1
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Chen HJ. Two-color electromagnetically induced transparency generated slow light in double-mechanical-mode coupling carbon nanotube resonators. iScience 2024; 27:109328. [PMID: 38500837 PMCID: PMC10946331 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
We theoretically propose a multiple-mode-coupling hybrid quantum system comprising two-mode-coupling nanomechanical carbon nanotube (CNT) resonators realized by a phase-dependent phonon-exchange interaction interacting with the same nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. We investigate the coherent optical responses of the NV center under the condition of resonance and detuning. In particular, two-color electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) can be achieved by controlling the system parameters and coupling regimes. Combining the spin-phonon interactions and phonon-phonon coupling with the modulation phase, the switching of one and two EIT windows has been demonstrated, which generates a light delay or advance. The slow-to-fast and fast-to-slow light transitions have been studied in different coupling regimes, and the switch between slow and fast light can be controlled periodically by tuning the modulation phase. The study can be applied to phonon-mediated optical information storage or information processing with spin qubits based on multiple-mode hybrid quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jun Chen
- School of Mechanics and Photoelectric Physics, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China
- Center for Fundamental Physics, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China
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2
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Ripin A, Peng R, Zhang X, Chakravarthi S, He M, Xu X, Fu KM, Cao T, Li M. Tunable phononic coupling in excitonic quantum emitters. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1020-1026. [PMID: 37264087 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the coupling between fundamental quantum excitations is at the heart of quantum science and technologies. An outstanding case is the creation of quantum light sources in which coupling between single photons and phonons can be controlled and harnessed to enable quantum information transduction. Here we report the deterministic creation of quantum emitters featuring highly tunable coupling between excitons and phonons. The quantum emitters are formed in strain-induced quantum dots created in homobilayer WSe2. The colocalization of quantum-confined interlayer excitons and terahertz interlayer breathing-mode phonons, which directly modulates the exciton energy, leads to a uniquely strong phonon coupling to single-photon emission, with a Huang-Rhys factor reaching up to 6.3. The single-photon spectrum of interlayer exciton emission features a single-photon purity >83% and multiple phonon replicas, each heralding the creation of a phonon Fock state in the quantum emitter. Due to the vertical dipole moment of the interlayer exciton, the phonon-photon interaction is electrically tunable to be higher than the exciton and phonon decoherence rate, and hence promises to reach the strong-coupling regime. Our result demonstrates a solid-state quantum excitonic-optomechanical system at the atomic interface of the WSe2 bilayer that emits flying photonic qubits coupled with stationary phonons, which could be exploited for quantum transduction and interconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Ripin
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ruoming Peng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Minhao He
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kai-Mei Fu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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3
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Chowdhury A, Le AT, Weig EM, Ribeiro H. Iterative Adaptive Spectroscopy of Short Signals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:050802. [PMID: 37595240 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.050802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
We develop an iterative, adaptive frequency sensing protocol based on Ramsey interferometry of a two-level system. Our scheme allows one to estimate unknown frequencies with a high precision from short, finite signals consisting of only a small number of Ramsey fringes. It avoids several issues related to processing of decaying signals and reduces the experimental overhead related to sampling. High precision is achieved by enhancing the Ramsey sequence to prepare with high fidelity both the sensing and readout state and by using an iterative procedure built to mitigate systematic errors when estimating frequencies from Fourier transforms. A comparison with state-of-the-art dynamical decoupling techniques reveals a significant speedup of the frequency estimation without loss of precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Chowdhury
- School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anh Tuan Le
- School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Eva M Weig
- School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
- TUM Center for Quantum Engineering (ZQE), Am Coulombwall 3A, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hugo Ribeiro
- Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA
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4
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Kähler H, Arthaber H, Winkler R, West RG, Ignat I, Plank H, Schmid S. Transduction of Single Nanomechanical Pillar Resonators by Scattering of Surface Acoustic Waves. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4344-4350. [PMID: 37167540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) is the effective transduction of the tiny resonators. Vertical structures, such as nanomechanical pillar resonators, which are exploited in optomechanics, acoustic metamaterials, and nanomechanical sensing, are particularly challenging to transduce. Existing electromechanical transduction methods are ill-suited as they put constraints on the pillars' material and do not enable a transduction of freestanding pillars. Here, we present an electromechanical transduction method for single nanomechanical pillar resonators based on surface acoustic waves (SAWs). We demonstrate the transduction of freestanding nanomechanical platinum-carbon pillars in the first-order bending and compression mode. Since the principle of the transduction method is based on resonant scattering of a SAW by a nanomechanical resonator, our transduction method is independent of the pillar's material and not limited to pillar-shaped geometries. It represents a general method to transduce vertical mechanical resonators with nanoscale lateral dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Kähler
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Holger Arthaber
- Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nanoprobes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert G West
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ioan Ignat
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nanoprobes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvan Schmid
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Finazzer M, Tanos R, Curé Y, Artioli A, Kotal S, Bleuse J, Genuist Y, Gérard JM, Donatini F, Claudon J. On-Chip Electrostatic Actuation of a Photonic Wire Antenna Embedding Quantum Dots. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2203-2209. [PMID: 36888899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A photonic wire antenna embedding individual quantum dots (QDs) constitutes a promising platform for both quantum photonics and hybrid nanomechanics. We demonstrate here an integrated device in which on-chip electrodes can apply a static or oscillating bending force to the upper part of the wire. In the static regime, we achieve control over the bending direction and apply at will tensile or compressive mechanical stress on any QD. This results in a blue shift or red shift of their emission, with direct application to the realization of broadly tunable sources of quantum light. As a first illustration of operation in the dynamic regime, we excite the wire fundamental flexural mode and use the QD emission to detect the mechanical vibration. With an estimated operation bandwidth in the GHz range, electrostatic actuation opens appealing perspectives for the exploration of QD-nanowire hybrid mechanics with high-frequency vibrational modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Finazzer
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" Group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rana Tanos
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" Group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yoann Curé
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" Group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alberto Artioli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" Group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Saptarshi Kotal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" Group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Joël Bleuse
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" Group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yann Genuist
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" Group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gérard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" Group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrice Donatini
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" Group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Claudon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" Group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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6
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Chang H, Zhang J. From cavity optomechanics to cavity-less exciton optomechanics: a review. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16710-16730. [PMID: 36245359 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03784j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cavity optomechanical coupling based on radiation pressure, photothermal forces and the photoelastic effect has been investigated widely over the past few decades, including optical measurements of mechanical vibration, dynamic backaction damping and amplification, nonlinear dynamics, quantum state transfer and so on. However, the delicate cavity operation, including cavity stabilization, fine detuning, tapered fibre access etc., limits the integration of cavity optomechanical devices. Dynamic backaction damping and amplification based on cavity-less exciton optomechanical coupling in III-V semiconductor nanomechanical systems, semiconductor nanoribbons and monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides have been demonstrated in recent years. The cavity-less exciton optomechanical systems interconnect photons, phonons and excitons in a highly integrable platform, opening up the development of integrable optomechanics. Furthermore, the highly tunable exciton resonance enables the exciton optomechanical coupling strength to be tuned. In this review, the mechanisms of cavity optomechanical coupling, the principles of exciton optomechanical coupling and the recent progress of cavity-less exciton optomechanics are reviewed. Moreover, the perspectives for exciton optomechanical devices are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Xu B, Zhang P, Zhu J, Liu Z, Eichler A, Zheng XQ, Lee J, Dash A, More S, Wu S, Wang Y, Jia H, Naik A, Bachtold A, Yang R, Feng PXL, Wang Z. Nanomechanical Resonators: Toward Atomic Scale. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15545-15585. [PMID: 36054880 PMCID: PMC9620412 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The quest for realizing and manipulating ever smaller man-made movable structures and dynamical machines has spurred tremendous endeavors, led to important discoveries, and inspired researchers to venture to previously unexplored grounds. Scientific feats and technological milestones of miniaturization of mechanical structures have been widely accomplished by advances in machining and sculpturing ever shrinking features out of bulk materials such as silicon. With the flourishing multidisciplinary field of low-dimensional nanomaterials, including one-dimensional (1D) nanowires/nanotubes and two-dimensional (2D) atomic layers such as graphene/phosphorene, growing interests and sustained effort have been devoted to creating mechanical devices toward the ultimate limit of miniaturization─genuinely down to the molecular or even atomic scale. These ultrasmall movable structures, particularly nanomechanical resonators that exploit the vibratory motion in these 1D and 2D nano-to-atomic-scale structures, offer exceptional device-level attributes, such as ultralow mass, ultrawide frequency tuning range, broad dynamic range, and ultralow power consumption, thus holding strong promises for both fundamental studies and engineering applications. In this Review, we offer a comprehensive overview and summary of this vibrant field, present the state-of-the-art devices and evaluate their specifications and performance, outline important achievements, and postulate future directions for studying these miniscule yet intriguing molecular-scale machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- University
