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George Pryzdial EL, Perrier JR, Rashid MU, West HE, Sutherland MR. Viral coagulation: pushing the envelope. J Thromb Haemost 2024:S1538-7836(24)00500-2. [PMID: 39260743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Many virus types affect the blood clotting system with correlations to pathology that range widely from thrombosis to hemorrhage linking to inflammation. Here we overview the intricate crosstalk induced by infection between proteins on the virus encoded by either the host or virus genomes, coagulation proteins, platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells. For blood-borne viruses with an outer covering acquired from the host cell, the envelope, a key player may be the cell-derived trigger of coagulation on the virus surface, tissue factor (TF). TF is a multifunctional transmembrane cofactor that accelerates factor (F)VIIa-dependent activation of FX to FXa, leading to clot formation. However, the nascent TF/FVIIa/FXa complex also facilitates G protein-coupled modulation of cells via protease-activated receptor 2. As a viral envelope constituent, TF can bypass the physiological modes of regulation, thereby initiating the activation of neighboring platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells. A thromboinflammatory environment is predicted due to feedback amplification in response to cellular release of cytokines, procoagulant proteins, neutrophil extracellular traps, and stimulus-induced accessibility of adhesive receptors, resulting in cellular aggregates. The pathobiological effects of thromboinflammation ultimately contribute to innate and adaptive immunity for viral clearance. In contrast, the preceding stages of viral infection may be enhanced via the TF-protease axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Louis George Pryzdial
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - John Ruggles Perrier
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahamud-Ur Rashid
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry Euan West
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Ross Sutherland
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Corsini M, Ravelli C, Grillo E, Domenichini M, Mitola S. Mutation in the Kinase Domain Alters the VEGFR2 Membrane Dynamics. Cells 2024; 13:1346. [PMID: 39195235 DOI: 10.3390/cells13161346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the substitution R1051Q in VEGFR2 has been described as a cancer-associated "gain of function" mutation. VEGFR2R1051Q phosphorylation is ligand-independent and enhances the activation of intracellular pathways and cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. In cancer, this mutation is found in heterozygosity, suggesting that an interaction between VEGFR2R1051Q and VEGFR2WT may occur and could explain, at least in part, how VEGFR2R1051Q acts to promote VEGFR2 signaling. Despite this, the biochemical/biophysical mechanism of the activation of VEGFR2R1051Q remains poorly understood. On these bases, the aim of our study is to address how VEGFR2R1051Q influences the biophysical behavior (dimerization and membrane dynamics) of the co-expressed VEGFR2WT. METHODS We employed quantitative FLIM/FRET and FRAP imaging techniques using CHO cells co-transfected with the two forms of VEGFR2 to mimic heterozygosity. RESULTS Membrane protein biotinylation reveals that VEGFR2WT is more exposed on the cell membrane with respect to VEGFR2R1051Q. The imaging analyses show the ability of VEGFR2WT to form heterodimers with VEGFR2R1051Q and this interaction alters its membrane dynamics. Indeed, when the co-expression of VEGFR2WT/VEGFR2R1051Q occurs, VEGFR2WT shows reduced lateral motility and a minor pool of mobile fraction. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that active VEGFR2R1051Q can affect the membrane behavior of the VEGFR2WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Corsini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- CN3 "Sviluppo di Terapia Genica e Farmaci con Tecnologia ad RNA", 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cosetta Ravelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- CIB Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Grillo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- CIB Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Domenichini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- CN3 "Sviluppo di Terapia Genica e Farmaci con Tecnologia ad RNA", 25123 Brescia, Italy
- CIB Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Kroeze S, Kootstra NA, van Nuenen AC, Rossouw TM, Kityo CM, Siwale M, Akanmu S, Mandaliya K, de Jager M, Ondoa P, Wit FW, Reiss P, Rinke de Wit TF, Hamers RL. Specific plasma microRNAs are associated with CD4 + T-cell recovery during suppressive antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1. AIDS 2024; 38:791-801. [PMID: 38300257 PMCID: PMC10994156 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the association of plasma microRNAs before and during antiretroviral therapy (ART) with poor CD4 + T-cell recovery during the first year of ART. DESIGN MicroRNAs were retrospectively measured in stored plasma samples from people with HIV (PWH) in sub-Saharan Africa who were enrolled in a longitudinal multicountry cohort and who had plasma viral-load less than 50 copies/ml after 12 months of ART. METHODS First, the levels of 179 microRNAs were screened in a subset of participants from the lowest and highest tertiles of CD4 + T-cell recovery (ΔCD4) ( N = 12 each). Next, 11 discordant microRNAs, were validated in 113 participants (lowest tertile ΔCD4: n = 61, highest tertile ΔCD4: n = 52). For discordant microRNAs in the validation, a pathway analysis was conducted. Lastly, we compared microRNA levels of PWH to HIV-negative controls. RESULTS Poor CD4 + T-cell recovery was associated with higher levels of hsa-miR-199a-3p and hsa-miR-200c-3p before ART, and of hsa-miR-17-5p and hsa-miR-501-3p during ART. Signaling by VEGF and MET, and RNA polymerase II transcription pathways were identified as possible targets of hsa-miR-199a-3p, hsa-200c-3p, and hsa-miR-17-5p. Compared with HIV-negative controls, we observed lower hsa-miR-326, hsa-miR-497-5p, and hsa-miR-501-3p levels before and during ART in all PWH, and higher hsa-miR-199a-3p and hsa-miR-200c-3p levels before ART in all PWH, and during ART in PWH with poor CD4 + T-cell recovery only. CONCLUSION These findings add to the understanding of pathways involved in persistent HIV-induced immune dysregulation during suppressive ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kroeze
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A. Kootstra
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ad C. van Nuenen
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theresa M. Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Sulaimon Akanmu
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos and the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Pascale Ondoa
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health
- African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ferdinand W. Wit
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting HIV Monitoring
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Reiss
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias F. Rinke de Wit
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raph L. Hamers
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Govindsamy A, Singh S, Naicker T. Genetic Appraisal of RAAS-Associated SNPs: REN (rs16853055), AGT (rs3789678) and ACE (rs4305) in Preeclamptic Women Living with HIV Infection. Curr Hypertens Rep 2024; 26:213-224. [PMID: 38411777 PMCID: PMC11153260 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-023-01292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The primary goal of this review article was to determine whether the three RAAS-associated SNPs, Renin-rs16853055, AGT-rs3789678 and ACE-rs4305 are genetically linked to the development of hypertension in preeclampsia. The secondary goal was to establish if there was a link between these SNPs and HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS There is a paucity of findings related to the aforementioned SNPs and preeclampsia. There are no recent findings on the rs16853055 renin polymorphism. The rs3789678 angiotensinogen polymorphism correlated significantly with gestational hypertension. The rs4305 ACE polymorphism showed no significant association with the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension. There are conflicting findings when determining the relationship between ethnicity and the predisposition of preeclampsia and hypertension in relation to the discussed RAAS-associated SNPs. To date, the association between RAAS-associated SNPs and preeclamptic women co-morbid with HIV in South Africa has revealed that certain alleles of the AGT gene are more prominent in HIV-infected PE compared to normotensive pregnant HIV-infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelene Govindsamy
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Shoohana Singh
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Sabourirad S, Dimitriadis E, Mantamadiotis T. Viruses exploit growth factor mechanisms to achieve augmented pathogenicity and promote tumorigenesis. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:193. [PMID: 38526562 PMCID: PMC10963461 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis is regulated by growth factors (GFs) which orchestrate various cellular processes including proliferation, survival, differentiation, motility, inflammation and angiogenesis. Dysregulation of GFs in microbial infections and malignancies have been reported previously. Viral pathogens exemplify the exploitation of host cell GFs and their signalling pathways contributing to viral entry, virulence, and evasion of anti-viral immune responses. Viruses can also perturb cellular metabolism and the cell cycle by manipulation of GF signaling. In some cases, this disturbance may promote oncogenesis. Viral pathogens can encode viral GF homologues and induce the endogenous biosynthesis of GFs and their corresponding receptors or manipulate their activity to infect the host cells. Close investigation of how viral strategies exploit and regulate GFs, a will shed light on how to improve anti-viral therapy and cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss and provide insights on how various viral pathogens exploit different GFs to promote viral survival and oncogenic transformation, and how this knowledge can be leveraged toward the design of more efficient therapeutics or novel drug delivery systems in the treatment of both viral infections and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Sabourirad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Evdokia Dimitriadis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Surgery RMH, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Zhou Y, Huang Y, Chen X, Chen T, Hu W, Hou W, Zhang Q, Xiong Y. Transcriptomic study reveals changes of lncRNAs in PBMCs from HIV-1 patients before and after ART. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22493. [PMID: 38110484 PMCID: PMC10728114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in regulating HIV-1 infection and virus-host interactions. However, it is unclear whether and how ART alters lncRNAs in HIV-infected patients. In the present study, we investigated changes of lncRNAs in PBMCs from HIV-1 patients pre- and post-ART. We identified a total of 974 lncRNAs whose expression was restored to normal levels after ART. Cis-acting analysis showed that six lncRNAs have cis-regulated target genes, among which RP11-290F5.1 and interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) were reported to promote HIV replication. Furthermore, we found that lncRNA CTB-119C2.1, which regulates most mRNAs with differential expression in PBMCs from HIV-1 infected patients after ART, was significantly upregulated by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR assays. KEGG analysis of CTB-119C2.1-associated genes revealed that most of the genes are involved in the p53 signaling pathway and pathways related to cell cycle and DNA replication. Our findings thus reveal the dynamic change of lncRNAs in people living with HIV-1 pre- and post-ART and warrant further investigation of the role of lncRNAs in HIV-1 pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tielong Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wenjia Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China.
