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Hao Y, Niu Y, Shi F, Zhang L, Peng C, Yan Z, Chen X, Xu H. A single 24 h maternal separation at PND 9 promotes behavioral resilience of female C57BL/6J mice and the possible role of hippocampal Homer1a. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27037. [PMID: 38455582 PMCID: PMC10918190 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) has been thought to increase vulnerability to developing psychiatric disorders later in life, while some researchers have found that adversity early in life may promote stress resilience. Studies investigating the resilient effect of maternal separation (MS) are still relatively few, and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In the current study, the effect of a single 24 h MS paradigm at postnatal day 9 (PND 9) in female C57BL/6J mice was investigated by assessing behavioral performance in middle adolescence. We demonstrated that, mice in MS group displayed decreased anxiety-like behavior and increased exploratory behavior than controls in the open field test and elevated plus maze test. Furthermore, MS mice exhibited improved hippocampal-dependent spatial learning in the Morris water maze test. This performance indicated behavioral resilience to early life stress. The protein expression levels of Homer1 isoforms, which are implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, were evaluated using Western blot analysis. A significant increase in hippocampal Homer1a protein expression was observed immediately after MS, which subsequently decreased until adolescence (PND 27-42), when a significant increase was observed again. This distinctive change of hippocampal Homer1a protein expression pattern indicated that hippocampal Homer1a might play a role in behavioral resilience to MS in female C57BL/6J mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that exposure to a single 24 h MS at PND 9 promoted behavioral resilience of female C57BL/6J mice in middle adolescence. This behavioral resilience might be related to increased expression of hippocampal Homer1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelu Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 940 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yujie Niu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fei Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 984 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongyu Xu
- College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab of Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Dorothy and George Hennings College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Kean University, 1000 Morris Ave, Union, NJ, 07083, USA
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Vecera CM, C. Courtes A, Jones G, Soares JC, Machado-Vieira R. Pharmacotherapies Targeting GABA-Glutamate Neurotransmission for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1572. [PMID: 38004437 PMCID: PMC10675154 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a term used to describe a particular type of major depressive disorder (MDD). There is no consensus about what defines TRD, with various studies describing between 1 and 4 failures of antidepressant therapies, with or without electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). That is why TRD is such a growing concern among clinicians and researchers, and it explains the necessity for investigating novel therapeutic targets beyond conventional monoamine pathways. An imbalance between two primary central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters, L-glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has emerged as having a key role in the pathophysiology of TRD. In this review, we provide an evaluation and comprehensive review of investigational antidepressants targeting these two systems, accessing their levels of available evidence, mechanisms of action, and safety profiles. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism has shown the most promise amongst the glutamatergic targets, with ketamine and esketamine (Spravato) robustly generating responses across trials. Two specific NMDA-glycine site modulators, D-cycloserine (DCS) and apimostinel, have also generated promising initial safety and efficacy profiles, warranting further investigation. Combination dextromethorphan-bupropion (AXS-05/Auvelity) displays a unique mechanism of action and demonstrated positive results in particular applicability in subpopulations with cognitive dysfunction. Currently, the most promising GABA modulators appear to be synthetic neurosteroid analogs with positive GABAA receptor modulation (such as brexanolone). Overall, advances in the last decade provide exciting perspectives for those who do not improve with conventional therapies. Of the compounds reviewed here, three are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): esketamine (Spravato) for TRD, Auvelity (dextromethorphan-bupropion) for major depressive disorder (MDD), and brexanolone (Zulresso) for post-partum depression (PPD). Notably, some concerns have arisen with esketamine and brexanolone, which will be detailed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M. Vecera
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Alan C. Courtes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Gregory Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Jair C. Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- John S. Dunn Behavioral Sciences Center at UTHealth Houston, 5615 H.Mark Crosswell Jr St, Houston, TX 77021, USA