of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Jiankai Zhu
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
| | - Zuheng Liu
- University
of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | | | - Xu-Qian Zheng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- College
of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas79968, United States
| | - Aneesh Dash
- Centre
for
Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Swapnil More
- Centre
for
Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Song Wu
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska68588, United States
| | - Hao Jia
- Shanghai
Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai200050, China
| | - Akshay Naik
- Centre
for
Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Adrian Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona08860, Spain
| | - Rui Yang
- University
of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- School of
Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Philip X.-L. Feng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Zenghui Wang
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
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8
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Carlon Zambon N, Denis Z, De Oliveira R, Ravets S, Ciuti C, Favero I, Bloch J. Enhanced Cavity Optomechanics with Quantum-Well Exciton Polaritons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:093603. [PMID: 36083685 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor microresonators embedding quantum wells can host tightly confined and mutually interacting excitonic, optical, and mechanical modes at once. We theoretically investigate the case where the system operates in the strong exciton-photon coupling regime, while the optical and excitonic resonances are parametrically modulated by the interaction with a mechanical mode. Owing to the large exciton-phonon coupling at play in semiconductors, we predict an enhancement of polariton-phonon interactions by 2 orders of magnitude with respect to mere optomechanical coupling: a near-unity single-polariton quantum cooperativity is within reach for current semiconductor resonator platforms. We further analyze how polariton nonlinearities affect dynamical backaction, modifying the capability to cool or amplify the mechanical motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Carlon Zambon
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Z Denis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - R De Oliveira
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - S Ravets
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - C Ciuti
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - I Favero
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - J Bloch
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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9
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Zhang B, Mao S, Li C, Hong P, Hou J, Zhao J, Huo Z. Dual-axis control of magnetic anisotropy in a single crystal Co 2MnSi thin film through piezo-voltage-induced strain. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3323-3329. [PMID: 36131715 PMCID: PMC9418568 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00864a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) has been considered as an effective method in traditional magnetic devices with lower power consumption. In this article, we have investigated the dual-axis control of magnetic anisotropy in Co2MnSi/GaAs/PZT hybrid heterostructures through piezo-voltage-induced strain using longitudinal magneto-optical Kerr effect (LMOKE) microscopy. The major modification of in-plane magnetic anisotropy of the Co2MnSi thin film is controlled obviously by the piezo-voltages of the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezotransducer, accompanied by the coercivity field and magnetocrystalline anisotropy significantly manipulated. Because in-plane cubic magnetic anisotropy and uniaxial magnetic anisotropy coexist in the Co2MnSi thin film, the initial double easy axes of cubic split to an easiest axis (square loop) and an easier axis (two-step loop). While the stress direction is parallel to the [1-10] easiest axis (sample I), the square loop of the [1-10] direction could transform to a two-step loop under the negative piezo-voltages (compressed state). At the same time, the initial two-step loop of the [110] axis simultaneously changes to a square loop (the easiest axis). Otherwise, we designed and fabricated the sample II in which the PZT stress is parallel to the [110] two-step axis. The phenomenon of VCMA was also obtained along the [110] and [1-10] directions. However, the manipulated results of sample II were in contrast to those of the sample I under the piezo-voltages. Thus, an effective dual-axis regulation of the in-plane magnetization rotation was demonstrated in this work. Such a finding proposes a more optimized method for the magnetic logic gates and memories based on voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zhang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100029 Beijing China
| | - Siwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Chunlong Li
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100029 Beijing China
- College of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China
| | - Peizhen Hong
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100029 Beijing China
| | - Jingwen Hou
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100029 Beijing China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zongliang Huo
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100029 Beijing China
- College of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China
- Yangtze Memory Technologies Co., Ltd (YMTC) 430205 Wuhan China
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10
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Yang R, Yousuf SMEH, Lee J, Zhang P, Liu Z, Feng PXL. Raman Spectroscopic Probe for Nonlinear MoS 2 Nanoelectromechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5780-5787. [PMID: 35792575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Resonant nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) enabled by two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have been actively explored and engineered for making ultrascaled transducers toward applications in ultralow-power signal processing, communication, and sensing. Although the transduction of miniscule resonant motions has been achieved by low-noise optical or electronic techniques, direct probing of strain in vibrating 2D semiconductor membranes and the interplay between the spectroscopic and mechanical properties are still largely unexplored. Here, we experimentally demonstrate dynamical phonon softening in atomically thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) NEMS resonators by directly coupling Raman spectroscopy with optical interferometry resonance motion detection. In single-layer, bilayer, and trilayer (1L to 3L) MoS2 circular membrane NEMS resonators, we show that high-amplitude nonlinear resonances can enhance the Raman signal amplitude, as well as introduce Raman modes softening up to 0.8 cm-1. These results shall pave the way for engineering the coupling and control between collective mechanical vibrations and Raman modes of the constituent crystals in 2D transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- University of Michigan - Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - S M Enamul Hoque Yousuf
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- University of Michigan - Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zuheng Liu
- University of Michigan - Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Philip X-L Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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11
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Kim JM, Haque MF, Hsieh EY, Nahid SM, Zarin I, Jeong KY, So JP, Park HG, Nam S. Strain Engineering of Low-Dimensional Materials for Emerging Quantum Phenomena and Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021:e2107362. [PMID: 34866241 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries of exotic physical phenomena, such as unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene, dissipationless Dirac fermions in topological insulators, and quantum spin liquids, have triggered tremendous interest in quantum materials. The macroscopic revelation of quantum mechanical effects in quantum materials is associated with strong electron-electron correlations in the lattice, particularly where materials have reduced dimensionality. Owing to the strong correlations and confined geometry, altering atomic spacing and crystal symmetry via strain has emerged as an effective and versatile pathway for perturbing the subtle equilibrium of quantum states. This review highlights recent advances in strain-tunable quantum phenomena and functionalities, with particular focus on low-dimensional quantum materials. Experimental strategies for strain engineering are first discussed in terms of heterogeneity and elastic reconfigurability of strain distribution. The nontrivial quantum properties of several strain-quantum coupled platforms, including 2D van der Waals materials and heterostructures, topological insulators, superconducting oxides, and metal halide perovskites, are next outlined, with current challenges and future opportunities in quantum straintronics followed. Overall, strain engineering of quantum phenomena and functionalities is a rich field for fundamental research of many-body interactions and holds substantial promise for next-generation electronics capable of ultrafast, dissipationless, and secure information processing and communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Myung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Md Farhadul Haque
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ezekiel Y Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Shahriar Muhammad Nahid
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ishrat Zarin
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kwang-Yong Jeong
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Pil So
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Gyu Park
