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Zhang Y, Wang S, Hei M. Maternal separation as early-life stress: Mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders and inspiration for neonatal care. Brain Res Bull 2024; 217:111058. [PMID: 39197670 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
The establishment of positive early parent-infant relationships provide essential nourishment and social stimulation for newborns. During the early stages of postnatal brain development, events such as synaptogenesis, neuronal maturation and glial differentiation occur in a highly coordinated manner. Maternal separation, as an early-life stress introducer, can disrupt the formation of parent-child bonds and exert long-term adverse effects throughout life. When offspring are exposed to maternal separation, the body regulates the stress of maternal separation through multiple mechanisms, including neuroinflammatory responses, neuroendocrinology, and neuronal electrical activity. In adulthood, early maternal separation has long-term effects, such as the induction of neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction. This review summarized the application of maternal separation models and the mechanisms of stress system response in neuropsychiatric disorders, serving as both a reminder and inspiration for approaches to improve neonatal care, "from bench to bedside".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center of Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Mingyan Hei
- Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center of Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China.
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2
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Wang L, Du J, Liu Q, Wang D, Wang W, Lei M, Li K, Li Y, Hao A, Sang Y, Yi F, Zhou W, Liu H, Mao C, Qiu J. Wrapping stem cells with wireless electrical nanopatches for traumatic brain injury therapy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7223. [PMID: 39174514 PMCID: PMC11341554 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation holds promise for enhancing neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells to treat traumatic brain injury. However, once the stem cells leave the stimulating material and migrate post transplantation, electrical stimulation on them is diminished. Here, we wrap the stem cells with wireless electrical nanopatches, the conductive graphene nanosheets. Under electromagnetic induction, electrical stimulation can thus be applied in-situ to individual nanopatch-wrapped stem cells on demand, stimulating their neuronal differentiation through a MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Consequently, 41% of the nanopatch-wrapped stem cells differentiate into functional neurons in 5 days, as opposed to only 16.3% of the unwrapped ones. The brain injury male mice implanted with the nanopatch-wrapped stem cells and exposed to a rotating magnetic field 30 min/day exhibit significant recovery of brain tissues, behaviors, and cognitions, within 28 days. This study opens up an avenue to individualized electrical stimulation of transplanted stem cells for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jingyi Du
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Qilu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Dongshuang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Wenhan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Keyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Aijun Hao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Fan Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jichuan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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3
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Poling HM, Singh A, Krutko M, Reza AA, Srivastava K, Wells JM, Helmrath MA, Esfandiari L. Promoting Human Intestinal Organoid Formation and Stimulation Using Piezoelectric Nanofiber Matrices. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.12.598673. [PMID: 38915647 PMCID: PMC11195230 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.12.598673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Human organoid model systems have changed the landscape of developmental biology and basic science. They serve as a great tool for human specific interrogation. In order to advance our organoid technology, we aimed to test the compatibility of a piezoelectric material with organoid generation, because it will create a new platform with the potential for sensing and actuating organoids in physiologically relevant ways. We differentiated human pluripotent stem cells into spheroids following the traditional human intestinal organoid (HIO) protocol atop a piezoelectric nanofiber scaffold. We observed that exposure to the biocompatible piezoelectric nanofibers promoted spheroid morphology three days sooner than with the conventional methodology. At day 28 of culture, HIOs grown on the scaffold appeared similar. Both groups were readily transplantable and developed well-organized laminated structures. Graft sizes between groups were similar. Upon characterizing the tissue further, we found no detrimental effects of the piezoelectric nanofibers on intestinal patterning or maturation. Furthermore, to test the practical feasibility of the material, HIOs were also matured on the nanofiber scaffolds and treated with ultrasound, which lead to increased cellular proliferation which is critical for organoid development and tissue maintenance. This study establishes a proof of concept for integrating piezoelectric materials as a customizable platform for on-demand electrical stimulation of cells using remote ultrasonic waveforms in regenerative medicine.
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Xue J, Brawner AT, Thompson JR, Yelhekar TD, Newmaster KT, Qiu Q, Cooper YA, Yu CR, Ahmed-Braima YH, Kim Y, Lin Y. Spatiotemporal Mapping and Molecular Basis of Whole-brain Circuit Maturation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.572456. [PMID: 38260331 PMCID: PMC10802351 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.572456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Brain development is highly dynamic and asynchronous, marked by the sequential maturation of functional circuits across the brain. The timing and mechanisms driving circuit maturation remain elusive due to an inability to identify and map maturing neuronal populations. Here we create DevATLAS (Developmental Activation Timing-based Longitudinal Acquisition System) to overcome this obstacle. We develop whole-brain mapping methods to construct the first longitudinal, spatiotemporal map of circuit maturation in early postnatal mouse brains. Moreover, we uncover dramatic impairments within the deep cortical layers in a neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) model, demonstrating the utility of this resource to pinpoint when and where circuit maturation is disrupted. Using DevATLAS, we reveal that early experiences accelerate the development of hippocampus-dependent learning by increasing the synaptically mature granule cell population in the dentate gyrus. Finally, DevATLAS enables the discovery of molecular mechanisms driving activity-dependent circuit maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Andrew T Brawner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Jacqueline R Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Tushar D Yelhekar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Kyra T Newmaster
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Qiang Qiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA
| | - Yonatan A Cooper
- Current address: Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - C Ron Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA
| | | | - Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Yingxi Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Lead contact
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5
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Cahill MK, Collard M, Tse V, Reitman ME, Etchenique R, Kirst C, Poskanzer KE. Network-level encoding of local neurotransmitters in cortical astrocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.568932. [PMID: 38106119 PMCID: PMC10723263 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.568932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes-the most abundant non-neuronal cell type in the mammalian brain-are crucial circuit components that respond to and modulate neuronal activity via calcium (Ca 2+ ) signaling 1-8 . Astrocyte Ca 2+ activity is highly heterogeneous and occurs across multiple spatiotemporal scales: from fast, subcellular activity 3,4 to slow, synchronized activity that travels across connected astrocyte networks 9-11 . Furthermore, astrocyte network activity has been shown to influence a wide range of processes 5,8,12 . While astrocyte network activity has important implications for neuronal circuit function, the inputs that drive astrocyte network dynamics remain unclear. Here we used ex vivo and in vivo two-photon Ca 2+ imaging of astrocytes while mimicking neuronal neurotransmitter inputs at multiple spatiotemporal scales. We find that brief, subcellular inputs of GABA and glutamate lead to widespread, long-lasting astrocyte Ca 2+ responses beyond an individual stimulated cell. Further, we find that a key subset of Ca 2+ activity-propagative events-differentiates astrocyte network responses to these two major neurotransmitters, and gates responses to future inputs. Together, our results demonstrate that local, transient neurotransmitter inputs are encoded by broad cortical astrocyte networks over the course of minutes, contributing to accumulating evidence across multiple model organisms that significant astrocyte-neuron communication occurs across slow, network-level spatiotemporal scales 13-15 . We anticipate that this study will be a starting point for future studies investigating the link between specific astrocyte Ca 2+ activity and specific astrocyte functional outputs, which could build a consistent framework for astrocytic modulation of neuronal activity.