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Sun Y, Cai M, Liang Y, Zhang Y. Disruption of blood-brain barrier: effects of HIV Tat on brain microvascular endothelial cells and tight junction proteins. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:658-668. [PMID: 37899420 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Although the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has prolonged the life span of people living with HIV (PLWH), the incidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in PLWH is also gradually increasing, seriously affecting the quality of life for PLWH. However, the pathogenesis of HAND has not been elucidated, which leaves HAND without effective treatment. HIV protein transactivator of transcription (Tat), as an important regulatory protein, is crucial in the pathogenesis of HAND, and its mechanism of HAND has received widespread attention. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its cellular component brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) play a necessary role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS), and their damage associated with Tat is a potential therapeutic target of HAND. In this review, we will study the Tat-mediated damage mechanism of the BBB and present multiple lines of evidence related to BMVEC damage caused by Tat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Miaotian Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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8
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András IE, Serrano N, Djuraskovic I, Fattakhov N, Sun E, Toborek M. Extracellular Vesicle-Serpine-1 Affects Neural Progenitor Cell Mitochondrial Networks and Synaptic Density: Modulation by Amyloid Beta and HIV-1. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6441-6465. [PMID: 37458985 PMCID: PMC10533645 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain endothelial extracellular vesicles carrying amyloid beta (EV-Aβ) can be transferred to neural progenitor cells (NPCs) leading to NPC dysfunction. However, the events involved in this EV-mediated Aβ pathology are unclear. EV-proteomics studies identified Serpine-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, PAI-1) as a major connecting "hub" on several protein-protein interaction maps. Serpine-1 was described as a key player in Aβ pathology and was linked to HIV-1 infection as well. Therefore, the aim of this work was to address the hypothesis that Serpine-1 can be transferred via EVs from brain endothelial cells (HBMEC) to NPCs and contribute to NPC dysfunction. HBMEC concentrated and released Serpine-1 via EVs, the effect that was potentiated by HIV-1 and Aβ. EVs loaded with Serpine-1 were readily taken up by NPCs, and HIV-1 enhanced this event. Interestingly, a highly specific Serpine-1 inhibitor PAI039 increased EV-Aβ transfer to NPCs in the presence of HIV-1. PAI039 also partially blocked mitochondrial network morphology alterations in the recipient NPCs, which developed mainly after HIV + Aβ-EV transfer. PAI039 partly attenuated HIV-EV-mediated decreased synaptic protein levels in NPCs, while increased synaptic protein levels in NPC projections. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying EV-Serpine-1 related Aβ pathology in the context of HIV infection. They are relevant to HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in an effort to elucidate the mechanisms of neuropathology in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya E. András
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Nelson Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Irina Djuraskovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Enze Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15Th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
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Chinna P, Bratl K, Lambarey H, Blumenthal MJ, Schäfer G. The Impact of Co-Infections for Human Gammaherpesvirus Infection and Associated Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13066. [PMID: 37685871 PMCID: PMC10487760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The two oncogenic human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) cause significant disease burden, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals. Both viruses display latent and lytic phases of their life cycle with different outcomes for their associated pathologies. The high prevalence of infectious diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), particularly HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and more recently, COVID-19, as well as their associated inflammatory responses, could potentially impact either virus' infectious course. However, acute or lytically active EBV and/or KSHV infections often present with symptoms mimicking these predominant diseases leading to misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis of oncogenic herpesvirus-associated pathologies. EBV and/or KSHV infections are generally acquired early in life and remain latent until lytic reactivation is triggered by various stimuli. This review summarizes known associations between infectious agents prevalent in SSA and underlying EBV and/or KSHV infection. While presenting an overview of both viruses' biphasic life cycles, this review aims to highlight the importance of co-infections in the correct identification of risk factors for and diagnoses of EBV- and/or KSHV-associated pathologies, particularly in SSA, where both oncogenic herpesviruses as well as other infectious agents are highly pervasive and can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prishanta Chinna
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Katrin Bratl
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Humaira Lambarey
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Melissa J. Blumenthal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (P.C.); (K.B.); (H.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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András IE, Serrano N, Djuraskovic I, Fattakhov N, Sun E, Toborek M. Extracellular vesicle-Serpine-1 affects neural progenitor cell mitochondrial functions and synaptic density: modulation by amyloid beta and HIV-1. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2551245. [PMID: 36824983 PMCID: PMC9949237 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2551245/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Brain endothelial extracellular vesicles carrying amyloid beta (EV-Aβ) can be transferred to neural progenitor cells (NPCs) leading to NPC dysfunction. However, the events involved in this EV-mediated Aβ pathology are unclear. EV-proteomics studies identified Serpine-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, PAI-1) as a major connecting "hub" on several protein-protein interaction maps. Serpine-1 was described as a key player in Aβ pathology and was linked to HIV-1 infection as well. Therefore, the aim of this work was to address the hypothesis that Serpine-1 can be transferred via EVs from brain endothelial cells to NPCs and contribute to NPC dysfunction. HBMEC concentrated and released Serpine-1 via EVs, the effect that was potentiated by HIV-1 and Aβ. EVs loaded with Serpine-1 were readily taken up by NPCs, and HIV-1 enhanced this event. Interestingly, a highly specific Serpine-1 inhibitor PAI039 increased EV-Aβ transfer to NPCs in the presence of HIV-1. PAI039 also partially blocked mitochondrial network morphology and mitochondrial function alterations in the recipient NPCs, which developed mainly after HIV + Aβ-EV transfer. PAI039 partly attenuated HIV-EV-mediated decreased synaptic protein levels in NPCs, while increased synaptic protein levels in NPC projections. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying EV-Serpine-1 related Aβ pathology in the context of HIV infection. They are relevant to HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in an effort to elucidate the mechanisms of neuropathology in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya E András
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Nelson Serrano
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Irina Djuraskovic
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Enze Sun
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Michal Toborek
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine: University of Miami School of Medicine
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11
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Abel T, Moodley J, Khaliq OP, Naicker T. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2: Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential in Preeclampsia Comorbidity with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213752. [PMID: 36430232 PMCID: PMC9691176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review explored the role of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) in the synergy of preeclampsia (PE), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Downregulation of VEGFR-2 in PE promotes endothelial dysfunction and prevents endothelial cell (EC) migration, proliferation, and differentiation. The HIV-1 accessory protein, tat (trans-activator of transcription), prevents VEGFR-2 signaling via the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) ligand. Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) may cause immune reconstitution, impaired decidualization, and endothelial injury, thus may be a risk factor for PE development. The VEGF/VEGFR-2 interaction may be associated with SARS-CoV-2-related pulmonary oedema. Endothelial dysfunction and heightened inflammation are both associated with PE, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection; therefore, it is plausible that both characteristics may be exacerbated in the synergy of these events. In addition, this review explored microRNAs (miR) regulating VEGFR-2. An overexpression of miR-126 is evident in PE, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection; thus, modulating the expression of miR-126 may be a therapeutic strategy. However, the involvement of microRNAs in PE, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection needs further investigating. Since these conditions have been evaluated independently, this review attempts to predict their clinical manifestations in their synergy, as well as independently; thereby providing a platform for early diagnosis and therapeutic potential in PE, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tashlen Abel
- Women’s Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Women’s Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Olive P. Khaliq
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institution, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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12
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Naidoo N, Moodley J, Khaliq OP, Naicker T. Neuropilin-1 in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, HIV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A review. Virus Res 2022; 319:198880. [PMID: 35905790 PMCID: PMC9316720 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the role of transmembrane neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) in pregnancy, preeclampsia (PE), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Since these conditions are assessed independently, this review attempts to predict their comorbid clinical manifestations. Dysregulation of NRP-1 contributes to the pathogenesis of PE by (a) impairing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling for adequate spiral artery remodeling and placentation, (b) inducing syncytiotrophoblast (ST) cell apoptosis and increasing ST-derived microparticle circulation and (c) by decreasing regulatory T cell activity predisposing maternal immune intolerance. Although NRP-1 is upregulated in SARS-CoV-2 placentae, its exploitation for SARS-CoV-2 internalization and increased infectivity may alter angiogenesis through the competitive inhibition of VEGF. The anti-inflammatory nature of NRP-1 may aid its upregulation in HIV-1 infection; however, the HIV-accessory protein, tat, reduces NRP-1 expression. Upregulated NRP-1 in macrophages and dendritic cells also demonstrated HIV-1 resistance/reduced infectivity. Notably, HIV-1-infected pregnant women receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prevent vertical transmission may experience immune reconstitution, impaired decidualization, and elevated markers of endothelial injury. Since endothelial dysfunction and altered immune responses are central to PE, HIV-1 infection, ART usage and SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is plausible that an exacerbation of both features may prevail in the synergy of these events. Additionally, this review identifies microRNAs (miRNAs) mediating NRP-1 expression. MiR-320 and miR-141 are overexpressed in PE, while miR-206 and miR-124-3p showed increased expression in PE and HIV-1 infection. Additionally, miR-214 is overexpressed in PE, HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection, implicating treatment strategies to reduce these miRNAs to upregulate and normalize NRP-1 expression. However, inconsistencies in the data of the role and regulation of miRNAs in PE, HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infections require clarification. This review provides a platform for early diagnosis and potential therapeutic intervention of PE, HIV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 infections independently and as comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitalia Naidoo
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Olive Pearl Khaliq
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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13
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Sharma AL, Wang H, Zhang Z, Millien G, Tyagi M, Hongpaisan J. HIV Promotes Neurocognitive Impairment by Damaging the Hippocampal Microvessels. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4966-4986. [PMID: 35665894 PMCID: PMC10071835 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that mild cerebrovascular changes could induce neurodegeneration and contribute to HIV-associated neurocognitive disease (HAND) in HIV patients. We investigated both the quantitative and qualitative impact of HIV infection on brain microvessels, especially on hippocampal microvessels, which are crucial for optimal O2 supply, and thus for maintaining memory and cognitive abilities. The results obtained using cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) were reproduced using a suitable mouse model and autopsied human HIV hippocampus. In HBMEC, we found significantly higher oxidative stress-dependent apoptotic cell loss following 5 h of treatment of GST-Tat (1 µg/ml) compared to GST (1 µg/ml) control. We noticed complete recovery of HBMEC cells after 24 h of GST-Tat treatment, due to temporal degradation or inactivation of GST-Tat. Interestingly, we found a sustained increase in mitochondrial oxidative DNA damage marker 8-OHdG, as well as an increase in hypoxia-inducible factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). In our mouse studies, upon short-term injection of GST-Tat, we found the loss of small microvessels (mostly capillaries) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but not large microvessels (arterioles and venules) in the hippocampus. In addition to capillary loss, in the post-mortem HIV-infected human hippocampus, we observed large microvessels with increased wall cells and perivascular tissue degeneration. Together, our data show a crucial role of Tat in inducing HIF-1α-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (TFAM) and dilated perivascular space. Thus, our results further define the underlying molecular mechanism promoting mild cerebrovascular disease, neuropathy, and HAND pathogenesis in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhikarimayum Lakhikumar Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Jefferson Alumni Hall, PA, 19107, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Huaixing Wang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Jefferson Alumni Hall, PA, 19107, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Zongxiu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Jefferson Alumni Hall, PA, 19107, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Guetchyn Millien
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Jefferson Alumni Hall, PA, 19107, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Jefferson Alumni Hall, PA, 19107, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Jarin Hongpaisan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Jefferson Alumni Hall, PA, 19107, Philadelphia, USA.