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - SungWoo Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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12
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Gurlek B, Sandoghdar V, Martin-Cano D. Engineering Long-Lived Vibrational States for an Organic Molecule. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:123603. [PMID: 34597068 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The optomechanical character of molecules was discovered by Raman about one century ago. Today, molecules are promising contenders for high-performance quantum optomechanical platforms because their small size and large energy-level separations make them intrinsically robust against thermal agitations. Moreover, the precision and throughput of chemical synthesis can ensure a viable route to quantum technological applications. The challenge, however, is that the coupling of molecular vibrations to environmental phonons limits their coherence to picosecond time scales. Here, we improve the optomechanical quality of a molecule by several orders of magnitude through phononic engineering of its surrounding. By dressing a molecule with long-lived high-frequency phonon modes of its nanoscopic environment, we achieve storage and retrieval of photons at millisecond timescales and allow for the emergence of single-photon strong coupling in optomechanics. Our strategy can be extended to the realization of molecular optomechanical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Gurlek
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diego Martin-Cano
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Departamento de Físíca Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E28049 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Dynamical Invariant and Exact Mechanical Analyses for the Caldirola-Kanai Model of Dissipative Three Coupled Oscillators. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23070837. [PMID: 34208801 PMCID: PMC8304947 DOI: 10.3390/e23070837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We study the dynamical invariant for dissipative three coupled oscillators mainly from the quantum mechanical point of view. It is known that there are many advantages of the invariant quantity in elucidating mechanical properties of the system. We use such a property of the invariant operator in quantizing the system in this work. To this end, we first transform the invariant operator to a simple one by using a unitary operator in order that we can easily manage it. The invariant operator is further simplified through its diagonalization via three-dimensional rotations parameterized by three Euler angles. The coupling terms in the quantum invariant are eventually eliminated thanks to such a diagonalization. As a consequence, transformed quantum invariant is represented in terms of three independent simple harmonic oscillators which have unit masses. Starting from the wave functions in the transformed system, we have derived the full wave functions in the original system with the help of the unitary operators.
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14
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Tepsic S, Gruber G, Møller CB, Magén C, Belardinelli P, Hernández ER, Alijani F, Verlot P, Bachtold A. Interrelation of Elasticity and Thermal Bath in Nanotube Cantilevers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:175502. [PMID: 33988423 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.175502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the first study on the thermal behavior of the stiffness of individual carbon nanotubes, which is achieved by measuring the resonance frequency of their fundamental mechanical bending modes. We observe a reduction of the Young's modulus over a large temperature range with a slope -(173±65) ppm/K in its relative shift. These findings are reproduced by two different theoretical models based on the thermal dynamics of the lattice. These results reveal how the measured fundamental bending modes depend on the phonons in the nanotube via the Young's modulus. An alternative description based on the coupling between the measured mechanical modes and the phonon thermal bath in the Akhiezer limit is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tepsic
- ICFO-Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - G Gruber
- ICFO-Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - C B Møller
- ICFO-Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - C Magén
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P Belardinelli
- DICEA, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - E R Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Alijani
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, 3ME, Mekelweg 2, (2628 CD) Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P Verlot
- School of Physics and Astronomy-The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - A Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut De Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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15
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Shen Z, Zhang YL, Zou CL, Guo GC, Dong CH. Dissipatively Controlled Optomechanical Interaction via Cascaded Photon-Phonon Coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:163604. [PMID: 33961448 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.163604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In an optomechanical system, we experimentally engineer the optical density of state to reduce or broaden the effective linewidth of the optical mode by introducing an ancillary mechanical mode, which has a large decay rate, i.e., stimulated backward Brillouin scattering. Based on this dissipation engineering, we could engineer the optical mode linewidth by one order of magnitude. In addition, we can either enhance or suppress the optomechanical cooling and amplification of the target mechanical oscillations. Our scheme demonstrates the cascaded photon-phonon coupling to control the mechanical interactions, and also presents a novel approach for engineering coherent light-matter interaction in hybrid systems, which consist of different types of nonlinear interactions and multiple modes, and promote the performance of quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Lei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Ling Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hua Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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16
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Xie H, Jiang S, Rhodes DA, Hone JC, Shan J, Mak KF. Tunable Exciton-Optomechanical Coupling in Suspended Monolayer MoSe 2. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2538-2543. [PMID: 33720731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The strong excitonic effect in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) semiconductors has enabled many fascinating light-matter interaction phenomena. Examples include strongly coupled exciton-polaritons and nearly perfect atomic monolayer mirrors. The strong light-matter interaction also opens the door for dynamical control of mechanical motion through the exciton resonance of monolayer TMDs. Here, we report the observation of exciton-optomechanical coupling in a suspended monolayer MoSe2 mechanical resonator. By moderate optical pumping near the MoSe2 exciton resonance, we have observed optical damping and antidamping of mechanical vibrations as well as the optical spring effect. The exciton-optomechanical coupling strength is also gate-tunable. Our observations can be understood in a model based on photothermal backaction and gate-induced mirror symmetry breaking in the device structure. The observation of gate-tunable exciton-optomechanical coupling in a monolayer semiconductor may find applications in nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) and in exciton-optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Xie
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics and School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Physics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shengwei Jiang
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics and School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Daniel A Rhodes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jie Shan
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics and School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kin Fai Mak
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics and School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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17
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Kettler J, Vaish N, de Lépinay LM, Besga B, de Assis PL, Bourgeois O, Auffèves A, Richard M, Claudon J, Gérard JM, Pigeau B, Arcizet O, Verlot P, Poizat JP. Inducing micromechanical motion by optical excitation of a single quantum dot. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:283-287. [PMID: 33349683 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid quantum optomechanical systems1 interface a macroscopic mechanical degree of freedom with a single two-level system such as a single spin2-4, a superconducting qubit5-7 or a single optical emitter8-12. Recently, hybrid systems operating in the microwave domain have witnessed impressive progress13,14. Concurrently, only a few experimental approaches have successfully addressed hybrid systems in the optical domain, demonstrating that macroscopic motion can modulate the two-level system transition energy9,10,15. However, the reciprocal effect, corresponding to the backaction of a single quantum system on a macroscopic mechanical resonator, has remained elusive. In contrast to an optical cavity, a two-level system operates with no more than a single energy quantum. Hence, it requires a much stronger hybrid coupling rate compared to cavity optomechanical systems1,16. Here, we build on the large strain coupling between an oscillating microwire and a single embedded quantum dot9. We resonantly drive the quantum dot's exciton using a laser modulated at the mechanical frequency. State-dependent strain then results in a time-dependent mechanical force that actuates microwire motion. This force is almost three orders of magnitude larger than the radiation pressure produced by the photon flux interacting with the quantum dot. In principle, the state-dependent force could constitute a strategy to coherently encode the quantum dot quantum state onto a mechanical degree of freedom1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kettler
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" group, Grenoble, France
| | - Nitika Vaish
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" group, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Benjamin Besga
- Laboratoire de Physique, ENS de Lyon, Université Lyon, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre-Louis de Assis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" group, Grenoble, France
- Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olivier Bourgeois
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" group, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexia Auffèves
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" group, Grenoble, France
| | - Maxime Richard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" group, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Claudon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gérard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Pigeau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Arcizet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Verlot
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Philippe Poizat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France.
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, "Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs" group, Grenoble, France.