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Ohtake Y, Tanaka K, Yamamoto K. How many categories are there in crossmodal correspondences? A study based on exploratory factor analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294141. [PMID: 37963160 PMCID: PMC10645324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans naturally associate stimulus features of one sensory modality with those of other modalities, such as associating bright light with high-pitched tones. This phenomenon is called crossmodal correspondence and is found between various stimulus features, and has been suggested to be categorized into several types. However, it is not yet clear whether there are differences in the underlying mechanism between the different kinds of correspondences. This study used exploratory factor analysis to address this question. Through an online experiment platform, we asked Japanese adult participants (Experiment 1: N = 178, Experiment 2: N = 160) to rate the degree of correspondence between two auditory and five visual features. The results of two experiments revealed that two factors underlie the subjective judgments of the audiovisual crossmodal correspondences: One factor was composed of correspondences whose auditory and visual features can be expressed in common Japanese terms, such as the loudness-size and pitch-vertical position correspondences, and another factor was composed of correspondences whose features have no linguistic similarities, such as pitch-brightness and pitch-shape correspondences. These results confirm that there are at least two types of crossmodal correspondences that are likely to differ in terms of language mediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ohtake
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanji Tanaka
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamamoto
- Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Negi NP, Prakash G, Narwal P, Panwar R, Kumar D, Chaudhry B, Rustagi A. The calcium connection: exploring the intricacies of calcium signaling in plant-microbe interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1248648. [PMID: 37849843 PMCID: PMC10578444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1248648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The process of plant immune response is orchestrated by intracellular signaling molecules. Since plants are devoid of a humoral system, they develop extensive mechanism of pathogen recognition, signal perception, and intricate cell signaling for their protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. The pathogenic attack induces calcium ion accumulation in the plant cells, resulting in calcium signatures that regulate the synthesis of proteins of defense system. These calcium signatures induct different calcium dependent proteins such as calmodulins (CaMs), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and other signaling molecules to orchestrate the complex defense signaling. Using advanced biotechnological tools, the role of Ca2+ signaling during plant-microbe interactions and the role of CaM/CMLs and CDPKs in plant defense mechanism has been revealed to some extent. The Emerging perspectives on calcium signaling in plant-microbe interactions suggest that this complex interplay could be harnessed to improve plant resistance against pathogenic microbes. We present here an overview of current understanding in calcium signatures during plant-microbe interaction so as to imbibe a future direction of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Prabha Negi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Geeta Prakash
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, New Delhi, India
| | - Parul Narwal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Ruby Panwar
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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8
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Parodi G, Brofiga M, Pastore VP, Chiappalone M, Martinoia S. Deepening the role of excitation/inhibition balance in human iPSCs-derived neuronal networks coupled to MEAs during long-term development. J Neural Eng 2023; 20:056011. [PMID: 37678214 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acf78b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective.The purpose of this study is to investigate whether and how the balance between excitation and inhibition ('E/I balance') influences the spontaneous development of human-derived neuronal networksin vitro. To achieve that goal, we performed a long-term (98 d) characterization of both homogeneous (only excitatory or inhibitory neurons) and heterogeneous (mixed neuronal types) cultures with controlled E/I ratios (i.e. E:I 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0) by recording their electrophysiological activity using micro-electrode arrays.Approach.Excitatory and inhibitory neurons were derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). We realized five different configurations by systematically varying the glutamatergic and GABAergic percentages.Main results.We successfully built both homogeneous and heterogeneous neuronal cultures from hiPSCs finely controlling the E/I ratios; we were able to maintain them for up to 3 months. Homogeneity differentially impacted purely inhibitory (no bursts) and purely excitatory (few bursts) networks, deviating from the typical traits of heterogeneous cultures (burst dominated). Increased inhibition in heterogeneous cultures strongly affected the duration and organization of bursting and network bursting activity. Spike-based functional connectivity and image-based deep learning analysis further confirmed all the above.Significance.Healthy neuronal activity is controlled by a well-defined E/I balance whose alteration could lead to the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders like schizophrenia or epilepsy. Most of the commonly usedin vitromodels are animal-derived or too simplified and thus far from thein vivohuman condition. In this work, by performing a long-term study of hiPSCs-derived neuronal networks obtained from healthy human subjects, we demonstrated the feasibility of a robustin vitromodel which can be further exploited for investigating pathological conditions where the E/I balance is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Parodi
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Brofiga
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- ScreenNeuroPharm s.r.l, Sanremo, Italy
- Neurofacility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Vito Paolo Pastore
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Machine Learning Genoa Center (MaLGa), Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Michela Chiappalone
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Martinoia
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Zhang Y, Riexinger J, Yang X, Mikhailova E, Jin Y, Zhou L, Bayley H. A microscale soft ionic power source modulates neuronal network activity. Nature 2023; 620:1001-1006. [PMID: 37648756 PMCID: PMC10468398 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Bio-integrated devices need power sources to operate1,2. Despite widely used technologies that can provide power to large-scale targets, such as wired energy supplies from batteries or wireless energy transduction3, a need to efficiently stimulate cells and tissues on the microscale is still pressing. The ideal miniaturized power source should be biocompatible, mechanically flexible and able to generate an ionic current for biological stimulation, instead of using electron flow as in conventional electronic devices4-6. One approach is to use soft power sources inspired by the electrical eel7,8; however, power sources that combine the required capabilities have not yet been produced, because it is challenging to obtain miniaturized units that both conserve contained energy before usage and are easily triggered to produce an energy output. Here we develop a miniaturized soft power source by depositing lipid-supported networks of nanolitre hydrogel droplets that use internal ion gradients to generate energy. Compared to the original eel-inspired design7, our approach can shrink the volume of a power unit by more than 105-fold and it can store energy for longer than 24 h, enabling operation on-demand with a 680-fold greater power density of about 1,300 W m-3. Our droplet device can serve as a biocompatible and biological ionic current source to modulate neuronal network activity in three-dimensional neural microtissues and in ex vivo mouse brain slices. Ultimately, our soft microscale ionotronic device might be integrated into living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Xingyun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Yongcheng Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linna Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Hagan Bayley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Omer SA, McKnight KH, Young LI, Song S. Stimulation strategies for electrical and magnetic modulation of cells and tissues. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:21. [PMID: 37391680 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-023-00165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrical phenomena play an important role in numerous biological processes including cellular signaling, early embryogenesis, tissue repair and remodeling, and growth of organisms. Electrical and magnetic effects have been studied on a variety of stimulation strategies and cell types regarding cellular functions and disease treatments. In this review, we discuss recent advances in using three different stimulation strategies, namely electrical stimulation via conductive and piezoelectric materials as well as magnetic stimulation via magnetic materials, to modulate cell and tissue properties. These three strategies offer distinct stimulation routes given specific material characteristics. This review will evaluate material properties and biological response for these stimulation strategies with respect to their potential applications in neural and musculoskeletal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman A Omer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kaitlyn H McKnight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lucas I Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Shang Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Departments of Neuroscience GIDP, Materials Science and Engineering, BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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11
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Du XF, Li FN, Peng XL, Xu B, Zhang Y, Li G, Liu T, Li Y, Wang H, Yan J, Du JL. Circadian regulation of developmental synaptogenesis via the hypocretinergic system. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3195. [PMID: 37268623 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock orchestrates a wide variety of physiological and behavioral processes, enabling animals to adapt to daily environmental changes, particularly the day-night cycle. However, the circadian clock's role in the developmental processes remains unclear. Here, we employ the in vivo long-term time-lapse imaging of retinotectal synapses in the optic tectum of larval zebrafish and reveal that synaptogenesis, a fundamental developmental process for neural circuit formation, exhibits circadian rhythm. This rhythmicity arises primarily from the synapse formation rather than elimination and requires the hypocretinergic neural system. Disruption of this synaptogenic rhythm, by impairing either the circadian clock or the hypocretinergic system, affects the arrangement of the retinotectal synapses on axon arbors and the refinement of the postsynaptic tectal neuron's receptive field. Thus, our findings demonstrate that the developmental synaptogenesis is under hypocretin-dependent circadian regulation, suggesting an important role of the circadian clock in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Fei Du
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-Quan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Fu-Ning Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-Quan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Taole Liu