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14
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T-cell evasion and invasion during HIV-1 infection: The role of HIV-1 Tat protein. Cell Immunol 2022; 377:104554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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HIV Associated Preeclampsia: A Multifactorial Appraisal. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179157. [PMID: 34502066 PMCID: PMC8431090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This review explores angiogenesis, vascular dysfunction, the complement system, RAAS, apoptosis and NETosis as potential pathways that are dysregulated during preeclampsia, HIV infection and ART usage. Results: HIV-1 accessory and matrix proteins are protagonists for the elevation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and elevation of adhesion markers. Despite the immunodeficiency during HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 exploits our cellular defence arsenal by escaping cell-mediated lysis, yet HIV-1 infectivity is enhanced via C5a release of TNF-α and IL-6. This review demonstrates that PE is an oxidatively stressed microenvironment associated with increased apoptosis and NETosis, but with a decline in angiogenesis. Immune reconstitution in the duality of HIV-1 and PE by protease inhibitors, HAART and nucleoside reverse transcriptase, affect similar cellular pathways that eventuate in loss of endothelial cell integrity and, hence, its dysfunction. Conclusions: HIV-1 infection, preeclampsia and ARTs differentially affect endothelial cell function. In the synergy of both conditions, endothelial dysfunction predominates. This knowledge will help us to understand the effect of HIV infection and ART on immune reconstitution in preeclampsia.
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16
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Kumar A, Mahajan A, Salazar EA, Pruitt K, Guzman CA, Clauss MA, Almodovar S, Dhillon NK. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on pulmonary vascular disease. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2021; 2021:e202112. [PMID: 34285903 PMCID: PMC8272407 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2021.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of anti-retroviral therapy, non-AIDS-related comorbidities have increased in people living with HIV. Among these comorbidities, pulmonary hypertension (PH) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality. Although chronic HIV-1 infection is independently associated with the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension, PH in people living with HIV may also be the outcome of various co-morbidities commonly observed in these individuals including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, left heart disease and co-infections. In addition, the association of these co-morbidities and other risk factors, such as illicit drug use, can exacerbate the development of pulmonary vascular disease. This review will focus on these complex interactions contributing to PH development and exacerbation in HIV patients. We also examine the interactions of HIV proteins, including Nef, Tat, and gp120 in the pulmonary vasculature and how these proteins alter the endothelial and smooth muscle function by transforming them into susceptible PH phenotype. The review also discusses the available infectious and non-infectious animal models to study HIV-associated PAH, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each model, along with their ability to mimic the clinical manifestations of HIV-PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Aatish Mahajan
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Ethan A Salazar
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Christian Arce Guzman
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthias A Clauss
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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17
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Mafuika SN, Naicker T. The role of Tenascin-C in HIV associated pre-eclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021; 25:156-160. [PMID: 34146831 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre-eclampsia (PE) accounts for 14.8% of maternal deaths in South Africa. Tenascin C (TN-C) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine expressed in the extracellular matrix and may be dysregulated in the hyperinflammatory PE microenvironment. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study examined serum TN-C in normotensive pregnant (n = 36) and pre-eclamptic (n = 36) HIV positive and negative women using an immunoassay. RESULTS TN-C was significantly upregulated in PE vs normotensive pregnant women (p = 0.0075) and HIV-positive vs negative pregnant women (p = 0.0009). TN-C levels across all groups was statistically different (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates an elevation of TN-C in HIV-associated PE. The potential benefit of TN-C as a biomarker to detect PE development requires investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seke Nzau Mafuika
- Discipline of Optics and Imaging, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Discipline of Optics and Imaging, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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18
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Naidoo N, Moodley J, Naicker T. Maternal endothelial dysfunction in HIV-associated preeclampsia comorbid with COVID-19: a review. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:386-398. [PMID: 33469197 PMCID: PMC7815501 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-00604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review assesses markers of endothelial dysfunction (ED) associated with the maternal syndrome of preeclampsia (PE). We evaluate the role of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected preeclamptic women. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the potential of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), dolutegravir (DTG) and remdesivir (RDV) in drug repurposing and their safety in pregnancy complicated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In HIV infection, the trans-activator of transcription protein, which has homology with vascular endothelial growth factor, impairs angiogenesis, leading to endothelial injury and possible PE development despite neutralization of their opposing immune states. Markers of ED show strong evidence supporting the adverse role of ART in PE development and mortality compared to treatment-naïve pregnancies. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, exploits angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) to induce ED and hypertension, thereby mimicking angiotensin II-mediated PE in severe cases of infection. Upregulated ACE 2 in pregnancy is a possible risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent PE development. The potential effectiveness of LPV/r against COVID-19 is inconclusive; however, defective decidualization, along with elevated markers of ED, was observed. Therefore, the safety of these drugs in HIV-positive pregnancies complicated by COVID-19 requires attention. Despite the observed endothelial protective properties of DTG, there is a lack of evidence of its effects on pregnancy and COVID-19 therapeutics. Understanding RDV-ART interactions and the inclusion of pregnant women in antiviral drug repurposing trials is essential. This review provides a platform for further research on PE in the HIV-COVID-19 syndemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitalia Naidoo
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institution, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institution, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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19
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Seeherman S, Suzuki YJ. Viral Infection and Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for the Molecular Basis of COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041659. [PMID: 33562193 PMCID: PMC7914972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While this respiratory virus only causes mild symptoms in younger healthy individuals, elderly people and those with cardiovascular diseases such as systemic hypertension are susceptible to developing severe conditions that can be fatal. SARS-CoV-2 infection is also associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial injury, acute coronary syndrome, and thromboembolism. Understanding the mechanisms of the effects of this virus on the cardiovascular system should thus help develop therapeutic strategies to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since this virus causes severe and fatal conditions in older individuals with cardiovascular comorbidities, effective therapies targeting specific populations will likely contribute to ending this pandemic. In this review article, the effects of various viruses—including other coronaviruses, influenza, dengue, and human immunodeficiency virus—on the cardiovascular system are described to help provide molecular mechanisms of pathologies associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. The goal is to provide mechanistic information from the biology of other viral infections in relation to cardiovascular pathologies for the purpose of developing improved vaccines and therapeutic agents effective in preventing and/or treating the acute and long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Seeherman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA;
| | - Yuichiro J. Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Bahraoui E, Serrero M, Planès R. HIV-1 Tat - TLR4/MD2 interaction drives the expression of IDO-1 in monocytes derived dendritic cells through NF-κB dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8177. [PMID: 32424165 PMCID: PMC7235218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we showed that HIV-1 Tat protein stimulated the expression of Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) -1 in human monocytes derived dendritic cells (MoDC) but not IDO-2 by acting directly at the cell membrane level. This induction of IDO-1 is dependent on the secondary structure of Tat protein, since stimulation with a chemically oxidized Tat protein loses its capacity to induce the production of IDO-1. Among the variety of candidate receptors described for Tat, we demonstrated that Tat protein interacted physically with TLR4/MD2 complex. Strikingly, blockade of Tat-TLR4 interaction by anti-TLR4 antibodies (clone HTA125), LPS-RS, a known TLR4 antagonist, or by soluble recombinant TLR4/MD2 complex inhibited strongly or totally the capacity of Tat to induce IDO-1 in MoDC while such treatments had no effect on IFN-γ-induced IDO-1. Furthermore, we showed that the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB by Tat is essential for the production of IDO-1 by human MoDC. Indeed, Tat activated NF-κB pathway in MoDC as demonstrated by the phosphorylation of p65 in Tat-treated MoDC. Further, we demonstrate that the stimulation of IDO-1 by Tat or by IFN-γ was totally or partially inhibited in the presence of NF-κB inhibitor respectively. These results suggest that Tat and IFN-γ act probably by two distinct mechanisms to induce the production of IDO-1. Our results clearly demonstrated that, although TLR4 pathway is necessary for Tat-induced IDO-1 in MoDC, it seems not to be sufficient since stable transfection of a functional TLR4/MD2 pathway in HEK or HeLa cell lines which are endogenously defectives for TLR4, did not restore the capacity of Tat to induce IDO-1 while IFN-γ treatment induces IDO-1 in HeLa cells independently of TLR4 pathway. These results suggest the involvement of additional stimuli in addition to TLR4 pathway which remain to be identified. Altogether our results demonstrated that, in human MoDC, HIV-1 Tat protein induced IDO-1 expression and activity in a NF-κB dependent-manner by recruiting TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmostafa Bahraoui
- INSERM, U1043, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France. .,CNRS, U5282 CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France. .,Université Paul Sabatier, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France.