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18
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Ohta R, Herpin L, Bastidas VM, Tawara T, Yamaguchi H, Okamoto H. Rare-Earth-Mediated Optomechanical System in the Reversed Dissipation Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:047404. [PMID: 33576675 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.047404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strain-mediated interaction between phonons and telecom photons is demonstrated using excited states of erbium ions embedded in a mechanical resonator. Owing to the extremely long-lived nature of rare-earth ions, the dissipation rate of the optical resonance falls below that of the mechanical one. Thus, a "reversed dissipation regime" is achieved in the optical frequency region. We experimentally demonstrate an optomechanical coupling rate g_{0}=2π×21.7 Hz, and numerically reveal that the interaction causes stimulated excitation of erbium ions. Numerical analyses further indicate the possibility of g_{0} exceeding the dissipation rates of erbium and mechanical systems, thereby leading to single-photon strong coupling. This strain-mediated interaction, moreover, involves the spin degree of freedom, and has a potential to be extended to highly coherent opto-electro-mechanical hybrid systems in the reversed dissipation regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Ohta
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Loïc Herpin
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Victor M Bastidas
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
- NTT Research Center for Theoretical Quantum Physics, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Takehiko Tawara
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
- NTT Nanophotonics Center, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Hajime Okamoto
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
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19
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Vialla F, Del Fatti N. Time-Domain Investigations of Coherent Phonons in van der Waals Thin Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2543. [PMID: 33348750 PMCID: PMC7766349 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Coherent phonons can be launched in materials upon localized pulsed optical excitation, and be subsequently followed in time-domain, with a sub-picosecond resolution, using a time-delayed pulsed probe. This technique yields characterization of mechanical, optical, and electronic properties at the nanoscale, and is taken advantage of for investigations in material science, physics, chemistry, and biology. Here we review the use of this experimental method applied to the emerging field of homo- and heterostructures of van der Waals materials. Their unique structure corresponding to non-covalently stacked atomically thin layers allows for the study of original structural configurations, down to one-atom-thin films free of interface defect. The generation and relaxation of coherent optical phonons, as well as propagative and resonant breathing acoustic phonons, are comprehensively discussed. This approach opens new avenues for the in situ characterization of these novel materials, the observation and modulation of exotic phenomena, and advances in the field of acoustics microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Vialla
- Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Université de Lyon, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France;
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20
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Zhang X, Makles K, Colombier L, Metten D, Majjad H, Verlot P, Berciaud S. Dynamically-enhanced strain in atomically thin resonators. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5526. [PMID: 33139724 PMCID: PMC7608634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials associate remarkable mechanical, electronic, optical and phononic properties. As such, 2D materials are promising for hybrid systems that couple their elementary excitations (excitons, phonons) to their macroscopic mechanical modes. These built-in systems may yield enhanced strain-mediated coupling compared to bulkier architectures, e.g., comprising a single quantum emitter coupled to a nano-mechanical resonator. Here, using micro-Raman spectroscopy on pristine monolayer graphene drums, we demonstrate that the macroscopic flexural vibrations of graphene induce dynamical optical phonon softening. This softening is an unambiguous fingerprint of dynamically-induced tensile strain that reaches values up to ≈4 × 10−4 under strong non-linear driving. Such non-linearly enhanced strain exceeds the values predicted for harmonic vibrations with the same root mean square (RMS) amplitude by more than one order of magnitude. Our work holds promise for dynamical strain engineering and dynamical strain-mediated control of light-matter interactions in 2D materials and related heterostructures. Here, the authors use Raman spectroscopy on circular graphene drums to demonstrate dynamical softening of optical phonons induced by the macroscopic flexural motion of graphene, and find evidence that the strain in graphene is enhanced under non-linear driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Kevin Makles
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Léo Colombier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominik Metten
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hicham Majjad
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Verlot
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 05 75231, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Berciaud
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 05 75231, Paris Cedex, France.
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21
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Molina J, Ramos D, Gil-Santos E, Escobar JE, Ruz JJ, Tamayo J, San Paulo Á, Calleja M. Optical Transduction for Vertical Nanowire Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2359-2369. [PMID: 32191041 PMCID: PMC7146857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe an optical transduction mechanism to measure the flexural mode vibrations of vertically aligned nanowires on a flat substrate with high sensitivity, linearity, and ease of implementation. We demonstrate that the light reflected from the substrate when a laser beam strikes it parallel to the nanowires is modulated proportionally to their vibration, so that measuring such modulation provides a highly efficient resonance readout. This mechanism is applicable to single nanowires or arrays without specific requirements regarding their geometry or array pattern, and no fabrication process besides the nanowire generation is required. We show how to optimize the performance of this mechanism by characterizing the split flexural modes of vertical silicon nanowires in their full dynamic range and up to the fifth mode order. The presented transduction approach is relevant for any application of nanowire resonators, particularly for integrating nanomechanical sensing in functional substrates based on vertical nanowires for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Molina
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramos
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gil-Santos
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier E. Escobar
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - José J. Ruz
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro San Paulo
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Seah S, Nimmrichter S, Scarani V. Maxwell's Lesser Demon: A Quantum Engine Driven by Pointer Measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:100603. [PMID: 32216402 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We discuss a self-contained spin-boson model for a measurement-driven engine, in which a demon generates work from thermal excitations of a quantum spin via measurement and feedback control. Instead of granting it full direct access to the spin state and to Landauer's erasure strokes for optimal performance, we restrict this demon's action to pointer measurements, i.e., random or continuous interrogations of a damped mechanical oscillator that assumes macroscopically distinct positions depending on the spin state. The engine can reach simultaneously the power and efficiency benchmarks and operate in temperature regimes where quantum Otto engines would fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Seah
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Stefan Nimmrichter
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valerio Scarani
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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23
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Artioli A, Kotal S, Gregersen N, Verlot P, Gérard JM, Claudon J. Design of Quantum Dot-Nanowire Single-Photon Sources that are Immune to Thermomechanical Decoherence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:247403. [PMID: 31922831 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.247403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire antennas embedding a single quantum dot (QD) have recently emerged as versatile platforms to realize bright sources of quantum light. In this theoretical work, we show that the thermally driven, low-frequency vibrations of the nanowire have a major impact on the QD light emission spectrum. Even at liquid helium temperatures, these prevent the emission of indistinguishable photons. To overcome this intrinsic limitation, we propose three designs that restore photon indistinguishability thanks to a specific engineering of the mechanical properties of the nanowire. We anticipate that such a mechanical optimization will also play a key role in the development of other high-performance light-matter interfaces based on nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Artioli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Saptarshi Kotal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Niels Gregersen
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pierre Verlot
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Michel Gérard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Claudon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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24
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Yeo I, Kim D, Han IK, Song JD. Strain-induced control of a pillar cavity-GaAs single quantum dot photon source. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18564. [PMID: 31811212 PMCID: PMC6897991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present the calculated strain-induced control of single GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dots (QDs) integrated into semiconductor micropillar cavities. We show precise energy control of individual single GaAs QD excitons under multi-modal stress fields of tailored micropillar optomechanical resonators. Further, using a three-dimensional envelope-function model, we evaluated the quantum mechanical correction in the QD band structures depending on their geometrical shape asymmetries and, more interestingly, on the practical degree of Al interdiffusion. Our theoretical calculations provide the practical quantum error margins, obtained by evaluating Al-interdiffused QDs that were engineered through a front-edge droplet epitaxy technique, for tuning engineered QD single-photon sources, facilitating a scalable on-chip integration of QD entangled photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inah Yeo
- Dielectrics and Advanced Matter Physics Research Center, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea.
