1
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Zheng K, Lyu JC, Thomas EL, Schuster M, Sanguankiattichai N, Ninck S, Kaschani F, Kaiser M, van der Hoorn RAL. The proteome of Nicotiana benthamiana is shaped by extensive protein processing. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1034-1049. [PMID: 38853453 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Processing by proteases irreversibly regulates the fate of plant proteins and hampers the production of recombinant proteins in plants, yet only few processing events have been described in agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana, which has emerged as the main transient protein expression platform in plant science and molecular pharming. Here, we used in-gel digests and mass spectrometry to monitor the migration and topography of 5040 plant proteins within a protein gel. By plotting the peptides over the gel slices, we generated peptographs that reveal where which part of each protein was detected within the protein gel. These data uncovered that 60% of the detected proteins have proteoforms that migrate at lower than predicted molecular weights, implicating extensive proteolytic processing. This analysis confirms the proteolytic removal and degradation of autoinhibitory prodomains of most but not all proteases, and revealed differential processing within pectinemethylesterase and lipase families. This analysis also uncovered intricate processing of glycosidases and uncovered that ectodomain shedding might be common for a diverse range of receptor-like kinases. Transient expression of double-tagged candidate proteins confirmed processing events in vivo. This large proteomic dataset implicates an elaborate proteolytic machinery shaping the proteome of N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
| | - Joy C Lyu
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
| | - Emma L Thomas
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
| | - Mariana Schuster
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
| | | | - Sabrina Ninck
- Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
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2
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Li Q, Fu C, Hu B, Yang B, Yu H, He H, Xu Q, Chen X, Dai X, Fang R, Xiong X, Zhou K, Yang S, Zou X, Liu Z, Ou L. Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation proteomics analyses reveal the regulatory mechanism of CaMYB61-CaAFR1 module in regulating stem development in Capsicum annuum L. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:1039-1058. [PMID: 38804740 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Plant stems constitute the most abundant renewable resource on earth. The function of lysine (K)-2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib), a novel post-translational modification (PTM), has not yet been elucidated in plant stem development. Here, by assessing typical pepper genotypes with straight stem (SS) and prostrate stem (PS), we report the first large-scale proteomics analysis for protein Khib to date. Khib-modifications influenced central metabolic processes involved in stem development, such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and protein translation. The high Khib level regulated gene expression and protein accumulation associated with cell wall formation in the pepper stem. Specially, we found that CaMYB61 knockdown lines that exhibited prostrate stem phenotypes had high Khib levels. Most histone deacetylases (HDACs, e.g., switch-independent 3 associated polypeptide function related 1, AFR1) potentially function as the "erasing enzymes" involved in reversing Khib level. CaMYB61 positively regulated CaAFR1 expression to erase Khib and promote cellulose and hemicellulose accumulation in the stem. Therefore, we propose a bidirectional regulation hypothesis of "Khib modifications" and "Khib erasing" in stem development, and reveal a novel epigenetic regulatory network in which the CaMYB61-CaAFR1 molecular module participating in the regulation of Khib levels and biosynthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Canfang Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Bowen Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Bozhi Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Huiyang Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Huan He
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vegetable and Flower Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Xiongze Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Rong Fang
- Vegetable and Flower Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Xingyao Xiong
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Kunhua Zhou
- Vegetable and Flower Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Sha Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xuexiao Zou
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhoubin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lijun Ou
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha, 410128, China
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3
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Wang Y, Wang M, Yan X, Chen K, Tian F, Yang X, Cao L, Ruan N, Dang Z, Yin X, Huang Y, Li F, Xu Q. The DEP1 Mutation Improves Stem Lodging Resistance and Biomass Saccharification by Affecting Cell Wall Biosynthesis in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 17:35. [PMID: 38748282 PMCID: PMC11096150 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-024-00712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant cell walls have evolved precise plasticity in response to environmental stimuli. The plant heterotrimeric G protein complexes could sense and transmit extracellular signals to intracellular signaling systems, and activate a series of downstream responses. dep1 (Dense and Erect Panicles 1), the gain-of-function mutation of DEP1 encoding a G protein γ subunit, confers rice multiple improved agronomic traits. However, the effects of DEP1 on cell wall biosynthesis and wall-related agronomic traits remain largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, we showed that the DEP1 mutation affects cell wall biosynthesis, leading to improved lodging resistance and biomass saccharification. The DEP1 is ubiquitously expressed with a relatively higher expression level in tissues rich in cell walls. The CRISPR/Cas9 editing mutants of DEP1 (dep1-cs) displayed a significant enhancement in stem mechanical properties relative to the wild-type, leading to a substantial improvement in lodging resistance. Cell wall analyses showed that the DEP1 mutation increased the contents of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin, and reduced lignin content and cellulose crystallinity (CrI). Additionally, the dep1-cs seedlings exhibited higher sensitivity to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and isoxaben, compared with the wild-type, confirming the role of DEP1 in cellulose deposition. Moreover, the DEP1 mutation-mediated alterations of cell walls lead to increased enzymatic saccharification of biomass after the alkali pretreatment. Furthermore, the comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that the DEP1 mutation substantially altered expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, and cell wall biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed the roles of DEP1 in cell wall biosynthesis, lodging resistance, and biomass saccharification in rice and suggested genetic modification of DEP1 as a potential strategy to develop energy rice varieties with high lodging resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meihan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kaixuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fuhao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liyu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengjun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuelin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Quan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.
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4
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Zhang M, Chen D, Tian J, Cao J, Xie K, He Y, Yuan M. OsGELP77, a QTL for broad-spectrum disease resistance and yield in rice, encodes a GDSL-type lipase. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1352-1371. [PMID: 38100249 PMCID: PMC11022805 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipids and lipid metabolites have essential roles in plant-pathogen interactions. GDSL-type lipases are involved in lipid metabolism modulating lipid homeostasis. Some plant GDSLs modulate lipid metabolism altering hormone signal transduction to regulate host-defence immunity. Here, we functionally characterized a rice lipase, OsGELP77, promoting both immunity and yield. OsGELP77 expression was induced by pathogen infection and jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. Overexpression of OsGELP77 enhanced rice resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens, while loss-of-function of osgelp77 showed susceptibility. OsGELP77 localizes to endoplasmic reticulum and is a functional lipase hydrolysing universal lipid substrates. Lipidomics analyses demonstrate that OsGELP77 is crucial for lipid metabolism and lipid-derived JA homeostasis. Genetic analyses confirm that OsGELP77-modulated resistance depends on JA signal transduction. Moreover, population genetic analyses indicate that OsGELP77 expression level is positively correlated with rice resistance against pathogens. Three haplotypes were classified based on nucleotide polymorphisms in the OsGELP77 promoter where OsGELP77Hap3 is an elite haplotype. Three OsGELP77 haplotypes are differentially distributed in wild and cultivated rice, while OsGELP77Hap3 has been broadly pyramided for hybrid rice development. Furthermore, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and resistance evaluation of the constructed near-isogenic line validated OsGELP77, a QTL for broad-spectrum disease resistance. In addition, OsGELP77-modulated lipid metabolism promotes JA accumulation facilitating grain yield. Notably, the hub defence regulator OsWRKY45 acts upstream of OsGELP77 by initiating the JA-dependent signalling to trigger immunity. Together, OsGELP77, a QTL contributing to immunity and yield, is a candidate for breeding broad-spectrum resistant and high-yielding rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaojing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Dan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jingjing Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jianbo Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Kabin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuqing He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Meng Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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5
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Liu Y, Li T, Zhu H, Cao L, Liang L, Liu D, Shen Q. Methionine inducing carbohydrate esterase secretion of Trichoderma harzianum enhances the accessibility of substrate glycosidic bonds. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:120. [PMID: 38664812 PMCID: PMC11046756 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversion of plant biomass into biochemicals is a promising way to alleviate energy shortage, which depends on efficient microbial saccharification and cellular metabolism. Trichoderma spp. have plentiful CAZymes systems that can utilize all-components of lignocellulose. Acetylation of polysaccharides causes nanostructure densification and hydrophobicity enhancement, which is an obstacle for glycoside hydrolases to hydrolyze glycosidic bonds. The improvement of deacetylation ability can effectively release the potential for polysaccharide degradation. RESULTS Ammonium sulfate addition facilitated the deacetylation of xylan by inducing the up-regulation of multiple carbohydrate esterases (CE3/CE4/CE15/CE16) of Trichoderma harzianum. Mainly, the pathway of ammonium-sulfate's cellular assimilates inducing up-regulation of the deacetylase gene (Thce3) was revealed. The intracellular metabolite changes were revealed through metabonomic analysis. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing identified a novel differentially methylated region (DMR) that existed in the ThgsfR2 promoter, and the DMR was closely related to lignocellulolytic response. ThGsfR2 was identified as a negative regulatory factor of Thce3, and methylation in ThgsfR2 promoter released the expression of Thce3. The up-regulation of CEs facilitated the substrate deacetylation. CONCLUSION Ammonium sulfate increased the polysaccharide deacetylation capacity by inducing the up-regulation of multiple carbohydrate esterases of T. harzianum, which removed the spatial barrier of the glycosidic bond and improved hydrophilicity, and ultimately increased the accessibility of glycosidic bond to glycoside hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuo Li
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhu
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhua Cao
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lebin Liang
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qirong Shen
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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Zhang L, Zhou Y, Zhang B. Xylan-directed cell wall assembly in grasses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2197-2207. [PMID: 38095432 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharide in the cell walls of grasses and is pivotal for the assembly of distinct cell wall structures that govern various cellular functions. Xylan also plays a crucial role in regulating biomass recalcitrance, ultimately affecting the utilization potential of lignocellulosic materials. Over the past decades, our understanding of the xylan biosynthetic machinery and cell wall organization has substantially improved due to the innovative application of multiple state-of-the-art techniques. Notably, novel xylan-based nanostructures have been revealed in the cell walls of xylem vessels, promoting a more extensive exploration of the role of xylan in the formation of cell wall structures. This Update summarizes recent achievements in understanding xylan biosynthesis, modification, modeling, and compartmentalization in grasses, providing a brief overview of cell wall assembly regarding xylan. We also discuss the potential for tailoring xylan to facilitate the breeding of elite energy and feed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Chen G, Mishina K, Wang Q, Zhu H, Tagiri A, Kikuchi S, Sassa H, Oono Y, Komatsuda T. Organ-enriched gene expression during floral morphogenesis in wild barley. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:887-902. [PMID: 37548103 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Floral morphology varies considerably between dicots and monocots. The ABCDE model explaining how floral organ development is controlled was formulated using core eudicots and applied to grass crops. Barley (Hordeum. vulgare) has unique floral morphogenesis. Wild barley (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum), which is the immediate ancestor of cultivated barley (H. vulgare ssp. vulgare), contains a rich reservoir of genetic diversity. However, the wild barley genes involved in floral organ development are still relatively uncharacterized. In this study, we generated an organ-specific transcriptome atlas for wild barley floral organs. Genome-wide transcription profiles indicated that 22 838 protein-coding genes were expressed in at least one organ. These genes were grouped into seven clusters according to the similarities in their expression patterns. Moreover, 5619 genes exhibited organ-enriched expression, 677 of which were members of 47 transcription factor families. Gene ontology analyses suggested that the functions of the genes with organ-enriched expression influence the biological processes in floral organs. The co-expression regulatory network showed that the expression of 690 genes targeted by MADS-box proteins was highly positively correlated with the expression of ABCDE model genes during floral morphogenesis. Furthermore, the expression of 138 genes was specific to the wild barley OUH602 genome and not the Morex genome; most of these genes were highly expressed in the glume, awn, lemma, and palea. This study revealed the global gene expression patterns underlying floral morphogenesis in wild barley. On the basis of the study findings, a molecular mechanism controlling floral morphology in barley was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Kohei Mishina
