1
|
Agarwal R, Mohamad A. Gallium-based liquid metals as smart responsive materials: Morphological forms and stimuli characterization. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 329:103183. [PMID: 38788305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (GaLMs) have garnered monumental attention from the scientific community due to their diverse actuation characteristics. These metals possess remarkable characteristics, including high surface tension, excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, phase transformation behaviour, minimal viscosity and vapour pressure, lack of toxicity, and biocompatibility. In addition, GaLMs have melting points that are either lower or near room temperature, making them incredibly beneficial when compared to solid metals since they can be easily deformed. Thus, there has been significant progress in developing multifunctional devices using GaLMs, including bio-devices, flexible and self-healing circuits, and actuators. Despite numerous reports on these liquid metals (LMs), there is an urgent need for consolidated and coherent literature regarding their actuation principles linked to the targeted application. This will ensure that the reader gets the flavour of physics behind the actuation mechanism and how it can be utilized in diverse fields. Moreover, the actuation mechanism has been scattered in the literature, and thus, the primary motive of this review is to provide a one-stop solution for the actuation mechanism and the associated dynamics while directing the readers to specialized literature. Thus, addressing this issue, we thoroughly examine and present a detailed account of the actuation mechanisms of GaLMs while highlighting the science behind them. We also discuss the various morphologies of GaLMs and their crucial physical characteristics which decide their targeted application. Furthermore, we also delve into commonly held beliefs about GaLMs in the literature, such as their toxicity and antibacterial properties, to offer readers a more accurate understanding. Finally, we have explored several key unanswered aspects of the LM that should be explored in future research. The core strength of this review lies in its simplistic approach in offering a starting point for researchers venturing this innovative field, while we make use of existing literature to develop a comprehensive understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Agarwal
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Abdulmajeed Mohamad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Krishnamurthi V, Vaillant PHA, Mata J, Nguyen CK, Parker CJ, Zuraiqi K, Bryant G, Chiang K, Russo SP, Christofferson AJ, Elbourne A, Daeneke T. Structural Evolution of Liquid Metals and Alloys. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403885. [PMID: 38739417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Low-melting liquid metals are emerging as a new group of highly functional solvents due to their capability to dissolve and alloy various metals in their elemental state to form solutions as well as colloidal systems. Furthermore, these liquid metals can facilitate and catalyze multiple unique chemical reactions. Despite the intriguing science behind liquid metals and alloys, very little is known about their fundamental structures in the nanometric regime. To bridge this gap, this work employs small angle neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulations, revealing that the most commonly used liquid metal solvents, EGaIn and Galinstan, are surprisingly structured with the formation of clusters ranging from 157 to 15.7 Å. Conversely, noneutectic liquid metal alloys of GaSn or GaIn at low solute concentrations of 1, 2, and 5 wt%, as well as pure Ga, do not exhibit these structures. Importantly, the eutectic alloys retain their structure even at elevated temperatures of 60 and 90 °C, highlighting that they are not just simple homogeneous fluids consisting of individual atoms. Understanding the complex soft structure of liquid alloys will assist in comprehending complex phenomena occurring within these fluids and contribute to deriving reaction mechanisms in the realm of synthesis and liquid metal-based catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Krishnamurthi
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Pierre H A Vaillant
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Jitendra Mata
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering (ACNS), Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chung Kim Nguyen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Caiden J Parker
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Karma Zuraiqi
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Gary Bryant
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Ken Chiang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Salvy P Russo
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew J Christofferson
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ki S, Shin S, Cho S, Bang S, Choi D, Nam Y. Sustainable Thermal Regulation of Electronics via Mitigated Supercooling of Porous Gallium-Based Phase Change Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2310185. [PMID: 38634574 PMCID: PMC11186057 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Gallium liquid metal is one of the promising phase change materials for passive thermal management of electronics due to their high thermal conductivity and latent heat per volume. However, it suffers from severe supercooling, in which molten gallium does not return to solid due to the lack of nucleation. It may require 28.2 °C lower temperature than the original freezing point to address supercooling, leading to unstable thermal regulation performance along fluctuations of cooling condition. Here, gallium is infused into porous copper in an oxide-free environment, forming intermetallic compound impurities at the interfaces to reduce the activation energy for heterogeneous nucleation. The porous-shaped gallium provides ≈63% smaller supercooling than that of the bulk type due to large specific surface area (≈9,070 cm2 per cm3) and high wetting characteristics (≈16° of contact angle) on CuGa2 intermetallic layer. During repetitive heating-cooling cycles, porous-shaped gallium consistently shows propagation of crystallization at even near room temperature (≈25 °C) while maintaining stable performance as thermal buffer, whereas droplet-shaped gallium is gradually degraded due to partial-supercooled state. The findings will improve the responsive thermal regulation performance to relieve a rapid increase in temperature of semiconductors/batteries, and also have a potential for energy storage applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seokkan Ki
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34 141Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjong Shin
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34 141Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Cho
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKyung Hee UniversityYongin17 104Republic of Korea
| | - Soosik Bang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34 141Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwhi Choi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKyung Hee UniversityYongin17 104Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsuk Nam
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34 141Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu J, Song L, He Z, Wang S, Zhang W, Yang H, Li F, Li S, Wang J, Xiao H, Xu D, Liu Y, Wu Y, Wang JQ, Shui X, Hu YC, Shang J, Li RW. Size Dependent Phase Transformation of Liquid Gallium. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305798. [PMID: 37849041 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
As the most popular liquid metal (LM), gallium (Ga) and its alloys are emerging as functional materials due to their unique combination of fluidic and metallic properties near room temperature. As an important branch of utilizing LMs, micro- and submicron-particles of Ga-based LM are widely employed in wearable electronics, catalysis, energy, and biomedicine. Meanwhile, the phase transition is crucial not only for the applications based on this reversible transformation process, but also for the solidification temperature at which fluid properties are lost. While Ga has several solid phases and exhibits unusual size-dependent phase behavior. This complex process makes the phase transition and undercooling of Ga uncontrollable, which considerably affects the application performance. In this work, extensive (nano-)calorimetry experiments are performed to investigate the polymorph selection mechanism during liquid Ga crystallization. It is surprisingly found that the crystallization temperature and crystallization pathway to either α -Ga or β -Ga can be effectively engineered by thermal treatment and droplet size. The polymorph selection process is suggested to be highly relevant to the capability of forming covalent bonds in the equilibrium supercooled liquid. The observation of two different crystallization pathways depending on the annealing temperature may indicate that there exist two different liquid phases in Ga.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lijian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Zidong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shengding Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Wuxu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Huali Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Fali Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Shengbin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Huiyun Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Qiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Shui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Chao Hu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan J, Wang J, Wang X, Pan D, Su C, Wang J, Wang M, Xiong J, Chen Y, Wang L, Xu Y, Chen C, Yang M, Gu Z. Activating Tumor-Selective Liquid Metal Nanomedicine through Galvanic Replacement. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307817. [PMID: 37948543 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Advanced chemotherapeutic strategies including prodrug and nanocatalytic medicine have significantly advanced tumor-selective theranostics, but delicate prodrug screening, tedious synthesis, low degradability/biocompatibility of inorganic components, and unsatisfied reaction activity complicate treatment efficacies. Here, the intrinsic anticancer bioactivity of liquid metal nanodroplets (LMNDs) is explored through galvanic replacement. By utilizing a mechano-degradable ligand, the resultant size of the aqueous LMND is unexpectedly controlled as small as ≈20 nm (LMND20). It is demonstrated that LMND20 presents excellent tumor penetration and biocompatibility and activates tumor-selective carrier-to-drug conversion, synchronously depleting Cu2+ ions and producing Ga3+ ions through galvanic replacement. Together with abundant generation of reactive oxygen species, multiple anticancer pathways lead to selective apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis of breast cancer cells. Compared to the preclinical/clinical anticancer drugs of tetrathiomolybdate and Ga(NO3 )3 , LMND20 administration significantly improves the therapeutic efficacy and survival in a BCap-37 xenograft mouse model, yet without obvious side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yan
- Molecular Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Molecular Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Donghui Pan
- Molecular Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Chen Su
- Molecular Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mengzhen Wang
- Molecular Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Jianjun Xiong
- Molecular Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Molecular Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Molecular Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chongyang Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Min Yang