| | - Doukyun Kim
- Dielectrics and Advanced Matter Physics Research Center, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Il Ki Han
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Jin Dong Song
- Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
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25
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Doster J, Hoenl S, Lorenz H, Paulitschke P, Weig EM. Collective dynamics of strain-coupled nanomechanical pillar resonators. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5246. [PMID: 31748570 PMCID: PMC6868224 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductur nano- and micropillars represent a promising platform for hybrid nanodevices. Their ability to couple to a broad variety of nanomechanical, acoustic, charge, spin, excitonic, polaritonic, or electromagnetic excitations is utilized in fields as diverse as force sensing or optoelectronics. In order to fully exploit the potential of these versatile systems e.g. for metamaterials, synchronization or topologically protected devices an intrinsic coupling mechanism between individual pillars needs to be established. This can be accomplished by taking advantage of the strain field induced by the flexural modes of the pillars. Here, we demonstrate strain-induced, strong coupling between two adjacent nanomechanical pillar resonators. Both mode hybridization and the formation of an avoided level crossing in the response of the nanopillar pair are experimentally observed. The described coupling mechanism is readily scalable, enabling hybrid nanomechanical resonator networks for the investigation of a broad range of collective dynamical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Doster
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - S Hoenl
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - H Lorenz
- Fakultät für Physik and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, München, Germany
| | - P Paulitschke
- Fakultät für Physik and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, München, Germany
| | - E M Weig
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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26
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Jiang C, Cui Y, Zhai Z, Yu H, Li X, Chen G. Phase-controlled amplification and slow light in a hybrid optomechanical system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:30473-30485. [PMID: 31684295 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the transmission and group delay of a probe field incident on a hybrid optomechanical system, which consists of a mechanical resonator simultaneously coupled to an optical cavity and a two-level system (qubit). The cavity field is driven by a strong red-detuned control field, and a weak coherent mechanical driving field is applied to the mechanical resonator. With the assistance of additional mechanical driving field, it is shown that double optomechanically induced transparency can be switched into absorption due to destructive interference or amplification because of constructive interference, which depends on the phase difference of the applied fields. We study in detail how to control the probe transmission by tuning the parameters of the optical and mechanical driving fields. Furthermore, we find that the group delay of the transmitted probe field can be prolonged by the tuning the amplitude and phase of the mechanical driving field.
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27
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Gruber G, Urgell C, Tavernarakis A, Stavrinadis A, Tepsic S, Magén C, Sangiao S, de Teresa JM, Verlot P, Bachtold A. Mass Sensing for the Advanced Fabrication of Nanomechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6987-6992. [PMID: 31478676 PMCID: PMC6788197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on a nanomechanical engineering method to monitor matter growth in real time via e-beam electromechanical coupling. This method relies on the exceptional mass sensing capabilities of nanomechanical resonators. Focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is employed to selectively grow platinum particles at the free end of singly clamped nanotube cantilevers. The electron beam has two functions: it allows both to grow material on the nanotube and to track in real time the deposited mass by probing the noise-driven mechanical resonance of the nanotube. On the one hand, this detection method is highly effective as it can resolve mass deposition with a resolution in the zeptogram range; on the other hand, this method is simple to use and readily available to a wide range of potential users because it can be operated in existing commercial FEBID systems without making any modification. The presented method allows one to engineer hybrid nanomechanical resonators with precisely tailored functionalities. It also appears as a new tool for studying the growth dynamics of ultrathin nanostructures, opening new opportunities for investigating so far out-of-reach physics of FEBID and related methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Gruber
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Urgell
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Tavernarakis
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Stavrinadis
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S. Tepsic
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Magén
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de
Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S. Sangiao
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de
Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J. M. de Teresa
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de
Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P. Verlot
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, The University
of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
| | - A. Bachtold
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Zhai C, Huang R, Jing H, Kuang LM. Mechanical switch of photon blockade and photon-induced tunneling. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:27649-27662. [PMID: 31684529 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.027649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose how to mechanically control photon blockade (PB) and photon-induced tunneling (PIT) in an optomechanical system. We show that single-photon blockade (1PB) and two-photon blockade (2PB) can emerge by tuning mechanical driving parameters. Moreover, by varying the strength of mechanical driving, PIT can be converted into 1PB or 2PB, or vice versa, with the constant optical frequency. We refer to this effect as PIT-1PB or PIT-2PB switch. In addition, the switch between 1PB and 2PB can also be realized with this strategy. This mechanical engineering of quantum optical effects can be understood from the shifts of energy levels induced by external mechanical pumping. Our results not only pave the way towards devising new schemes for quantum light switch but also, on a more fundamental level, could shed light on the nonclassicality of the few-photon states.
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29
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Carter SG, Bracker AS, Yakes MK, Zalalutdinov MK, Kim M, Kim CS, Lee B, Gammon D. Tunable Coupling of a Double Quantum Dot Spin System to a Mechanical Resonator. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6166-6172. [PMID: 31389244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of quantum systems with mechanical resonators is of practical interest for applications in quantum information and sensing and also of fundamental interest as hybrid quantum systems. Achieving a large and tunable interaction strength is of great importance in this field as it enables controlled access to the quantum limit of motion and coherent interactions between different quantum systems. This has been challenging with solid state spins, where typically the coupling is weak and cannot be tuned. Here we use pairs of coupled quantum dots embedded within cantilevers to achieve a high coupling strength of the singlet-triplet spin system to mechanical motion through strain. Two methods of achieving strong, tunable coupling are demonstrated. The first is through different strain-induced energy shifts for the two QDs when the cantilever vibrates, resulting in changes to the exchange interaction. The second is through a laser-driven AC Stark shift that is sensitive to strain-induced shifts of the optical transitions. Both of these mechanisms can be tuned to zero with electrical bias or laser power, respectively, and give large spin-mechanical coupling strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Carter
- Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375 , United States
| | - Allan S Bracker
- Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375 , United States
| | - Michael K Yakes
- Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375 , United States
| | | | - Mijin Kim
- KeyW Corporation , 7740 Milestone Parkway, Suite 150 , Hanover , Maryland 21076 , United States
| | - Chul Soo Kim
- Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375 , United States
| | - Bumsu Lee
- NRC Research Associate at the Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375 , United States
| | - Daniel Gammon
- Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375 , United States
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30
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Paulitschke P, Keber F, Lebedev A, Stephan J, Lorenz H, Hasselmann S, Heinrich D, Weig EM. Ultraflexible Nanowire Array for Label- and Distortion-Free Cellular Force Tracking. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2207-2214. [PMID: 30427688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Living cells interact with their immediate environment by exerting mechanical forces, which regulate important cell functions. Elucidation of such force patterns yields deep insights into the physics of life. Here we present a top-down nanostructured, ultraflexible nanowire array biosensor capable of probing cell-induced forces. Its universal building block, an inverted conical semiconductor nanowire, greatly enhances both the functionality and the sensitivity of the device. In contrast to existing cellular force sensing architectures, microscopy is performed on the nanowire heads while cells deflecting the nanowires are confined within the array. This separation between the optical path and the cells under investigation excludes optical distortions caused by cell-induced refraction, which can give rise to feigned displacements on the 100 nm scale. The undistorted nanowire displacements are converted into cellular forces via the nanowire spring constant. The resulting distortion-free cellular force transducer realizes a high-resolution and label-free biosenor based on optical microscopy. Its performance is demonstrated in a proof-of-principle experiment with living Dictyostelium discoideum cells migrating through the nanowire array. Cell-induced forces are probed with a resolution of 50 piconewton, while the most flexible nanowires promise to enter the 100 femtonewton realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Paulitschke
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - F Keber
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - A Lebedev
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - J Stephan
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - H Lorenz
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - S Hasselmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC) , Neunerplatz 2 , 97082 Würzburg , Germany
| | - D Heinrich
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC) , Neunerplatz 2 , 97082 Würzburg , Germany
- Leiden Institute of Physics , Leiden University , 2333 Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - E M Weig
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
- Department of Physics , Universität Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz , Germany
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31
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Pairis S, Donatini F, Hocevar M, Tumanov D, Vaish N, Claudon J, Poizat JP, Verlot P. Shot-Noise-Limited Nanomechanical Detection and Radiation Pressure Backaction from an Electron Beam. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:083603. [PMID: 30932572 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.083603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Detecting nanomechanical motion has become an important challenge in science and technology. Recently, electromechanical coupling to focused electron beams has emerged as a promising method adapted to ultralow scale systems. However the fundamental measurement processes associated with such complex interaction remain to be explored. Here we report a highly sensitive detection of the Brownian motion of μm-long semiconductor nanowires (InAs). The measurement imprecision is found to be set by the shot noise of the secondary electrons generated along the electromechanical interaction. By carefully analyzing the nanoelectromechanical dynamics, we demonstrate the existence of a radial backaction process that we identify as originating from the momentum exchange between the electron beam and the nanomechanical device, which is also known as radiation pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pairis
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F Donatini
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M Hocevar
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Inst. NEEL, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - D Tumanov
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Inst. NEEL, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - N Vaish
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Inst. NEEL, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J Claudon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INAC, PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J-P Poizat
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Inst. NEEL, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - P Verlot
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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32
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Elouard C, Besga B, Auffèves A. Probing the State of a Mechanical Oscillator with an Ultrastrongly Coupled Quantum Emitter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:013602. [PMID: 31012721 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.013602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Performing accurate position measurements of a mechanical resonator by coupling it to some optically driven quantum emitter is an important challenge for quantum sensing and metrology. We fully characterize the quantum noise associated with this measurement process, by deriving master equations for the coupled emitter and the resonator valid in the ultrastrong coupling regime. At short timescales, we show that this noise sets a fundamental limit to the readout sensitivity and that the standard quantum limit can be recovered for realistic experimental conditions. At long timescales, the scattering of the mechanical quadratures leads to the decoupling of the emitter from the driving light, switching off the noise source. This method can be used to describe the interaction of any quantum system strongly coupled to a finite size reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Elouard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Benjamin Besga
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, UMR5672, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Alexia Auffèves
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
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33
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Lah NAC, Trigueros S. Synthesis and modelling of the mechanical properties of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:225-261. [PMID: 30956731 PMCID: PMC6442207 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent interest to nanotechnology aims not only at device miniaturisation, but also at understanding the effects of quantised structure in materials of reduced dimensions, which exhibit different properties from their bulk counterparts. In particular, quantised metal nanowires made of silver, gold or copper have attracted much attention owing to their unique intrinsic and extrinsic length-dependent mechanical properties. Here we review the current state of art and developments in these nanowires from synthesis to mechanical properties, which make them leading contenders for next-generation nanoelectromechanical systems. We also present theories of interatomic interaction in metallic nanowires, as well as challenges in their synthesis and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Akmal Che Lah
- Innovative Manufacturing, Mechatronics and Sports Lab (iMAMS), Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Malaysia
- CONTACT Nurul Akmal Che Lah
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34
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Carter SG, Bracker AS, Bryant GW, Kim M, Kim CS, Zalalutdinov MK, Yakes MK, Czarnocki C, Casara J, Scheibner M, Gammon D. Spin-Mechanical Coupling of an InAs Quantum Dot Embedded in a Mechanical Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:246801. [PMID: 30608739 PMCID: PMC6527321 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.246801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate strain-induced coupling between a hole spin in a quantum dot and mechanical motion of a cantilever. The optical transitions of quantum dots integrated into GaAs mechanical resonators are measured synchronously with the motion of the driven resonators. In a Voigt magnetic field, both electron and hole spin splittings are measured, showing negligible change for the electron spin but a large change for the hole spin of up to 36%. This large effect is attributed to the stronger spin orbit interaction of holes compared to electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. G. Carter
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - A. S. Bracker
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - G. W. Bryant
- Quantum Measurement Division and Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - M. Kim
- KeyW corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, USA
| | - C. S. Kim
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | | | - M. K. Yakes
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - C. Czarnocki
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - J. Casara
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - M. Scheibner
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - D. Gammon
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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35
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Quantum control of surface acoustic-wave phonons. Nature 2018; 563:661-665. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Ohta R, Okamoto H, Tawara T, Gotoh H, Yamaguchi H. Dynamic Control of the Coupling between Dark and Bright Excitons with Vibrational Strain. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:267401. [PMID: 30004772 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.267401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We numerically and experimentally investigate strain-induced coupling between dark and bright excitons and its dynamic control using a gallium arsenide (GaAs) micromechanical resonator. Uniaxial strain induced by the mechanical resonance efficiently detunes the exciton energies and modulates the coupling strength via the deformation potential in GaAs. This allows optical access to the long-lived dark states without using any external electromagnetic field. This field-free approach could be expanded to a wide range of solid-state materials, leading to on-chip excitonic memories and circuits based on micromechanical resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Ohta
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Hajime Okamoto
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Takehiko Tawara
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Hideki Gotoh
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
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37
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Valente D, Brito F, Ferreira R, Werlang T. Work on a quantum dipole by a single-photon pulse. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2644-2647. [PMID: 29856383 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy transfer from a quantized field to a quantized dipole is investigated. We find that a single photon can transfer energy to a two-level dipole by inducing a dynamic Stark shift, going beyond the well-known absorption and emission processes. A quantum thermodynamical perspective allows us to unravel these two energy transfer mechanisms and to identify the former as a generalized work and the latter as a generalized heat. We show two necessary conditions for the generalized work transfer by a single photon to occur, namely, off-resonance and finite linewidth of the pulse. We also show that the generalized work performed by a single-photon pulse equals the reactive (dispersive) contribution of the work performed by a semiclassical pulse in the low-excitation regime.
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38
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All-optical control of long-lived nuclear spins in rare-earth doped nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2127. [PMID: 29844372 PMCID: PMC5974411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale systems that coherently couple to light and possess spins offer key capabilities for quantum technologies. However, an outstanding challenge is to preserve properties, and especially optical and spin coherence lifetimes, at the nanoscale. Here, we report optically controlled nuclear spins with long coherence lifetimes (T2) in rare-earth-doped nanoparticles. We detect spins echoes and measure a spin coherence lifetime of 2.9 ± 0.3 ms at 5 K under an external magnetic field of 9 mT, a T2 value comparable to those obtained in bulk rare-earth crystals. Moreover, we achieve spin T2 extension using all-optical spin dynamical decoupling and observe high fidelity between excitation and echo phases. Rare-earth-doped nanoparticles are thus the only nano-material in which optically controlled spins with millisecond coherence lifetimes have been reported. These results open the way to providing quantum light-atom-spin interfaces with long storage time within hybrid architectures. The long coherence time of rare-earth dopant spins in bulk crystals has made them attractive qubit candidates but creating nanoscale devices often introduce decoherence sources that reduce performance. Serrano et al. demonstrate all-optical control of rare earth doped nanoparticles with millisecond coherence times.