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Wang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-Quan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-Lin Du
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-Quan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 319 Yue-Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Sun H, Hobert O. Temporal transitions in the postembryonic nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: Recent insights and open questions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 142:67-80. [PMID: 35688774 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
After the generation, differentiation and integration into functional circuitry, post-mitotic neurons continue to change certain phenotypic properties throughout postnatal juvenile stages until an animal has reached a fully mature state in adulthood. We will discuss such changes in the context of the nervous system of the nematode C. elegans, focusing on recent descriptions of anatomical and molecular changes that accompany postembryonic maturation of neurons. We summarize the characterization of genetic timer mechanisms that control these temporal transitions or maturational changes, and discuss that many but not all of these transitions relate to sexual maturation of the animal. We describe how temporal, spatial and sex-determination pathways are intertwined to sculpt the emergence of cell-type specific maturation events. Finally, we lay out several unresolved questions that should be addressed to move the field forward, both in C. elegans and in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haosheng Sun
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Oliver Hobert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, USA
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13
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Barbieri R, Nizzari M, Zanardi I, Pusch M, Gavazzo P. Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Dysfunctions in Neurological Disorders. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051191. [PMID: 37240836 DOI: 10.3390/life13051191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The pore-forming subunits (α subunits) of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) are encoded in humans by a family of nine highly conserved genes. Among them, SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN3A, and SCN8A are primarily expressed in the central nervous system. The encoded proteins Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.3, and Nav1.6, respectively, are important players in the initiation and propagation of action potentials and in turn of the neural network activity. In the context of neurological diseases, mutations in the genes encoding Nav1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.6 are responsible for many forms of genetic epilepsy and for Nav1.1 also of hemiplegic migraine. Several pharmacological therapeutic approaches targeting these channels are used or are under study. Mutations of genes encoding VGSCs are also involved in autism and in different types of even severe intellectual disability (ID). It is conceivable that in these conditions their dysfunction could indirectly cause a certain level of neurodegenerative processes; however, so far, these mechanisms have not been deeply investigated. Conversely, VGSCs seem to have a modulatory role in the most common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, where SCN8A expression has been shown to be negatively correlated with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Institute of Biophysics, Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanardi
- Institute of Biophysics, Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Institute of Biophysics, Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Gavazzo
- Institute of Biophysics, Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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14
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Liu S, Smit DJA, Abdellaoui A, van Wingen GA, Verweij KJH. Brain Structure and Function Show Distinct Relations With Genetic Predispositions to Mental Health and Cognition. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:300-310. [PMID: 35961582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health and cognitive achievement are partly heritable, highly polygenic, and associated with brain variations in structure and function. However, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS We investigated the association between genetic predispositions to various mental health and cognitive traits and a large set of structural and functional brain measures from the UK Biobank (N = 36,799). We also applied linkage disequilibrium score regression to estimate the genetic correlations between various traits and brain measures based on genome-wide data. To decompose the complex association patterns, we performed a multivariate partial least squares model of the genetic and imaging modalities. RESULTS The univariate analyses showed that certain traits were related to brain structure (significant genetic correlations with total cortical surface area from rg = -0.101 for smoking initiation to rg = 0.230 for cognitive ability), while other traits were related to brain function (significant genetic correlations with functional connectivity from rg = -0.161 for educational attainment to rg = 0.318 for schizophrenia). The multivariate analysis showed that genetic predispositions to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, smoking initiation, and cognitive traits had stronger associations with brain structure than with brain function, whereas genetic predispositions to most other psychiatric disorders had stronger associations with brain function than with brain structure. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that genetic predispositions to mental health and cognitive traits have distinct brain profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Dirk J A Smit
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido A van Wingen
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Carlton AJ, Jeng J, Grandi FC, De Faveri F, Ceriani F, De Tomasi L, Underhill A, Johnson SL, Legan KP, Kros CJ, Richardson GP, Mustapha M, Marcotti W. A critical period of prehearing spontaneous Ca 2+ spiking is required for hair-bundle maintenance in inner hair cells. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112118. [PMID: 36594367 PMCID: PMC9929643 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory-independent Ca2+ spiking regulates the development of mammalian sensory systems. In the immature cochlea, inner hair cells (IHCs) fire spontaneous Ca2+ action potentials (APs) that are generated either intrinsically or by intercellular Ca2+ waves in the nonsensory cells. The extent to which either or both of these Ca2+ signalling mechansims are required for IHC maturation is unknown. We find that intrinsic Ca2+ APs in IHCs, but not those elicited by Ca2+ waves, regulate the maturation and maintenance of the stereociliary hair bundles. Using a mouse model in which the potassium channel Kir2.1 is reversibly overexpressed in IHCs (Kir2.1-OE), we find that IHC membrane hyperpolarization prevents IHCs from generating intrinsic Ca2+ APs but not APs induced by Ca2+ waves. Absence of intrinsic Ca2+ APs leads to the loss of mechanoelectrical transduction in IHCs prior to hearing onset due to progressive loss or fusion of stereocilia. RNA-sequencing data show that pathways involved in morphogenesis, actin filament-based processes, and Rho-GTPase signaling are upregulated in Kir2.1-OE mice. By manipulating in vivo expression of Kir2.1 channels, we identify a "critical time period" during which intrinsic Ca2+ APs in IHCs regulate hair-bundle function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing‐Yi Jeng
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stuart L Johnson
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Kevin P Legan
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, FalmerBrightonUK
| | - Corné J Kros
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, FalmerBrightonUK
| | | | - Mirna Mustapha
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Walter Marcotti
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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16
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Das S, Ramanan N. Region-specific heterogeneity in neuronal nuclear morphology in young, aged and in Alzheimer's disease mouse brains. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1032504. [PMID: 36819109 PMCID: PMC9929567 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1032504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the mammalian brain exhibit enormous structural and functional diversity across different brain regions. Compared to our understanding of the morphological diversity of neurons, very little is known about the heterogeneity of neuronal nuclear morphology and how nuclear size changes in aging and diseased brains. Here, we report that the neuronal cell nucleus displays differences in area, perimeter, and circularity across different anatomical regions in the mouse brain. The pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA3 region exhibited the largest area whereas the striatal neuronal nuclei were the smallest. These nuclear size parameters also exhibited dichotomous changes with age across brain regions-while the neocortical and striatal neurons showed a decrease in nuclear area and perimeter, the CA3 neurons showed an increase with age. The nucleus of parvalbumin- and calbindin-positive interneurons had comparable morphological features but exhibited differences between brain regions. In the context of activity-dependent transcription in response to a novel environment, there was a decrease in nuclear size and circularity in c-Fos expressing neurons in the somatosensory cortex and hippocampal CA1 and CA3. In an APP/PS1 mutant mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the neuronal nuclear morphology varies with plaque size and with increasing distance from the plaque. The neuronal nuclear morphology in the immediate vicinity of the plaque was independent of the plaque size and the morphology tends to change away from the plaque. These changes in the neuronal nuclear size and shape at different ages and in AD may be attributed to changes in transcriptional activity. This study provides a detailed report on the differences that exist between neurons in nuclear morphology and can serve as a basis for future studies.
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17
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Dexmedetomidine Pre-Treatment of Neonatal Rats Prevents Sevoflurane-Induced Deficits in Learning and Memory in the Adult Animals. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020391. [PMID: 36830927 PMCID: PMC9953733 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics have been shown to cause cytotoxicity, cell death, affect neuronal growth and connectivity in animal models; however, their effects on learning and memory remain to be fully defined. Here, we examined the effects of the inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane (SEV)-both in vivo by examining learning and memory in freely behaving animals, and in vitro using cultured neurons to assess its impact on viability, mitochondrial structure, and function. We demonstrate here that neonatal exposure to sub-clinically used concentrations of SEV results in significant, albeit subtle and previously unreported, learning and memory deficits in adult animals. These deficits involve neuronal cell death, as observed in cell culture, and are likely mediated through perturbed mitochondrial structure and function. Parenthetically, both behavioural deficits and cell death were prevented when the animals and cultured neurons were pre-treated with the anesthetic adjuvant Dexmedetomidine (DEX). Taken together, our data provide direct evidence for sevoflurane-induced cytotoxic effects at the neuronal level while perturbing learning and memory at the behavioural level. In addition, our data underscore the importance of adjuvant agents such as DEX that could potentially counter the harmful effects of commonly used anesthetic agents for better clinical outcomes.