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, 100141, China
| | - Hongjing Zhu
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Akemi Tagiri
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Shinji Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Sassa
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Youko Oono
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Takao Komatsuda
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Jinan, 252100, China
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8
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Dang Z, Wang Y, Wang M, Cao L, Ruan N, Huang Y, Li F, Xu Q, Chen W. The Fragile culm19 (FC19) mutation largely improves plant lodging resistance, biomass saccharification, and cadmium resistance by remodeling cell walls in rice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132020. [PMID: 37429191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall is essential for plant upright growth, biomass saccharification, and stress resistance. Although cell wall modification is suggested as an effective means to increase biomass saccharification, it is a challenge to maintain normal plant growth with improved mechanical strength and stress resistance. Here, we reported two independent fragile culm mutants, fc19-1 and fc19-2, resulting from novel mutations of OsIRX10, produced by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Compared to wild-type, the two mutants exhibited reduced contents of xylose, hemicellulose, and cellulose, and increased arabinose and lignin without significant alteration in levels of pectin and uronic acids. Despite brittleness, the mutants displayed increased breaking force, leading to improved lodging resistance. Furthermore, the altered cell wall and increased biomass porosity in fc19 largely increased biomass saccharification. Notably, the mutants showed enhanced cadmium (Cd) resistance with lower Cd accumulation in roots and shoots. The FC19 mutation impacts transcriptional levels of key genes contributing to Cd uptake, sequestration, and translocation. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that the FC19 mutation resulted in alterations of genes mainly involved in carbohydrate and phenylpropanoid metabolism. Therefore, a hypothetic model was proposed to elucidate that the FC19 mutation-mediated cell wall remodeling leads to improvements in lodging resistance, biomass saccharification, and Cd resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Dang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Meihan Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Liyu Cao
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Nan Ruan
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuwei Huang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Quan Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Wenfu Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
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9
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Cao S, Wang Y, Gao Y, Xu R, Ma J, Xu Z, Shang-Guan K, Zhang B, Zhou Y. The RLCK-VND6 module coordinates secondary cell wall formation and adaptive growth in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023:S1674-2052(23)00104-1. [PMID: 37050877 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The orderly deposition of secondary cell wall (SCW) in plants is implicated in various biological programs and is precisely controlled. Although many positive and negative regulators of SCW have been documented, the molecular mechanisms underlying SCW formation coordinated with distinct cellular physiological processes during plant adaptive growth remain largely unclear. Here, we report the identification of Cellulose Synthase co-expressed Kinase1 (CSK1), which encodes a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, as a negative regulator of SCW formation and its signaling cascade in rice. Transcriptome deep sequencing of developing internodes and genome-wide co-expression assays revealed that CSK1 is co-expressed with cellulose synthase genes and is responsive to various stress stimuli. The increased SCW thickness and vigorous vessel transport in csk1 indicate that CSK1 functions as a negative regulator of SCW biosynthesis. Through observation of green fluorescent protein-tagged CSK1 in rice protoplasts and stable transgenic plants, we found that CSK1 is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm adjacent to the plasma membrane. Biochemical and molecular assays demonstrated that CSK1 phosphorylates VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN 6 (VND6), a master SCW-associated transcription factor, in the nucleus, which reduces the transcription of a suite of SCW-related genes, thereby attenuating SCW accumulation. Consistently, genetic analyses show that CSK1 functions upstream of VND6 in regulating SCW formation. Interestingly, our physiological analyses revealed that CSK1 and VND6 are involved in abscisic acid-mediated regulation of cell growth and SCW deposition. Taken together, these results indicate that the CSK1-VND6 module is an important component of the SCW biosynthesis machinery, which coordinates SCW accumulation and adaptive growth in rice. Our study not only identifies a new regulator of SCW biosynthesis but also reveals a fine-tuned mechanism for precise control of SCW deposition, offering tools for rationally tailoring agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zuopeng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Keke Shang-Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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10
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Wang S, Robertz S, Seven M, Kraemer F, Kuhn BM, Liu L, Lunde C, Pauly M, Ramírez V. A large-scale forward genetic screen for maize mutants with altered lignocellulosic properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1099009. [PMID: 36959947 PMCID: PMC10028098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1099009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient pipelines for the bioconversion of grass lignocellulosic feedstocks is challenging due to the limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the synthesis, deposition, and degradation of the varying polymers unique to grass cell walls. Here, we describe a large-scale forward genetic approach resulting in the identification of a collection of chemically mutagenized maize mutants with diverse alterations in their cell wall attributes such as crystalline cellulose content or hemicellulose composition. Saccharification yield, i.e. the amount of lignocellulosic glucose (Glc) released by means of enzymatic hydrolysis, is increased in two of the mutants and decreased in the remaining six. These mutants, termed candy-leaf (cal), show no obvious plant growth or developmental defects despite associated differences in their lignocellulosic composition. The identified cal mutants are a valuable tool not only to understand recalcitrance of grass lignocellulosics to enzymatic deconstruction but also to decipher grass-specific aspects of cell wall biology once the genetic basis, i.e. the location of the mutation, has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogan Wang
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Robertz
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Merve Seven
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian Kraemer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Kuhn
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - China Lunde
- Plant Gene Expression Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Vicente Ramírez
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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11
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Zhang K, Liu S, Fu Y, Wang Z, Yang X, Li W, Zhang C, Zhang D, Li J. Establishment of an efficient cotton root protoplast isolation protocol suitable for single-cell RNA sequencing and transient gene expression analysis. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:5. [PMID: 36653863 PMCID: PMC9850602 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-00983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotton has tremendous economic value worldwide; however, its allopolyploid nature and time-consuming transformation methods have hampered the development of cotton functional genomics. The protoplast system has proven to be an important and versatile tool for functional genomics, tissue-specific marker gene identification, tracking developmental trajectories, and genome editing in plants. Nevertheless, the isolation of abundant viable protoplasts suitable for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and genome editing remains a challenge in cotton. RESULTS We established an efficient transient gene expression system using protoplasts isolated from cotton taproots. The system enables the isolation of large numbers of viable protoplasts and uses an optimized PEG-mediated transfection protocol. The highest yield (3.55 × 105/g) and viability (93.3%) of protoplasts were obtained from cotton roots grown in hydroponics for 72 h. The protoplasts isolated were suitable for scRNA-seq. The highest transfection efficiency (80%) was achieved when protoplasts were isolated as described above and transfected with 20 μg of plasmid for 20 min in a solution containing 200 mM Ca2+. Our protoplast-based transient expression system is suitable for various applications, including validation the efficiency of CRISPR vectors, protein subcellular localization analysis, and protein-protein interaction studies. CONCLUSIONS The protoplast isolation and transfection protocol developed in this study is stable, versatile, and time-saving. It will accelerate functional genomics and molecular breeding in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Shanhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yunze Fu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xiubo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Caihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
- Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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12
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Wang J, Zhao H, Qu Y, Yang P, Huang J. The binding pocket properties were fundamental to functional diversification of the GDSL-type esterases/lipases gene family in cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1099673. [PMID: 36743561 PMCID: PMC9889996 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1099673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is one of the most important crops in the world. GDSL-type esterases/lipases (GELPs) are widely present in all kingdoms and play an essential role in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this functional diversity remain unclear. Here, based on the identification of the GELP gene family, we applied genetic evolution and molecular simulation techniques to explore molecular mechanisms in cotton species. A total of 1502 GELP genes were identified in 10 cotton species. Segmental duplication and differences in evolutionary rates are the leading causes of the increase in the number and diversity of GELP genes during evolution for ecological adaptation. Structural analysis revealed that the GELP family has high structural diversity. Moreover, molecular simulation studies have demonstrated significant differences in the properties of the binding pockets among cotton GELPs. In the process of adapting to the environment, GELPs not only have segmental duplication but also have different evolutionary rates, resulting in gene diversity. This diversity leads to significant differences in the 3D structure and binding pocket properties and, finally, to functional diversity. These findings provide a reference for further functional analyses of plant GELPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshe Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yunfang Qu
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
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13
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017-2018. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:227-431. [PMID: 34719822 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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14
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Cas9/gRNA-Mediated Mutations in PtrFLA40 and PtrFLA45 Reveal Redundant Roles in Modulating Wood Cell Size and SCW Synthesis in Poplar. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010427. [PMID: 36613871 PMCID: PMC9820481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs) play an important role in plant development and adaptation to the environment. However, the roles of FLAs in wood formation remain poorly understood. Here, we identified a total of 50 PtrFLA genes in poplar. They were classified into four groups: A to D, among which group A was the largest group with 28 members clustered into four branches. Most PtrFLAs of group A were dominantly expressed in developing xylem based on microarray and RT-qPCR data. The roles of PtrFLA40 and PtrFLA45 in group A were investigated via the Cas9/gRNA-induced mutation lines. Loss of PtrFLA40 and PtrFLA45 increased stem length and diameter in ptrfla40ptrfla45 double mutants, but not in ptrfla40 or ptrfla45 single mutants. Further, our findings indicated that the ptrfla40ptrfla45 mutants enlarged the cell size of xylem fibers and vessels, suggesting a negative modulation in stem xylem cell size. In addition, wood lignin content in the ptrfla40fla45 mutants was increased by nearly 9%, and the lignin biosynthesis-related genes were significantly up-regulated in the ptrfla40fla45 mutants, in agreement with the increase in wood lignin content. Overall, Cas9/gRNA-mediated mutations in PtrFLA40 and PtrFLA45 reveal redundant roles in modulating wood cell size and secondary cell wall (SCW) synthesis in poplar.