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García-Gutiérrez MS, Navarro D, Torregrosa AB, Viudez-Martínez A, Giner S, Manzanares J. Alterations of BDNF, mGluR5, Homer1a, p11 and excitatory/inhibitory balance in corticolimbic brain regions of suicide decedents. J Affect Disord 2023; 339:366-376. [PMID: 37437733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing biological based approaches for preventing suicide has become a priority. In recent years, there has been a surge in studies investigating the role of the glutamatergic system in suicide, although it remains unclear. METHODS We evaluated changes in the gene expression of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) and its scaffolding proteins Homer1a and p11 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), amygdala (AMY), and hippocampus (HIP) of 28 suicide decedents (S) (with no clinical psychiatric history or treatment with anxiolytics or antidepressants) and 26 controls (C) by real-time PCR (qPCR). Indeed, we measured BDNF gene expression and VGluT1 and VGAT immunoreactivities in the HIP by qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Cases and controls matched for age (C: 48.6 ± 11.6 years; S: 46.9 ± 14.5 years) and postmortem interval (PMI; C: 20.1 ± 13h; S: 16.9 ± 5h). RESULTS In DLPFC, S had lower p11 gene expression levels, but no differences were found in mGluR5 or Homer1a. In the AMY and HIP, mGluR5 and Homer1a were increased, p11 and BDNF were reduced. In the HIP, there were less VGAT-ir and more VGluT1-ir. LIMITATIONS Future studies are necessary to evaluate protein levels, and determine the cell types and potential compensatory mechanisms in a larger sample including S diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, females and different ethnicities. CONCLUSIONS This study identified significant alterations in mGluR5, Homer1a, p11, BDNF and excitatory/inhibitory balance in corticolimbic brain areas of S. These results further characterize the biological basis of suicide, contributing to the identification of potential biomarkers for suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante 03550, Alicante, Spain; Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Daniela Navarro
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante 03550, Alicante, Spain; Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Abraham B Torregrosa
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante 03550, Alicante, Spain; Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Salvador Giner
- Instituto de Medicina Legal, Avenida Aguilera 53, 03007, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante 03550, Alicante, Spain; Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain.
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Saadh MJ, Castillo-Acobo RY, Baher H, Narayanan J, Palacios Garay JP, Yamaguchi MNV, Arias-Gonzáles JL, Cotrina-Aliaga JC, Akram SV, Lakshmaiya N, Amin AH, Mohany M, Al-Rejaie SS, Ahsan M, Bahrami A, Akhavan-Sigari R. The protective role of sulforaphane and Homer1a in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury: Unraveling the neuroprotective interplay. Life Sci 2023; 329:121968. [PMID: 37487941 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common pathological basis for various ophthalmic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the potential of sulforaphane (SFN) and Homer1a in regulating cell apoptosis induced by retinal I/R injury and to explore the underlying regulatory mechanism between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS In in vivo experiments, C57BL/6J mice and Homer1flox/-/Homer1a+/-/Nestin-Cre+/- mice were used to construct retinal I/R injury models. In vitro experiments utilized the oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD/R) injury model with primary retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The effects of Homer1a and SFN on cell apoptosis were observed through pathological analyses, flow cytometry, and visual electrophysiological assessments. KEY FINDINGS We discovered that after OGD/R injury, apoptosis of RGCs and intracellular Ca2+ activity significantly increased. However, these changes were reversed upon the addition of SFN, and similar observations were reproduced in in vivo studies. Furthermore, both in vivo and in vitro studies confirmed the upregulation of Homer1a after I/R, which could be further enhanced by the administration of SFN. Moreover, upregulation of Homer1a resulted in a reduction in cell apoptosis and pro-apoptotic proteins, while downregulation of Homer1a had the opposite effect. Flash visual evoked potential, oscillatory potentials, and escape latency measurements in mice supported these findings. Furthermore, the addition of SFN strengthened the neuroprotective effects in the OGD/R + H+ group but weakened them in Homer1flox/-/Homer1a+/-/Nestin-Cre+/- mice. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that Homer1a plays a significant role in the therapeutic potential of sulforaphane for retinal I/R injury, thereby providing a theoretical basis for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11152, Jordan
| | | | - Hala Baher
- Department of Radiology and Ultrasonography Techniques, College of Medical Techniques, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | | | - José Luis Arias-Gonzáles
- Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Studies, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | | | - Shaik Vaseem Akram
- Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Division of research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Natrayan Lakshmaiya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ali H Amin
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mohany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim S Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ahsan
- Department of Measurements and Control Systems, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland; Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland.