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18
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Hörberg CJ, Englund Johansson U, Johansson F, O'Carroll D. Spontaneous Cell Cluster Formation in Human iPSC-Derived Neuronal Spheroid Networks Influences Network Activity. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0143-22.2022. [PMID: 36216508 PMCID: PMC9581577 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0143-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional neuronal culture systems such as spheroids, organoids, and assembloids constitute a branch of neuronal tissue engineering that has improved our ability to model the human brain in the laboratory. However, the more elaborate the brain model, the more difficult it becomes to study functional properties such as electrical activity at the neuronal level, similar to the challenges of studying neurophysiology in vivo We describe a simple approach to generate self-assembled three-dimensional neuronal spheroid networks with defined human cell composition on microelectrode arrays. Such spheroid networks develop a highly three-dimensional morphology with cell clusters up to 60 µm in thickness and are interconnected by pronounced bundles of neuronal fibers and glial processes. We could reliably record from up to hundreds of neurons simultaneously per culture for ≤90 d. By quantifying the formation of these three-dimensional structures over time, while regularly monitoring electrical activity, we were able to establish a strong link between spheroid morphology and network activity. In particular, the formation of cell clusters accelerates formation and maturation of correlated network activity. Astrocytes both influence electrophysiological network activity as well as accelerate the transition from single cell layers to cluster formation. Higher concentrations of astrocytes also have a strong effect of modulating synchronized network activity. This approach thus represents a practical alternative to often complex and heterogeneous organoids, providing easy access to activity within a brain-like 3D environment.Significance StatementNeuronal "organoid" cultures with multiple cell types grown on elaborate three-dimensional scaffolds have become popular tools to generate brain-like properties in vitro but bring with them similar problems concerning access to physiological function as real brain tissue. Here, we developed a new approach to form simple brain-like spheroid networks from human neurons, but using the normal supporting cells of the brain, astrocytes, as the scaffold. By growing these cultures on conventional microelectrode arrays, we were able to observe development of complex patterns of electrical activity for months. Our results highlight how formation of three-dimensional structures accelerated the formation of synchronized neuronal network activity and provide a promising new simple model system for studying interactions between known human cell types in vitro.
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19
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Spike-train level supervised learning algorithm based on bidirectional modification for liquid state machines. APPL INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10489-022-04152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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20
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Liu J, Zou T, Zhang Y, Koh J, Li H, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang C. Three-dimensional electroconductive carbon nanotube-based hydrogel scaffolds enhance neural differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 138:212868. [PMID: 35913250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The radical treatment of neurological impairments remains a major clinical challenge. Stem cells with high neural differentiation ability delivered by electroconductive hydrogel scaffolds have demonstrated promising applications in neural tissue regeneration. However, there are still challenges in designing bioactive scaffolds with good biocompatibility, appropriate electrical conductivity, and neurogenic niche. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) electroconductive gelatin methacryloyl-multi-walled carbon nanotube/cobalt (GelMA-MWCNTs/Co) hydrogel scaffold was fabricated by incorporating MWCNTs/Co composites into a GelMA hydrogel matrix. The surface morphology, pore size, elastic modulus, swelling ratio, and conductivity of the hydrogels were measured. GelMA-MWCNTs/Co exhibited higher electrical conductivity than GelMA-MWCNTs. Live/dead and CCK8 assays demonstrated the good biocompatibility of the hydrogel for stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) growth and differentiation. The cells encapsulated in the GelMA-MWCNTs and GelMA-MWCNTs/Co hydrogel scaffolds exhibited significant neuronal cell-like changes and a notable level of neuronal-specific marker expression after the electrical stimulation (ES) for 7 days, compared to that in the hydrogels without ES. Notably, the neurite spreading and Tuj1 fluorescent intensity of the SCAP in the electrically conductive GelMA-MWCNTs/Co hydrogel were more prominent compared to those of the other two groups. In addition, the 3D conductive hydrogel scaffolds advanced the neural differentiation of SCAP to an earlier time point. Considering these aspects, the novel electroconductive GelMA-MWCNTs/Co hydrogel synergized with ES greatly promotes SCAP neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Liu
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Junhao Koh
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongwen Li
- Department of Dentistry, Longgang ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Shenzhen Longgang Institute of Stomatology, Longgang, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of VIP Center, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Straits Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China..
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21
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Antonello PC, Varley TF, Beggs J, Porcionatto M, Sporns O, Faber J. Self-organization of in vitro neuronal assemblies drives to complex network topology. eLife 2022; 11:74921. [PMID: 35708741 PMCID: PMC9203058 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent self-organization plays an important role in the formation of specific and stereotyped connectivity patterns in neural circuits. By combining neuronal cultures, and tools with approaches from network neuroscience and information theory, we can study how complex network topology emerges from local neuronal interactions. We constructed effective connectivity networks using a transfer entropy analysis of spike trains recorded from rat embryo dissociated hippocampal neuron cultures between 6 and 35 days in vitro to investigate how the topology evolves during maturation. The methodology for constructing the networks considered the synapse delay and addressed the influence of firing rate and population bursts as well as spurious effects on the inference of connections. We found that the number of links in the networks grew over the course of development, shifting from a segregated to a more integrated architecture. As part of this progression, three significant aspects of complex network topology emerged. In agreement with previous in silico and in vitro studies, a small-world architecture was detected, largely due to strong clustering among neurons. Additionally, the networks developed in a modular topology, with most modules comprising nearby neurons. Finally, highly active neurons acquired topological characteristics that made them important nodes to the network and integrators of modules. These findings leverage new insights into how neuronal effective network topology relates to neuronal assembly self-organization mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila C Antonello
- Department of Biochemistry - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas F Varley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States.,Department of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - John Beggs
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Department of Biochemistry - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Jean Faber
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Alejandre-García T, Kim S, Pérez-Ortega J, Yuste R. Intrinsic excitability mechanisms of neuronal ensemble formation. eLife 2022; 11:77470. [PMID: 35506662 PMCID: PMC9197391 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ensembles are coactive groups of cortical neurons, found in spontaneous and evoked activity, that can mediate perception and behavior. To understand the mechanisms that lead to the formation of ensembles, we co-activated layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in brain slices from mouse visual cortex, in animals of both sexes, replicating in vitro an optogenetic protocol to generate ensembles in vivo. Using whole-cell and perforated patch-clamp pair recordings we found that, after optogenetic or electrical stimulation, coactivated neurons increased their correlated activity, a hallmark of ensemble formation. Coactivated neurons showed small biphasic changes in presynaptic plasticity, with an initial depression followed by a potentiation after a recovery period. Optogenetic and electrical stimulation also induced significant increases in frequency and amplitude of spontaneous EPSPs, even after single-cell stimulation. In addition, we observed unexpected strong and persistent increases in neuronal excitability after stimulation, with increases in membrane resistance and reductions in spike threshold. A pharmacological agent that blocks changes in membrane resistance reverted this effect. These significant increases in excitability can explain the observed biphasic synaptic plasticity. We conclude that cell-intrinsic changes in excitability are involved in the formation of neuronal ensembles. We propose an ‘iceberg’ model, by which increased neuronal excitability makes subthreshold connections suprathreshold, enhancing the effect of already existing synapses, and generating a new neuronal ensemble. In the brain, groups of neurons that are activated together – also known as neuronal ensembles – are the basic units that underpin perception and behavior. Yet, exactly how these coactive circuits are established remains under investigation. In 1949, Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb proposed that, when brains learn something new, the neurons which are activated together connect to form ensembles, and their connections become stronger each time this specific piece of knowledge is recalled. This idea that ‘neurons that fire together, wire together’ can explain how memories are acquired and recalled, by strengthening their wiring. However, recent studies have questioned whether strengthening connections is the only mechanism by which neural ensembles can be created. Changes in the excitability of neurons (how easily they are to fire and become activated) may also play a role. In other words, ensembles could emerge because certain neurons become more excitable and fire more readily. To solve this conundrum, Alejandre-García et al. examined both hypotheses in the same system. Neurons in slices of the mouse visual cortex were stimulated electrically or optically, via a technique that controls neural activity with light. The activity of individual neurons and their connections was then measured with electrodes. Spontaneous activity among connected neurons increased after stimulation, indicative of the formation of neuronal ensembles. Connected neurons also showed small changes in the strength of their connections, which first decreased and then rebounded after an initial recovery period. Intriguingly, cells also showed unexpected strong and persistent increases in neuronal excitability after stimulation, such that neurons fired more readily to the same stimulus. In other words, neurons maintained a cellular memory of having been stimulated. The authors conclude that ensembles form because connected neurons become more excitable, which in turn, may strengthen connections of the circuit at a later stage. These results provide fresh insights about the neural circuits underpinning learning and memory. In time, the findings could also help to understand disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia, which are characterised by memory impairments and disordered thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Jesús Pérez-Ortega
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
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23
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Kilinc M, Arora V, Creson TK, Rojas C, Le AA, Lauterborn J, Wilkinson B, Hartel N, Graham N, Reich A, Gou G, Araki Y, Bayés À, Coba M, Lynch G, Miller CA, Rumbaugh G. Endogenous Syngap1 alpha splice forms promote cognitive function and seizure protection. eLife 2022; 11:e75707. [PMID: 35394425 PMCID: PMC9064290 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function variants in SYNGAP1 cause a developmental encephalopathy defined by cognitive impairment, autistic features, and epilepsy. SYNGAP1 splicing leads to expression of distinct functional protein isoforms. Splicing imparts multiple cellular functions of SynGAP proteins through coding of distinct C-terminal motifs. However, it remains unknown how these different splice sequences function in vivo to regulate neuronal function and behavior. Reduced expression of SynGAP-α1/2 C-terminal splice variants in mice caused severe phenotypes, including reduced survival, impaired learning, and reduced seizure latency. In contrast, upregulation of α1/2 expression improved learning and increased seizure latency. Mice expressing α1-specific mutations, which disrupted SynGAP cellular functions without altering protein expression, promoted seizure, disrupted synapse plasticity, and impaired learning. These findings demonstrate that endogenous SynGAP isoforms with α1/2 spliced sequences promote cognitive function and impart seizure protection. Regulation of SynGAP-αexpression or function may be a viable therapeutic strategy to broadly improve cognitive function and mitigate seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kilinc