- Molecular Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao S, Yang Y, Falchevskaya AS, Vinogradov VV, Yuan B, Liu J, Sun X. Phase Transition Liquid Metal Enabled Emerging Biomedical Technologies and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2306692. [PMID: 38145958 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Phase change materials that can absorb or release large amounts of heat during phase transition, play a critical role in many important processes, including heat dissipation, thermal energy storage, and solar energy utilization. In general, phase change materials are usually encapsulated in passive modules to provide assurance for energy management. The shape and mechanical changes of these materials are greatly ignored. An emerging class of phase change materials, liquid metals (LMs) have attracted significant interest beyond thermal management, including in transformable robots, flexible electronics, soft actuators, and biomedicine. Interestingly, the melting point of LM is highly tunable around body temperature, allowing it to experience considerable stiffness change when interacting with human organisms during solid-liquid change, which brings about novel phenomena, applied technologies, and therapeutic methods, such as mechanical destruction of tumors, neural electrode implantation technique, and embolization therapy. This review focuses on the technology, regulation, and application of the phase change process along with diverse changes of LM to facilitate emerging biomedical applications based on the influences of mechanical stiffness change and versatile regulation strategies. Typical applications will also be categorized and summarized. Lastly, the advantages and challenges of using the unique and reversible process for biomedicine will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang Gao
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yaxiong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Aleksandra S Falchevskaya
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies" (SCAMT), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Vinogradov
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies" (SCAMT), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Bo Yuan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xuyang Sun
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Okatenko V, Boulanger C, Chen AN, Kumar K, Schouwink P, Loiudice A, Buonsanti R. Voltage-Driven Chemical Reactions Enable the Synthesis of Tunable Liquid Ga-Metal Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25401-25410. [PMID: 37948677 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized particles of liquid metals are emerging materials that hold promise for applications spanning from microelectronics to catalysis. Yet, knowledge of their chemical reactivity is largely unknown. Here, we study the reactivity of liquid Ga and Cu nanoparticles under the application of a cathodic voltage. We discover that the applied voltage and the spatial proximity of these two particle precursors dictate the reaction outcome. In particular, we find that a gradual voltage ramp is crucial to reduce the native oxide skin of gallium and enable reactive wetting between the Ga and Cu nanoparticles; instead, a voltage step causes dewetting between the two. We determine that the use of liquid Ga/Cu nanodimer precursors, which consist of an oxide-covered Ga domain interfaced with a metallic Cu domain, provides a more uniform mixing and results in more homogeneous reaction products compared to a physical mixture of Ga and Cu NPs. Having learned this, we obtain CuGa2 alloys or solid@liquid CuGa2@Ga core@shell nanoparticles by tuning the stoichiometry of Ga and Cu in the nanodimer precursors. These products reveal an interesting complementarity of thermal and voltage-driven syntheses to expand the compositional range of bimetallic NPs. Finally, we extend the voltage-driven synthesis to the combination of Ga with other elements (Ag, Sn, Co, and W). By rationalizing the impact of the native skin reduction rate, the wetting properties, and the chemical reactivity between Ga and other metals on the results of such voltage-driven chemical manipulation, we define the criteria to predict the outcome of this reaction and set the ground for future studies targeting various applications for multielement nanomaterials based on liquid Ga.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valery Okatenko
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Coline Boulanger
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Alexander N Chen
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schouwink
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Anna Loiudice
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu PQ, Miao X, Datta S. Recent Advances in Liquid Metal Photonics: Technologies and Applications. OPTICAL MATERIALS EXPRESS 2023; 13:699-727. [PMID: 38249122 PMCID: PMC10798671 DOI: 10.1364/ome.484236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Near-room-temperature liquid metals offer unique and crucial advantages over solid metals for a broad range of applications which require soft, stretchable and/or reconfigurable structures and devices. In particular, gallium-based liquid metals are the most suitable for a wide range of applications, not only owing to their low melting points, but also thanks to their low toxicity and negligible vapor pressure. In addition, gallium-based liquid metals exhibit attractive optical properties which make them highly suitable for a variety of photonics applications. This review summarizes the material properties of gallium-based liquid metals, highlights several effective techniques for fabricating liquid-metal-based structures and devices, and then focuses on the various photonics applications of these liquid metals in different spectral regions, following with a discussion on the challenges and opportunities for future research in this relatively nascent field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Q. Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Xianglong Miao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shreyan Datta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kuznetsov A, Roy P, Grudinin DV, Kondratev VM, Kadinskaya SA, Vorobyev AA, Kotlyar KP, Ubyivovk EV, Fedorov VV, Cirlin GE, Mukhin IS, Arsenin AV, Volkov VS, Bolshakov AD. Self-assembled photonic structure: a Ga optical antenna on GaP nanowires. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2332-2339. [PMID: 36637064 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04571k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires are the perfect platform for nanophotonic applications owing to their resonant, waveguiding optical properties and technological capabilities providing control over their crystalline and chemical compositions. The vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism allows the formation of hybrid metal-dielectric nanostructures promoting sub-wavelength light manipulation. In this work, we explore both experimentally and numerically the plasmonic effects promoted by a gallium (Ga) nanoparticle optical antenna decorating the facet of gallium phosphide (GaP) nanowires. Raman, photoluminescence and near-field mapping techniques are used to study the effects. We demonstrate several phenomena including field enhancement, antenna effect and increase in internal reflection. We show that the observed effects have to be considered when nanowires with a plasmonic particle are used in nanophotonic circuits and discuss the ways for utilization of these effects for efficient coupling of light into nanowire waveguide and field tailoring. The results open up promising pathways for the development of both passive and active nanophotonic elements, light harvesting and sensorics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Kuznetsov
- St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Center for nanotechnologies, Alferov University, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Prithu Roy
- ITMO University, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Grudinin
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Valeriy M Kondratev
- Center for nanotechnologies, Alferov University, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | | | - Alexandr A Vorobyev
- Center for nanotechnologies, Alferov University, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Konstantin P Kotlyar
- St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Center for nanotechnologies, Alferov University, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir V Fedorov
- Center for nanotechnologies, Alferov University, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - George E Cirlin
- St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Ivan S Mukhin
- Center for nanotechnologies, Alferov University, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
- ITMO University, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Higher School of Engineering Physics, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Arsenin
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Valentyn S Volkov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Alexey D Bolshakov
- St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Center for nanotechnologies, Alferov University, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Peng X, Zhu FC, Jiang YH, Sun JJ, Xiao LP, Zhou S, Bustillo KC, Lin LH, Cheng J, Li JF, Liao HG, Sun SG, Zheng H. Identification of a quasi-liquid phase at solid-liquid interface. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3601. [PMID: 35739085 PMCID: PMC9226024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of solid–liquid interfaces is of great importance for fundamental research as well as industrial applications. However, it has been very challenging to directly image solid–liquid interfaces with high resolution, thus their structure and properties are often unknown. Here, we report a quasi-liquid phase between metal (In, Sn) nanoparticle surfaces and an aqueous solution observed using liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. Our real-time high-resolution imaging reveals a thin layer of liquid-like materials at the interfaces with the frequent appearance of small In nanoclusters. Such a quasi-liquid phase serves as an intermediate for the mass transport from the metal nanoparticle to the liquid. Density functional theory-molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the positive charges of In ions greatly contribute to the stabilization of the quasi-liquid phase on the metal surface. Solid–liquid interfaces are ubiquitous in natural and technological processes, but their imaging at the atomic scale has been challenging. The authors, using liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy, identify a quasi-liquid phase and the mass transport between the surface of In and Sn nanocrystals and an aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fu-Chun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - You-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Juan-Juan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Liang-Ping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shiyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Long-Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hong-Gang Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Okatenko V, Castilla-Amorós L, Stoian DC, Vávra J, Loiudice A, Buonsanti R. The Native Oxide Skin of Liquid Metal Ga Nanoparticles Prevents Their Rapid Coalescence during Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10053-10063. [PMID: 35616631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid metals (LMs) have been used in electrochemistry since the 19th century, but it is only recently that they have emerged as electrocatalysts with unique properties, such as inherent resistance to coke poisoning, which derives from the dynamic nature of their surface. The use of LM nanoparticles (NPs) as electrocatalysts is highly desirable to enhance any surface-related phenomena. However, LM NPs are expected to rapidly coalesce, similarly to liquid drops, which makes their implementation in electrocatalysis hard to envision. Herein, we demonstrate that liquid Ga NPs (18 nm, 26 nm, 39 nm) drive the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) while remaining well-separated from each other. CO is generated with a maximum faradaic efficiency of around 30% at -0.7 VRHE, which is similar to that of bulk Ga. The combination of electrochemical, microscopic, and spectroscopic techniques, including operando X-ray absorption, indicates that the native oxide skin of the Ga NPs is still present during CO2RR and provides a barrier to coalescence during operation. This discovery provides an avenue for future development of Ga-based LM NPs as a new class of electrocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valery Okatenko
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Politechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Laia Castilla-Amorós
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Politechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan Vávra
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Politechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Anna Loiudice
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Politechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Politechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang L, Ma Y, Lin C, Qu G, Bai X, Huang Z. Nanohelix-Induced Optical Activity of Liquid Metal Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200620. [PMID: 35319827 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals (such as gallium or Ga) exist in liquid states under ambient conditions and are hardly sculpted in chiral structures. Herein, through electron-beam evaporation of Ga, hemispherical achiral Ga nanoparticles (NPs) are randomly immobilized along helical surfaces of SiO2 nanohelices (NHs), functioning as a chiral template. Helical assembly of Ga NPs shows chiroplasmonic optical activity owing to collective plasmon-plasmon interactions, which can be tuned as a function of a helical SiO2 pitch (P) and the amount of Ga evaporated. At a P of ≈150 nm, the chiroplasmonic optical activity, evaluated with anisotropic g-factor, can be as large as ≈0.1. Because the SiO2 NHs and Ga NPs have high environmental stability of nanostructures, the chiroplasmonic optical activity shows excellent anti-aging stability, despite slight blue shift and chiroplasmonic degradation for the first 2 weeks. Spontaneous oxidation of the Ga NPs enables the formation of dense Ga2 O3 layers covering Ga cores to prevent further oxidation and thus to stabilize the chiroplasmonic optical activity. This work devises an alternative approach to impose optical activity onto Ga NPs, providing an additional degree of freedom (i.e., chirality) for Ga-based flexible electronic devices to develop advanced applications of 3D display, circular polarizers, bio-imaging, and bio-detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Yicong Ma
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Geping Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xiaopeng Bai
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Golden Meditech Centre for Neuro Regeneration Sciences, HKBU, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen CY, Chien CY, Wang CM, Lin RS, Chen IC. Plasmon Tuning of Liquid Gallium Nanoparticles through Surface Anodization. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062145. [PMID: 35329596 PMCID: PMC8948849 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, tunable plasmonic liquid gallium nanoparticles (Ga NPs) were prepared through surface anodizing of the particles. Shape deformation of the Ga NPs accompanied with dimpled surface topographies could be induced during electrochemical anodization, and the formation of the anodic oxide shell helps maintain the resulting change in the particle shape. The nanoscale dimple-like textures led to changes in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) wavelength. A maximal LSPR red-shift of ~77 nm was preliminarily achieved using an anodization voltage of 0.7 V. The experimental results showed that an increase in the oxide shell thickness yielded a negligible difference in the observed LSPR, and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations also suggested that the LSPR tunability was primarily determined by the shape of the deformed particles. The extent of particle deformation could be adjusted in a very short period of anodization time (~7 s), which offers an efficient way to tune the LSPR response of Ga NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yao Chen
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongli 320, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Ching-Yun Chien
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongli 320, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chih-Ming Wang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Zhongli 320, Taiwan; (C.-M.W.); (R.-S.L.)
| | - Rong-Sheng Lin
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Zhongli 320, Taiwan; (C.-M.W.); (R.-S.L.)
| | - I-Chen Chen
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongli 320, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Allioux FM, Ghasemian MB, Xie W, O'Mullane AP, Daeneke T, Dickey MD, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Applications of liquid metals in nanotechnology. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:141-167. [PMID: 34982812 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00594d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Post-transition liquid metals (LMs) offer new opportunities for accessing exciting dynamics for nanomaterials. As entities with free electrons and ions as well as fluidity, LM-based nanomaterials are fundamentally different from their solid counterparts. The low melting points of most post-transition metals (less than 330 °C) allow for the formation of nanodroplets from bulk metal melts under mild mechanical and chemical conditions. At the nanoscale, these liquid state nanodroplets simultaneously offer high electrical and thermal conductivities, tunable reactivities and useful physicochemical properties. They also offer specific alloying and dealloying conditions for the formation of multi-elemental liquid based nanoalloys or the synthesis of engineered solid nanomaterials. To date, while only a few nanosized LM materials have been investigated, extraordinary properties have been observed for such systems. Multi-elemental nanoalloys have shown controllable homogeneous or heterogeneous core and surface compositions with interfacial ordering at the nanoscale. The interactions and synergies of nanosized LMs with polymeric, inorganic and bio-materials have also resulted in new compounds. This review highlights recent progress and future directions for the synthesis and applications of post-transition LMs and their alloys. The review presents the unique properties of these LM nanodroplets for developing functional materials for electronics, sensors, catalysts, energy systems, and nanomedicine and biomedical applications, as well as other functional systems engineered at the nanoscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Wanjie Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guymon GG, Malakooti MH. Multifunctional liquid metal polymer composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G. Guymon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Institute for Nano‐Engineered Systems University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Mohammad H. Malakooti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Institute for Nano‐Engineered Systems University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tang J, Tang J, Mayyas M, Ghasemian MB, Sun J, Rahim MA, Yang J, Han J, Lawes DJ, Jalili R, Daeneke T, Saborio MG, Cao Z, Echeverria CA, Allioux FM, Zavabeti A, Hamilton J, Mitchell V, O'Mullane AP, Kaner RB, Esrafilzadeh D, Dickey MD, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Liquid-Metal-Enabled Mechanical-Energy-Induced CO 2 Conversion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105789. [PMID: 34613649 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A green carbon capture and conversion technology offering scalability and economic viability for mitigating CO2 emissions is reported. The technology uses suspensions of gallium liquid metal to reduce CO2 into carbonaceous solid products and O2 at near room temperature. The nonpolar nature of the liquid gallium interface allows the solid products to instantaneously exfoliate, hence keeping active sites accessible. The solid co-contributor of silver-gallium rods ensures a cyclic sustainable process. The overall process relies on mechanical energy as the input, which drives nano-dimensional triboelectrochemical reactions. When a gallium/silver fluoride mix at 7:1 mass ratio is employed to create the reaction material, 92% efficiency is obtained at a remarkably low input energy of 230 kWh (excluding the energy used for dissolving CO2 ) for the capture and conversion of a tonne of CO2 . This green technology presents an economical solution for CO2 emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junma Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Md Arifur Rahim
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jiong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Douglas J Lawes
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rouhollah Jalili
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Maricruz G Saborio
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zhenbang Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Claudia A Echeverria
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | | | | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gao X, Fan X, Zhang J. Tunable plasmonic gallium nano liquid metal from facile and controllable synthesis. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3315-3323. [PMID: 34553731 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01101d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) gallium (Ga) is famous for its metallic properties with unique fluidity and has been extensively utilized in modern technologies. However, chemical strategies towards nanostructured Ga are extremely challenging, which severely limits further advanced applications of Ga. This work reports a facile method, the classical galvanic replacement reaction (GRR), to readily realize the synthesis of uniform Ga nano LM through sacrificial seeds (zinc) and gallium ions (Ga3+). Different from the previous tedious Ga nanoparticle synthesis, the GRR can be achieved under mild conditions without involving any highly active reagents or special equipment. Surprisingly, the temperature heavily influences the results of GRR due to the unique solid-liquid phase transition of Ga LM. This work figures out the critical issues of temperature, oxygen and solvent in the GRR to successfully prepare Ga nanodroplets. Interestingly, the GRR provides a convenient strategy to control the size of Ga nano LM to mediate localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in the ultraviolet region, which is hardly observed in noble metals. Besides, the nano Ga from GRR exhibits remarkable SERS detection capability with an extremely low limit of detection (10-6 M), which ranks as the highest enhancement factor with an average value exceeding 105 among Ga materials. Moreover, the SERS activity of the nano Ga shows no obvious decrease within 60 days, verifying its excellent storage stability. This work demonstrates a facile "bottom-up" chemistry for Ga LM, which could greatly benefit its potential applications in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Xingce Fan
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Jiuyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yunusa M, Adaka A, Aghakhani A, Shahsavan H, Guo Y, Alapan Y, Jákli A, Sitti M. Liquid Crystal Structure of Supercooled Liquid Gallium and Eutectic Gallium-Indium. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104807. [PMID: 34337803 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the origin of structural ordering in supercooled liquid gallium (Ga) has been a great scientific quest in the past decades. Here, reflective polarized optical microscopy on Ga sandwiched between glasses treated with rubbed polymers reveals the onset of an anisotropic reflection at 120 °C that increases on cooling and persists down to room temperature or below. The polymer rubbing usually aligns the director of thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) parallel to the rubbing direction. On the other hand, when Ga is sandwiched between substrates that align conventional LC molecules normal to the surface, the reflection is isotropic, but mechanical shear force induces anisotropic reflection that relaxes in seconds. Such alignment effects and shear-induced realignment are typical to conventional thermotropic LCs and indicate a LC structure of liquid Ga. Specifically, Ga textures obtained by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy reveal the existence of a lamellar structure corresponding to a smectic LC phase, while the nanometer-thin lamellar structure is transparent under transmission polarized optical microscopy. Such spatial molecular arrangements may be attributed to dimer molecular entities in the supercooled liquid Ga. The LC structure observation of electrically conductive liquid Ga can provide new opportunities in materials science and LC applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yunusa
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alex Adaka