| | - Manutea Serrero
- INSERM, U1043, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, U5282 CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France.,Université Paul Sabatier, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Planès
- INSERM, U1043, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France. .,CNRS, U5282 CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France. .,Université Paul Sabatier, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France.
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21
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Mtshali Z, Moodley J, Naicker T. An Insight into the Angiogenic and Lymphatic Interplay in Pre-eclampsia Comorbid with HIV Infection. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:35. [PMID: 32200445 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide insight on the imbalance of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors in pre-eclampsia, as well as highlight polymorphism in genes related to angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS The pregnancy-specific disorder pre-eclampsia is diagnosed by the presence of hypertension with/without proteinuria, after 20 weeks of gestation. The pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia remains ambiguous, but research over the years has identified an imbalance in maternal and foetal factors. Familial predisposition and gene variation are also linked to pre-eclampsia development. The sFlt-1/PIGF ratio has attracted great attention over the years; more recently several researchers have reported that a sFlt-1/PIGF ratio of ≤ 38 can be used to predict short-term absence of pre-eclampsia. This ratio has the potential to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes and reduce healthcare costs significantly. Genome-wide studies have additionally identified variation in the foetal gene near Flt-1. The development of preeclampsia is not limited to the maternal interface, but foetal involvement as well as genetic interplay is associated with the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamahlabangane Mtshali
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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22
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HIV-1 Tat Interacts with a Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Reactivation-Upregulated Antiangiogenic Long Noncoding RNA, LINC00313, and Antagonizes Its Function. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01280-19. [PMID: 31723026 PMCID: PMC7000985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01280-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KS is a prevalent tumor associated with infections with two distinct viruses, KSHV and HIV. Since KSHV and HIV infect distinct cell types, the virus-virus interaction associated with KS formation has focused on secretory factors. HIV Tat is a well-known RNA binding protein secreted by HIV. Here, we revealed LINC00313, an lncRNA upregulated during KSHV lytic reactivation, as a novel HIV Tat-interacting lncRNA that potentially mediates HIV-KSHV interactions. We found that LINC00313 can repress endothelial cell angiogenesis-related properties potentially by interacting with chromatin remodeling complex PRC2 and downregulation of cell migration-regulating genes. An interaction between HIV Tat and LINC00313 contributed to the dissociation of PRC2 from LINC00313 and the disinhibition of LINC00313-induced repression of cell motility. Given that lncRNAs are emerging as key players in tissue physiology and disease progression, including cancer, the mechanism identified in this study may help decipher the mechanisms underlying KS pathogenesis induced by HIV and KSHV coinfection. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), an AIDS-defining cancer with abnormal angiogenesis. The high incidence of KS in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected AIDS patients has been ascribed to an interaction between HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and KSHV, focusing on secretory proteins. The HIV-1 secreted protein HIV Tat has been found to synergize with KSHV lytic proteins to induce angiogenesis. However, the impact and underlying mechanisms of HIV Tat in KSHV-infected endothelial cells undergoing viral lytic reactivation remain unclear. Here, we identified LINC00313 as a novel KSHV reactivation-activated long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that interacts with HIV Tat. We found that LINC00313 overexpression inhibits cell migration, invasion, and tube formation, and this suppressive effect was relieved by HIV Tat. In addition, LINC00313 bound to polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) complex components, and this interaction was disrupted by HIV Tat, suggesting that LINC00313 may mediate transcription repression through recruitment of PRC2 and that HIV Tat alleviates repression through disruption of this association. This notion was further supported by bioinformatics analysis of transcriptome profiles in LINC00313 overexpression combined with HIV Tat treatment. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed that LINC00313 overexpression negatively regulates cell movement and migration pathways, and enrichment of these pathways was absent in the presence of HIV Tat. Collectively, our results illustrate that an angiogenic repressive lncRNA, LINC00313, which is upregulated during KSHV reactivation, interacts with HIV Tat to promote endothelial cell motility. These results demonstrate that an lncRNA serves as a novel connector in HIV-KSHV interactions. IMPORTANCE KS is a prevalent tumor associated with infections with two distinct viruses, KSHV and HIV. Since KSHV and HIV infect distinct cell types, the virus-virus interaction associated with KS formation has focused on secretory factors. HIV Tat is a well-known RNA binding protein secreted by HIV. Here, we revealed LINC00313, an lncRNA upregulated during KSHV lytic reactivation, as a novel HIV Tat-interacting lncRNA that potentially mediates HIV-KSHV interactions. We found that LINC00313 can repress endothelial cell angiogenesis-related properties potentially by interacting with chromatin remodeling complex PRC2 and downregulation of cell migration-regulating genes. An interaction between HIV Tat and LINC00313 contributed to the dissociation of PRC2 from LINC00313 and the disinhibition of LINC00313-induced repression of cell motility. Given that lncRNAs are emerging as key players in tissue physiology and disease progression, including cancer, the mechanism identified in this study may help decipher the mechanisms underlying KS pathogenesis induced by HIV and KSHV coinfection.
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Effects of HIV on the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1263:45-54. [PMID: 32588322 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44518-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncomodulatory viruses can affect the tumor microenvironment (TME) by triggering inflammation, suppressing apoptosis, initiating angiogenesis, altering tumor metabolism, and stimulating tumor cell signaling pathways, leading to tumor growth, proliferation, and invasion. The higher incidence of malignancies among people with HIV (PWH), despite the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), suggests a more complex relation than HIV-associated immune deregulation. Viral cooperation can have synergistic effect on tumorigenesis. The most relevant oncogenes involved in viral cooperation include the HIV-1-related Tat and Vpu genes, EBV LMP-1 and EBNA-2 genes, and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) KIE2, Rta, and LANA genes. The TME in HIV-related malignancies is highly angiogenic and characterized by high microvessel density compared to sporadic cases. Tat protein, found in patients with HIV infection regardless of their immune status, has been widely implicated in the increased angiogenesis and has been a target of interest for therapeutic strategies. Similarly, HIV-1 matrix protein p17 can be detected in the plasma and tissues of PWH, including those treated with ART. Studies have found that p17 can cause dysregulation of the biological activity of different immune cells, is involved in aberrant angiogenesis, and exhibits an IL8 chemokine activity, activating multiple intracellular signaling pathways, promoting angiogenic responses in endothelial cells, and forming capillary like structures. In addition, several studies have demonstrated difference in the cellular immune components within the TME in patients with or without HIV infection, as well as cases in pre- and post-ART era. In this chapter, we review the existing literature about the role tumor microenvironment plays in the pathogenesis of HIV-related malignancies. Understanding the functions of each component of the TME and determining how these cellular and noncellular components contribute to tumorigenesis will impact the advancement of interventions and treatment in clinical oncology among PWH.