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15
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Mokshina N, Panina A, Galinousky D, Sautkina O, Mikshina P. Transcriptome profiling of celery petiole tissues reveals peculiarities of the collenchyma cell wall formation. PLANTA 2022; 257:18. [PMID: 36538078 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome and biochemical analyses are applied to individual plant cell types to reveal potential players involved in the molecular machinery of cell wall formation in specialized cells such as collenchyma. Plant collenchyma is a mechanical tissue characterized by an irregular, thickened cell wall and the ability to support cell elongation. The composition of the collenchyma cell wall resembles that of the primary cell wall and includes cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectin; lignin is absent. Thus, the processes associated with the formation of the primary cell wall in the collenchyma can be more pronounced compared to other tissues due to its thickening. Primary cell walls intrinsic to different tissues may differ in structure and composition, which should be reflected at the transcriptomic level. For the first time, we conducted transcriptome profiling of collenchyma strands isolated from young celery petioles and compared them with other tissues, such as parenchyma and vascular bundles. Genes encoding proteins involved in the primary cell wall formation during cell elongation, such as xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases, expansins, and leucine-rich repeat proteins, were significantly activated in the collenchyma. As the key players in the transcriptome orchestra of collenchyma, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase transcripts were characterized in more detail, including phylogeny and expression patterns. The comprehensive approach that included transcriptome and biochemical analyses allowed us to reveal peculiarities of collenchyma cell wall formation and modification, matching the abundance of upregulated transcripts and their potential substrates for revealed gene products. As a result, specific isoforms of multigene families were determined for further functional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mokshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Panina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dmitry Galinousky
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576, CNRS, Université de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Olga Sautkina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Polina Mikshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
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16
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Song L, Zhan H, Wang Y, Lin Z, Li B, Shen L, Jiao Y, Li Y, Wang F, Yang J. Cross-Talk of Protein Expression and Lysine Acetylation in Response to TMV Infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32496-32511. [PMID: 36120045 PMCID: PMC9475610 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation (Kac), a reversible PTM, plays an essential role in various biological processes, including those involving metabolic pathways, pathogen resistance, and transcription, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. TMV, the major factor that causes the poor quality of Solanaceae crops worldwide, directly alters many metabolic processes in tobacco. However, the extent and function of Kac during TMV infection have not been determined. The validation test to detect Kac level and viral expression after TMV infection and Nicotinamide (NAM) treatment clarified that acetylation was involved in TMV infection. Furthermore, we comprehensively analyzed the changes in the proteome and acetylome of TMV-infected tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) seedlings via LC-MS/MS in conjunction with highly sensitive immune-affinity purification. In total, 2082 lysine-acetylated sites on 1319 proteins differentially expressed in response to TMV infection were identified. Extensive bioinformatic studies disclosed changes in acetylation of proteins engaged in cellular metabolism and biological processes. The vital influence of Kac in fatty acid degradation and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism was also revealed in TMV-infected seedlings. This study first revealed Kac information in N. benthamiana under TMV infection and expanded upon the existing landscape of acetylation in pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Song
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring, Controlling & Integrated
Management, Tobacco Research Institute of
the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Huaixu Zhan
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring, Controlling & Integrated
Management, Tobacco Research Institute of
the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Graduate
School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Luoyang
Branch of Henan Tobacco Company, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Zhonglong Lin
- Yunnan
Tobacco Company of the China National Tobacco Corporation, Kunming 650011, China
| | - Bin Li
- Sichuan
Tobacco Company, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Lili Shen
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring, Controlling & Integrated
Management, Tobacco Research Institute of
the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yubing Jiao
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring, Controlling & Integrated
Management, Tobacco Research Institute of
the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring, Controlling & Integrated
Management, Tobacco Research Institute of
the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Fenglong Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring, Controlling & Integrated
Management, Tobacco Research Institute of
the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jinguang Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring, Controlling & Integrated
Management, Tobacco Research Institute of
the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
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17
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Affortit P, Effa-Effa B, Ndoye MS, Moukouanga D, Luchaire N, Cabrera-Bosquet L, Perálvarez M, Pilloni R, Welcker C, Champion A, Gantet P, Diedhiou AG, Manneh B, Aroca R, Vadez V, Laplaze L, Cubry P, Grondin A. Physiological and genetic control of transpiration efficiency in African rice, Oryza glaberrima Steud. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5279-5293. [PMID: 35429274 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Improving crop water use efficiency, the amount of carbon assimilated as biomass per unit of water used by a plant, is of major importance as water for agriculture becomes scarcer. In rice, the genetic bases of transpiration efficiency, the derivation of water use efficiency at the whole-plant scale, and its putative component trait transpiration restriction under high evaporative demand remain unknown. These traits were measured in 2019 in a panel of 147 African rice (Oryza glaberrima) genotypes known to be potential sources of tolerance genes to biotic and abiotic stresses. Our results reveal that higher transpiration efficiency is associated with transpiration restriction in African rice. Detailed measurements in a subset of highly contrasted genotypes in terms of biomass accumulation and transpiration confirmed these associations and suggested that root to shoot ratio played an important role in transpiration restriction. Genome wide association studies identified marker-trait associations for transpiration response to evaporative demand, transpiration efficiency, and its residuals, with links to genes involved in water transport and cell wall patterning. Our data suggest that root-shoot partitioning is an important component of transpiration restriction that has a positive effect on transpiration efficiency in African rice. Both traits are heritable and define targets for breeding rice with improved water use strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Affortit
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Branly Effa-Effa
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CENAREST, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Mame Sokhatil Ndoye
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CERAAS, Thiès, Senegal
| | | | - Nathalie Luchaire
- LEPSE, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Raphaël Pilloni
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Claude Welcker
- LEPSE, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Antony Champion
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Gantet
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Vincent Vadez
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CERAAS, Thiès, Senegal
- LMI LAPSE, Dakar, Senegal
- ICRISAT, Patancheru, India
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- LMI LAPSE, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Philippe Cubry
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Grondin
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CERAAS, Thiès, Senegal
- LMI LAPSE, Dakar, Senegal
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18
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Rastogi L, Chaudhari AA, Sharma R, Pawar PAM. Arabidopsis GELP7 functions as a plasma membrane-localized acetyl xylan esterase, and its overexpression improves saccharification efficiency. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:781-797. [PMID: 35577991 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl substitution on the xylan chain is critical for stable interaction with cellulose and other cell wall polymers in the secondary cell wall. Xylan acetylation pattern is governed by Golgi and extracellular localized acetyl xylan esterase (AXE). We investigated the role of Arabidopsis clade Id from the GDSL esterase/lipase or GELP family in polysaccharide deacetylation. The investigation of the AtGELP7 T-DNA mutant line showed a decrease in stem esterase activity and an increase in stem acetyl content. We further generated overexpressor AtGELP7 transgenic lines, and these lines showed an increase in AXE activity and a decrease in xylan acetylation compared to wild-type plants. Therefore, we have named this enzyme as AtAXE1. The subcellular localization and immunoblot studies showed that the AtAXE1 enzyme is secreted out, associated with the plasma membrane and involved in xylan de-esterification post-synthesis. The cellulose digestibility was improved in AtAXE1 overexpressor lines without pre-treatment, after alkali and xylanases pre-treatment. Furthermore, we have also established that the AtGELP7 gene is upregulated in the overexpressor line of AtMYB46, a secondary cell wall specific transcription factor. This transcriptional regulation can drive AtGELP7 or AtAXE1 to perform de-esterification of xylan in a tissue-specific manner. Overall, these data suggest that AtGELP7 overexpression in Arabidopsis reduces xylan acetylation and improves digestibility properties of polysaccharides of stem lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavi Rastogi
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Aniket Anant Chaudhari
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Raunak Sharma
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Prashant Anupama-Mohan Pawar
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
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19
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Ma Y, Jie H, Tang Y, Xing H, Jie Y. The Role of Hemicellulose in Cadmium Tolerance in Ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11151941. [PMID: 35893645 PMCID: PMC9330422 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ramie cell walls play an important role in cadmium (Cd) detoxification. However, the Cd binding capacity of the cell wall components and the cell wall compositions among ramie species remains unclear. Therefore, this study compared two ramie populations (‘Dazhuhuangbaima’ (low-Cd-accumulating population) and ‘Zhongzhu 1’ (high-Cd-accumulating population)) with different Cd enrichment characteristics. The two ramie populations were treated with 0, 25, and 75 mg kg−1 Cd for 30 days; then, their root length, plant height, biomass, Cd enrichment in the organs, subcellular Cd distribution, Cd content in the cell wall polysaccharides, and hemicellulose content were determined. The root length, plant height, biomass, and Cd enrichment in all organs were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in ‘Zhongzhu 1’ than in ‘Dazhuhuangbaima’ under Cd stress. In addition, the subcellular Cd distribution analysis revealed that Cd was mainly found in the cell wall in both ramie populations. Among the cell wall fractions, Cd was mainly bound to the hemicelluloses, with 60.38–73.10% and 50.05–64.45% Cd accumulating in the ‘Zhongzhu 1’ and ‘Dazhuhuangbaima’ cell wall hemicelluloses, respectively. However, the Cd concentration in the ‘Zhongzhu 1’ hemicellulose was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than that in the ‘Dazhuhuangbaima’ hemicellulose. Hemicellulose content analysis further revealed that the hemicellulose concentration increased with the Cd concentration in both populations, but it was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in ‘Zhongzhu 1’ than in ‘Dazhuhuangbaima’ across all Cd treatments. Thus, ramie copes under Cd stress by increasing the hemicellulose content in the cell wall. The findings in this study confirm that hemicellulose is the main enrichment site for Cd in ramie. It also provides a theoretical basis for Cd enrichment breeding in ramie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushen Ma
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.M.); (H.J.); (Y.T.); (H.X.)