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Amirreza Aghakhani
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hamed Shahsavan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yubing Guo
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yunus Alapan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antal Jákli
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kuryakov VN. Investigation of the Phase Behavior of Gallium Nanoparticles by an Optical Method. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602362108012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Losurdo M, Gutiérrez Y, Suvorova A, Giangregorio MM, Rubanov S, Brown AS, Moreno F. Gallium Plasmonic Nanoantennas Unveiling Multiple Kinetics of Hydrogen Sensing, Storage, and Spillover. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100500. [PMID: 34076312 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is the key element to accomplish a carbon-free based economy. Here, the first evidence of plasmonic gallium (Ga) nanoantennas is provided as nanoreactors supported on sapphire (α-Al2 O3 ) acting as direct plasmon-enhanced photocatalyst for hydrogen sensing, storage, and spillover. The role of plasmon-catalyzed electron transfer between hydrogen and plasmonic Ga nanoparticle in the activation of those processes is highlighted, as opposed to conventional refractive index-change-based sensing. This study reveals that, while temperature selectively operates those various processes, longitudinal (LO-LSPR) and transverse (TO-LSPR) localized surface plasmon resonances of supported Ga nanoparticles open selectivity of localized reaction pathways at specific sites corresponding to the electromagnetic hot-spots. Specifically, the TO-LSPR couples light into the surface dissociative adsorption of hydrogen and formation of hydrides, whereas the LO-LSPR activates heterogeneous reactions at the interface with the support, that is, hydrogen spillover into α-Al2 O3 and reverse-oxygen spillover from α-Al2 O3. This Ga-based plasmon-catalytic platform expands the application of supported plasmon-catalysis to hydrogen technologies, including reversible fast hydrogen sensing in a timescale of a few seconds with a limit of detection as low as 5 ppm and in a broad temperature range from room-temperature up to 600 °C while remaining stable and reusable over an extended period of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Losurdo
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-NANOTEC, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Yael Gutiérrez
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-NANOTEC, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Alexandra Suvorova
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | | | - Sergey Rubanov
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 161 Barry Street, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - April S Brown
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Fernando Moreno
- Group of Optics, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n, Santander, 39005, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sreekanth KV, Medwal R, Das CM, Gupta M, Mishra M, Yong KT, Rawat RS, Singh R. Electrically Tunable All-PCM Visible Plasmonics. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4044-4050. [PMID: 33900781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The realization of electrically tunable plasmonic resonances in the ultraviolet (UV) to visible spectral band is particularly important for active nanophotonic device applications. However, the plasmonic resonances in the UV to visible wavelength range cannot be tuned due to the lack of tunable plasmonic materials. Here, we experimentally demonstrate tunable plasmonic resonances at visible wavelengths using a chalcogenide semiconductor alloy such as antimony telluride (Sb2Te3), by switching the structural phase of Sb2Te3 from amorphous to crystalline. We demonstrate the excitation of a propagating surface plasmon with a high plasmonic figure of merit in both amorphous and crystalline phases of Sb2Te3 thin films. We show polarization-dependent and -independent plasmonic resonances by fabricating one and two-dimensional periodic nanostructures in Sb2Te3 thin films, respectively. Moreover, we demonstrate electrically tunable plasmonic resonances using a microheater integrated with the Sb2Te3/Si device. The developed electrically tunable Sb2Te3-based plasmonic devices could find applications in the development of active color filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kandammathe Valiyaveedu Sreekanth
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Rohit Medwal
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Chandreyee M Das
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Manoj Gupta
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mayank Mishra
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rajdeep Singh Rawat
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tang J, Lambie S, Meftahi N, Christofferson AJ, Yang J, Ghasemian MB, Han J, Allioux FM, Rahim MA, Mayyas M, Daeneke T, McConville CF, Steenbergen KG, Kaner RB, Russo SP, Gaston N, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Unique surface patterns emerging during solidification of liquid metal alloys. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:431-439. [PMID: 33462429 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well-understood that during the liquid-to-solid phase transition of alloys, elements segregate in the bulk phase with the formation of microstructures. In contrast, we show here that in a Bi-Ga alloy system, highly ordered nanopatterns emerge preferentially at the alloy surfaces during solidification. We observed a variety of transition, hybrid and crystal-defect-like patterns, in addition to lamellar and rod-like structures. Combining experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the influence of the superficial Bi and Ga2O3 layers during surface solidification and elucidated the pattern-formation mechanisms, which involve surface-catalysed heterogeneous nucleation. We further demonstrated the dynamic nature and robustness of the phenomenon under different solidification conditions and for various alloy systems. The surface patterns we observed enable high-spatial-resolution nanoscale-infrared and surface-enhanced Raman mapping, which reveal promising potential for surface- and nanoscale-based applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Stephanie Lambie
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nastaran Meftahi
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Christofferson
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Md Arifur Rahim
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris F McConville
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University (Warren Ponds Campus), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Krista G Steenbergen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Salvy P Russo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Gaston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mahmud G, Zhang H, Douglas JF. Localization model description of the interfacial dynamics of crystalline Cu and [Formula: see text] metallic glass nanoparticles. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:33. [PMID: 33728521 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many of the special properties of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials broadly derive from the significant fraction of particles (atoms, molecules or segments of polymeric molecules) in the NP interfacial region in which the interparticle interactions are characteristically highly anharmonic in comparison to the bulk material. This leads to relatively large mean square particle displacements relative to the material interior, often resulting in a strong increase interfacial mobility and reactivity in both crystalline and glass NPs. The 'Debye-Waller factor', or the mean square particle displacement [Formula: see text] on a ps 'caging' timescale relative to the square of the average interparticle distance [Formula: see text], provides an often experimentally accessible measure of the strength of this anharmonic interaction. The Localization Model (LM) of the dynamics of condensed materials relates this thermodynamic property to the structural relaxation time [Formula: see text], determined from the intermediate scattering function, without any free parameters. Moreover, the LM allows for the prediction of the diffusion coefficient D when combined with the 'decoupling' or Fractional Stokes-Einstein relation linking [Formula: see text] to D. In the current study, we employed classical molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the structural relaxation and diffusion of model [Formula: see text] metallic glass and Cu crystalline NPs with different sizes. As with previous studies validating the LM on model bulk and crystalline materials, and for the interfacial dynamics of thin crystalline and metallic glass films, we find the LM model also describes the interfacial dynamics of model crystalline metal (Cu) and metallic glass ([Formula: see text] NPs to a good approximation, further confirming the generality of the model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gazi Mahmud
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Jack F Douglas
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Maryland, 20899, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ren L, Cheng N, Man X, Qi D, Liu Y, Xu G, Cui D, Liu N, Zhong J, Peleckis G, Xu X, Dou SX, Du Y. General Programmable Growth of Hybrid Core-Shell Nanostructures with Liquid Metal Nanodroplets. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008024. [PMID: 33522010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell and hollow nanostructures have been receiving significant interest due to their potential in wide scientific and technological fields. Given such large scope, however, they still lag far behind in terms of the ambition toward controllably, or even programmatically, synthesizing libraries of core-shell structures on a large scale. Here, a general route for the programmable preparation of complex core-shell nanostructures by using liquid metal (LM) droplets as reformable templates is presented, and the triggering of a localized galvanic replacement reaction in one ultrasonication system is demonstrated. Benefiting from the activity and mobility of the metal components in LM templates, high-level compositional diversity control and quantitative regulation of both the core and the shell layers of the heterogeneous products are achieved, which cannot be realized with a solid-template synthetic route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Ren
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, and School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ningyan Cheng
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Xingkun Man
- BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, and School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Dongchen Qi
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | - Yundan Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic, Xiangtan University, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Guobao Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Dandan Cui
- BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, and School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Nana Liu
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Jianxin Zhong
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic, Xiangtan University, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Germanas Peleckis
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Xun Xu
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, and School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yi Du