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Naicker T, Phoswa WN, Onyangunga OA, Gathiram P, Moodley J. Angiogenesis, Lymphangiogenesis, and the Immune Response in South African Preeclamptic Women Receiving HAART. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153728. [PMID: 31366152 PMCID: PMC6696390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the review: This review highlights the role of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immune markers in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated preeclamptic (PE) pregnancies in an attempt to unravel the mysteries underlying the duality of both conditions in South Africa. Recent findings: Studies demonstrate that HIV-infected pregnant women develop PE at a lower frequency than uninfected women. In contrast, women receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) are more inclined to develop PE, stemming from an imbalance of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immune response. Summary: In view of the paradoxical effect of HIV infection on PE development, this study examines angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immune markers in the highly HIV endemic area of KwaZulu-Natal. We believe that HAART re-constitutes the immune response in PE, thereby predisposing women to PE development. This susceptibility is due to an imbalance in the angiogenic/lymphangiogenic/immune response as compared to normotensive pregnant women. Further large-scale studies are urgently required to investigate the effect of the duration of HAART on PE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa.
| | - Wendy N Phoswa
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa.
| | - Onankoy A Onyangunga
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Premjith Gathiram
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
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Kupsamy K, Moodley J, Naicker T. Hepatocyte growth factor and epidermal growth factor in HIV infected women with preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 240:9-14. [PMID: 31202974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) both have tyrosine kinase receptors (EGFR and c-Met) which upon binding, activates and regulates many important cellular processes such as cell survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation, invasion, repair and so forth via the RAS/MAPK/ERK1/2, PI3K/AKT and JAK STAT3 pathways. These processes are crucial for the development of a placenta and other functions in order for a normal pregnancy to occur. Hence, this study determined the concentrations of HGF and EGF to find the correlation between HIV and preeclampsia (PE). STUDY DESIGN A total sample size of n = 80 was used, n = 40 preeclamptic women and n = 40 normotensive women these were further stratified into HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. Analysis of the growth factors were done by using the multiplex Bio-Plex immunoassay method. RESULTS Irrespective of HIV status, based on pregnancy type, EGF in PE women displayed an upregulation compared to normotensive women. However, for HGF no variance was found between pregnancy type. Based on HIV status, regardless of pregnancy type, both HGF and EGF levels were significantly increased in HIV-positive women compared to HIV-negative women. Across all groups for HGF, significant difference was found between HIV-negative normotensive women (lower) vs HIV-positive normotensive women (higher). Nevertheless, for EGF across all groups, a statistically significant decrease was found in HIV-negative normotensive women compared to HIV-positive normotensive women, HIV-positive PE women and HIV-negative PE women. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that there is a strong association between HIV and PE and that HGF and EGF are promising biomarkers to use as a diagnostic tool for PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Kupsamy
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Spector C, Mele AR, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. Genetic variation and function of the HIV-1 Tat protein. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:131-169. [PMID: 30834965 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes a transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein, which has several functions that promote viral replication, pathogenesis, and disease. Amino acid variation within Tat has been observed to alter the functional properties of Tat and, depending on the HIV-1 subtype, may produce Tat phenotypes differing from viruses' representative of each subtype and commonly used in in vivo and in vitro experimentation. The molecular properties of Tat allow for distinctive functional activities to be determined such as the subcellular localization and other intracellular and extracellular functional aspects of this important viral protein influenced by variation within the Tat sequence. Once Tat has been transported into the nucleus and becomes engaged in transactivation of the long terminal repeat (LTR), various Tat variants may differ in their capacity to activate viral transcription. Post-translational modification patterns based on these amino acid variations may alter interactions between Tat and host factors, which may positively or negatively affect this process. In addition, the ability of HIV-1 to utilize or not utilize the transactivation response (TAR) element within the LTR, based on genetic variation and cellular phenotype, adds a layer of complexity to the processes that govern Tat-mediated proviral DNA-driven transcription and replication. In contrast, cytoplasmic or extracellular localization of Tat may cause pathogenic effects in the form of altered cell activation, apoptosis, or neurotoxicity. Tat variants have been shown to differentially induce these processes, which may have implications for long-term HIV-1-infected patient care in the antiretroviral therapy era. Future studies concerning genetic variation of Tat with respect to function should focus on variants derived from HIV-1-infected individuals to efficiently guide Tat-targeted therapies and elucidate mechanisms of pathogenesis within the global patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Spector
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anthony R Mele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Anand AR, Rachel G, Parthasarathy D. HIV Proteins and Endothelial Dysfunction: Implications in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:185. [PMID: 30619892 PMCID: PMC6305718 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), a dramatic decrease in viral burden and opportunistic infections and an increase in life expectancy has been observed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. However, it is now clear that HIV- infected individuals have enhanced susceptibility to non-AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)-related complications such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVDs such as atherosclerosis have become a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with HIV infection. Though studies indicate that ART itself may increase the risk to develop CVD, recent studies suggest a more important role for HIV infection in contributing to CVD independently of the traditional risk factors. Endothelial dysfunction triggered by HIV infection has been identified as a critical link between infection, inflammation/immune activation, and atherosclerosis. Considering the inability of HIV to actively replicate in endothelial cells, endothelial dysfunction depends on both HIV-encoded proteins as well as inflammatory mediators released in the microenvironment by HIV-infected cells. Indeed, the HIV proteins, gp120 (envelope glycoprotein) and Tat (transactivator of transcription), are actively secreted into the endothelial cell micro-environment during HIV infection, while Nef can be actively transferred onto endothelial cells during HIV infection. These proteins can have significant direct effects on the endothelium. These include a range of responses that contribute to endothelial dysfunction, including enhanced adhesiveness, permeability, cell proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress as well as activation of cytokine secretion. This review summarizes the current understanding of the interactions of HIV, specifically its proteins with endothelial cells and its implications in cardiovascular disease. We analyze recent in vitro and in vivo studies examining endothelial dysfunction in response to HIV proteins. Furthermore, we discuss the multiple mechanisms by which these viral proteins damage the vascular endothelium in HIV patients. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HIV protein associated endothelial dysfunction leading to cardiovascular disease is likely to be pivotal in devising new strategies to treat and prevent cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appakkudal R Anand
- L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.,Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Gladys Rachel
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Durgadevi Parthasarathy
- L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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Cantaluppi V, Deregibus M, Biancone L, Deambrosis I, Bussolati B, Albini A, Camussi G. The Expression of CD154 by Kaposi's Sarcoma Cells Mediates the Anti-Apoptotic and Migratory Effects of HIV-1-Tat Protein. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/205873920601900108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a malignancy associated to conditions of immune system impairment such as HIV-1 infection and post-transplantation therapy. Here we report that HIV-1-Tat protein, at concentrations well below those detected in AIDS patients, up-regulates the expression of both CD40 and CD154 on KS cells. This occurred also in the presence of vincristine, that at doses shown to induce apoptosis decreased the expression of both CD40 and CD154 on KS cells. The treatment with a soluble CD40-muIg fusion protein (CD40 fp) that prevents the binding of CD154 with cell surface CD40, as well as the transfection with a vector for soluble CD40 (KS sCD40), decreased the anti-apoptotic effect of Tat. Moreover, Tat-induced motility of KS cells was inhibited by soluble CD40 fp. Tat also enhanced the expression of intracellular proteins known to transduce signals triggered by CD40 engagement, in particular TRAF-3. Tat as well as soluble CD154 (sCD154) prevented vincristine-induced reduction of TRAF-3 in KS cells transfected with a vector for neomycin resistance (KS psv-neo), but not in KS sCD40. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that Tat induced CD40 / TRAF-3 association and that this binding was abrogated upon the incubation with the soluble CD40 fp. These data suggest that Tat activates the CD40-CD154 pathway by enhancing the membrane expression of CD40 and in particular of CD154, and by activating the TRAF-3-dependent signaling pathway of CD40. These findings indicate that the CD40-CD154 pathway mediates the anti-apoptotic and migratory effects of HIV-1-Tat, suggesting the potential therapeutic benefits of blocking CD40 activation in HIV-1-associated KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Cantaluppi
- Renal and Vascular Immunopathology Laboratory, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy
| | - M.C. Deregibus
- Renal and Vascular Immunopathology Laboratory, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy
| | - L. Biancone
- Renal and Vascular Immunopathology Laboratory, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy
| | - I. Deambrosis
- Renal and Vascular Immunopathology Laboratory, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy
| | - B. Bussolati
- Renal and Vascular Immunopathology Laboratory, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy
| | - A. Albini
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genova, Italy
| | - G. Camussi
- Renal and Vascular Immunopathology Laboratory, Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy
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Kim J, Kim YS. Effect of HIV-1 Tat on the formation of the mitotic spindle by interaction with ribosomal protein S3. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8680. [PMID: 29875444 PMCID: PMC5989196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27008-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat, an important regulator of viral transcription, interacts with diverse cellular proteins and promotes or inhibits cell proliferation. Here, we show that ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3) plays an important role in mitosis through an interaction with α-tubulin and that Tat binds to and inhibits the localization of RPS3 in the mitotic spindle during mitosis. RPS3 colocalized with α-tubulin around chromosomes in the mitotic spindle. Depletion of RPS3 promoted α-tubulin assembly, while overexpression of RPS3 impaired α-tubulin assembly. Depletion of RPS3 resulted in aberrant mitotic spindle formation, segregation failure, and defective abscission. Moreover, ectopic expression of RPS3 rescued the cell proliferation defect in RPS3-knockdown cells. HIV-1 Tat interacted with RPS3 through its basic domain and increased the level of RPS3 in the nucleus. Expression of Tat caused defects in mitotic spindle formation and chromosome assembly in mitosis. Moreover, the localization of RPS3 in the mitotic spindle was disrupted when HIV-1 Tat was expressed in HeLa and Jurkat cells. These results suggest that Tat inhibits cell proliferation via an interaction with RPS3 and thereby disrupts mitotic spindle formation during HIV-1 infection. These results might provide insight into the mechanism underlying lymphocyte pathogenesis during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Soo Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
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HIV antiretroviral exposure in pregnancy induces detrimental placenta vascular changes that are rescued by progesterone supplementation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6552. [PMID: 29700323 PMCID: PMC5919912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse birth outcomes are common in HIV-positive pregnant women receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), especially when cART is initiated in early pregnancy. The mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using a mouse model we demonstrate that protease inhibitor based-cART exposure beginning on day 1 of pregnancy was associated with a pro-angiogenic/pro-branching shift in the placenta driven by lower Flt-1 levels and higher Gcm-1 expression. Micro-CT imaging revealed an increase in the number of arterioles in cART-treated placentas, which correlated with fetal growth restriction. Delaying initiation of cART, or supplementing cART-treated mice with progesterone, prevented the pro-angiogenic/pro-branching shift and the associated placenta vascular changes. In agreement with our mouse findings, we observed an increase in the number of terminal-villi capillaries in placentas from HIV-positive cART-exposed women compared to HIV-negative controls. Capillary number was inversely correlated to maternal progesterone levels. Our study provides evidence that cART exposure during pregnancy influences placenta vascular formation that may in turn contribute to fetal growth restriction. Our findings highlight the need for closer investigation of the placenta in HIV-positive pregnancies, particularly for pregnancies exposed to cART from conception, and suggest that progesterone supplementation could be investigated as a possible intervention to improve placenta function in HIV-positive pregnant women.