| | - Hongdong Jie
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.M.); (H.J.); (Y.T.); (H.X.)
| | - Yanyi Tang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.M.); (H.J.); (Y.T.); (H.X.)
| | - Hucheng Xing
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.M.); (H.J.); (Y.T.); (H.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yucheng Jie
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.M.); (H.J.); (Y.T.); (H.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence: or
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20
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Ruan N, Dang Z, Wang M, Cao L, Wang Y, Liu S, Tang Y, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Xu Q, Chen W, Li F. FRAGILE CULM 18 encodes a UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase required for xylan biosynthesis and plant growth in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2320-2335. [PMID: 35104839 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylases (UXSs) have been well studied with regard to catalysing the conversion of UDP-glucuronic acid into UDP-xylose, their biological roles in grasses remain largely unknown. The rice (Oryza sativa) genome contains six UXSs, but none of them has been genetically characterized. Here, we reported on the characterization of a novel rice fragile culm mutant, fc18, which exhibited brittleness with altered cell wall and pleiotropic defects in growth. Map-based cloning and transgenic analyses revealed that the FC18 gene encodes a cytosol-localized OsUXS3 and is widely expressed with higher expression in xylan-rich tissues. Monosaccharide analysis showed that the xylose level was decreased in fc18, and cell wall fraction determinations confirmed that the xylan content in fc18 was lower, suggesting that UDP-xylose from FC18 participates in xylan biosynthesis. Moreover, the fc18 mutant displayed defective cellulose properties, which led to an enhancement in biomass saccharification. Furthermore, expression of genes involved in sugar metabolism and phytohormone signal transduction was largely altered in fc18. Consistent with this, the fc18 mutant exhibited significantly reduced free auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) content and lower expression levels of PIN family genes compared with wild type. Our work reveals the physiological roles of FC18/UXS3 in xylan biosynthesis, cellulose deposition, and plant growth in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ruan
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengjun Dang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meihan Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liyu Cao
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- Jinzhou Academy of Science and Technology, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yijun Tang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuwei Huang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Quan Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenfu Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Shen G, Sun W, Chen Z, Shi L, Hong J, Shi J. Plant GDSL Esterases/Lipases: Evolutionary, Physiological and Molecular Functions in Plant Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040468. [PMID: 35214802 PMCID: PMC8880598 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
GDSL esterases/lipases (GELPs), present throughout all living organisms, have been a very attractive research subject in plant science due mainly to constantly emerging properties and functions in plant growth and development under both normal and stressful conditions. This review summarizes the advances in research on plant GELPs in several model plants and crops, including Arabidopsis, rice, maize and tomato, while focusing on the roles of GELPs in regulating plant development and plant-environment interactions. In addition, the possible regulatory network and mechanisms of GELPs have been discussed.
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22
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Wilmowicz E, Kućko A, Alché JDD, Czeszewska-Rosiak G, Florkiewicz AB, Kapusta M, Karwaszewski J. Remodeling of Cell Wall Components in Root Nodules and Flower Abscission Zone under Drought in Yellow Lupine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031680. [PMID: 35163603 PMCID: PMC8836056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that yellow lupine is highly sensitive to soil water deficits since this stressor disrupts nodule structure and functioning, and at the same time triggers flower separation through abscission zone (AZ) activation in the upper part of the plant. Both processes require specific transformations including cell wall remodeling. However, knowledge about the involvement of particular cell wall elements in nodulation and abscission in agronomically important, nitrogen-fixing crops, especially under stressful conditions, is still scarce. Here, we used immuno-fluorescence techniques to visualize dynamic changes in cell wall compounds taking place in the root nodules and flower AZ of Lupinus luteus following drought. The reaction of nodules and the flower AZ to drought includes the upregulation of extensins, galactans, arabinans, xylogalacturonan, and xyloglucans. Additionally, modifications in the localization of high- and low-methylated homogalacturonans and arabinogalactan proteins were detected in nodules. Collectively, we determined for the first time the drought-associated modification of cell wall components responsible for their remodeling in root nodules and the flower AZ of L. luteus. The involvement of these particular molecules and their possible interaction in response to stress is also deeply discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Wilmowicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(56)-611-44-61
| | - Agata Kućko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159 Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Juan De Dios Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain;
| | - Grażyna Czeszewska-Rosiak
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Bogumiła Florkiewicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59 Street, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Jacek Karwaszewski
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
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23
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Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhao J, Sun L, Wang H, Zhu Y, Xiao J, Wang X. Genome-Wide Identification of GDSL-Type Esterase/Lipase Gene Family in Dasypyrum villosum L. Reveals That DvGELP53 Is Related to BSMV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212317. [PMID: 34830200 PMCID: PMC8624868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GDSL-type esterase/lipase proteins (GELPs) characterized by a conserved GDSL motif at their N-terminus belong to the lipid hydrolysis enzyme superfamily. In plants, GELPs play an important role in plant growth, development and stress response. The studies of the identification and characterization of the GELP gene family in Triticeae have not been reported. In this study, 193 DvGELPs were identified in Dasypyrum villosum and classified into 11 groups (clade A–K) by means of phylogenetic analysis. Most DvGELPs contain only one GDSL domain, only four DvGELPs contain other domains besides the GDSL domain. Gene structure analysis indicated 35.2% DvGELP genes have four introns and five exons. In the promoter regions of the identified DvGELPs, we detected 4502 putative cis-elements, which were associated with plant hormones, plant growth, environmental stress and light responsiveness. Expression profiling revealed 36, 44 and 17 DvGELPs were highly expressed in the spike, the root and the grain, respectively. Further investigation of a root-specific expressing GELP, DvGELP53, indicated it was induced by a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. The knockdown of DvGELP53 inhibited long-distance movement of BSMV in the tissue of D. villosum. This research provides a genome-wide glimpse of the D. villosum GELP genes and hints at the participation of DvGELP53 in the interaction between virus and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to The Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (L.S.); (H.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (L.S.); (H.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Jia Zhao
- College of Agriculture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (L.S.); (H.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (L.S.); (H.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to The Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jin Xiao
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (L.S.); (H.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (L.S.); (H.W.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-84395308
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Guo J, Qu L, Hu Y, Lu W, Lu D. Proteomics reveals the effects of drought stress on the kernel development and starch formation of waxy maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:434. [PMID: 34556041 PMCID: PMC8461923 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kernel development and starch formation are the primary determinants of maize yield and quality, which are considerably influenced by drought stress. To clarify the response of maize kernel to drought stress, we established well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) conditions at 1-30 days after pollination (dap) on waxy maize (Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh). RESULTS Kernel development, starch accumulation, and activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes were significantly reduced by drought stress. The morphology of starch granules changed, whereas the grain filling rate was accelerated. A comparative proteomics approach was applied to analyze the proteome change in kernels under two treatments at 10 dap and 25 dap. Under the WS conditions, 487 and 465 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified at 10 dap and 25 dap, respectively. Drought induced the downregulation of proteins involved in the oxidation-reduction process and oxidoreductase, peroxidase, catalase, glutamine synthetase, abscisic acid stress ripening 1, and lipoxygenase, which might be an important reason for the effect of drought stress on kernel development. Notably, several proteins involved in waxy maize endosperm and starch biosynthesis were upregulated at early-kernel stage under WS conditions, which might have accelerated endosperm development and starch synthesis. Additionally, 17 and 11 common DAPs were sustained in the upregulated and downregulated DAP groups, respectively, at 10 dap and 25 dap. Among these 28 proteins, four maize homologs (i.e., A0A1D6H543, B4FTP0, B6SLJ0, and A0A1D6H5J5) were considered as candidate proteins that affected kernel development and drought stress response by comparing with the rice genome. CONCLUSIONS The proteomic changes caused by drought were highly correlated with kernel development and starch accumulation, which were closely related to the final yield and quality of waxy maize. Our results provided a foundation for the enhanced understanding of kernel development and starch formation in response to drought stress in waxy maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Dalei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
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Xiao C, Guo H, Tang J, Li J, Yao X, Hu H. Expression Pattern and Functional Analyses of Arabidopsis Guard Cell-Enriched GDSL Lipases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748543. [PMID: 34621289 PMCID: PMC8490726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There are more than 100 GDSL lipases in Arabidopsis, but only a few members have been functionally investigated. Moreover, no reports have ever given a comprehensive analysis of GDSLs in stomatal biology. Here, we systematically investigated the expression patterns of 19 putative Guard-cell-enriched GDSL Lipases (GGLs) at various developmental stages and in response to hormone and abiotic stress treatments. Gene expression analyses showed that these GGLs had diverse expression patterns. Fifteen GGLs were highly expressed in guard cells, with seven preferentially in guard cells. Most GGLs were localized in endoplasmic reticulum, and some were also localized in lipid droplets and nucleus. Some closely homologous GGLs exhibited similar expression patterns at various tissues and in response to hormone and abiotic stresses, or similar subcellular localization, suggesting the correlation of expression pattern and biological function, and the functional redundancy of GGLs in plant development and environmental adaptations. Further phenotypic identification of ggl mutants revealed that GGL7, GGL14, GGL22, and GGL26 played unique and redundant roles in stomatal dynamics, stomatal density and morphology, and plant water relation. The present study provides unique resources for functional insights into these GGLs to control stomatal dynamics and development, plant growth, and adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlei Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Yao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Xu W, Cheng H, Zhu S, Cheng J, Ji H, Zhang B, Cao S, Wang C, Tong G, Zhen C, Mu L, Zhou Y, Cheng Y. Functional understanding of secondary cell wall cellulose synthases in Populus trichocarpa via the Cas9/gRNA-induced gene knockouts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1478-1495. [PMID: 33713445 PMCID: PMC8362133 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant cellulose is synthesized by a large plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase (CesA) complex. However, an overall functional determination of secondary cell wall (SCW) CesAs is still lacking in trees, especially one based on gene knockouts. Here, the Cas9/gRNA-induced knockouts of PtrCesA4, 7A, 7B, 8A and 8B genes were produced in Populus trichocarpa. Based on anatomical, immunohistochemical and wood composition evidence, we gained a comprehensive understanding of five SCW PtrCesAs at the genetic level. Complete loss of PtrCesA4, 7A/B or 8A/B led to similar morphological abnormalities, indicating similar and nonredundant genetic functions. The absence of the gelatinous (G) layer, one-layer-walled fibres and a 90% decrease in cellulose in these mutant woods revealed that the three classes of SCW PtrCesAs are essential for multilayered SCW structure and wood G-fibre. In addition, the mutant primary and secondary phloem fibres lost the n(G + L)- and G-layers and retained the thicker S-layers (L, lignified; S, secondary). Together with polysaccharide immunolocalization data, these findings suggest differences in the role of SCW PtrCesAs-synthesized cellulose in wood and phloem fibre wall structures. Overall, this functional understanding of the SCW PtrCesAs provides further insights into the impact of lacking cellulose biosynthesis on growth, SCW, wood G-fibre and phloem fibre wall structures in the tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