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, and School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mingear J, Farrell Z, Hartl D, Tabor C. Gallium-indium nanoparticles as phase change material additives for tunable thermal fluids. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:730-738. [PMID: 33406169 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06526a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the most critical limitations for high-power electronics today is thermal management and routing thermal energy efficiently away from thermally sensitive components. A potential solution to this problem is the integration of cooling channels in close proximity to thermally sensitive materials for increased heat removal efficiency. These channels typically use single phase fluids (liquid), dual phase fluids (vapor-liquid), or suspended organic/polymer phase change material particles in a fluid (PCM slurry). Expanding upon the latter, this work demonstrates the use of inorganic Ga-In alloy nanoparticles (NPs) suspended in a traditional thermal transport fluid to simultaneously (1) increase the overall thermal diffusivity of the fluid and (2) serve as a cyclable solid-liquid PCM slurry which provides a thermal sink that is definable over a wide range of relevant temperatures for power electronics. Herein, the relationship between particle size, composition, and volume fraction are explored as they relate to the PCM slurry optimum working temperature, total energy absorption, and rheological properties. A mere 0.10 volume fraction of Ga-In NPs is reported to increase the overall thermal conductivity by nearly 50% and can be optimized to melt at temperatures as low as -46 °C. Based on thermal measurements, it was observed that these nanoparticle systems lack the preference to form αGa and have a large thermal hysteresis due to exhibiting extreme undercooling, with crystallization temperatures near -130 °C, enabling opportunities within extreme environments such as space applications or low temperature imaging systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Mingear
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Darren Hartl
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA and Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Christopher Tabor
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lambie S, Steenbergen KG, Gaston N. A mechanistic understanding of surface Bi enrichment in dilute GaBi systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14383-14390. [PMID: 34180476 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01540k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Experiment has shown that dilute GaBi systems produce a range of self-organised nanostructured patterns at the surface [Tang et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2021, 16, 431-439]. Using extensive ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we elucidate the mechanisms underlying the formation of the Bi surface islands in Bi-doped Ga liquid metals. Here, we show that in order for internal Bi atoms to diffuse to the surface a lateral extension of the Ga surface network is required. Furthermore, the absence of surface Bi patterning perturbs the Ga surface network providing a preferred path for an internal Bi to diffuse. By understanding how and why Bi nucleates at a surface, we increase the ability to control, manipulate and design such systems for use in future electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lambie
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Krista G Steenbergen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gaston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cuscunà M, Manoccio M, Esposito M, Scuderi M, Nicotra G, Tarantini I, Melcarne A, Tasco V, Losurdo M, Passaseo A. Gallium chiral nanoshaping for circular polarization handling. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:187-196. [PMID: 34821297 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work we report the local growth of ordered arrays of 3D core-shell chiral nanohelices based on plasmonic gallium metal. The structures can be engineered in a single step using focused ion beam induced deposition, where a Ga+ ion source is used to shape the metallic nanohelix core, while the dielectric precursor is dissociated to create dielectric shells. The solubility of gallium in the different investigated dielectric matrices controls the core-shell thickness ratio of the nanohelices. The chiral plasmonic behaviour of these gallium-based nanostructures is experimentally measured by circularly polarized light transmission through nanostructure arrays and compared with numerical simulations. Large chiroptical effects in the visible range are demonstrated due to the plasmonic effects arising from gallium nanoclusters in the core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Cuscunà
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fazio E, Gökce B, De Giacomo A, Meneghetti M, Compagnini G, Tommasini M, Waag F, Lucotti A, Zanchi CG, Ossi PM, Dell’Aglio M, D’Urso L, Condorelli M, Scardaci V, Biscaglia F, Litti L, Gobbo M, Gallo G, Santoro M, Trusso S, Neri F. Nanoparticles Engineering by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquids: Concepts and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2317. [PMID: 33238455 PMCID: PMC7700616 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Laser synthesis emerges as a suitable technique to produce ligand-free nanoparticles, alloys and functionalized nanomaterials for catalysis, imaging, biomedicine, energy and environmental applications. In the last decade, laser ablation and nanoparticle generation in liquids has proven to be a unique and efficient technique to generate, excite, fragment and conjugate a large variety of nanostructures in a scalable and clean way. In this work, we give an overview on the fundamentals of pulsed laser synthesis of nanocolloids and new information about its scalability towards selected applications. Biomedicine, catalysis and sensing are the application areas mainly discussed in this review, highlighting advantages of laser-synthesized nanoparticles for these types of applications and, once partially resolved, the limitations to the technique for large-scale applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics and Earth Physics, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (F.N.)
| | - Bilal Gökce
- Department of Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany; (B.G.); (F.W.)
| | - Alessandro De Giacomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- CNR-NANOTEC, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Moreno Meneghetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.M.); (F.B.); (L.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Compagnini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (L.D.); (M.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (M.T.); (A.L.); (C.G.Z.)
| | - Friedrich Waag
- Department of Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany; (B.G.); (F.W.)
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (M.T.); (A.L.); (C.G.Z.)
| | - Chiara Giuseppina Zanchi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (M.T.); (A.L.); (C.G.Z.)
| | - Paolo Maria Ossi
- Department of Energy & Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces—NEMAS, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Marcella Dell’Aglio
- CNR-NANOTEC, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Luisa D’Urso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (L.D.); (M.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Marcello Condorelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (L.D.); (M.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Vittorio Scardaci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (L.D.); (M.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Francesca Biscaglia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.M.); (F.B.); (L.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Lucio Litti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.M.); (F.B.); (L.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Marina Gobbo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.M.); (F.B.); (L.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Giovanni Gallo
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics and Earth Physics, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (F.N.)
| | - Marco Santoro
- STMicroelectronics S.R.L., Stradale Primosole 37, 95121 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Trusso
- CNR-IPCF Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, 98053 Messina, Italy;
| | - Fortunato Neri
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics and Earth Physics, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (F.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xie J, You X, Huang Y, Ni Z, Wang X, Li X, Yang C, Zhang D, Chen H, Sun H, Chen Z. 3D-printed integrative probeheads for magnetic resonance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5793. [PMID: 33188186 PMCID: PMC7666178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) technology has been widely employed in scientific research, clinical diagnosis and geological survey. However, the fabrication of MR radio frequency probeheads still face difficulties in integration, customization and miniaturization. Here, we utilized 3D printing and liquid metal filling techniques to fabricate integrative radio frequency probeheads for MR experiments. The 3D-printed probehead with micrometer precision generally consists of liquid metal coils, customized sample chambers and radio frequency circuit interfaces. We screened different 3D printing materials and optimized the liquid metals by incorporating metal microparticles. The 3D-printed probeheads are capable of performing both routine and nonconventional MR experiments, including in situ electrochemical analysis, in situ reaction monitoring with continues-flow paramagnetic particles and ions separation, and small-sample MR imaging. Due to the flexibility and accuracy of 3D printing techniques, we can accurately obtain complicated coil geometries at the micrometer scale, shortening the fabrication timescale and extending the application scenarios. Here, the authors combine 3D printing and liquid metal filling techniques to fabricate customised probeheads for magnetic resonance experiments. They demonstrate in situ electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, reaction monitoring with continues-flow separation and small-sample imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Xie
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xueqiu You
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Zurong Ni
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xingrui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Dechao Zhang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Materials of China, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wei Q, Sun M, Wang Z, Yan J, Yuan R, Liu T, Majidi C, Matyjaszewski K. Surface Engineering of Liquid Metal Nanodroplets by Attachable Diblock Copolymers. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9884-9893. [PMID: 32649179 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) micro/nano droplets have promising applications in various fields such as flexible electronics, catalysis, and soft composites as well as biomedicines. However, the preparation of highly stable LM nanodroplets suspension based on eutectic gallium/indium (EGaIn) alloys is still challenging. Herein, we report a general and robust strategy to fabricate EGaIn nanodroplets stabilized by polymer brushes (polymer brushes/EGaIn nanodroplets) via in situ attachment of well-defined diblock copolymers with short poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) anchoring segments. Under ultrasonication, the anchoring PAA block is in situ attached onto the gallium oxide "skin" layer of EGaIn nanodroplets to form polymer brushes. The attachable diblock copolymer surfactants allow for highly efficient formation of EGaIn nanodroplets in high yield and with narrow size distribution. The polymer brushes/EGaIn nanodroplets contain very low fractions of attached polymer (<1 wt %) and exhibit high colloidal stability (>30 days) and good redispersibility. Precise control of polymer architecture by atom-transfer radical polymerization was employed to prepare various block copolymers for suspensions in a variety of solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiangbing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mingkang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jiajun Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wen G, Ren B, Park MG, Yang J, Dou H, Zhang Z, Deng YP, Bai Z, Yang L, Gostick J, Botton GA, Hu Y, Chen Z. Ternary Sn-Ti-O Electrocatalyst Boosts the Stability and Energy Efficiency of CO 2 Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12860-12867. [PMID: 32379944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneously improving energy efficiency (EE) and material stability in electrochemical CO2 conversion remains an unsolved challenge. Among a series of ternary Sn-Ti-O electrocatalysts, 3D ordered mesoporous (3DOM) Sn0.3 Ti0.7 O2 achieves a trade-off between active-site exposure and structural stability, demonstrating up to 71.5 % half-cell EE over 200 hours, and a 94.5 % Faradaic efficiency for CO at an overpotential as low as 430 mV. DFT and X-ray absorption fine structure analyses reveal an electron density reconfiguration in the Sn-Ti-O system. A downshift of the orbital band center of Sn and a charge depletion of Ti collectively facilitate the dissociative adsorption of the desired intermediate COOH* for CO formation. It is also beneficial in maintaining a local alkaline environment to suppress H2 and formate formation, and in stabilizing oxygen atoms to prolong durability. These findings provide a new strategy in materials design for efficient CO2 conversion and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Bohua Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Moon G Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Haozhen Dou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ya-Ping Deng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jeff Gostick