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
- Departments of Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
| | - Vineet Arora
- Departments of Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
| | - Thomas K Creson
- Departments of Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
| | - Camilo Rojas
- Departments of Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
| | - Aliza A Le
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of CaliforniaIrvineUnited States
| | - Julie Lauterborn
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of CaliforniaIrvineUnited States
| | - Brent Wilkinson
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Nicolas Hartel
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Nicholas Graham
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Adrian Reich
- Bioinformatics and Statistics Core, The Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
| | - Gemma Gou
- Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant PauBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
| | - Yoichi Araki
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Àlex Bayés
- Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant PauBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marcelo Coba
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Gary Lynch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of CaliforniaIrvineUnited States
| | - Courtney A Miller
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
- Departments of Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
- Departments of Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
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24
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Mut SR, Mishra S, Vazquez M. A Microfluidic Eye Facsimile System to Examine the Migration of Stem-like Cells. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030406. [PMID: 35334698 PMCID: PMC8954941 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Millions of adults are affected by progressive vision loss worldwide. The rising incidence of retinal diseases can be attributed to damage or degeneration of neurons that convert light into electrical signals for vision. Contemporary cell replacement therapies have transplanted stem and progenitor-like cells (SCs) into adult retinal tissue to replace damaged neurons and restore the visual neural network. However, the inability of SCs to migrate to targeted areas remains a fundamental challenge. Current bioengineering projects aim to integrate microfluidic technologies with organotypic cultures to examine SC behaviors within biomimetic environments. The application of neural phantoms, or eye facsimiles, in such systems will greatly aid the study of SC migratory behaviors in 3D. This project developed a bioengineering system, called the μ-Eye, to stimulate and examine the migration of retinal SCs within eye facsimiles using external chemical and electrical stimuli. Results illustrate that the imposed fields stimulated large, directional SC migration into eye facsimiles, and that electro-chemotactic stimuli produced significantly larger increases in cell migration than the individual stimuli combined. These findings highlight the significance of microfluidic systems in the development of approaches that apply external fields for neural repair and promote migration-targeted strategies for retinal cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ryan Mut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Shawn Mishra
- Regeneron, 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA;
| | - Maribel Vazquez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Correspondence:
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25
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Electronic to ionic transduction of the electric field applied to PEDOT:PSS substrates to the cell cultures on top. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 145:108099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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A kainic acid-induced seizure model in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons for studying the role of IL-6 in the functional activity. Stem Cell Res 2022; 60:102665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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27
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Graphene-Based Materials for Efficient Neurogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1351:43-64. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4923-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Konno D, Nishimoto S, Suzuki T, Ikegaya Y, Matsumoto N. Multiple states in ongoing neural activity in the rat visual cortex. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256791. [PMID: 34437630 PMCID: PMC8389421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain continuously produces internal activity in the absence of afferently salient sensory input. Spontaneous neural activity is intrinsically defined by circuit structures and associated with the mode of information processing and behavioral responses. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of spontaneous activity in the visual cortices of behaving animals remain almost elusive. Using a custom-made electrode array, we recorded 32-site electrocorticograms in the primary and secondary visual cortex of freely behaving rats and determined the propagation patterns of spontaneous neural activity. Nonlinear dimensionality reduction and unsupervised clustering revealed multiple discrete states of the activity patterns. The activity remained stable in one state and suddenly jumped to another state. The diversity and dynamics of the internally switching cortical states would imply flexibility of neural responses to various external inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Konno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Nishimoto
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suzuki
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Recent scientific advances have indicated that it may be technically feasible to sustain human embryos in vitro beyond 14 days. Research beyond this stage is currently restricted by a guideline known as the 14-day rule. Since the advances in embryo culturing there have been calls to extend the current limit. Much of the current debate concerning an extension has regarded the 14-day rule as a political compromise and has, therefore, focused on policy concerns rather than assessing the philosophical foundations of the limit. While there are relevant political considerations, I maintain that the success of extension arguments will ultimately depend on the strength of the justifications supporting the current 14-day limit. I argue that the strongest and most prevalent justifications for the 14-day rule-an appeal to individuation and neural development-do not provide adequate support for the limit of 14 days. I instead suggest that an alternative justification based on sentience would constitute a more defensible basis for embryo protection and that a consideration of such grounds appears to support an amendment to the current limit, rather than the retention of it. While these conclusions do not establish conclusively that the current limit should be extended; they do suggest that an extension may be warranted and permissible. As such, this paper offers grounds on which a reassessment of the 14-day rule may be justified.
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30
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Choi BJ, Chen YCD, Desplan C. Building a circuit through correlated spontaneous neuronal activity in the developing vertebrate and invertebrate visual systems. Genes Dev 2021; 35:677-691. [PMID: 33888564 PMCID: PMC8091978 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348241.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During the development of the vertebrate nervous systems, genetic programs assemble an immature circuit that is subsequently refined by neuronal activity evoked by external stimuli. However, prior to sensory experience, the intrinsic property of the developing nervous system also triggers correlated network-level neuronal activity, with retinal waves in the developing vertebrate retina being the best documented example. Spontaneous activity has also been found in the visual system of Drosophila Here, we compare the spontaneous activity of the developing visual system between mammalian and Drosophila and suggest that Drosophila is an emerging model for mechanistic and functional studies of correlated spontaneous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jiwon Choi
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | | | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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31
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Fouad K, Vavrek R, Cho S. A TrkB Antibody Agonist Promotes Plasticity after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Rats. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1338-1348. [PMID: 20597685 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI) in mammals, there is only limited repair and, consequently, only moderate recovery. One mechanism frequently discussed to be involved in this recovery is plasticity (i.e., adaptations in spared neuronal circuitries). In the current study, we tested the effect of an intrathecal application of the TrkB agonist antibody, 29D7, on plasticity after cervical SCI in adult rats. Treatment with 29D7 for 4 weeks resulted in an ∼50% increase in collateral sprouting of severed corticospinal tract fibers above the lesion compared to the control group and enhanced branching in the gray matter rostral to the injury. Growth-associated protein 43 immunoreactivity in the spinal cord rostral to the level of the injury as well as contralateral to the lesion was also increased. These indications of enhanced plasticity by 29D7 were paralleled by improved performances of the mildly affected paw, as assessed by Montoya and tray reaching tasks. The reaching behaviors of the paw ipsilateral to the side of severe injury to the cortico- and rubrospinal tract were not altered by the treatment. The present study suggests that 29D7 may be a potential candidate to promote plasticity and functional recovery, especially after moderate SCI. Future studies confirming these results, along with a potential combinatory therapy including rehabilitative training, will be needed to evaluate the clinical value of such a treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Fouad
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Romana Vavrek
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Seongeun Cho
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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32
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Kraus A, Buckley KM, Salinas I. Sensing the world and its dangers: An evolutionary perspective in neuroimmunology. eLife 2021; 10:66706. [PMID: 33900197 PMCID: PMC8075586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting danger is key to the survival and success of all species. Animal nervous and immune systems cooperate to optimize danger detection. Preceding studies have highlighted the benefits of bringing neurons into the defense game, including regulation of immune responses, wound healing, pathogen control, and survival. Here, we summarize the body of knowledge in neuroimmune communication and assert that neuronal participation in the immune response is deeply beneficial in each step of combating infection, from inception to resolution. Despite the documented tight association between the immune and nervous systems in mammals or invertebrate model organisms, interdependence of these two systems is largely unexplored across metazoans. This review brings a phylogenetic perspective of the nervous and immune systems in the context of danger detection and advocates for the use of non-model organisms to diversify the field of neuroimmunology. We identify key taxa that are ripe for investigation due to the emergence of key evolutionary innovations in their immune and nervous systems. This novel perspective will help define the primordial principles that govern neuroimmune communication across taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Kraus
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | | | - Irene Salinas
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
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33
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Kainate receptors in the developing neuronal networks. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108585. [PMID: 33910033 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kainate receptors (KARs) are highly expressed in the immature brain and have unique developmentally regulated functions that may be important in linking neuronal activity to morphogenesis during activity-dependent fine-tuning of the synaptic connectivity. Altered expression of KARs in the developing neural network leads to changes in glutamatergic connectivity and network excitability, which may lead to long-lasting changes in behaviorally relevant circuitries in the brain. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on physiological and morphogenic functions described for different types of KARs at immature neural circuitries, focusing on their roles in modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity as well as circuit maturation in the rodent hippocampus and amygdala. Finally, we discuss the emerging evidence suggesting that malfunction of KARs in the immature brain may contribute to the pathophysiology underlying developmentally originating neurological disorders.