| | - Abolfazl Bahrami
- Department of Cell Biology, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany; Biomedical Center for Systems Biology Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Reza Akhavan-Sigari
- Department of Health Care Management and Clinical Research, Collegium Humanum Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Tuebingen, Germany
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Guo R, Vaughan DT, Rojo ALA, Huang YH. Sleep-mediated regulation of reward circuits: implications in substance use disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:61-78. [PMID: 35710601 PMCID: PMC9700806 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our modern society suffers from both pervasive sleep loss and substance abuse-what may be the indications for sleep on substance use disorders (SUDs), and could sleep contribute to the individual variations in SUDs? Decades of research in sleep as well as in motivated behaviors have laid the foundation for us to begin to answer these questions. This review is intended to critically summarize the circuit, cellular, and molecular mechanisms by which sleep influences reward function, and to reveal critical challenges for future studies. The review also suggests that improving sleep quality may serve as complementary therapeutics for treating SUDs, and that formulating sleep metrics may be useful for predicting individual susceptibility to SUDs and other reward-associated psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Dylan Thomas Vaughan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana Lourdes Almeida Rojo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yanhua H Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- The Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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G Modrak C, S Wilkinson C, L Blount H, Schwendt M, A Knackstedt L. The role of mGlu receptors in susceptibility to stress-induced anhedonia, fear, and anxiety-like behavior. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 168:221-264. [PMID: 36868630 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stress and trauma exposure contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) in a subset of people. A large body of preclinical work has found that the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) family of G protein-coupled receptors regulate several behaviors that are part of the symptom clusters for both PTSD and MDD, including anhedonia, anxiety, and fear. Here, we review this literature, beginning with a summary of the wide variety of preclinical models used to assess these behaviors. We then summarize the involvement of Group I and II mGlu receptors in these behaviors. Bringing together this extensive literature reveals that mGlu5 signaling plays distinct roles in anhedonia, fear, and anxiety-like behavior. mGlu5 promotes susceptibility to stress-induced anhedonia and resilience to stress-induced anxiety-like behavior, while serving a fundamental role in the learning underlying fear conditioning. The medial prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and ventral hippocampus are key regions where mGlu5, mGlu2, and mGlu3 regulate these behaviors. There is strong support that stress-induced anhedonia arises from decreased glutamate release and post-synaptic mGlu5 signaling. Conversely, decreasing mGlu5 signaling increases resilience to stress-induced anxiety-like behavior. Consistent with opposing roles for mGlu5 and mGlu2/3 in anhedonia, evidence suggests that increased glutamate transmission may be therapeutic for the extinction of fear learning. Thus, a large body of literature supports the targeting of pre- and post-synaptic glutamate signaling to ameliorate post-stress anhedonia, fear, and anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra G Modrak
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for OCD, Anxiety, and Related Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Courtney S Wilkinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for OCD, Anxiety, and Related Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Harrison L Blount
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for OCD, Anxiety, and Related Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Marek Schwendt
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for OCD, Anxiety, and Related Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lori A Knackstedt
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for OCD, Anxiety, and Related Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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Larosa A, Wong TP. The hippocampus in stress susceptibility and resilience: Reviewing molecular and functional markers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110601. [PMID: 35842073 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the individual variability that comes with the likelihood of developing stress-related psychopathologies is of paramount importance when addressing mechanisms of their neurobiology. This article focuses on the hippocampus as a region that is highly influenced by chronic stress exposure and that has strong ties to the development of related disorders, such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. We first outline three commonly used animal models that have been used to separate animals into susceptible and resilient cohorts. Next, we review molecular and functional hippocampal markers of susceptibility and resilience. We propose that the hippocampus plays a crucial role in the differences in the processing and storage of stress-related information in animals with different stress susceptibilities. These hippocampal markers not only help us attain a more comprehensive understanding of the various facets of stress-related pathophysiology, but also could be targeted for the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Larosa
- Neuroscience Division, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tak Pan Wong
- Neuroscience Division, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Dept. of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Stress resilience-associated behaviors following predator scent stress are accompanied by upregulated nucleus accumbens mGlu5 transcription in female Sprague Dawley rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 436:114090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kim J, Kang S, Choi TY, Chang KA, Koo JW. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 in Amygdala Target Neurons Regulates Susceptibility to Chronic Social Stress. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:104-115. [PMID: 35314057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) has been implicated in stress-related psychiatric disorders, particularly major depressive disorder. Although growing evidence supports the proresilient role of mGluR5 in corticolimbic circuitry in the depressive-like behaviors following chronic stress exposure, the underlying neural mechanisms, including circuits and molecules, remain unknown. METHODS We measured the c-Fos expression and probability of neurotransmitter release in and from basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and to the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) after chronic social defeat stress. The role of BLA projections in depressive-like behaviors was assessed using optogenetic manipulations, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of mGluR5 and downstream signaling were investigated by Western blotting, viral-mediated gene transfer, and pharmacological manipulations. RESULTS Chronic social defeat stress disrupted neural activity and glutamatergic transmission in both BLA projections. Optogenetic activation of BLA projections reversed the detrimental effects of chronic social defeat stress on depressive-like behaviors and mGluR5 expression in the mPFC and vHPC. Conversely, inhibition of BLA projections of mice undergoing subthreshold social defeat stress induced a susceptible phenotype and mGluR5 reduction. These two BLA circuits appeared to act in an independent way. We demonstrate that mGluR5 overexpression in the mPFC or vHPC was proresilient while the mGluR5 knockdown was prosusceptible and that the proresilient effects of mGluR5 are mediated through distinctive downstream signaling pathways in the mPFC and vHPC. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify mGluR5 in the mPFC and vHPC that receive BLA inputs as a critical mediator of stress resilience, highlighting circuit-specific signaling for depressive-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongseop Kim
- Emotion, Cognition and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinwoo Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tae-Yong Choi
- Emotion, Cognition and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ja Wook Koo
- Emotion, Cognition and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Phenotypes, mechanisms and therapeutics: insights from bipolar disorder GWAS findings. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2927-2939. [PMID: 35351989 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported substantial genomic loci significantly associated with clinical risk of bipolar disorder (BD), and studies combining techniques of genetics, neuroscience, neuroimaging, and pharmacology are believed to help tackle clinical problems (e.g., identifying novel therapeutic targets). However, translating findings of psychiatric genetics into biological mechanisms underlying BD pathogenesis remains less successful. Biological impacts of majority of BD GWAS risk loci are obscure, and the involvement of many GWAS risk genes in this illness is yet to be investigated. It is thus necessary to review the progress of applying BD GWAS risk genes in the research and intervention of the disorder. A comprehensive literature search found that a number of such risk genes had been investigated in cellular or animal models, even before they were highlighted in BD GWAS. Intriguingly, manipulation of many BD risk genes (e.g., ANK3, CACNA1C, CACNA1B, HOMER1, KCNB1, MCHR1, NCAN, SHANK2 etc.) resulted in altered murine behaviors largely restoring BD clinical manifestations, including mania-like symptoms such as hyperactivity, anxiolytic-like behavior, as well as antidepressant-like behavior, and these abnormalities could be attenuated by mood stabilizers. In addition to recapitulating phenotypic characteristics of BD, some GWAS risk genes further provided clues for the neurobiology of this illness, such as aberrant activation and functional connectivity of brain areas in the limbic system, and modulated dendritic spine morphogenesis as well as synaptic plasticity and transmission. Therefore, BD GWAS risk genes are undoubtedly pivotal resources for modeling this illness, and might be translational therapeutic targets in the future clinical management of BD. We discuss both promising prospects and cautions in utilizing the bulk of useful resources generated by GWAS studies. Systematic integrations of findings from genetic and neuroscience studies are called for to promote our understanding and intervention of BD.
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11
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Liu C, Yang TQ, Zhou YD, Shen Y. Reduced astrocytic mGluR5 in the hippocampus is associated with stress-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice. Neurosci Lett 2022; 784:136766. [PMID: 35779694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common and disabling mental disorders that characterized by profound disturbances in emotional regulation, motivation, cognition, and the physiology of affected individuals. Although MDD was initially thought to be primarily triggered through neuronal dysfunction, the pathological alterations in astrocytic function have been previously reported in MDD. We report that chronic restraint stress (CRS) induces astrocyte activation and decreases expression of astrocytic mGluR5 in the hippocampal CA1 of susceptible mice exhibited depressive-like behaviors. Reducing expression of astrocytic mGluR5 in dorsal CA1 simulates CRS-induced depressive-like behaviors and impairs excitatory synaptic function in mice, while overexpression of astrocytic mGluR5 in dorsal CA1 rescues CRS-induced depressive-like traits and excitatory synaptic dysfunction. Thus, we provide direct evidence for an important role of astrocytic mGluR5 in producing the behavioral phenotypes of MDD, supporting astrocytic mGluR5 may serve as an effective therapeutic target for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tian-Qi Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu-Dong Zhou
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Neurobiology and Department of Ophthalmology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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12
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Liu CY, Chen JB, Liu YY, Zhou XM, Zhang M, Jiang YM, Ma QY, Xue Z, Zhao ZY, Li XJ, Chen JX. Saikosaponin D exerts antidepressant effect by regulating Homer1-mGluR5 and mTOR signaling in a rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress. Chin Med 2022; 17:60. [PMID: 35610650 PMCID: PMC9128259 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies about depression have focused on the dysfunctional synaptic signaling in the hippocampus that drives the pathophysiology of depression. Radix Bupleuri has been used in China for over 2000 years to regulate liver-qi. Extracted from Radix Bupleuri, Saikosaponin D (SSD) is a pharmacologically active substance that has antidepressant effects. However, its underlying mechanism remains unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS A chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) paradigm was used as a rat model of depression. SD rats were randomly assigned to a normal control (NC) group or one exposed to a CUMS paradigm. Of the latter group, rats were assigned to four subgroups: no treatment (CUMS), fluoxetine-treated (FLU), high-dose and low-dose SSD-treated (SSDH and SSDL). SSD was orally administrated of 1.50 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg/days for three weeks in the SSDH and SSDL groups, respectively. Fluoxetine was administrated at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg/days. SSD's antidepressant effects were assessed using the open field test, forced swim test, and sucrose preference test. Glutamate levels were quantified by ELISA. Western blot and immunochemical analyses were conducted to quantify proteins in the Homer protein homolog 1 (Homer1)-metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways in the hippocampal CA1 region. To measure related gene expression, RT-qPCR was employed. RESULTS CUMS-exposed rats treated with SSD exhibited increases in food intake, body weight, and improvements in the time spent in the central are and total distance traveled in the OFT, and less pronounced pleasure-deprivation behaviors. SSD also decreased glutamate levels in CA1. In CA1 region of CUMS-exposed rats, SSD treatment increased mGluR5 expression while decreasing Homer1 expression. SSD also increased expressions of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and synapsin I (SYP), and the ratios of p-mTOR/mTOR, p-p70S6k/p70S6k, and p-4E-BP1/4E-BP1 in the CA1 region in CUMS-exposed rats. CONCLUSIONS SSD treatment reduces glutamate levels in the CA1 region and promotes the expression of the synaptic proteins PSD-95 and SYP via the regulation of the Homer1-mGluR5 and downstream mTOR signaling pathways. These findings suggest that SSD could act as a natural neuroprotective agent in the prevention of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yue Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jian-Bei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yue-Yun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xue-Ming Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Haerbin, 150040, China
| | - Man Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - You-Ming Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qing-Yu Ma
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhe Xue
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zong-Yao Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Li
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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13
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de Bartolomeis A, Barone A, Buonaguro EF, Tomasetti C, Vellucci L, Iasevoli F. The Homer1 family of proteins at the crossroad of dopamine-glutamate signaling: An emerging molecular "Lego" in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. A systematic review and translational insight. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 136:104596. [PMID: 35248676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Once considered only scaffolding proteins at glutamatergic postsynaptic density (PSD), Homer1 proteins are increasingly emerging as multimodal adaptors that integrate different signal transduction pathways within PSD, involved in motor and cognitive functions, with putative implications in psychiatric disorders. Regulation of type I metabotropic glutamate receptor trafficking, modulation of calcium signaling, tuning of long-term potentiation, organization of dendritic spines' growth, as well as meta- and homeostatic plasticity control are only a few of the multiple endocellular and synaptic functions that have been linked to Homer1. Findings from preclinical studies, as well as genetic studies conducted in humans, suggest that both constitutive (Homer1b/c) and inducible (Homer1a) isoforms of Homer1 play a role in the neurobiology of several psychiatric disorders, including psychosis, mood disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, and addiction. On this background, Homer1 has been proposed as a putative novel target in psychopharmacological treatments. The aim of this review is to summarize and systematize the growing body of evidence on Homer proteins, highlighting the role of Homer1 in the pathophysiology and therapy of mental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Annarita Barone
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Filomena Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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14
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Papale LA, Madrid A, Zhang Q, Chen K, Sak L, Keleş S, Alisch RS. Gene by environment interaction mouse model reveals a functional role for 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in neurodevelopmental disorders. Genome Res 2022; 32:266-279. [PMID: 34949667 PMCID: PMC8805724 DOI: 10.1101/gr.276137.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mouse knockouts of Cntnap2 show altered neurodevelopmental behavior, deficits in striatal GABAergic signaling, and a genome-wide disruption of an environmentally sensitive DNA methylation modification (5-hydroxymethylcytosine [5hmC]) in the orthologs of a significant number of genes implicated in human neurodevelopmental disorders. We tested adult Cntnap2 heterozygous mice (Cntnap2 +/-; lacking behavioral or neuropathological abnormalities) subjected to a prenatal stress and found that prenatally stressed Cntnap2 +/- female mice show repetitive behaviors and altered sociability, similar to the homozygote phenotype. Genomic profiling revealed disruptions in hippocampal and striatal 5hmC levels that are correlated to altered transcript levels of genes linked to these phenotypes (e.g., Reln, Dst, Trio, and Epha5). Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing and hippocampal nuclear lysate pull-down data indicated that 5hmC abundance alters the binding of the transcription factor CLOCK near the promoters of these genes (e.g., Palld, Gigyf1, and Fry), providing a mechanistic role for 5hmC in gene regulation. Together, these data support gene-by-environment hypotheses for the origins of mental illness and provide a means to identify the elusive factors contributing to complex human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia A Papale
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - Andy Madrid
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - Kailei Chen
- Department of Statistics, Biostatistics, and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - Lara Sak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - Sündüz Keleş
- Department of Statistics, Biostatistics, and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
| | - Reid S Alisch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
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15
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Ito N, Sasaki K, Hirose E, Nagai T, Isoda H, Odaguchi H. Preventive effect of a Kampo medicine, kososan, on recurrent depression in a mouse model of repeated social defeat stress. Gene 2022; 806:145920. [PMID: 34455026 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Depression is deemed a mood disorder characterized by a high rate of relapse. Therefore, overcoming of the recurrent depression is globally expecting. Kososan, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, has been clinically used for mild depressive mood, and our previous studies have shown some evidence for its antidepressive-like efficacy in experimental animal models of depression. However, it remains unclear whether kososan has beneficial effects on recurrent depression. Here, we examined its effect using a mouse model of modified repeated social defeat stress (SDS) paradigm. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to a 5-min SDS from unfamiliar aggressive CD-1 mice for 5 days. Kososan extract (1.0 kg/kg/day) or an antidepressant milnacipran (60 mg/kg/day) was administered orally for 26 days (days 7-32) to depression-like mice with social avoidant behaviors on day 6. Single 5 min of SDS was subjected to mice recovered from the social avoidance on day 31, and then the recurrence of depression-like behaviors was evaluated on day 32. Hippocampal gene expression patterns were also assayed by DNA microarray analysis. Water- or milnacipran-administered mice resulted in a recurrence of depression-like behaviors by re-exposure of single SDS, whereas kososan-administered mice did not recur depression-like behaviors. Distinct gene expression patterns were also found for treating kososan and milnacipran. Collectively, this finding suggests that kososan exerts a preventive effect on recurrent depression-like behaviors in mice. Pretreatment of kososan is more useful for recurrent depression than that of milnacipran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ito
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Eiji Hirose
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagai
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan; Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology for Phytomedicines, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Odaguchi
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
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16
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Kim JH, