing of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) genome and a growing demand for alternatives to Old World primates. New World monkeys offer attractive advantages over Old World species, including cheaper and simpler husbandry, while still maintaining a greater evolutionary proximity to humans compared with other animal models. Although numerous commonalities across primate species exist, there are also important genetic and reproductive differences that can and should play a critical role in selecting appropriate animal models. Common marmosets in particular have significantly reduced diversity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci and are born as hematopoietic chimeras. New World primates can make ideal translational models for research, but scientists must necessarily incorporate complete understandings of their genetic and phenotypic differences from humans and other model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Ward
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Eric J. Vallender
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
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Biomarkers and immune-modulating therapies for Type 2 diabetes. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:546-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Britten CM, Janetzki S, Butterfield LH, Ferrari G, Gouttefangeas C, Huber C, Kalos M, Levitsky HI, Maecker HT, Melief CJM, O'Donnell-Tormey J, Odunsi K, Old LJ, Ottenhoff THM, Ottensmeier C, Pawelec G, Roederer M, Roep BO, Romero P, van der Burg SH, Walter S, Hoos A, Davis MM. T cell assays and MIATA: the essential minimum for maximum impact. Immunity 2012; 37:1-2. [PMID: 22840835 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Weih F, Gräbner R, Hu D, Beer M, Habenicht AJR. Control of dichotomic innate and adaptive immune responses by artery tertiary lymphoid organs in atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2012; 3:226. [PMID: 22783198 PMCID: PMC3390894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) emerge in tissues in response to non-resolving inflammation such as chronic infection, graft rejection, and autoimmune disease. We identified artery TLOs (ATLOs) in the adventitia adjacent to atherosclerotic plaques of aged hyperlipidemic ApoE−/− mice. ATLOs are structured into T cell areas harboring conventional dendritic cells and monocyte-derived DCs; B cell follicles containing follicular dendritic cells within activated germinal centers; and peripheral niches of plasma cells. ATLOs also show extensive neoangiogenesis, aberrant lymphangiogenesis, and high endothelial venule (HEV) neogenesis. Newly formed conduit networks connect the external lamina of the artery with HEVs in T cell areas. ATLOs recruit and generate lymphocyte subsets with opposing activities including activated CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells, natural and induced CD4+ T regulatory (nTregs; iTregs) cells as well as B-1 and B-2 cells at different stages of differentiation. These data indicate that ATLOs organize dichotomic innate and adaptive immune responses in atherosclerosis. In this review we discuss the novel concept that dichotomic immune responses toward atherosclerosis-specific antigens are carried out by ATLOs in the adventitia of the arterial wall and that malfunction of the tolerogenic arm of ATLO immunity triggers transition from silent autoimmune reactivity to clinically overt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Weih
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute Jena, Germany
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Attfield KE, Dendrou CA, Fugger L. Bridging the gap from genetic association to functional understanding: the next generation of mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Immunol Rev 2012; 248:10-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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