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Marchisone C, Benelli R, Albini A, Santi L, Noonan DM. Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Type I Interferons in Models of Kaposi'S Sarcoma. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 14:257-62. [PMID: 10669956 DOI: 10.1177/172460089901400411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) is a pathology which occurs with increased frequency and in a particularly aggressive form in AIDS patients. The HIV-1 Tat protein appears to be an important co-factor in the induction of the extensive neo-vascularization associated with AIDS-KS. Tat acts as a chemoattractant for endothelial cells in vitro, inducing both chemotactic and invasive responses. Several clinical trials have been performed testing the effectiveness of diverse biological agents in therapy of KS, among these the type I interferons. Type I IFNs have diverse biological functions besides their anti-viral activity, including anti-angiogenic properties. We have shown that IFNα and IFNβ are potent inhibitors of both primary and immortalized endothelial cell migration and morphogenesis in vitro as well as neo-angiogenesis induced by HIV-1 Tat in vivo. The inhibitory effect of IFN class I on HIV-Tat associated angiogenesis further supports its use as a therapy for epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma. The use of recombinant IFNs at the levels required to obtain a therapeutic effect are associated with side effects and toxicity, therefore we are now developing a gene therapy approach for constant and local delivery type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marchisone
- National Institute for Cancer Research, Advanced Biotechnologies Center, Genova, Italy
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32
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Targeting VEGF receptors with non-neutralizing cyclopeptides for imaging applications. Amino Acids 2017; 50:321-329. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Damioli V, Salvadori A, Beretta GP, Ravelli C, Mitola S. Multi-physics interactions drive VEGFR2 relocation on endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16700. [PMID: 29196628 PMCID: PMC5711959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR2) is a pro-angiogenic receptor, expressed on endothelial cells (ECs). Although biochemical pathways that follow the VEGFR2 activation are well established, knowledge about the dynamics of receptors on the plasma membrane remains limited. Ligand stimulation induces the polarization of ECs and the relocation of VEGFR2, either in cell protrusions or in the basal aspect in cells plated on ligand-enriched extracellular matrix (ECM). We develop a mathematical model in order to simulate the relocation of VEGFR2 on the cell membrane during the mechanical adhesion of cells onto a ligand-enriched substrate. Co-designing the in vitro experiments with the simulations allows identifying three phases of the receptor dynamics, which are controlled respectively by the high chemical reaction rate, by the mechanical deformation rate, and by the diffusion of free receptors on the membrane. The identification of the laws that regulate receptor polarization opens new perspectives toward developing innovative anti-angiogenic strategies through the modulation of EC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Damioli
- Università degli Studi di Brescia, DIMI Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Alberto Salvadori
- Università degli Studi di Brescia, DICATAM, Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, Brescia, 25123, Italy.,Laboratory for Preventive and Personalized Medicine (MPP Lab), Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Beretta
- Università degli Studi di Brescia, DIMI Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Cosetta Ravelli
- Università degli Studi di Brescia, DMMT, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia, 25123, Italy. .,Laboratory for Preventive and Personalized Medicine (MPP Lab), Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Università degli Studi di Brescia, DMMT, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia, 25123, Italy. .,Laboratory for Preventive and Personalized Medicine (MPP Lab), Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
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Dalvi P, Spikes L, Allen J, Gupta VG, Sharma H, Gillcrist M, Montes de Oca J, O'Brien-Ladner A, Dhillon NK. Effect of Cocaine on Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling and Hemodynamics in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Transgenic Rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:201-12. [PMID: 26820592 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0264oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related pulmonary arterial hypertension has been found to be more prevalent in intravenous drug users. Our earlier cell-culture findings reported down-regulation of bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPRs) in combination with enhanced proliferation of human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in the presence of HIV-Trans-activator of transcription (Tat) and cocaine compared with either treatment alone. Here, we report physiologic evidence of significant increases in mean pulmonary arterial pressure in HIV-transgenic (Tg) rats intraperitoneally administered 40 mg/kg body weight cocaine (HIV-cocaine group) once daily for 21 days when compared with HIV-Tg rats given saline (HIV group) or wild-type (WT) Fischer 334 rats treated with (WT-cocaine group) and without cocaine (WT group). In addition, right ventricle systolic pressure was also found to be significantly higher in the HIV-cocaine rats compared with the WT group. Significant down-regulation in protein expression of BMPR-2 and BMPR-1B was observed in total lung extract from HIV-cocaine rats compared with the other three groups. Furthermore, the PASMCs isolated from HIV-cocaine rats demonstrated a higher level of proliferation and lower levels of apoptosis compared with cells isolated from other rat groups. Interestingly, corroborating our earlier cell-culture findings, we observed higher expression of BMPR-2 and BMPR-1B messenger RNA and significantly lower levels of BMPR-2 and BMPR-1B protein in HIV-cocaine PASMCs compared with cells isolated from all other groups. In conclusion, our findings support an additive effect of cocaine and HIV on smooth muscle dysfunction, resulting in enhanced pulmonary vascular remodeling with associated elevation of mean pulmonary arterial pressure and right ventricle systolic pressure in HIV-Tg rats exposed to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjali Dalvi
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Leslie Spikes
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Julie Allen
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Vijayalaxmi G Gupta
- 2 Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Marion Gillcrist
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | | | - Amy O'Brien-Ladner
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and.,2 Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Kohavi LK, Rogers T, Giladi M, Dekel M, Gat A, Bentwich Z, Katz O, Sprecher E, Goldberg I. Giant pyogenic granuloma of the finger in an HIV-positive patient. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:e512-e513. [PMID: 28556978 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L K Kohavi
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - T Rogers
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - M Giladi
- Infectious Disease Unit, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - M Dekel
- Infectious Disease Unit, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - A Gat
- Department of Pathology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - Z Bentwich
- The Crusaid Kobler AIDS Center, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - O Katz
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - E Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - I Goldberg
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
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36
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Shange GP, Moodley J, Naicker T. Effect of vascular endothelial growth factors A, C, and D in HIV-associated pre-eclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2017; 36:196-203. [PMID: 28524736 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2017.1297821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure and correlate the level of vascular endothelial growth factors A, C, and D in HIV-associated pre-eclampsia. METHODS VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D were measured in serum of 76 normotensive and pre-eclamptic pregnant women stratified by HIV status using Bio-Plex. RESULTS No significant difference was shown between pre-eclamptic and normotensive and between HIV negative and positive women. A strong significant positive correlation was demonstrated between VEGF-A and VEGF-C, VEGF-A and VEGF-D, and VEGF-C and VEGF D (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a significant correlation between VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D and no difference in pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnant women stratified by HIV status suggesting some neutralization of the immune response in HIV-associated pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gugulethu Promise Shange
- a Optics and Imaging Centre, Women's Health and HIV Research Unit, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban , South Africa
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- a Optics and Imaging Centre, Women's Health and HIV Research Unit, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban , South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- a Optics and Imaging Centre, Women's Health and HIV Research Unit, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban , South Africa
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37
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Maubert ME, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. Opinion: Inhibition of Blood-Brain Barrier Repair as a Mechanism in HIV-1 Disease. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:228. [PMID: 28491017 PMCID: PMC5405129 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monique E Maubert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
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38
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Wagner MJ, Ravi V, Menter DG, Sood AK. Endothelial cell malignancies: new insights from the laboratory and clinic. NPJ Precis Oncol 2017; 1:11. [PMID: 29872699 PMCID: PMC5859470 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-017-0013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell malignancies are rare in the Western world and range from intermediate grade hemangioendothelioma to Kaposi sarcoma to aggressive high-grade angiosarcoma that metastasize early and have a high rate of mortality. These malignancies are associated with dysregulation of normal endothelial cell signaling pathways, including the vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin, and Notch pathways. Discoveries over the past two decades related to mechanisms of angiogenesis have led to the development of many drugs that intuitively would be promising therapeutic candidates for these endothelial-derived tumors. However, clinical efficacy of such drugs has been limited. New insights into the mechanisms that lead to dysregulated angiogenesis such as mutation or amplification in known angiogenesis related genes, viral infection, and chromosomal translocations have improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of endothelial malignancies and how they evade anti-angiogenesis drugs. In this review, we describe the major molecular alterations in endothelial cell malignancies and consider emerging opportunities for improving therapeutic efficacy against these rare but deadly tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wagner
- 1Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Vinod Ravi
- 2Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - David G Menter
- 3Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- 4Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,5Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,6Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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39
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Dalvi P, Sharma H, Chinnappan M, Sanderson M, Allen J, Zeng R, Choi A, O'Brien-Ladner A, Dhillon NK. Enhanced autophagy in pulmonary endothelial cells on exposure to HIV-Tat and morphine: Role in HIV-related pulmonary arterial hypertension. Autophagy 2016; 12:2420-2438. [PMID: 27723373 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1238551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous drug use is one of the major risk factors for HIV-infection in HIV-related pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. We previously demonstrated exaggerated pulmonary vascular remodeling with enhanced apoptosis followed by increased proliferation of pulmonary endothelial cells on simultaneous exposure to both opioids and HIV protein(s). Here we hypothesize that the exacerbation of autophagy may be involved in the switching of endothelial cells from an early apoptotic state to later hyper-proliferative state. Treatment of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) with both the HIV-protein Tat and morphine resulted in an oxidative stress-dependent increase in the expression of various markers of autophagy and formation of autophagosomes when compared to either Tat or morphine monotreatments as demonstrated by western blot, transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Autophagy flux experiments suggested increased formation rather than decreased clearance of autolysosomes. Inhibition of autophagy resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis and reduction in proliferation of HPMECs with combined morphine and Tat (M+T) treatment compared to monotreatments whereas stimulation of autophagy resulted in opposite effects. Significant increases in the expression of autophagy markers as well as the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes was observed in the lungs of SIV-infected macaques and HIV-infected humans exposed to opioids. Overall our findings indicate that morphine in combination with viral protein(s) results in the induction of autophagy in pulmonary endothelial cells that may lead to an increase in severity of angio-proliferative remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature on simian and human immunodeficiency virus infection in the presence of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjali Dalvi
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Mahendran Chinnappan
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Miles Sanderson
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Julie Allen
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Ruoxi Zeng
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Augustine Choi
- b Department of Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA
| | - Amy O'Brien-Ladner
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA.,c Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
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40
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Fan Y, He JJ. HIV-1 Tat Induces Unfolded Protein Response and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Astrocytes and Causes Neurotoxicity through Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) Activation and Aggregation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22819-22829. [PMID: 27609520 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.731828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat is a major culprit for HIV/neuroAIDS. One of the consistent hallmarks of HIV/neuroAIDS is reactive astrocytes or astrocytosis, characterized by increased cytoplasmic accumulation of the intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). We have shown that that Tat induces GFAP expression in astrocytes and that GFAP activation is indispensable for astrocyte-mediated Tat neurotoxicity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not known. In this study, we showed that Tat expression or GFAP expression led to formation of GFAP aggregates and induction of unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in astrocytes. In addition, we demonstrated that GFAP up-regulation and aggregation in astrocytes were necessary but also sufficient for UPR/ER stress induction in Tat-expressing astrocytes and for astrocyte-mediated Tat neurotoxicity. Importantly, we demonstrated that inhibition of Tat- or GFAP-induced UPR/ER stress by the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate significantly alleviated astrocyte-mediated Tat neurotoxicity in vitro and in the brain of Tat-expressing mice. Taken together, these results show that HIV-1 Tat expression leads to UPR/ER stress in astrocytes, which in turn contributes to astrocyte-mediated Tat neurotoxicity, and raise the possibility of developing HIV/neuroAIDS therapeutics targeted at UPR/ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fan
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107
| | - Johnny J He
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107
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41
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Kamarulzaman EE, Vanderesse R, Gazzali AM, Barberi-Heyob M, Boura C, Frochot C, Shawkataly O, Aubry A, Wahab HA. Molecular modelling, synthesis and biological evaluation of peptide inhibitors as anti-angiogenic agent targeting neuropilin-1 for anticancer application. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:26-45. [PMID: 26766582 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1131196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its co-receptor neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) are important targets of many pro-angiogenic factors. In this study, nine peptides were synthesized and evaluated for their molecular interaction with NRP-1 and compared to our previous peptide ATWLPPR. Docking study showed that the investigated peptides shared the same binding region as shown by tuftsin known to bind selectively to NRP-1. Four pentapeptides (DKPPR, DKPRR, TKPPR and TKPRR) and a hexapeptide CDKPRR demonstrated good inhibitory activity against NRP-1. In contrast, peptides having arginine residue at sites other than the C-terminus exhibited low activity towards NRP-1 and this is confirmed by their inability to displace the VEGF165 binding to NRP-1. Docking study also revealed that replacement of carboxyl to amide group at the C-terminal arginine of the peptide did not affect significantly the binding interaction to NRP-1. However, the molecular affinity study showed that these peptides have marked reduction in the activity against NRP-1. Pentapeptides having C-terminal arginine showed strong interaction and good inhibitory activity with NRP thus may be a good template for anti-angiogenic targeting agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezatul E Kamarulzaman
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , 11800 Penang , Malaysia.,b LCPM, UMR-CNRS 7375, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC , 1 Rue Grandville, F-54000 Nancy , France
| | - Régis Vanderesse
- b LCPM, UMR-CNRS 7375, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC , 1 Rue Grandville, F-54000 Nancy , France
| | - Amirah M Gazzali
- b LCPM, UMR-CNRS 7375, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC , 1 Rue Grandville, F-54000 Nancy , France
| | - Muriel Barberi-Heyob
- c CRAN, UMR-CNRS 7039 , Campus Science, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Cédric Boura
- c CRAN, UMR-CNRS 7039 , Campus Science, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Céline Frochot
- d LRGP , UMR-CNRS 7274, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC , 1 Rue Grandville, F-54000 Nancy , France
| | - Omar Shawkataly
- e Chemical Sciences Programme , School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia , 11800 Penang , Malaysia
| | - André Aubry
- b LCPM, UMR-CNRS 7375, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC , 1 Rue Grandville, F-54000 Nancy , France
| | - Habibah A Wahab
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , 11800 Penang , Malaysia.,f Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation , Jalan Bukit Gambir, 11800 Penang , Malaysia
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42
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Exosome-associated release, uptake, and neurotoxicity of HIV-1 Tat protein. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:774-788. [PMID: 27173397 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat is an indispensible transactivator for HIV gene transcription and replication. It has been shown to exit cells as a free protein and enter neighboring cells or interact with surface receptors of neighboring cells to regulate gene expression and cell function. In this study, we report, for the first time, exosome-associated Tat release and uptake. Using a HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase reporter-based cell assay and Western blotting or in combination with exosome inhibitor, OptiPrep gradient fractionation, and exosome depletion, we demonstrated significant presence of HIV-1 Tat in exosomes derived from Tat-expressing primary astrocytes, Tat-transfected U373.MG and 293T, and HIV-infected MT4. We further showed that exosome-associated Tat from Tat-expressing astrocytes was capable of causing neurite shortening and neuron death, further supporting that this new form of extracellular Tat is biologically active. Lastly, we constructed a Tat mutant deleted of its basic domain and determined the role of the basic domain in Tat trafficking into exosomes. Basic domain-deleted Tat exhibited no apparent effects on Tat trafficking into exosomes, while maintained its dominant-negative function in Tat-mediated LTR transactivation. Taken together, these results show a significant fraction of Tat is secreted and present in the form of exosomes and may contribute to the stability of extracellular Tat and broaden the spectrum of its target cells.
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43
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Thakker S, Verma SC. Co-infections and Pathogenesis of KSHV-Associated Malignancies. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:151. [PMID: 26913028 PMCID: PMC4753363 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) is one of the several carcinogenic viruses that infect humans. KSHV infection has been implicated in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s Disease. While KSHV infection is necessary for the development of KSHV associated malignancies, it is not sufficient to induce tumorigenesis. Evidently, other co-factors are essential for the progression of KSHV induced malignancies. One of the most important co-factors, necessary for the progression of KSHV induced tumors, is immune suppression that frequently arises during co-infection with HIV and also by other immune suppressants. In this mini-review, we discuss the roles of co-infection with HIV and other pathogens on KSHV infection and pathogenesis.