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Gianluigi A Botton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada.,Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Yongfeng Hu
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Qian J, Gao X, Pan B. Nanoconfinement-Mediated Water Treatment: From Fundamental to Application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8509-8526. [PMID: 32511915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Safe and clean water is of pivotal importance to all living species and the ecosystem on earth. However, the accelerating economy and industrialization of mankind generate water pollutants with much larger quantity and higher complexity than ever before, challenging the efficacy of traditional water treatment technologies. The flourishing researches on nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in the past decade have generated new understandings on many fundamental processes and brought revolutionary upgrades to various traditional technologies in almost all areas, including water treatment. An indispensable step toward the real application of nanomaterials in water treatment is to confine them in large processable substrate to address various inherent issues, such as spontaneous aggregation, difficult operation and potential environmental risks. Strikingly, when the size of the spatial restriction provided by the substrate is on the order of only one or several nanometers, referred to as nanoconfinement, the phase behavior of matter and the energy diagram of a chemical reaction could be utterly changed. Nevertheless, the relationship between such changes under nanoconfinement and their implications for water treatment is rarely elucidated systematically. In this Critical Review, we will briefly summarize the current state-of-the-art of the nanomaterials, as well as the nanoconfined analogues (i.e., nanocomposites) developed for water treatment. Afterward, we will put emphasis on the effects of nanoconfinement from three aspects, that is, on the structure and behavior of water molecules, on the formation (e.g., crystallization) of confined nanomaterials, and on the nanoenabled chemical reactions. For each aspect, we will build the correlation between the nanoconfinement effects and the current studies for water treatment. More importantly, we will make proposals for future studies based on the missing links between some of the nanoconfinement effects and the water treatment technologies. Through this Critical Review, we aim to raise the research attention on using nanoconfinement as a fundamental guide or even tool to advance water treatment technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieshu Qian
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Malakooti MH, Bockstaller MR, Matyjaszewski K, Majidi C. Liquid metal nanocomposites. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2668-2677. [PMID: 36132412 PMCID: PMC9419082 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) has attracted tremendous interest over the past decade for its enabling combination of high electrical and thermal conductivity and low mechanical compliance and viscosity. Efforts to harness LM in electronics, robotics, and biomedical applications have largely involved methods to encapsulate the liquid so that it can support functionality without leaking or smearing. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in LM "nanocomposites" in which either liquid metal is mixed with metallic nanoparticles or nanoscale droplets of liquid metal are suspended within a soft polymer matrix. Both of these material systems represent an important step towards utilizing liquid metal for breakthrough applications. In this minireview, we present a brief overview of recent progress over the past few years in methods to synthesize LM nanomaterials and utilize them as transducers for sensing, actuation, and energy harvesting. In particular, we focus on techniques for stable synthesis of LM nanodroplets, suspension of nanodroplets within various matrix materials, and methods for incorporating metallic nanoparticles within an LM matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Malakooti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle WA 91895 USA
| | - Michael R Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | | | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wen G, Ren B, Park MG, Yang J, Dou H, Zhang Z, Deng Y, Bai Z, Yang L, Gostick J, Botton GA, Hu Y, Chen Z. Ternary Sn‐Ti‐O Electrocatalyst Boosts the Stability and Energy Efficiency of CO
2
Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 China
- Department of Chemical Engineering Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Bohua Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Moon G. Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Haozhen Dou
- Department of Chemical Engineering Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Ya‐Ping Deng
- Department of Chemical Engineering Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 China
| | - Jeff Gostick
- Department of Chemical Engineering Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Gianluigi A. Botton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
- Canadian Light Source University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 0X4 Canada
| | - Yongfeng Hu
- Canadian Light Source University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 0X4 Canada
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Deng F, Liu H, Peng Y, Panmai M, Lan S. Optical Scattering of Liquid Gallium Nanoparticles Coupled to Thin Metal Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1052. [PMID: 32486133 PMCID: PMC7352641 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigate experimentally and numerically the scattering properties of liquid gallium nanoparticles coupled to a thin gold or silver film. The gallium nanoparticles are excited either directly by using inclined white light or indirectly by surface plasmon polaritons generated on the surface of the gold/silver film. In the former case, the scattering spectrum is always dominated by a scattering peak at ∼540 nm with a long-wavelength shoulder which is redshifted with increasing diameter of the gallium nanoparticle. Under the excitation of the surface plasmon polaritons, optical resonances with much narrower linewidths, which are dependent on the incidence angle of the white light, appear in the scattering spectra. In this case, the scattering spectrum depends weakly on the diameter of the gallium nanoparticle but the radiation pattern exhibits a strong dependence. In addition, a significant enhancement of electric field is expected in the gap region between the gallium nanoparticles and the gold film based on numerical simulation. As compared with the gallium nanoparticle coupled to the gold film which exhibit mainly yellow and orange colors, vivid scattering light spanning the visible light spectrum can be achieved in the gallium nanoparticles coupled to the silver film by simply varying the incidence angle. Gallium nanoparticles coupled to thin metal films may find potential applications in light-matter interaction and color display.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sheng Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (F.D.); (H.L.); (Y.P.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Catalán-Gómez S, Bran C, Vázquez M, Vázquez L, Pau JL, Redondo-Cubero A. Plasmonic coupling in closed-packed ordered gallium nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4187. [PMID: 32144349 PMCID: PMC7060194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic gallium (Ga) nanoparticles (NPs) are well known to exhibit good performance in numerous applications such as surface enhanced fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy or biosensing. However, to reach the optimal optical performance, the strength of the localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) must be enhanced particularly by suitable narrowing the NP size distribution among other factors. With this purpose, our last work demonstrated the production of hexagonal ordered arrays of Ga NPs by using templates of aluminium (Al) shallow pit arrays, whose LSPRs were observed in the VIS region. The quantitative analysis of the optical properties by spectroscopic ellipsometry confirmed an outstanding improvement of the LSPR intensity and full width at half maximum (FWHM) due to the imposed ordering. Here, by engineering the template dimensions, and therefore by tuning Ga NPs size, we expand the LSPRs of the Ga NPs to cover a wider range of the electromagnetic spectrum from the UV to the IR regions. More interestingly, the factors that cause this optical performance improvement are studied with the universal plasmon ruler equation, supported with discrete dipole approximation simulations. The results allow us to conclude that the plasmonic coupling between NPs originated in the ordered systems is the main cause for the optimized optical response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Catalán-Gómez
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Bran
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Vázquez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Vázquez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Pau
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Redondo-Cubero
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yunusa M, Lahlou A, Sitti M. Thermal Effects on the Crystallization Kinetics, and Interfacial Adhesion of Single-Crystal Phase-Change Gallium. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907453. [PMID: 32009261 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although substrates play an important role upon crystallization of supercooled liquids, the influences of surface temperature and thermal property have remained elusive. Here, the crystallization of supercooled phase-change gallium (Ga) on substrates with different thermal conductivity is studied. The effect of interfacial temperature on the crystallization kinetics, which dictates thermo-mechanical stresses between the substrate and the crystallized Ga, is investigated. At an elevated surface temperature, close to the melting point of Ga, an extended single-crystal growth of Ga on dielectric substrates due to layering effect and annealing is realized without the application of external fields. Adhesive strength at the interfaces depends on the thermal conductivity and initial surface temperature of the substrates. This insight can be applicable to other liquid metals for industrial applications, and sheds more light on phase-change memory crystallization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yunusa
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Aliénor Lahlou
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
- School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Saborio MG, Cai S, Tang J, Ghasemian MB, Mayyas M, Han J, Christoe MJ, Peng S, Koshy P, Esrafilzadeh D, Jalili R, Wang CH, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Liquid Metal Droplet and Graphene Co-Fillers for Electrically Conductive Flexible Composites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903753. [PMID: 31565857 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal liquid metal alloys of gallium, with melting points below room temperature, are potential candidates for creating electrically conductive and flexible composites. However, inclusion of liquid metal micro- and nanodroplets into soft polymeric matrices requires a harsh auxiliary mechanical pressing to rupture the droplets to establish continuous pathways for high electrical conductivity. However, such a destructive strategy reduces the integrity of the composites. Here, this problem is solved by incorporating small loading of nonfunctionalized graphene flakes into the composites. The flakes introduce cavities that are filled with liquid metal after only relatively mild press-rolling (<0.1 MPa) to form electrically conductive continuous pathways within the polymeric matrix, while maintaining the integrity and flexibility of the composites. The composites are characterized to show that even very low graphene loadings (≈0.6 wt%) can achieve high electrical conductivity. The electrical conductance remains nearly constant, with changes less than 0.5%, even under a relatively high applied pressure of >30 kPa. The composites are used for forming flexible electrically-conductive tracks in electronic circuits with a self-healing property. The demonstrated application of co-fillers, together with liquid metal droplets, can be used for establishing electrically-conductive printable-composite tracks for future large-area flexible electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maricruz G Saborio
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shengxiang Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Michael J Christoe
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shuhua Peng
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Pramod Koshy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rouhollah Jalili
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chun H Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Song H, Kim T, Kang S, Jin H, Lee K, Yoon HJ. Ga-Based Liquid Metal Micro/Nanoparticles: Recent Advances and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903391. [PMID: 31583849 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals are emerging as fluidic inorganic materials in various research fields. Micro- and nanoparticles of Ga and its alloys have received particular attention in the last decade due to their non toxicity and accessibility in ambient conditions as well as their interesting chemical, physical, mechanical, and electrical properties. Unique features such as a fluidic nature and self-passivating oxide skin make Ga-based liquid metal particles (LMPs) distinguishable from conventional inorganic particles in the context of synthesis and applications. Here, recent advances in the bottom-up and top-down synthetic methods of Ga-based LMPs, their physicochemical properties, and their applications are summarized. Finally, the current status of the LMPs is highlighted and perspectives on future directions are also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsun Song
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Haneul Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Garoli D, Schirato A, Giovannini G, Cattarin S, Ponzellini P, Calandrini E, Proietti Zaccaria R, D’Amico F, Pachetti M, Yang W, Jin HJ, Krahne R, Alabastri A. Galvanic Replacement Reaction as a Route to Prepare Nanoporous Aluminum for UV Plasmonics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E102. [PMID: 31947927 PMCID: PMC7023067 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in extending plasmonics applications into the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Noble metals are commonly used in plasmonic, but their intrinsic optical properties limit their use above 350 nm. Aluminum is probably the most suitable material for UV plasmonics, and in this work we fabricated substrates of nanoporous aluminum starting from an alloy of Al2Mg3. The porous metal is obtained by means of a galvanic replacement reaction. Such nanoporous metal can be exploited to achieve a plasmonic material suitable for enhanced UV Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence. Thanks to the large surface to volume ratio, this material represents a powerful platform for promoting interaction between plasmonic substrates and molecules in the UV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Garoli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy (P.P.); (E.C.); (R.P.Z.); (R.K.)
| | - Andrea Schirato
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy (P.P.); (E.C.); (R.P.Z.); (R.K.)
- Deparment of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Ponzellini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy (P.P.); (E.C.); (R.P.Z.); (R.K.)
| | - Eugenio Calandrini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy (P.P.); (E.C.); (R.P.Z.); (R.K.)
| | - Remo Proietti Zaccaria
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy (P.P.); (E.C.); (R.P.Z.); (R.K.)
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Francesco D’Amico
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163,5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza TS, Italy; (F.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Maria Pachetti
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163,5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza TS, Italy; (F.D.); (M.P.)
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Wei Yang
- Shenyang National Laboraory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; (W.Y.); (H.-J.J.)
| | - Hai-Jun Jin
- Shenyang National Laboraory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; (W.Y.); (H.-J.J.)
| | - Roman Krahne
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy (P.P.); (E.C.); (R.P.Z.); (R.K.)
| | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS-378, Houston, TX 77005, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Tang J, Daiyan R, Ghasemian MB, Idrus-Saidi SA, Zavabeti A, Daeneke T, Yang J, Koshy P, Cheong S, Tilley RD, Kaner RB, Amal R, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Advantages of eutectic alloys for creating catalysts in the realm of nanotechnology-enabled metallurgy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4645. [PMID: 31604939 PMCID: PMC6789138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nascent field of nanotechnology-enabled metallurgy has great potential. However, the role of eutectic alloys and the nature of alloy solidification in this field are still largely unknown. To demonstrate one of the promises of liquid metals in the field, we explore a model system of catalytically active Bi-Sn nano-alloys produced using a liquid-phase ultrasonication technique and investigate their phase separation, surface oxidation, and nucleation. The Bi-Sn ratio determines the grain boundary properties and the emergence of dislocations within the nano-alloys. The eutectic system gives rise to the smallest grain dimensions among all Bi-Sn ratios along with more pronounced dislocation formation within the nano-alloys. Using electrochemical CO2 reduction and photocatalysis, we demonstrate that the structural peculiarity of the eutectic nano-alloys offers the highest catalytic activity in comparison with their non-eutectic counterparts. The fundamentals of nano-alloy formation revealed here may establish the groundwork for creating bimetallic and multimetallic nano-alloys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rahman Daiyan
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shuhada A Idrus-Saidi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Jiangjun Ave, 211100, Nanjing, China
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Jiong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Pramod Koshy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Soshan Cheong
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard D Tilley
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Chemistry, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rose Amal
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li Y, Zhang J, Yin F, Wang Y, Feng H, Zhou S, Du Y. Ultra-thin Ga nanosheets: analogues of high pressure Ga(iii). NANOSCALE 2019; 11:17201-17205. [PMID: 31528941 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05597e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-thin Ga islands of β-Ga(110), high-pressure phase Ga(iii) and a new phase of stripe superstructure are obtained on Si(111). STM combined with theoretical calculations suggests that the stripe superstructure originates from Ga(iii) (001) with stacking rearrangement. This work provides a new strategy for synthesizing low-dimensional nanomaterials and accessing high pressure phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Li
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Fanxing Yin
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Feng
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China. and Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Si Zhou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Yi Du
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China. and Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
de la Mata M, Catalán-Gómez S, Nucciarelli F, Pau JL, Molina SI. High Spatial Resolution Mapping of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in Single Gallium Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902920. [PMID: 31496053 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonics has emerged as an attractive field driving the development of optical systems in order to control and exploit light-matter interactions. The increasing interest around plasmonic systems is pushing the research of alternative plasmonic materials, spreading the operability range from IR to UV. Within this context, gallium appears as an ideal candidate, potentially active within a broad spectral range (UV-VIS-IR), whose optical properties are scarcely reported. Importantly, the smart design of active plasmonic materials requires their characterization at high spatial and spectral resolution to access the optical fingerprint of individual nanostructures, attainable by transmission electron microscopy techniques (i.e., by means of electron energy-loss spectroscopy, EELS). Therefore, the optical response of individual Ga nanoparticles (NPs) by means of EELS measurements is analyzed, in order to spread the understanding of the plasmonic response of Ga NPs. The results show that single Ga NPs may support several plasmon modes, whose nature is extensively discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María de la Mata
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Ing. Met. y Qca.Inorg., IMEYMAT, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Sergio Catalán-Gómez
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavio Nucciarelli
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Pau
- Grupo de Electrónica y Semiconductores, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio I Molina
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Ing. Met. y Qca.Inorg., IMEYMAT, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Understanding Electromagnetic Interactions and Electron Transfer in Ga Nanoparticle–Graphene–Metal Substrate Sandwich Systems. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9194085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonic metal nanoparticle (NP)–graphene (G) systems are of great interest due their potential role in applications as surface-enhanced spectroscopies, enhanced photodetection, and photocatalysis. Most of these studies have been performed using noble metal NPs of silver and gold. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the noble metal–graphene interaction leads to strong distortions of the graphene sheet. In order to overcome this issue, we propose the use of Ga NPs that, due to their weak interaction with graphene, do not produce any deformation of the graphene layers. Here, we analyze systems consisting of Ga NP/G/metal sandwich coupling structures, with the metal substrate being, specifically, copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni), i.e., Ga NP/G/Cu and Ga NPs/G/Ni. We experimentally show through real-time plasmonic spectroscopic ellipsometry and Raman spectroscopy measurements of the quenching of the Ga NP localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) depending on the wetting of the graphene by the Ga NPs and on the electron transfer through graphene. Theoretical finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations supportively demonstrate that the LSPR in such sandwich structures strongly depends on the contact angle of the NP with graphene. Finally, we also provide evidence of the electron transfer from the Ga NPs into the graphene and into the metal substrate according to the work function alignments. These considerations about the contact angle and, consequently, geometry and wetting of the metal NPs on graphene, are useful to guide the design of those plasmonic systems to maximize electromagnetic enhancement.
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen Z, Lee JB. Surface Modification with Gallium Coating as Nonwetting Surfaces for Gallium-Based Liquid Metal Droplet Manipulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:35488-35495. [PMID: 31483593 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report gallium (Ga) coating as a simple approach to convert most common microfluidic substrates to nonwetting surfaces against surface-oxidized gallium-based liquid metal alloys. These alloys are readily oxidized in ambient air and adhere to almost all surfaces, which imposes significant challenges in mobilizing liquid metal droplets without leaving residue. Various flat substrates (e.g., PDMS, Si, SiO2, SU-8, glass, and parylene-C coated PDMS) were coated with thin film (75-200 nm in thickness) of gallium by evaporation and the coated gallium formed nanoscale uneven and rough surface through Ostwald ripening with its surface covered with oxide shell. Static and dynamic contact angles of the gallium-coated surfaces were found to be greater than 160°, while dynamic contact angle measurements showed contact angle hysteresis in the range of 6.5-24.4°. Surface-oxidized gallium-based liquid metal alloy droplets were shown to bounce off and roll on the gallium-coated surfaces without leaving any residue which confirms the nonwettability of the gallium-coated flat surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed the gallium-coated flat substrates consist of nanoscale hemispherical structures with average surface roughness of 33.8 nm. Pneumatic actuation of surface-oxidized liquid metal droplets in PDMS microfluidic channels coated with gallium was conducted to confirm the feasibility of utilizing gallium coating as an effective surface modification for surface-oxidized gallium-based liquid metal droplet manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Jeong Bong Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
The UV Plasmonic Behavior of Rhodium Tetrahedrons—A Numerical Analysis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9193947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhodium (Rh) nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention due to their strong and ambient-stable UV plasmonic response. Very recently, the synthesis of Rh tetrahedra with and without concave defect-rich surfaces serving in plasmon assisted photocatalytic energy conversion has been reported. In this work, we perform a systematic numerical study on plasmonic behavior and surface charge distribution in order to optimize the use of Rh tetrahedra in surface-enhanced spectroscopies and photocatalysis. We analyze the effect of the edges and corners reshaping, a deformation already reported to appear in Rh nanocubes which have been repeatedly re-used in photocatalytic processes. It is demonstrated that rounding the edges and corners weakens both the near-field enhancement and surface charge densities in these locations, which in turn are the more reactive regions due to the presence of uncoordinated sites. In addition, we study how the near-field and charge density is redistributed on the surface of the tetrahedra when concavities of different sizes and depths are introduced. Through this study, we show that, in order to simultaneously maximize the near-field enhancement and surface charge densities in the concavity and at external edges and corners, medium size deep concavities are needed.
Collapse
|
48
|
Baraissov Z, Panciera F, Travers L, Harmand JC, Mirsaidov U. Growth Dynamics of Gallium Nanodroplets Driven by Thermally Activated Surface Diffusion. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5082-5089. [PMID: 31403800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The growth of catalytic liquid-metal nanodroplets on flat substrates is essential for many technological applications. However, the detailed nucleation and growth dynamics of these nanodroplets remain unclear. Here, using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, we track in real time the growth of individual Ga nanodroplets from a beam of Ga vapor. We show that the nucleation and growth are driven by thermally activated surface diffusion of Ga adatoms, with the diffusion activation energy of ED = 95 ± 10 meV on a SiNx surface. More importantly, our analysis shows that Ga dimers serve as the critical nucleation clusters and that the nanodroplet growth follows a power-law of the form R(t) ∝ e-ED/kBT(t - t0)1/2. These insights into the growth dynamics of metallic nanodroplets are essential for tailoring their size and density for their application in self-catalyzed growth of nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaslan Baraissov
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551, Singapore
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117557, Singapore
| | - Federico Panciera
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551, Singapore
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117557, Singapore
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Laurent Travers
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Harmand
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Utkur Mirsaidov
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551, Singapore
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117557, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kalantar-Zadeh K, Tang J, Daeneke T, O'Mullane AP, Stewart LA, Liu J, Majidi C, Ruoff RS, Weiss PS, Dickey MD. Emergence of Liquid Metals in Nanotechnology. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7388-7395. [PMID: 31245995 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bulk liquid metals have prospective applications as soft and fluid electrical and thermal conductors in electronic and optical devices, composites, microfluidics, robotics, and metallurgy with unique opportunities for processing, chemistry, and function. Yet liquid metals' great potential in nanotechnology remains in its infancy. Although work to date focuses primarily on Ga, Hg, and their alloys, to expand the field, we define "liquid metals" as metals and alloys with melting points (mp) up to 330 °C, readily accessible and processable even using household kitchen appliances. Such a definition encompasses a family of metals-including the majority of post-transition metals and Zn group elements (excluding Zn itself)-with remarkable versatility in chemistry, physics, and engineering. These liquid alloys can create metallic compounds of different morphologies, compositions, and properties, thereby enabling control over nanoscale phenomena. In addition, the presence of electronic and ionic "pools" within the bulk of liquid metals, as well as deviation from classical metallurgy on the surfaces of liquid metals, provides opportunities for gaining new capabilities in nanotechnology. For example, the bulk and surfaces of liquid metals can be used as reaction media for creating and manipulating nanomaterials, promoting reactions, or controlling crystallization of dissolved species. Interestingly, liquid metals have enormous surface tensions, yet the tension can be tuned electrically over a wide range or modified via surface species, such as the native oxides. The ability to control the interfacial tension allows these liquids to be readily reduced in size to the nanoscale. The liquid nature of such nanoparticles enables shape-reconfigurable structures, the creation of soft metallic nanocomposites, and the dissolution or dispersion of other materials within (or on) the metal to produce multiphasic or heterostructure particles. This Perspective highlights the salient features of these materials and seeks to raise awareness of future opportunities to understand and to utilize liquid metals for nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering , University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Kensington , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering , University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Kensington , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | | | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- School of Future Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Machines Lab , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Department of Chemistry and School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Foster DM, Pavloudis T, Kioseoglou J, Palmer RE. Atomic-resolution imaging of surface and core melting in individual size-selected Au nanoclusters on carbon. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2583. [PMID: 31197150 PMCID: PMC6565695 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the changes in melting behaviour on the nanoscale have long attracted the interest of researchers, the mechanism by which nanoparticles melt remains an open problem. We report the direct observation, at atomic resolution, of surface melting in individual size-selected Au clusters (2-5 nm diameter) supported on carbon films, using an in situ heating stage in the aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. At elevated temperatures the Au nanoparticles are found to form a solid core-liquid shell structure. The cluster surface melting temperatures, show evidence of size-dependent melting point suppression. The cluster core melting temperatures are significantly greater than predicted by existing models of free clusters. To explore the effect of the interaction between the clusters and the carbon substrate, we employ a very large-scale ab initio simulation approach to investigate the influence of the support. Theoretical results for surface and core melting points are in good agreement with experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Foster
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Th Pavloudis
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - J Kioseoglou
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R E Palmer
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|