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Chaste J, Missaoui A, Huang S, Henck H, Ben Aziza Z, Ferlazzo L, Naylor C, Balan A, Johnson ATC, Braive R, Ouerghi A. Intrinsic Properties of Suspended MoS 2 on SiO 2/Si Pillar Arrays for Nanomechanics and Optics. ACS NANO 2018; 12:3235-3242. [PMID: 29553713 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are emerging in nanomechanics, optoelectronics, and thermal transport. In each of these fields, perfect control over 2D material properties including strain, doping, and heating is necessary, especially on the nanoscale. Here, we study clean devices consisting of membranes of single-layer MoS2 suspended on pillar arrays. Using Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy, we have been able to extract, separate, and simulate the different contributions on the nanoscale and to correlate these to the pillar array design. This control has been used to design a periodic MoS2 mechanical membrane with a high reproducibility and to perform optomechanical measurements on arrays of similar resonators with a high-quality factor of 600 at ambient temperature, hence opening the way to multiresonator applications with 2D materials. At the same time, this study constitutes a reference for the future development of well-controlled optical emissions within 2D materials on periodic arrays with reproducible behavior. We measured a strong reduction of the MoS2 band gap induced by the strain generated from the pillars. A transition from direct to indirect band gap was observed in isolated tent structures made of MoS2 and pinched by a pillar. In fully suspended devices, simulations were performed allowing both the extraction of the thermal conductance and doping of the layer. Using the correlation between the influences of strain and doping on the MoS2 Raman spectrum, we have developed a simple, elegant method to extract the local strain in suspended and nonsuspended parts of a membrane. This opens the way to experimenting with tunable coupling between light emission and vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Chaste
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N , 91460 Marcoussis , France
| | - Amine Missaoui
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N , 91460 Marcoussis , France
| | - Si Huang
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N , 91460 Marcoussis , France
| | - Hugo Henck
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N , 91460 Marcoussis , France
| | - Zeineb Ben Aziza
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N , 91460 Marcoussis , France
| | - Laurence Ferlazzo
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N , 91460 Marcoussis , France
| | - Carl Naylor
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , 209 S. 33rd Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6396 , United States
| | - Adrian Balan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , 209 S. 33rd Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6396 , United States
| | - Alan T Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , 209 S. 33rd Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6396 , United States
| | - Rémy Braive
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N , 91460 Marcoussis , France
- Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75207 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Abdelkarim Ouerghi
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N , 91460 Marcoussis , France
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40
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Mercier de Lépinay L, Pigeau B, Besga B, Arcizet O. Eigenmode orthogonality breaking and anomalous dynamics in multimode nano-optomechanical systems under non-reciprocal coupling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1401. [PMID: 29643362 PMCID: PMC5895839 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal motion of nanomechanical probes directly impacts their sensitivities to external forces. Its proper understanding is therefore critical for ultimate force sensing. Here, we investigate a vectorial force field sensor: a singly-clamped nanowire oscillating along two quasi-frequency-degenerate transverse directions. Its insertion in a rotational optical force field couples its eigenmodes non-symmetrically, causing dramatic modifications of its mechanical properties. In particular, the eigenmodes lose their intrinsic orthogonality. We show that this circumstance is at the origin of an anomalous excess of noise and of a violation of the fluctuation dissipation relation. Our model, which quantitatively accounts for all observations, provides a novel modified version of the fluctuation dissipation theorem that remains valid in non-conservative rotational force fields, and that reveals the prominent role of non-axial mechanical susceptibilities. These findings help understand the intriguing properties of thermal fluctuations in non-reciprocally-coupled multimode systems. Understanding the dynamics of nanomechanical probes is important for improving high-sensitivity force field sensing. Here, the authors study the vibrations of a suspended nanowire in the presence of a rotational optical force field which breaks the orthogonality of the nanoresonator eigenmodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Pigeau
- Institut Néel, Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS:UPR2940, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Besga
- Institut Néel, Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS:UPR2940, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Arcizet
- Institut Néel, Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS:UPR2940, 38042, Grenoble, France.
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41
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Leroux C, Govia LCG, Clerk AA. Enhancing Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics via Antisqueezing: Synthetic Ultrastrong Coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:093602. [PMID: 29547301 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.093602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present and analyze a method where parametric (two-photon) driving of a cavity is used to exponentially enhance the light-matter coupling in a generic cavity QED setup, with time-dependent control. Our method allows one to enhance weak-coupling systems, such that they enter the strong coupling regime (where the coupling exceeds dissipative rates) and even the ultrastrong coupling regime (where the coupling is comparable to the cavity frequency). As an example, we show how the scheme allows one to use a weak-coupling system to adiabatically prepare the highly entangled ground state of the ultrastrong coupling system. The resulting state could be used for remote entanglement applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leroux
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | - L C G Govia
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A A Clerk
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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42
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Li XX, Li PB, Ma SL, Li FL. Preparing entangled states between two NV centers via the damping of nanomechanical resonators. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14116. [PMID: 29074851 PMCID: PMC5658428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an efficient scheme for preparing entangled states between two separated nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in a spin-mechanical system via a dissipative quantum dynamical process. The proposal actively exploits the nanomechanical resonator (NAMR) damping to drive the NV centers to the target state through a quantum reservoir engineering approach. The distinct features of the present work are that we turn the detrimental source of noise into a resource and only need high-frequency low-Q mechanical resonators, which make our scheme more simple and feasible in experimental implementation. This protocol may have interesting applications in quantum information processing with spin-mechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Peng-Bo Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Sheng-Li Ma
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Fu-Li Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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43
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Resonant driving of a single photon emitter embedded in a mechanical oscillator. Nat Commun 2017; 8:76. [PMID: 28710414 PMCID: PMC5511291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupling a microscopic mechanical resonator to a nanoscale quantum system enables control of the mechanical resonator via the quantum system and vice-versa. The coupling is usually achieved through functionalization of the mechanical resonator, but this results in additional mass and dissipation channels. An alternative is an intrinsic coupling based on strain. Here we employ a monolithic semiconductor system: the nanoscale quantum system is a semiconductor quantum dot (QD) located inside a nanowire. We demonstrate the resonant optical driving of the QD transition in such a structure. The noise spectrum of the resonance fluorescence signal, recorded in the single-photon counting regime, reveals a coupling to mechanical modes of different types. We measure a sensitivity to displacement of 65 fm/\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sqrt {{\rm{Hz}}} $$\end{document}Hz limited by charge noise in the device. Finally, we use thermal excitation of the different modes to determine the location of the QD within the trumpet, and calculate the contribution of the Brownian motion to the dephasing of the emitter. Resonant driving of a nanoscale quantum system coupled to a microscopic mechanical resonator may have uses in precision sensing and quantum information. The authors realize this by tailoring the geometry of a semiconductor nanowire embedding a quantum dot, detecting sub-picometre displacements.