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44
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Soylemez S, Demir B, Eyrilmez GO, Kesici S, Saylam A, Odaci Demirkol D, Özçubukçu S, Timur S, Toppare L. Comparative cell adhesion properties of cysteine extended peptide architectures. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23352f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the comparative cell attachment investigation of TAT and well-known RGD peptide modified surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniye Soylemez
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- Ankara 06800
- Turkey
| | - Bilal Demir
- Department of Biochemistry
- Ege University
- Izmir 35100
- Turkey
| | | | - Seçkin Kesici
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- Ankara 06800
- Turkey
| | - Aytül Saylam
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- Ankara 06800
- Turkey
| | | | - Salih Özçubukçu
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- Ankara 06800
- Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Department of Biochemistry
- Ege University
- Izmir 35100
- Turkey
- Institute of Drug Abuse Toxicology & Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Levent Toppare
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- Ankara 06800
- Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology
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45
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Mediouni S, Jablonski J, Paris JJ, Clementz MA, Thenin-Houssier S, McLaughlin JP, Valente ST. Didehydro-cortistatin A inhibits HIV-1 Tat mediated neuroinflammation and prevents potentiation of cocaine reward in Tat transgenic mice. Curr HIV Res 2015; 13:64-79. [PMID: 25613133 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150121111548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat protein has been shown to have a crucial role in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which includes a group of syndromes ranging from undetectable neurocognitive impairment to dementia. The abuse of psychostimulants, such as cocaine, by HIV infected individuals, may accelerate and intensify neurological damage. On the other hand, exposure to Tat potentiates cocaine-mediated reward mechanisms, which further promotes HAND. Here, we show that didehydro-Cortistatin A (dCA), an analog of a natural steroidal alkaloid, crosses the blood-brain barrier, cross-neutralizes Tat activity from several HIV-1 clades and decreases Tat uptake by glial cell lines. In addition, dCA potently inhibits Tat mediated dysregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1, key neuroinflammatory signaling proteins. Importantly, using a mouse model where doxycycline induces Tat expression, we demonstrate that dCA reverses the potentiation of cocaine-mediated reward. Our results suggest that adding a Tat inhibitor, such as dCA, to current antiretroviral therapy may reduce HIV-1-related neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Infectious diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Dalvi PN, Gupta VG, Griffin BR, O'Brien-Ladner A, Dhillon NK. Ligand-Independent Activation of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor β during Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Transactivator of Transcription and Cocaine-Mediated Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:336-45. [PMID: 25569182 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0369oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study supports an additive effect of cocaine to human immunodeficiency virus infection in the development of pulmonary arteriopathy through enhancement of proliferation of pulmonary smooth muscle cells (SMCs), while also suggesting involvement of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) activation in the absence of further increase in PDGF-BB ligand. Redox-related signaling pathways have been shown to regulate tyrosine kinase receptors independent of ligand binding, so we hypothesized that simultaneous treatment of SMCs with transactivator of transcription (Tat) and cocaine may be able to indirectly activate PDGFR through modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) without the need for PDGF binding. We found that blocking the binding of ligand using suramin or monoclonal IMC-3G3 antibody significantly reduced ligand-induced autophosphorylation of Y1009 without affecting ligand-independent transphosphorylation of Y934 residue on PDGFRβ in human pulmonary arterial SMCs treated with both cocaine and Tat. Combined treatment of human pulmonary arterial SMCs with cocaine and Tat resulted in augmented production of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide when compared with either treatment alone. Inhibition of this ROS generation prevented cocaine- and Tat-mediated Src activation and transphosphorylation of PDGFRβ at Y934 without any changes in phosphorylation of Y1009, in addition to attenuation of smooth muscle hyperplasia. Furthermore, pretreatment with an Src inhibitor, PP2, also suppressed cocaine- and Tat-mediated enhanced Y934 phosphorylation and smooth muscle proliferation. Finally, we report total abrogation of cocaine- and Tat-mediated synergistic increase in cell proliferation on inhibition of both ligand-dependent and ROS/Src-mediated ligand-independent phosphorylation of PDGFRβ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijayalaxmi G Gupta
- 2 Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | | | - Navneet K Dhillon
- Departments of 1 Internal Medicine and.,2 Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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47
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Wei J, Zhang Y, Knapp PE, Zhao T. HIV-1 Tat regulates the expression of the dcw operon and stimulates the proliferation of bacteria. Microb Pathog 2015; 90:34-40. [PMID: 26596708 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infections of pathogenic bacteria are very common in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. However, the biological effects of HIV-1 Tat on bacteria are incompletely understood. In this study, HIV-1 Tat was expressed in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01) to investigate its biological effects on bacteria. Bacterial cells expressing either HIV-1 Tat1-86 (Tat1-86) or HIV-1 Tat1-72 (Tat1-72) grow significantly faster than those with either only an empty vector or an unrelated control (GFP or Rluc). Supplementation of purified HIV-1 Tat1-86 or Tat1-101 protein into bacterial culture medium stimulated the growth of both E. coli and PA01. The expression profile of certain cell division-associated genes, such as those in the division cell wall (dcw) operon (ftsA, ftsQ, ftsW and ftsZ), yafO and zipA, was altered in HIV-1 Tat1-86 expressing E. coli BL21(DE3). Furthermore, the expression of firefly luciferase (Fluc) reporter gene, when engineered for control by the dcw promoter and terminator, was enhanced by HIV-1 Tat in E. coli, confirming that HIV-1 Tat transcriptionally regulates the expression of the dcw operon. The finding that HIV-1 Tat stimulates bacterial growth whether it is produced intracellularly or applied extracellularly may have relevance for HIV patients who are highly susceptible to opportunistic bacterial infections. Contents category: Viruses -Retroviruses. The GenBank accession number for the sequence of HIV-1 Tat1-86 is AF324439.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Tianyong Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Wang T, Yi R, Green LA, Chelvanambi S, Seimetz M, Clauss M. Increased cardiovascular disease risk in the HIV-positive population on ART: potential role of HIV-Nef and Tat. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 24:279-82. [PMID: 26233281 PMCID: PMC4831910 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), many HIV-infected people die of diseases other than acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In particular, coronary artery disease has emerged as one of most critical complications of HIV infection and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although reportedly antiretroviral combination therapy itself may accelerate atherosclerosis by enhancing dyslipidemia, most recent epidemiological studies support the notion that HIV infection itself contributes to cardiovascular disease. However, it is still a mystery how the virus can contribute to cardiovascular disease development even while suppressed by ARTs. This review discusses the current understanding of interactions between HIV infection and cardiovascular diseases in both clinical and experimental studies with special focus on those viral proteins that are still produced by HIV. This will help infectious disease/vascular biology experts to gain insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of HIV-associated cardiovascular disease and new trends to treat and prevent cardiovascular disease in the HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Ru Yi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
| | - Linden Ann Green
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
| | - Sarvesh Chelvanambi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
| | - Michael Seimetz
- Medical Clinic II, Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthias Clauss
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA.
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Ben Haij N, Planès R, Leghmari K, Serrero M, Delobel P, Izopet J, BenMohamed L, Bahraoui E. HIV-1 Tat Protein Induces Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines by Human Dendritic Cells and Monocytes/Macrophages through Engagement of TLR4-MD2-CD14 Complex and Activation of NF-κB Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129425. [PMID: 26090662 PMCID: PMC4474861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) Tat protein induced the expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on dendritic cells (DCs) through a TLR4 pathway. However, the underlying mechanisms by which HIV-1 Tat protein induces the abnormal hyper-activation of the immune system seen in HIV-1 infected patients remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we report that HIV-1 Tat protein induced the production of significant amounts of the pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines by DCs and monocytes from both healthy and HIV-1 infected patients. Such production was abrogated in the presence of anti-TLR4 blocking antibodies or soluble recombinant TLR4-MD2 as a decoy receptor, suggesting TLR4 was recruited by Tat protein. Tat-induced murine IL-6 and CXCL1/KC a functional homologue of human IL-8 was abolished in peritoneal macrophages derived from TLR4 KO but not from Wt mice, confirming the involvement of the TLR4 pathway. Furthermore, the recruitment of TLR4-MD2-CD14 complex by Tat protein was demonstrated by the activation of TLR4 downstream pathways including NF-κB and SOCS-1 and by down-modulation of cell surface TLR4 by endocytosis in dynamin and lipid-raft-dependent manners. Collectively, these findings demonstrate, for the first time, that HIV-1 Tat interacts with TLR4-MD2-CD14 complex and activates the NF-κB pathway, leading to overproduction of IL-6 and IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines by myeloid cells from both healthy and HIV-1 infected patients. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which HIV-1, via its early expressed Tat protein, hijacks the TLR4 pathway, hence establishing abnormal hyper-activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Ben Haij
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Planès
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Kaoutar Leghmari
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Manutea Serrero
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Delobel
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
| | - Elmostafa Bahraoui
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Silva JN, Polesskaya O, Wei HS, Rasheed IYD, Chamberlain JM, Nishimura C, Feng C, Dewhurst S. Chronic central nervous system expression of HIV-1 Tat leads to accelerated rarefaction of neocortical capillaries and loss of red blood cell velocity heterogeneity. Microcirculation 2015; 21:664-76. [PMID: 24813724 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-1 infection of the CNS is associated with impairment of CBF and neurocognitive function, and accelerated signs of aging. As normal aging is associated with rarefaction of the cerebral vasculature, we set out to examine chronic viral effects on the cerebral vasculature. METHODS DOX-inducible HIV-1 Tat-tg and WT control mice were used. Animals were treated with DOX for three weeks or five to seven months. Cerebral vessel density and capillary segment length were determined from quantitative image analyses of sectioned cortical tissue. In addition, movement of red blood cells in individual capillaries was imaged in vivo using multiphoton microscopy, to determine RBCV and flux. RESULTS Mean RBCV was not different between Tat-tg mice and age-matched WT controls. However, cortical capillaries from Tat-tg mice showed a significant loss of RBCV heterogeneity and increased RBCF that was attributed to a marked decrease in total cortical capillary length (35-40%) compared to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Cerebrovascular rarefaction is accelerated in HIV-1 Tat-transgenic mice, and this is associated with alterations in red cell blood velocity. These changes may have relevance to the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in an aging HIV-positive population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jharon N Silva
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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