- School of ForestryNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Siran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Jiyao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Huanhuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Shenquan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Guimin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Cheng Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Liqiang Mu
- School of ForestryNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Yuxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
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27
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Putkinen A, Siljanen HMP, Laihonen A, Paasisalo I, Porkka K, Tiirola M, Haikarainen I, Tenhovirta S, Pihlatie M. New insight to the role of microbes in the methane exchange in trees: evidence from metagenomic sequencing. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:524-536. [PMID: 33780002 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methane (CH4 ) exchange in tree stems and canopies and the processes involved are among the least understood components of the global CH4 cycle. Recent studies have focused on quantifying tree stems as sources of CH4 and understanding abiotic CH4 emissions in plant canopies, with the role of microbial in situ CH4 formation receiving less attention. Moreover, despite initial reports revealing CH4 consumption, studies have not adequately evaluated the potential of microbial CH4 oxidation within trees. In this paper, we discuss the current level of understanding on these processes. Further, we demonstrate the potential of novel metagenomic tools in revealing the involvement of microbes in the CH4 exchange of plants, and particularly in boreal trees. We detected CH4 -producing methanogens and novel monooxygenases, potentially involved in CH4 consumption, in coniferous plants. In addition, our field flux measurements from Norway spruce (Picea abies) canopies demonstrate both net CH4 emissions and uptake, giving further evidence that both production and consumption are relevant to the net CH4 exchange. Our findings, together with the emerging diversity of novel CH4 -producing microbial groups, strongly suggest microbial analyses should be integrated in the studies aiming to reveal the processes and drivers behind plant CH4 exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuliina Putkinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Henri M P Siljanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70200, Finland
- Department of Ecogenomics and Archaea Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Antti Laihonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Inga Paasisalo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70200, Finland
| | - Kaija Porkka
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Savonlinna, FI-57200, Finland
| | - Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Iikka Haikarainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Salla Tenhovirta
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Mari Pihlatie
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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Cai Y, Zhang B, Liang L, Wang S, Zhang L, Wang L, Cui HL, Zhou Y, Wang D. A solid-state nanopore-based single-molecule approach for label-free characterization of plant polysaccharides. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100106. [PMID: 33898974 PMCID: PMC8060702 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are important biomacromolecules existing in all plants, most of which are integrated into a fibrillar structure called the cell wall. In the absence of an effective methodology for polysaccharide analysis that arises from compositional heterogeneity and structural flexibility, our knowledge of cell wall architecture and function is greatly constrained. Here, we develop a single-molecule approach for identifying plant polysaccharides with acetylated modification levels. We designed a solid-state nanopore sensor supported by a free-standing SiN x membrane in fluidic cells. This device was able to detect cell wall polysaccharide xylans at concentrations as low as 5 ng/μL and discriminate xylans with hyperacetylated and unacetylated modifications. We further demonstrated the capability of this method in distinguishing arabinoxylan and glucuronoxylan in monocot and dicot plants. Combining the data for categorizing polysaccharide mixtures, our study establishes a single-molecule platform for polysaccharide analysis, opening a new avenue for understanding cell wall structures, and expanding polysaccharide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cai
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liyuan Liang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Liang Cui
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Chai S, Yao Q, Zhang X, Xiao X, Fan X, Zeng J, Sha L, Kang H, Zhang H, Li J, Zhou Y, Wang Y. The semi-dwarfing gene Rht-dp from dwarf polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.) is the "Green Revolution" gene Rht-B1b. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:63. [PMID: 33468043 PMCID: PMC7814455 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The wheat dwarfing gene increases lodging resistance, the grain number per spike and harvest index. Dwarf Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L., 2n = 4x = 28, AABB, DPW), initially collected from Tulufan, Xinjiang, China, carries a semi-dwarfing gene Rht-dp on chromosome 4BS. However, Rht-dp and its dwarfing mechanism are unknown. Results Homologous cloning and mapping revealed that Rht-dp is the ‘Green Revolution’ gene Rht-B1b. A haplotype analysis in 59 tetraploid wheat accessions showed that Rht-B1b was only present in T. polonicum. Transcriptomic analysis of two pairs of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of DPW × Tall Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L., 2n = 4x = 28, AABB, TPW) revealed 41 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as potential dwarfism-related genes. Among them, 28 functionally annotated DEGs were classed into five sub-groups: hormone-related signalling transduction genes, transcription factor genes, cell wall structure-related genes, reactive oxygen-related genes, and nitrogen regulation-related genes. Conclusions These results indicated that Rht-dp is Rht-B1b, which regulates pathways related to hormones, reactive oxygen species, and nitrogen assimilation to modify the cell wall structure, and then limits cell wall loosening and inhibits cell elongation, thereby causing dwarfism in DPW. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07367-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyue Chai
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lina Sha
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Houyang Kang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiqin Zhang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Zhang B, Gao Y, Zhang L, Zhou Y. The plant cell wall: Biosynthesis, construction, and functions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:251-272. [PMID: 33325153 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is composed of multiple biopolymers, representing one of the most complex structural networks in nature. Hundreds of genes are involved in building such a natural masterpiece. However, the plant cell wall is the least understood cellular structure in plants. Due to great progress in plant functional genomics, many achievements have been made in uncovering cell wall biosynthesis, assembly, and architecture, as well as cell wall regulation and signaling. Such information has significantly advanced our understanding of the roles of the cell wall in many biological and physiological processes and has enhanced our utilization of cell wall materials. The use of cutting-edge technologies such as single-molecule imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy has provided much insight into the plant cell wall as an intricate nanoscale network, opening up unprecedented possibilities for cell wall research. In this review, we summarize the major advances made in understanding the cell wall in this era of functional genomics, including the latest findings on the biosynthesis, construction, and functions of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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31
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Tang J, Yang X, Xiao C, Li J, Chen Y, Li R, Li S, Lü S, Hu H. GDSL lipase occluded stomatal pore 1 is required for wax biosynthesis and stomatal cuticular ledge formation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1880-1896. [PMID: 32542680 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The plant leaf surface is coated with a waterproof cuticle layer. Cuticle facing the stomatal pore surface needs to be sculpted to form outer cuticular ledge (OCL) after stomatal maturation for efficient gas exchange. Here, we characterized the roles of Arabidopsis GDSL lipase, Occlusion of Stomatal Pore 1 (OSP1), in wax biosynthesis and stomatal OCL formation. OSP1 mutation results in significant reduction in leaf wax synthesis and occlusion of stomata, leading to increased epidermal permeability, decreased transpiration rate, and enhanced drought tolerance. We demonstrated that OSP1 activity is critical for its role in wax biosynthesis and stomatal function. In vitro enzymatic assays demonstrated that OSP1 possesses thioesterase activity, particularly on C22:0 and C26:0 acyl-CoAs. Genetic interaction analyses with CER1 (ECERIFERUM 1), CER3 (ECERIFERUM 3) and MAH1 (Mid-chain Alkane Hydroxylase 1) in wax biosynthesis and stomatal OCL formation showed that OSP1 may act upstream of CER3 in wax biosynthesis, and implicate that wax composition percentage changes and keeping ketones in a lower level play roles, at least partially, in forming stomatal ledges. Our findings provided insights into the molecular mechanism mediating wax biosynthesis and highlighted the link between wax biosynthesis and the process of stomatal OCL formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chuanlei Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruiying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shipeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 434200, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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32
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Hunt L, Gray JE. How the stomate got his pore: very long chain fatty acids and a structural cell wall protein sculpt the guard cell outer cuticular ledge. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1698-1700. [PMID: 32860643 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hunt
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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33
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Guo DL, Wang ZG, Pei MS, Guo LL, Yu YH. Transcriptome analysis reveals mechanism of early ripening in Kyoho grape with hydrogen peroxide treatment. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:784. [PMID: 33176674 PMCID: PMC7657363 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In a previous study, the early ripening of Kyoho grape following H2O2 treatment was explored at the physiological level, but the mechanism by which H2O2 promotes ripening at the molecular level is unclear. To reveal the molecular mechanism, RNA-sequencing analysis was conducted on the different developmental stages of Kyoho berry treated with H2O2. Results In the comparison of treatment and control groups, 406 genes were up-regulated and 683 were down-regulated. Time course sequencing (TCseq) analysis showed that the expression patterns of most of the genes were similar between the treatment and control, except for some genes related to chlorophyll binding and photosynthesis. Differential expression analysis and the weighted gene co-expression network were used to screen significantly differentially expressed genes and hub genes associated with oxidative stress (heat shock protein, HSP), cell wall deacetylation (GDSL esterase/lipase, GDSL), cell wall degradation (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/ hydrolase, XTH), and photosynthesis (chlorophyll a-b binding protein, CAB1). Gene expression was verified with RT-qPCR, and the results were largely consistent with those of RNA sequencing. Conclusions The RNA-sequencing analysis indicated that H2O2 treatment promoted the early ripening of Kyoho berry by affecting the expression levels of HSP, GDSL, XTH, and CAB1 and- photosynthesis- pathways. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07180-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Long Guo
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China. .,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.
| | - Zhen-Guang Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Mao-Song Pei
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Li-Li Guo
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi-He Yu
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
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34
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Xue JS, Zhang B, Zhan H, Lv YL, Jia XL, Wang T, Yang NY, Lou YX, Zhang ZB, Hu WJ, Gui J, Cao J, Xu P, Zhou Y, Hu JF, Li L, Yang ZN. Phenylpropanoid Derivatives Are Essential Components of Sporopollenin in Vascular Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1644-1653. [PMID: 32810599 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The outer wall of pollen and spores, namely the exine, is composed of sporopollenin, which is highly resistant to chemical reagents and enzymes. In this study, we demonstrated that phenylpropanoid pathway derivatives are essential components of sporopollenin in seed plants. Spectral analyses showed that the autofluorescence of Lilium and Arabidopsis sporopollenin is similar to that of lignin. Thioacidolysis and NMR analyses of pollen from Lilium and Cryptomeria further revealed that the sporopollenin of seed plants contains phenylpropanoid derivatives, including p-hydroxybenzoate (p-BA), p-coumarate (p-CA), ferulate (FA), and lignin guaiacyl (G) units. The phenylpropanoid pathway is expressed in the tapetum in Arabidopsis, consistent with the fact that the sporopollenin precursor originates from the tapetum. Further germination and comet assays showed that this pathway plays an important role in protection of pollen against UV radiation. In the pteridophyte plant species Ophioglossum vulgatum and Lycopodium clavata, phenylpropanoid derivatives including p-BA and p-CA were also detected, but G units were not. Taken together, our results indicate that phenylpropanoid derivatives are essential for sporopollenin synthesis in vascular plants. In addition, sporopollenin autofluorescence spectra of bryophytes, such as Physcomitrella and Haplocladium, exhibit distinct characteristics compared with those of vascular plants, indicating the diversity of sporopollenin among land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Shi Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - HuaDong Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong-Lin Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xin-Lei Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - TianHua Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Nai-Ying Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yu-Xia Lou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Zai-Bao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China
| | - Wen-Jing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jinshan Gui
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 200032, China
| | - Jianguo Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 200032, China.
| | - Zhong-Nan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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35
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Qaseem MF, Wu AM. Balanced Xylan Acetylation is the Key Regulator of Plant Growth and Development, and Cell Wall Structure and for Industrial Utilization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217875. [PMID: 33114198 PMCID: PMC7660596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose, constitutes about 25–35% of the dry biomass of woody and lignified tissues, and occurs up to 50% in some cereal grains. The accurate degree and position of xylan acetylation is necessary for xylan function and for plant growth and development. The post synthetic acetylation of cell wall xylan, mainly regulated by Reduced Wall Acetylation (RWA), Trichome Birefringence-Like (TBL), and Altered Xyloglucan 9 (AXY9) genes, is essential for effective bonding of xylan with cellulose. Recent studies have proven that not only xylan acetylation but also its deacetylation is vital for various plant functions. Thus, the present review focuses on the latest advances in understanding xylan acetylation and deacetylation and explores their effects on plant growth and development. Baseline knowledge about precise regulation of xylan acetylation and deacetylation is pivotal to developing plant biomass better suited for second-generation liquid biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Faisal Qaseem
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence:
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36
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Zhang H, Wang M, Li Y, Yan W, Chang Z, Ni H, Chen Z, Wu J, Xu C, Deng XW, Tang X. GDSL esterase/lipases OsGELP34 and OsGELP110/OsGELP115 are essential for rice pollen development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1574-1593. [PMID: 32068333 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pollen exine contains complex biopolymers of aliphatic lipids and phenolics. Abnormal development of pollen exine often leads to plant sterility. Molecular mechanisms regulating exine formation have been studied extensively but remain ambiguous. Here we report the analyses of three GDSL esterase/lipase protein genes, OsGELP34, OsGELP110, and OsGELP115, for rice exine formation. OsGELP34 was identified by cloning of a male sterile mutant gene. OsGELP34 encodes an endoplasmic reticulum protein and was mainly expressed in anthers during pollen exine formation. osgelp34 mutant displayed abnormal exine and altered expression of a number of key genes required for pollen development. OsGELP110 was previously identified as a gene differentially expressed in meiotic anthers. OsGELP110 was most homologous to OsGELP115, and the two genes showed similar gene expression patterns. Both OsGELP110 and OsGELP115 proteins were localized in peroxisomes. Individual knockout of OsGELP110 and OsGELP115 did not affect the plant fertility, but double knockout of both genes altered the exine structure and rendered the plant male sterile. OsGELP34 is distant from OsGELP110 and OsGELP115 in sequence, and osgelp34 and osgelp110/osgelp115 mutants were different in anther morphology despite both were male sterile. These results suggested that OsGELP34 and OsGELP110/OsGELP115 catalyze different compounds for pollen exine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Menglong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yiqi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zhenyi Chang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Haoling Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zhufeng Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jianxin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Chunjue Xu
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, 518107, China
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The DROOPING LEAF (DR) gene encoding GDSL esterase is involved in silica deposition in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238887. [PMID: 32913358 PMCID: PMC7482962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf morphology is one of the most important agronomic traits in rice breeding because of its contribution to crop yield. The drooping leaf (dr) mutant was developed from the Ilpum rice cultivar by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. Compared with the wild type, dr plants exhibited drooping leaves accompanied by a small midrib, short panicle, and reduced plant height. The phenotype of the dr plant was caused by a mutation within a single recessive gene on chromosome 2, dr (LOC_Os02g15230), which encodes a GDSL esterase. Analysis of wild-type and dr sequences revealed that the dr allele carried a single nucleotide substitution, glycine to aspartic acid. RNAi targeted to LOC_Os02g15230 produced same phenotypes to the dr mutation, confirming LOC_Os02g15230 as the dr gene. Microscopic observations and plant nutrient analysis of SiO2 revealed that silica was less abundant in dr leaves than in wild-type leaves. This study suggests that the dr gene is involved in the regulation of silica deposition and that disruption of silica processes lead to drooping leaf phenotypes.
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Coomey JH, Sibout R, Hazen SP. Grass secondary cell walls, Brachypodium distachyon as a model for discovery. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1649-1667. [PMID: 32285456 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect of plant growth is the synthesis and deposition of cell walls. In specific tissues and cell types including xylem and fibre, a thick secondary wall comprised of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is deposited. Secondary cell walls provide a physical barrier that protects plants from pathogens, promotes tolerance to abiotic stresses and fortifies cells to withstand the forces associated with water transport and the physical weight of plant structures. Grasses have numerous cell wall features that are distinct from eudicots and other plants. Study of the model species Brachypodium distachyon as well as other grasses has revealed numerous features of the grass cell wall. These include the characterisation of xylosyl and arabinosyltransferases, a mixed-linkage glucan synthase and hydroxycinnamate acyltransferases. Perhaps the most fertile area for discovery has been the formation of lignins, including the identification of novel substrates and enzyme activities towards the synthesis of monolignols. Other enzymes function as polymerising agents or transferases that modify lignins and facilitate interactions with polysaccharides. The regulatory aspects of cell wall biosynthesis are largely overlapping with those of eudicots, but salient differences among species have been resolved that begin to identify the determinants that define grass cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Coomey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Richard Sibout
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Samuel P Hazen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Ma X, Yu J, Zhuang L, Shi Y, Meyer W, Huang B. Differential regulatory pathways associated with drought-inhibition and post-drought recuperation of rhizome development in perennial grass. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:481-497. [PMID: 32445476 PMCID: PMC7424744 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rhizomes are key organs for the establishment of perennial grass stands and adaptation to environmental stress. However, mechanisms regulating rhizome initiation and elongation under drought stress and during post-drought recovery remain unclear. The objective of this study is to investigate molecular factors and metabolic processes involved in drought effects and post-drought recovery in rhizome growth in perennial grass species by comparative transcriptomic and proteomic profiling. METHODS Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) (B-type rhizome genotype, 'BR') plants were exposed to drought stress and re-watering in growth chambers. The number and length of rhizomes were measured following drought stress and re-watering. Hormone and sugar contents were analysed, and transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed to identify metabolic factors, genes and proteins associated with rhizome development. KEY RESULTS Rhizome initiation and elongation were inhibited by drought stress, and were associated with increases in the contents of abscisic acid (ABA) and soluble sugars, but declines in the contents of indoleacetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR) and gibberellin (GA4). Genes involved in multiple metabolic processes and stress defence systems related to rhizome initiation exhibited different responses to drought stress, including ABA signalling, energy metabolism and stress protection. Drought-inhibition of rhizome elongation could be mainly associated with the alteration of GA4 and antioxidants contents, energy metabolism and stress response proteins. Upon re-watering, new rhizomes were regenerated from rhizome nodes previously exposed to drought stress, which was accompanied by the decline in ABA content and increases in IAA, ZR and GA4, as well as genes and proteins for auxin, lipids, lignin and nitrogen metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Drought-inhibition of rhizome initiation and elongation in tall fescue was mainly associated with adjustments in hormone metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and stress-defence systems. Rhizome regeneration in response to re-watering involved reactivation of hormone and lipid metabolism, secondary cell-wall development, and nitrogen remobilization and cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqing Ma
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jingjin Yu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lili Zhuang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yi Shi
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, PR China
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - William Meyer
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Dewhirst RA, Mortimer JC, Jardine KJ. Do Cell Wall Esters Facilitate Forest Response to Climate? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:729-732. [PMID: 32600937 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystem dynamics are strongly modified by stresses associated with climate change, impacting plant growth and development, mortality, and ecological succession. Here we highlight the potential role of plant cell wall esters to link changes in cell wall structure and function with biosphere-atmosphere fluxes of methanol, acetic acid, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Dewhirst
- Climate and Ecosystems Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Kolby J Jardine
- Climate and Ecosystems Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Wang Z, Pawar PMA, Derba-Maceluch M, Hedenström M, Chong SL, Tenkanen M, Jönsson LJ, Mellerowicz EJ. Hybrid Aspen Expressing a Carbohydrate Esterase Family 5 Acetyl Xylan Esterase Under Control of a Wood-Specific Promoter Shows Improved Saccharification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:380. [PMID: 32322259 PMCID: PMC7156598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fast-growing broad-leaf tree species can serve as feedstocks for production of bio-based chemicals and fuels through biochemical conversion of wood to monosaccharides. This conversion is hampered by the xylan acetylation pattern. To reduce xylan acetylation in the wood, the Hypocrea jecorina acetyl xylan esterase (HjAXE) from carbohydrate esterase (CE) family 5 was expressed in hybrid aspen under the control of the wood-specific PtGT43B promoter and targeted to the secretory pathway. The enzyme was predicted to deacetylate polymeric xylan in the vicinity of cellulose due to the presence of a cellulose-binding module. Cell-wall-bound protein fractions from developing wood of transgenic plants were capable of releasing acetyl from finely ground wood powder, indicative of active AXE present in cell walls of these plants, whereas no such activity was detected in wild-type plants. The transgenic lines grew in height and diameter as well as wild-type trees, whereas their internodes were slightly shorter, indicating higher leaf production. The average acetyl content in the wood of these lines was reduced by 13%, mainly due to reductions in di-acetylated xylose units, and in C-2 and C-3 mono-acetylated xylose units. Analysis of soluble cell wall polysaccharides revealed a 4% reduction in the fraction of xylose units and an 18% increase in the fraction of glucose units, whereas the contents of cellulose and lignin were not affected. Enzymatic saccharification of wood from transgenic plants resulted in 27% higher glucose yield than for wild-type plants. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and Simons' staining pointed toward larger surface area and improved cellulose accessibility for wood from transgenic plants compared to wood from wild-type plants, which could be achieved by HjAXE deacetylating xylan bound to cellulose. The results show that CE5 family can serve as a source of enzymes for in planta reduction of recalcitrance to saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, KBC Chemical-Biological Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mattias Hedenström
- Department of Chemistry, KBC Chemical-Biological Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun-Li Chong
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Tenkanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leif J. Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, KBC Chemical-Biological Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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42
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Pei MS, Cao SH, Wu L, Wang GM, Xie ZH, Gu C, Zhang SL. Comparative transcriptome analyses of fruit development among pears, peaches, and strawberries provide new insights into single sigmoid patterns. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:108. [PMID: 32143560 PMCID: PMC7060524 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pear fruit exhibit a single sigmoid pattern during development, while peach and strawberry fruits exhibit a double sigmoid pattern. However, little is known about the differences between these two patterns. RESULTS In this study, fruit weights were measured and paraffin sections were made from fruitlet to maturated pear, peach, and strawberry samples. Results revealed that both single and double sigmoid patterns resulted from cell expansion, but not cell division. Comparative transcriptome analyses were conducted among pear, peach, and strawberry fruits at five fruit enlargement stages. Comparing the genes involved in these intervals among peaches and strawberries, 836 genes were found to be associated with all three fruit enlargement stages in pears (Model I). Of these genes, 25 were located within the quantitative trait locus (QTL) regions related to fruit weight and 90 were involved in cell development. Moreover, 649 genes were associated with the middle enlargement stage, but not early or late enlargement in pears (Model II). Additionally, 22 genes were located within the QTL regions related to fruit weight and 63 were involved in cell development. Lastly, dual-luciferase assays revealed that the screened bHLH transcription factors induced the expression of cell expansion-related genes, suggesting that the two models explain the single sigmoid pattern. CONCLUSIONS Single sigmoid patterns are coordinately mediated by Models I and II, thus, a potential gene regulation network for the single sigmoid pattern was proposed. These results enhance our understanding of the molecular regulation of fruit size in Rosaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Song Pei
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Su-Hao Cao
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Lei Wu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Guo-Ming Wang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhi-Hua Xie
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Chao Gu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shao-Ling Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Tai HH, Lagüe M, Thomson S, Aurousseau F, Neilson J, Murphy A, Bizimungu B, Davidson C, Deveaux V, Bègue Y, Wang HY, Xiong X, Jacobs JME. Tuber transcriptome profiling of eight potato cultivars with different cold-induced sweetening responses to cold storage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 146:163-176. [PMID: 31756603 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tubers are vegetative reproduction organs formed from underground extensions of the plant stem. Potato tubers are harvested and stored for months. Storage under cold temperatures of 2-4 °C is advantageous for supressing sprouting and diseases. However, development of reducing sugars can occur with cold storage through a process called cold-induced sweetening (CIS). CIS is undesirable as it leads to darkened color with fry processing. The purpose of the current study was to find differences in biological responses in eight cultivars with variation in CIS resistance. Transcriptome sequencing was done on tubers before and after cold storage and three approaches were taken for gene expression analysis: 1. Gene expression correlated with end-point glucose after cold storage, 2. Gene expression correlated with increased glucose after cold storage (after-before), and 3. Differential gene expression before and after cold storage. Cultivars with high CIS resistance (low glucose after cold) were found to increase expression of an invertase inhibitor gene and genes involved in DNA replication and repair after cold storage. The cultivars with low CIS resistance (high glucose after cold) showed increased expression of genes involved in abiotic stress response, gene expression, protein turnover and the mitochondria. There was a small number of genes with similar expression patterns for all cultivars including genes involved in cell wall strengthening and phospholipases. It is proposed that the pattern of gene expression is related to chilling-induced DNA damage repair and cold acclimation and that genetic variation in these processes are related to CIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Tai
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Fredericton Research and Development Centre, P. O. Box 20280, 850 Lincoln Rd, Fredericton, N. B, E3B 4Z7, Canada.
| | - Martin Lagüe
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Fredericton Research and Development Centre, P. O. Box 20280, 850 Lincoln Rd, Fredericton, N. B, E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Susan Thomson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Frédérique Aurousseau
- Sipre-Responsable Scientifique Création Variétale, Station de Recherche du Comité Nord, 76110, Bretteville du Grand Caux, France
| | - Jonathan Neilson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Fredericton Research and Development Centre, P. O. Box 20280, 850 Lincoln Rd, Fredericton, N. B, E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Agnes Murphy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Fredericton Research and Development Centre, P. O. Box 20280, 850 Lincoln Rd, Fredericton, N. B, E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Benoit Bizimungu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Fredericton Research and Development Centre, P. O. Box 20280, 850 Lincoln Rd, Fredericton, N. B, E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Charlotte Davidson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Fredericton Research and Development Centre, P. O. Box 20280, 850 Lincoln Rd, Fredericton, N. B, E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Virginie Deveaux
- Sipre-Responsable Scientifique Création Variétale, Station de Recherche du Comité Nord, 76110, Bretteville du Grand Caux, France
| | - Yves Bègue
- Sipre-Responsable Scientifique Création Variétale, Station de Recherche du Comité Nord, 76110, Bretteville du Grand Caux, France
| | - Hui Ying Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agriculture Univ, Hunan, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xingyao Xiong
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agriculture Univ, Hunan, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jeanne M E Jacobs
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Su HG, Zhang XH, Wang TT, Wei WL, Wang YX, Chen J, Zhou YB, Chen M, Ma YZ, Xu ZS, Min DH. Genome-Wide Identification, Evolution, and Expression of GDSL-Type Esterase/Lipase Gene Family in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:726. [PMID: 32670311 PMCID: PMC7332888 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
GDSL-type esterase/lipase proteins (GELPs) belong to the SGNH hydrolase superfamily and contain a conserved GDSL motif at their N-terminus. GELPs are widely distributed in nature, from microbes to plants, and play crucial roles in growth and development, stress responses and pathogen defense. However, the identification and functional analysis of GELP genes are hardly explored in soybean. This study describes the identification of 194 GELP genes in the soybean genome and their phylogenetic classification into 11 subfamilies (A-K). GmGELP genes are disproportionally distributed on 20 soybean chromosomes. Large-scale WGD/segmental duplication events contribute greatly to the expansion of the soybean GDSL gene family. The Ka/Ks ratios of more than 70% of duplicated gene pairs ranged from 0.1-0.3, indicating that most GmGELP genes were under purifying selection pressure. Gene structure analysis indicate that more than 74% of GmGELP genes are interrupted by 4 introns and composed of 5 exons in their coding regions, and closer homologous genes in the phylogenetic tree often have similar exon-intron organization. Further statistics revealed that approximately 56% of subfamily K members contain more than 4 introns, and about 28% of subfamily I members consist of less than 4 introns. For this reason, the two subfamilies were used to simulate intron gain and loss events, respectively. Furthermore, a new model of intron position distribution was established in current study to explore whether the evolution of multi-gene families resulted from the diversity of gene structure. Finally, RNA-seq data were used to investigate the expression profiles of GmGELP gene under different tissues and multiple abiotic stress treatments. Subsequently, 7 stress-responsive GmGELP genes were selected to verify their expression levels by RT-qPCR, the results were consistent with RNA-seq data. Among 7 GmGELP genes, GmGELP28 was selected for further study owing to clear responses to drought, salt and ABA treatments. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and soybean plants showed drought and salt tolerant phenotype. Overexpression of GmGELP28 resulted in the changes of several physiological indicators, which allowed plants to adapt adverse conditions. In all, GmGELP28 is a potential candidate gene for improving the salinity and drought tolerance of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gang Su
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wen-Liang Wei
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Research Center of Wheat Engineering Technology of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Bin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Zhao-Shi Xu,
| | - Dong-Hong Min
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Dong-Hong Min,
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Zhang L, Zhang B, Zhou Y. Cell Wall Compositional Analysis of Rice Culms. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3398. [PMID: 33654899 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complicated network that is mainly constituted of polysaccharides, such as cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Many noncellulosic polysaccharides are further acetylated, which confers these polymers flexible physicochemical properties. Due to the significance of cell wall in plant growth and development, the analytic platform has been the focus for a long time. Here, we use internodes/culms, an important organ to provide mechanical support for rice plants, as an experimental sample to explore the method for cell wall composition analysis. The method includes preparation of cell wall residues, sequential extraction of polysaccharides, and measurement of cellulose. The procedure for acetate examination is also described. This method is applicable to determine the composition of individual cell wall polymers and the modifier acetates, and is suitable to identify cell wall relevant mutants based on the advantages in high throughput, precision and repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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46
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Pontiggia D, Spinelli F, Fabbri C, Licursi V, Negri R, De Lorenzo G, Mattei B. Changes in the microsomal proteome of tomato fruit during ripening. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14350. [PMID: 31586085 PMCID: PMC6778153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The variations in the membrane proteome of tomato fruit pericarp during ripening have been investigated by mass spectrometry-based label-free proteomics. Mature green (MG30) and red ripe (R45) stages were chosen because they are pivotal in the ripening process: MG30 corresponds to the end of cellular expansion, when fruit growth has stopped and fruit starts ripening, whereas R45 corresponds to the mature fruit. Protein patterns were markedly different: among the 1315 proteins identified with at least two unique peptides, 145 significantly varied in abundance in the process of fruit ripening. The subcellular and biochemical fractionation resulted in GO term enrichment for organelle proteins in our dataset, and allowed the detection of low-abundance proteins that were not detected in previous proteomic studies on tomato fruits. Functional annotation showed that the largest proportion of identified proteins were involved in cell wall metabolism, vesicle-mediated transport, hormone biosynthesis, secondary metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis and degradation, carbohydrate metabolic processes, signalling and response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fabbri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Negri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Foundation Cenci Bolognetti-Institut Pasteur, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Foundation Cenci Bolognetti-Institut Pasteur, Rome, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Wang ZG, Guo LL, Ji XR, Yu YH, Zhang GH, Guo DL. Transcriptional Analysis of the Early Ripening of 'Kyoho' Grape in Response to the Treatment of Riboflavin. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070514. [PMID: 31284601 PMCID: PMC6678464 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous study has demonstrated that the riboflavin treatment promoted the early ripening of the ‘Kyoho’ grape berry. However, the molecular mechanism causing this was unclear. In order to reveal the regulation mechanism of riboflavin treatment on grape berry development and ripening, the different berry developmental stages of the ‘Kyoho’ berry treated with 0.5 mmol/L of riboflavin was sampled for transcriptome profiling. RNA-seq revealed that 1526 and 430 genes were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, for the comparisons of the treatment to the control. TCseq analysis showed that the expression patterns of most of the genes were similar between the treatment and the control, except for some genes that were related to the chlorophyll metabolism, photosynthesis–antenna proteins, and photosynthesis, which were revealed by the enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The differentially expressed genes and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) analysis identified some significantly differentially expressed genes and some hub genes, including up-regulation of the photosynthesis-related ELIP1 and growth and development-related GDSL; and down-regulation of the oxidative stress-related ATHSP22 and berry softening-related XTH32 and GH9B15. The results suggested that the riboflavin treatment resulted in the variations of the expression levels of these genes, and then led to the early ripening of the ‘Kyoho’ berry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Guang Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Li-Li Guo
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Ji
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi-He Yu
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Guo-Hai Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China.
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China.
| | - Da-Long Guo
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China.
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China.
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Li H, Han X, Qiu W, Xu D, Wang Y, Yu M, Hu X, Zhuo R. Identification and expression analysis of the GDSL esterase/lipase family genes, and the characterization of SaGLIP8 in Sedum alfredii Hance under cadmium stress. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6741. [PMID: 31024765 PMCID: PMC6474334 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The herb Sedum alfredii (S. alfredii) Hance is a hyperaccumulator of heavy metals (cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb)); therefore, it could be a candidate plant for efficient phytoremediation. The GDSL esterase/lipase protein (GELP) family plays important roles in plant defense and growth. Although the GELP family members in a variety of plants have been cloned and analyzed, there are limited studies on the family's responses to heavy metal-stress conditions. Methods Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses were performed according to the criteria described. A WGCNA was used to construct co-expression regulatory networks. The roots of S. alfredii seedlings were treated with 100 µM CdCl2 for qRT-PCR to analyze expression levels in different tissues. SaGLIP8 was transformed into the Cd sensitive mutant strain yeast Δycf1 to investigate its role in resistance and accumulation to Cd. Results We analyzed GELP family members from genomic data of S. alfredii. A phylogenetic tree divided the 80 identified family members into three clades. The promoters of the 80 genes contained certain elements related to abiotic stress, such as TC-rich repeats (defense and stress responsiveness), heat shock elements (heat stress) and MYB-binding sites (drought-inducibility). In addition, 66 members had tissue-specific expression patterns and significant responses to Cd stress. In total, 13 hub genes were obtained, based on an existing S. alfredii transcriptome database, that control 459 edge genes, which were classified into five classes of functions in a co-expression subnetwork: cell wall and defense function, lipid and esterase, stress and tolerance, transport and transcription factor activity. Among the hub genes, Sa13F.102 (SaGLIP8), with a high expression level in all tissues, could increase Cd tolerance and accumulation in yeast when overexpressed. Conclusion Based on genomic data of S. alfredii, we conducted phylogenetic analyses, as well as conserved domain, motif and expression profiling of the GELP family under Cd-stress conditions. SaGLIP8 could increase Cd tolerance and accumulation in yeast. These results indicated the roles of GELPs in plant responses to heavy metal exposure and provides a theoretical basis for further studies of the SaGELP family's functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenmin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianqi Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Renying Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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49
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An X, Dong Z, Tian Y, Xie K, Wu S, Zhu T, Zhang D, Zhou Y, Niu C, Ma B, Hou Q, Bao J, Zhang S, Li Z, Wang Y, Yan T, Sun X, Zhang Y, Li J, Wan X. ZmMs30 Encoding a Novel GDSL Lipase Is Essential for Male Fertility and Valuable for Hybrid Breeding in Maize. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:343-359. [PMID: 30684599 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Genic male sterility (GMS) is very useful for hybrid vigor utilization and hybrid seed production. Although a large number of GMS genes have been identified in plants, little is known about the roles of GDSL lipase members in anther and pollen development. Here, we report a maize GMS gene, ZmMs30, which encodes a novel type of GDSL lipase with diverged catalytic residues. Enzyme kinetics and activity assays show that ZmMs30 has lipase activity and prefers to substrates with a short carbon chain. ZmMs30 is specifically expressed in maize anthers during stages 7-9. Loss of ZmMs30 function resulted in defective anther cuticle, irregular foot layer of pollen exine, and complete male sterility. Cytological and lipidomics analyses demonstrate that ZmMs30 is crucial for the aliphatic metabolic pathway required for pollen exine formation and anther cuticle development. Furthermore, we found that male sterility caused by loss of ZmMs30 function was stable in various inbred lines with different genetic background, and that it didn't show any negative effect on maize heterosis and production, suggesting that ZmMs30 is valuable for cross-breeding and hybrid seed production. We then developed a new multi-control sterility system using ZmMs30 and its mutant line, and demonstrated it is feasible for generating desirable GMS lines and valuable for hybrid maize seed production. Taken together, our study sheds new light on the mechanisms of anther and pollen development, and provides a valuable male-sterility system for hybrid breeding maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli An
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Zhenying Dong
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Youhui Tian
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Ke Xie
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Suowei Wu
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Taotao Zhu
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Canfang Niu
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Biao Ma
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Quancan Hou
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Jianxi Bao
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Simiao Zhang
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Ziwen Li
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Tingwei Yan
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Xiaojing Sun
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Yuwen Zhang
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Jinping Li
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China.
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Secondary cell wall biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1703-1723. [PMID: 30312479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1703 I. Introduction 1703 II. Cellulose biosynthesis 1705 III. Xylan biosynthesis 1709 IV. Glucomannan biosynthesis 1713 V. Lignin biosynthesis 1714 VI. Concluding remarks 1717 Acknowledgements 1717 References 1717 SUMMARY: Secondary walls are synthesized in specialized cells, such as tracheary elements and fibers, and their remarkable strength and rigidity provide strong mechanical support to the cells and the plant body. The main components of secondary walls are cellulose, xylan, glucomannan and lignin. Biochemical, molecular and genetic studies have led to the discovery of most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary wall components. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase complexes in the plasma membrane and the recent success of in vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils by a single recombinant cellulose synthase isoform reconstituted into proteoliposomes opens new doors to further investigate the structure and functions of cellulose synthase complexes. Most genes involved in the glycosyl backbone synthesis, glycosyl substitutions and acetylation of xylan and glucomannan have been genetically characterized and the biochemical properties of some of their encoded enzymes have been investigated. The genes and their encoded enzymes participating in monolignol biosynthesis and modification have been extensively studied both genetically and biochemically. A full understanding of how secondary wall components are synthesized will ultimately enable us to produce plants with custom-designed secondary wall composition tailored to diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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