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44
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Mancini L, Moyon F, Hernàndez-Maldonado D, Blum I, Houard J, Lefebvre W, Vurpillot F, Das A, Monroy E, Rigutti L. Carrier Localization in GaN/AlN Quantum Dots As Revealed by Three-Dimensional Multimicroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4261-4269. [PMID: 28654283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The localization of carrier states in GaN/AlN self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) is studied by correlative multimicroscopy relying on microphotoluminescence, electron tomography, and atom probe tomography (APT). Optically active field emission tip specimens were prepared by focused ion beam from an epitaxial film containing a stack of quantum dot layers and analyzed with different techniques applied subsequently on the same tip. The transition energies of single QDs were calculated in the framework of a 6-bands k.p model on the basis of APT and scanning transmission electron microscopy characterization showing that a good agreement between experimental and calculated energies can be obtained, overcoming the limitations of both techniques. The results indicate that holes effectively localize at interface fluctuations at the bottom of the QD, decreasing the extent of the wave function and the band-to-band transition energy. They also represent an important step toward the correlation of the three-dimensional atomic scale structural information with the optical properties of single light emitters based on quantum confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mancini
- Normandie University, GPM, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS , 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Florian Moyon
- Normandie University, GPM, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS , 76000 Rouen, France
| | - David Hernàndez-Maldonado
- Normandie University, GPM, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS , 76000 Rouen, France
- SuperSTEM STFC Daresbury Laboratories , Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Blum
- Normandie University, GPM, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS , 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jonathan Houard
- Normandie University, GPM, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS , 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Williams Lefebvre
- Normandie University, GPM, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS , 76000 Rouen, France
| | - François Vurpillot
- Normandie University, GPM, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS , 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Aparna Das
- Université Grenoble Alpes , 38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA-Grenoble, INAC-PHELIQS , 17 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eva Monroy
- Université Grenoble Alpes , 38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA-Grenoble, INAC-PHELIQS , 17 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lorenzo Rigutti
- Normandie University, GPM, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS , 76000 Rouen, France
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45
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He Y. Plasmon field enhancement oscillations induced by strain-mediated coupling between a quantum dot and mechanical oscillator. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:255203. [PMID: 28453443 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We utilize the surface plasmon field of a metal nanoparticle (MNP) to show strain-mediated coupling in a quantum dot-mechanical resonator hybrid system including a quantum dot (QD) embedded within a conical nanowire (NW) and a MNP in the presence of an external field. Based on the numerical solutions of the master equation, we find that a slow oscillation, originating from the strain-mediated coupling between the QD and the NW, appears in the time evolution of the plasmon field enhancement. The results show that the period (about [Formula: see text]) of the slow oscillation is equal to that of the mechanical resonator of NW, which suggests that the time-resolved measurement of the plasmon field enhancement can be easily achieved based on the current experimental conditions. Its amplitude increases with the increasing strain-mediated coupling strength, and under certain conditions there is a linear relationship between them. The slow oscillation of the plasmon field enhancement provides valuable tools for measurements of the mechanical frequency and the strain-mediated coupling strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, People's Republic of China
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46
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Valente D, Brito F, Werlang T. Dynamic Stark shift induced by a single photon packet. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1692-1695. [PMID: 28454137 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic Stark shift results from the interaction of an atom with the electromagnetic field. We show how a propagating single-photon wave packet can induce a time-dependent dynamical Stark shift on a two-level system (TLS). A non-perturbative fully quantum treatment is employed, where the quantum dynamics of both the field and the TLS are analyzed. We also provide the means to experimentally access such time-dependent frequency by measuring the interference pattern in the electromagnetic field inside a 1D waveguide. The effect we evidence here may find applications in the autonomous quantum control of quantum systems without classical external fields, which can be useful for quantum information processing as well as for quantum thermodynamical tasks.
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47
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Yu Y, Zha GW, Shang XJ, Yang S, Sun BQ, Ni HQ, Niu ZC. Self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots decorating the facets of GaAs nanowire for single-photon emission. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the epitaxial growth of self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) in GaAs nanowires (NWs) and the characteristics of their single-photon emissions. We demonstrate Ga droplet-induced gold-free vapor-liquid-solid growth of hexagonal GaAs/AlGaAs core–shell NWs, branched GaAs NWs and tailored nanostructured morphologies on the NW facets. Particularly, we show two new types of QD-in-NW systems: one is a single InAs QD formed at the corner of a branched GaAs NW, and the other is a single GaAs QD formed on the NW facet. Sharp excitonic emission spectral lines are observed with vanishing two-photon emission probability. Furthermore, a single GaAs QD is achieved at the site of a single AlGaAs quantum ring (QR) on the NW facet. In addition, these NW-based single QDs are in-situ probed and integrated with single-mode optical fibers to achieve all-fiber-output single-photon sources for potential application in quantum integrated networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- State Key laboratory for Superlattice and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of electronics and information technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guo-Wei Zha
- State Key laboratory for Superlattice and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Shang
- State Key laboratory for Superlattice and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- State Key laboratory for Superlattice and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ban-Quan Sun
- State Key laboratory for Superlattice and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hai-Qiao Ni
- State Key laboratory for Superlattice and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhi-Chuan Niu
- State Key laboratory for Superlattice and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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48
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de Assis PL, Yeo I, Gloppe A, Nguyen HA, Tumanov D, Dupont-Ferrier E, Malik NS, Dupuy E, Claudon J, Gérard JM, Auffèves A, Arcizet O, Richard M, Poizat JP. Strain-Gradient Position Mapping of Semiconductor Quantum Dots. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:117401. [PMID: 28368631 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.117401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a nondestructive method to determine the position of randomly distributed semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) integrated in a solid photonic structure. By setting the structure in an oscillating motion, we generate a large stress gradient across the QDs plane. We then exploit the fact that the QDs emission frequency is highly sensitive to the local material stress to map the position of QDs deeply embedded in a photonic wire antenna with an accuracy ranging from ±35 nm down to ±1 nm. In the context of fast developing quantum technologies, this technique can be generalized to different photonic nanostructures embedding any stress-sensitive quantum emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-L de Assis
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - I Yeo
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
- INAC-PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - A Gloppe
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - H A Nguyen
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - D Tumanov
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | | | - N S Malik
- INAC-PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - E Dupuy
- INAC-PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - J Claudon
- INAC-PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - J-M Gérard
- INAC-PHELIQS, "Nanophysique et semiconducteurs" group, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - A Auffèves
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - O Arcizet
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - M Richard
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - J-Ph Poizat
- Institut NEEL, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
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49
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de Lépinay LM, Pigeau B, Besga B, Vincent P, Poncharal P, Arcizet O. A universal and ultrasensitive vectorial nanomechanical sensor for imaging 2D force fields. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:156-162. [PMID: 27749835 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The miniaturization of force probes into nanomechanical oscillators enables ultrasensitive investigations of forces on dimensions smaller than their characteristic length scales. It also unravels the vectorial character of the force field and how its topology impacts the measurement. Here we present an ultrasensitive method for imaging two-dimensional vectorial force fields by optomechanically following the bidimensional Brownian motion of a singly clamped nanowire. This approach relies on angular and spectral tomography of its quasi-frequency-degenerated transverse mechanical polarizations: immersing the nanoresonator in a vectorial force field not only shifts its eigenfrequencies but also rotates the orientation of the eigenmodes, as a nanocompass. This universal method is employed to map a tunable electrostatic force field whose spatial gradients can even dominate the intrinsic nanowire properties. Enabling vectorial force field imaging with demonstrated sensitivities of attonewton variations over the nanoprobe Brownian trajectory will have a strong impact on scientific exploration at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Mercier de Lépinay
- University Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Pigeau
- University Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Besga
- University Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pascal Vincent
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Philippe Poncharal
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Olivier Arcizet
- University Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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50
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Foster AP, Maguire JK, Bradley JP, Lyons TP, Krysa AB, Fox AM, Skolnick MS, Wilson LR. Tuning Nonlinear Mechanical Mode Coupling in GaAs Nanowires Using Cross-Section Morphology Control. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7414-7420. [PMID: 27960503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the nonlinear mechanical properties of GaAs nanowires with anisotropic cross-section. Fundamental and second order flexural modes are studied using laser interferometry with good agreement found between experiment and theory describing the nonlinear response under mechanical excitation. In particular, we demonstrate that the sign of the nonlinear coupling between orthogonal modes is dependent on the cross-section aspect ratio. The findings are of interest for applications such as amplitude to frequency conversion and vectorial force sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Foster
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - J K Maguire
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - J P Bradley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - T P Lyons
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - A B Krysa
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - A M Fox
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - M S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - L R Wilson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
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