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34
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Schick R, Farah N, Markus A, Korngreen A, Mandel Y. Electrophysiologic Characterization of Developing Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Photoreceptor Precursors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:44. [PMID: 32991686 PMCID: PMC7533729 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.11.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Photoreceptor precursor cells (PRPs) differentiated from human embryonic stem cells can serve as a source for cell replacement therapy aimed at vision restoration in patients suffering from degenerative diseases of the outer retina, such as retinitis pigmentosa and AMD. In this work, we studied the electrophysiologic maturation of PRPs throughout the differentiation process. Methods Human embryonic stem cells were differentiated into PRPs and whole-cell recordings were performed for electrophysiologic characterization at days 0, 30, 60, and 90 along with quantitative PCR analysis to characterize the expression level of various ion channels, which shape the electrophysiologic response. Finally, to characterize the electrically induced calcium currents, we employed calcium imaging (rhod4) to visualize intracellular calcium dynamics in response to electrical activation. Results Our results revealed an early and steady presence (approximately 100% of responsive cells) of the delayed potassium rectifier current. In contrast, the percentage of cells exhibiting voltage-gated sodium currents increased with maturation (from 0% to almost 90% of responsive cells at 90 days). Moreover, calcium imaging revealed the presence of voltage-gated calcium currents, which play a major role in vision formation. These results were further supported by quantitative PCR analysis, which revealed a significant and continuous (3- to 50-fold) increase in the expression of various voltage-gated channels concomitantly with the increase in the expression of the photoreceptor marker CRX. Conclusions These results can shed light on the electrophysiologic maturation of neurons in general and PRP in particular and can form the basis for devising and optimizing cell replacement-based vision restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Schick
- School of Optometry and Visual Science, Faculty of Life Science and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced material (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nairouz Farah
- School of Optometry and Visual Science, Faculty of Life Science and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced material (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Amos Markus
- School of Optometry and Visual Science, Faculty of Life Science and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced material (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Alon Korngreen
- Faculty of Life Science and The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yossi Mandel
- School of Optometry and Visual Science, Faculty of Life Science and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced material (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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35
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Redolfi N, Lodovichi C. Spontaneous Afferent Activity Carves Olfactory Circuits. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:637536. [PMID: 33767612 PMCID: PMC7985084 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.637536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical activity has a key role in shaping neuronal circuits during development. In most sensory modalities, early in development, internally generated spontaneous activity sculpts the initial layout of neuronal wiring. With the maturation of the sense organs, the system relies more on sensory-evoked electrical activity. Stimuli-driven neuronal discharge is required for the transformation of immature circuits in the specific patterns of neuronal connectivity that subserve normal brain function. The olfactory system (OS) differs from this organizational plan. Despite the important role of odorant receptors (ORs) in shaping olfactory topography, odor-evoked activity does not have a prominent role in refining neuronal wiring. On the contrary, afferent spontaneous discharge is required to achieve and maintain the specific diagram of connectivity that defines the topography of the olfactory bulb (OB). Here, we provide an overview of the development of olfactory topography, with a focus on the role of afferent spontaneous discharge in the formation and maintenance of the specific synaptic contacts that result in the topographic organization of the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Lodovichi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute CNR, Padua, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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36
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Smith BJ, Côté PD, Tremblay F. Voltage-gated sodium channel-dependent retroaxonal modulation of photoreceptor function during post-natal development in mice. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:353-365. [PMID: 33248000 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile (postnatal day 16) mice lacking Nav 1.6 channels (null-mutant Scn8admu ) have reduced photoreceptor function, which is unexpected given that Nav channels have not been detected in mouse photoreceptors and do not contribute appreciably to photoreceptor function in adults. We demonstrate that acute block of Nav channels with intravitreal TTX in juvenile (P16) wild-type mice has no effect on photoreceptor function. However, reduced light activity by prolonged dark adaptation from P8 caused significant reduction in photoreceptor function at P16. Injecting TTX into the retrobulbar space at P16 to specifically block Nav channels in the optic nerve also caused a reduction in photoreceptor function comparable to that seen at P16 in null-mutant Scn8a mice. In both P16 null-mutant Scn8admu and retrobulbar TTX-injected wild-type mice, photoreceptor function was restored following intravitreal injection of the TrkB receptor agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, linking Nav -dependent retrograde transport to TrkB-dependent neurotrophic factor production pathways as a modulatory influence of photoreceptor function at P16. We also found that in Scn8admu mice, photoreceptor function recovers by P22-25 despite more precarious general health of the animal. Retrobulbar injection of TTX in the wild type still reduced the photoreceptor response at this age but to a lesser extent, suggesting that Nav -dependent modulation of photoreceptor function is largely transient, peaking soon after eye opening. Together, these results suggest that the general photosensitivity of the retina is modulated following eye opening by retrograde transport through activity-dependent retinal ganglion cell axonal signaling targeting TrkB receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Smith
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Patrice D Côté
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - François Tremblay
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
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37
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Zhang T, Hu W, Chen W. Plasma Membrane Integrates Biophysical and Biochemical Regulation to Trigger Immune Receptor Functions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:613185. [PMID: 33679752 PMCID: PMC7933204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.613185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane provides a biophysical and biochemical platform for immune cells to trigger signaling cascades and immune responses against attacks from foreign pathogens or tumor cells. Mounting evidence suggests that the biophysical-chemical properties of this platform, including complex compositions of lipids and cholesterols, membrane tension, and electrical potential, could cooperatively regulate the immune receptor functions. However, the molecular mechanism is still unclear because of the tremendous compositional complexity and spatio-temporal dynamics of the plasma membrane. Here, we review the recent significant progress of dynamical regulation of plasma membrane on immune receptors, including T cell receptor, B cell receptor, Fc receptor, and other important immune receptors, to proceed mechano-chemical sensing and transmembrane signal transduction. We also discuss how biophysical-chemical cues couple together to dynamically tune the receptor's structural conformation or orientation, distribution, and organization, thereby possibly impacting their in-situ ligand binding and related signal transduction. Moreover, we propose that electrical potential could potentially induce the biophysical-chemical coupling change, such as lipid distribution and membrane tension, to inevitably regulate immune receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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38
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Fouad K, Popovich PG, Kopp MA, Schwab JM. The neuroanatomical-functional paradox in spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:53-62. [PMID: 33311711 PMCID: PMC9012488 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-00436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although lesion size is widely considered to be the most reliable predictor of outcome after CNS injury, lesions of comparable size can produce vastly different magnitudes of functional impairment and subsequent recovery. This neuroanatomical-functional paradox is likely to contribute to the many failed attempts to independently replicate findings from animal models of neurotrauma. In humans, the analogous clinical-radiological paradox could explain why individuals with similar injuries can respond differently to rehabilitation. We describe the neuroanatomical-functional paradox in the context of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and discuss the underlying mechanisms of the paradox, including the concepts of lesion-affected and recovery-related networks. We also consider the various secondary complications that further limit the accuracy of outcome prediction in SCI and provide suggestions for how to increase the predictive, translational value of preclinical SCI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Fouad
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marcel A Kopp
- Clinical & Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Research, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (QUEST-Center for Transforming Biomedical Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Clinical & Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Research, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Spinal Cord Injury Medicine (Neuroplegiology), Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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39
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Wu W, Yao H, Dwivedi I, Negraes PD, Zhao HW, Wang J, Trujillo CA, Muotri AR, Haddad GG. Methadone Suppresses Neuronal Function and Maturation in Human Cortical Organoids. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:593248. [PMID: 33328864 PMCID: PMC7719724 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.593248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that prenatal exposure to methadone causes multiple adverse effects on human brain development. Methadone not only suppresses fetal neurobehavior and alters neural maturation, but also leads to long-term neurological impairment. Due to logistical and ethical issues of accessing human fetal tissue, the effect of methadone on brain development and its underlying mechanisms have not been investigated adequately and are therefore not fully understood. Here, we use human cortical organoids which resemble fetal brain development to examine the effect of methadone on neuronal function and maturation during early development. During development, cortical organoids that are exposed to clinically relevant concentrations of methadone exhibited suppressed maturation of neuronal function. For example, organoids developed from 12th week till 24th week have an about 7-fold increase in AP firing frequency, but only half and a third of this increase was found in organoids exposed to 1 and 10 μM methadone, respectively. We further demonstrated substantial increases in INa (4.5-fold) and IKD (10.8-fold), and continued shifts of Na+ channel activation and inactivation during normal organoid development. Methadone-induced suppression of neuronal function was attributed to the attenuated increase in the densities of INa and IKD and the reduced shift of Na+ channel gating properties. Since normal neuronal electrophysiology and ion channel function are critical for regulating brain development, we believe that the effect of prolonged methadone exposure contributes to the delayed maturation, development fetal brain and potentially for longer term neurologic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Hang Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ila Dwivedi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Priscilla D Negraes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Helen W Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Cleber A Trujillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States
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40
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Chen Y, Kunath T, Simpson J, Homer N, Sylantyev S. Synaptic signalling in a network of dopamine neurons: what prevents proper intercellular crosstalk? FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3272-3292. [PMID: 33073864 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons stand out as a cell source for transplantation with their sustainability and consistency superior to the formerly used fetal tissues. However, multiple studies of DA neurons in culture failed to register action potential (AP) generation upon synaptic input. To test whether this is due to deficiency of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) coagonists released from astroglia, we studied the functional properties of neural receptors in hESC-derived DA neuronal cultures. We find that, apart from an insufficient amount of coagonists, lack of interneuronal crosstalk is caused by hypofunction of synaptic NMDARs due to their direct inhibition by synaptically released DA. This inhibitory tone is independent of DA receptors and affects the NMDAR coagonist binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Chen
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tilo Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna Simpson
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalie Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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41
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Cell type-specific patterned neural activity instructs neural map formation in the mouse olfactory system. Neurosci Res 2020; 170:1-5. [PMID: 32621834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of precise neural circuits is initially directed by genetic programming and subsequently refined by neural activity. In the mouse olfactory system, axons from various olfactory sensory neurons expressing the same olfactory receptor converge onto a few spatially invariant glomeruli, generating the olfactory glomerular map in the olfactory bulbs. Using the glomerular map formation as a model, this review summarizes the current understanding of mechanisms underlying topographic map development in the mouse olfactory system and highlights how neural activity instructs the map refinement process.
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The early overgrowth theory of autism spectrum disorder: Insight into convergent mechanisms from valproic acid exposure and translational models. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020. [PMID: 32711813 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of new approaches for the clinical management of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can only be realized through a better understanding of the neurobiological changes associated with ASD. One strategy for gaining deeper insight into the neurobiological mechanisms associated with ASD is to identify converging pathogenic processes associated with human idiopathic clinicopathology that are conserved in translational models of ASD. In this chapter, we first present the early overgrowth theory of ASD. Second, we introduce valproic acid (VPA), one of the most robust and well-known environmental risk factors associated with ASD, and we summarize the rapidly growing body of animal research literature using VPA as an ASD translational model. Lastly, we will detail the mechanisms of action of VPA and its impact on functional neural systems, as well as discuss future research directions that could have a lasting impact on the field.
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Venugopalan P, Cameron EG, Zhang X, Nahmou M, Muller KJ, Goldberg JL. Physiologic maturation is both extrinsically and intrinsically regulated in progenitor-derived neurons. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2337. [PMID: 32047174 PMCID: PMC7012889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, newly-differentiated neurons undergo several morphological and physiological changes to become functional, mature neurons. Physiologic maturation of neuronal cells derived from isolated stem or progenitor cells may provide insight into maturation in vivo but is not well studied. As a step towards understanding how neuronal maturation is regulated, we studied the developmental switch of response to the neurotransmitter GABA, from excitatory depolarization to inhibitory hyperpolarization. We compared acutely isolated retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) at various developmental stages and RGCs differentiated in vitro from embryonic retinal progenitors for the effects of aging and, independently, of retinal environment age on their GABAA receptor (GABAAR) responses, elicited by muscimol. We found that neurons generated in vitro from progenitors exhibited depolarizing, immature GABA responses, like those of early postnatal RGCs. As progenitor-derived neurons aged from 1 to 3 weeks, their GABA responses matured. Interestingly, signals secreted by the early postnatal retina suppressed acquisition of mature GABA responses. This suppression was not associated with changes in expression of GABAAR or of the chloride co-transporter KCC2, but rather with inhibition of KCC2 dimerization in differentiating neurons. Taken together, these data indicate GABA response maturation depends on release of inhibition by developmentally regulated diffusible signals from the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praseeda Venugopalan
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Evan G Cameron
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94303, USA
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael Nahmou
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94303, USA
| | - Kenneth J Muller
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94303, USA.
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44
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Gibboney S, Orvis J, Kim K, Johnson CJ, Martinez-Feduchi P, Lowe EK, Sharma S, Stolfi A. Effector gene expression underlying neuron subtype-specific traits in the Motor Ganglion of Ciona. Dev Biol 2020; 458:52-63. [PMID: 31639337 PMCID: PMC6987015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system of the Ciona larva contains only 177 neurons. The precise regulation of neuron subtype-specific morphogenesis and differentiation observed during the formation of this minimal connectome offers a unique opportunity to dissect gene regulatory networks underlying chordate neurodevelopment. Here we compare the transcriptomes of two very distinct neuron types in the hindbrain/spinal cord homolog of Ciona, the Motor Ganglion (MG): the Descending decussating neuron (ddN, proposed homolog of Mauthner Cells in vertebrates) and the MG Interneuron 2 (MGIN2). Both types are invariantly represented by a single bilaterally symmetric left/right pair of cells in every larva. Supernumerary ddNs and MGIN2s were generated in synchronized embryos and isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting for transcriptome profiling. Differential gene expression analysis revealed ddN- and MGIN2-specific enrichment of a wide range of genes, including many encoding potential "effectors" of subtype-specific morphological and functional traits. More specifically, we identified the upregulation of centrosome-associated, microtubule-stabilizing/bundling proteins and extracellular guidance cues part of a single intrinsic regulatory program that might underlie the unique polarization of the ddNs, the only descending MG neurons that cross the midline. Consistent with our predictions, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated, tissue-specific elimination of two such candidate effectors, Efcab6-related and Netrin1, impaired ddN polarized axon outgrowth across the midline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gibboney
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jameson Orvis
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kwantae Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | | | - Elijah K Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Sarthak Sharma
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Bazwinsky-Wutschke I, Dehghani F. Impact of cochlear ablation on calretinin and synaptophysin in the gerbil anteroventral cochlear nucleus before the hearing onset. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 104:101746. [PMID: 31945410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian auditory system undergoes many structural and functional modifications during postnatal development, which are dependent on the relationship between auditory nerve fibers and their nuclei. In the present study, the cochlea of Meriones unguiculatus was ablated unilaterally on postnatal day 5 or 9 (P5 or P9), before the onset of hearing. Histochemical analysis of synaptophysin (SYN) and calretinin (CR) in anterior anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN-A) was performed to analyze whether unilateral cochlea ablation induces changes in the auditory terminal endings and somata of spherical bushy cells (SBCs). During the period of postnatal development, CR-labeling was evident in somata of SBCs and in auditory nerve terminals. SYN was most apparent in puncta encircled cell bodies, progressing with age. Cochlear removal at P5 induced a decrease in CR-labeling in SBCs somata 6 h and 48 h post-lesion; whereas, ablation at P9 increased the somatic CR-labeling in the lesioned AVCN-A after 24 and 48 h post-lesion. The SYN-labeled synaptic puncta were remarkably reduced in the AVCN-A of P5- and P9-cochlea-ablated gerbils with stronger effects in P5 animals (a 50% reduction after 48 h). Interestingly, a significant increase in the SYN-immunolabeled puncta was found after 48 h compared to 24 h in the lesioned AVCN-A of P9 gerbils, indicating reactive synaptogenesis. Our study shows, that following the destruction of the cochlea at different postnatal periods, the CR- and SYN-labeling are differentially influenced in the AVCN-A, which in turn coincides with different critical developmental periods before the onset of hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Bazwinsky-Wutschke
- Department of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, D-06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, D-06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Auer T, Schreppel P, Erker T, Schwarzer C. Impaired chloride homeostasis in epilepsy: Molecular basis, impact on treatment, and current treatment approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 205:107422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hyvärinen T, Hyysalo A, Kapucu FE, Aarnos L, Vinogradov A, Eglen SJ, Ylä-Outinen L, Narkilahti S. Functional characterization of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical networks differentiated on laminin-521 substrate: comparison to rat cortical cultures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17125. [PMID: 31748598 PMCID: PMC6868015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neurons provide exciting opportunities for in vitro modeling of neurological diseases and for advancing drug development and neurotoxicological studies. However, generating electrophysiologically mature neuronal networks from hPSCs has been challenging. Here, we report the differentiation of functionally active hPSC-derived cortical networks on defined laminin-521 substrate. We apply microelectrode array (MEA) measurements to assess network events and compare the activity development of hPSC-derived networks to that of widely used rat embryonic cortical cultures. In both of these networks, activity developed through a similar sequence of stages and time frames; however, the hPSC-derived networks showed unique patterns of bursting activity. The hPSC-derived networks developed synchronous activity, which involved glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs, recapitulating the classical cortical activity also observed in rodent counterparts. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on spike rates, network synchronization and burst features revealed the segregation of hPSC-derived and rat network recordings into different clusters, reflecting the species-specific and maturation state differences between the two networks. Overall, hPSC-derived neural cultures produced with a defined protocol generate cortical type network activity, which validates their applicability as a human-specific model for pharmacological studies and modeling network dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Hyvärinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anu Hyysalo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fikret Emre Kapucu
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Laura Aarnos
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Andrey Vinogradov
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stephen J Eglen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Ylä-Outinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Narkilahti
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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Tao X, Sun N, Mu Y. Development of Depotentiation in Adult-Born Dentate Granule Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:236. [PMID: 31681768 PMCID: PMC6805727 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, i.e., long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD) and LTP reversal, is generally thought to make up the cellular mechanism underlying learning and memory in the mature brain, in which N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate (NMDA) receptors and neurogenesis play important roles. LTP reversal may be the mechanism of forgetting and may mediate many psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, but the specific mechanisms underlying these disorders remain unclear. In addition, LTP reversal during the development of adult-born dentate granule cells (DGCs) remains unknown. We found that the expression of the NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B displayed dynamic changes during the development of postnatal individuals and the maturation of adult-born neurons and was coupled with the change in LTP reversal. The susceptibility of LTP reversal progressively increases with the rise in the expression of NR2A during the development of postnatal individual and adult-born neurons. In addition, NMDA receptor subunits NR2A, but not NR2B, mediated LTP reversal in the DGCs of the mouse hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Tao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangling Mu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Krajeski RN, Macey-Dare A, van Heusden F, Ebrahimjee F, Ellender TJ. Dynamic postnatal development of the cellular and circuit properties of striatal D1 and D2 spiny projection neurons. J Physiol 2019; 597:5265-5293. [PMID: 31531863 PMCID: PMC6900874 DOI: 10.1113/jp278416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Imbalances in the activity of the D1-expressing direct pathway and D2-expressing indirect pathway striatal projection neurons (SPNs) are thought to contribute to many basal ganglia disorders, including early-onset neurodevelopmental disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette's syndrome. This study provides the first detailed quantitative investigation of development of D1 and D2 SPNs, including their cellular properties and connectivity within neural circuits, during the first postnatal weeks. This period is highly dynamic with many properties changing, but it is possible to make three main observations: many aspects of D1 and D2 SPNs progressively mature in parallel; there are notable exceptions when they diverge; and many of the defining properties of mature striatal SPNs and circuits are already established by the first and second postnatal weeks, suggesting guidance through intrinsic developmental programmes. These findings provide an experimental framework for future studies of striatal development in both health and disease. ABSTRACT Many basal ganglia neurodevelopmental disorders are thought to result from imbalances in the activity of the D1-expressing direct pathway and D2-expressing indirect pathway striatal projection neurons (SPNs). Insight into these disorders is reliant on our understanding of normal D1 and D2 SPN development. Here we provide the first detailed study and quantification of the striatal cellular and circuit changes occurring for both D1 and D2 SPNs in the first postnatal weeks using in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. Characterization of their intrinsic electrophysiological and morphological properties, the excitatory long-range inputs coming from cortex and thalamus, as well their local gap junction and inhibitory synaptic connections reveals this period to be highly dynamic with numerous properties changing. However it is possible to make three main observations. Firstly, many aspects of SPNs mature in parallel, including intrinsic membrane properties, increases in dendritic arbours and spine densities, general synaptic inputs and expression of specific glutamate receptors. Secondly, there are notable exceptions, including a transient stronger thalamic innervation of D2 SPNs and stronger cortical NMDA receptor-mediated inputs to D1 SPNs, both in the second postnatal week. Thirdly, many of the defining properties of mature D1 and D2 SPNs and striatal circuits are already established by the first and second postnatal weeks, including different electrophysiological properties as well as biased local inhibitory connections between SPNs, suggesting this is guided through intrinsic developmental programmes. Together these findings provide an experimental framework for future studies of D1 and D2 SPN development in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan N Krajeski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Anežka Macey-Dare
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Fran van Heusden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Farid Ebrahimjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Tommas J Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
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50
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Early exercise induces long-lasting morphological changes in cortical and hippocampal neurons throughout of a sedentary period of rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13684. [PMID: 31548605 PMCID: PMC6757043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Life experiences at early ages, such as physical activity in childhood and adolescence, can result in long-lasting brain effects able to reduce future risk of brain disorders and to enhance lifelong brain functions. However, how early physical exercise promotes these effects remains unclear. A possible hypothesis is that physical exercise increases the expression of neurotrophic factors and stimulates neuronal growth, resulting in a neural reserve to be used at later ages. Basing our study on this hypothesis, we evaluated the absolute number and morphology of neuronal cells, as well as the expression of growth, proliferation and survival proteins (BDNF, Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, ERK and CREB) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal formation throughout of a sedentary period of rats who were physically active during youth. To do this, male Wistar rats were submitted to an aerobic exercise protocol from the 21st to the 60th postnatal days (P21–P60), and evaluated at 0 (P60), 30 (P90) and 60 (P120) days after the last exercise session. Results showed that juvenile exercise increased, and maintained elevated, the number of cortical and hippocampal neuronal cells and dendritic arborization, when evaluated at the above post-exercise ages. Hippocampal BDNF levels and cortical mTOR expression were found to be increased at P60, but were restored to control levels at P90 and P120. Overall, these findings indicate that, despite the short-term effects on growth and survival proteins, early exercise induces long-lasting morphological changes in cortical and hippocampal neurons even during a sedentary period of rats.
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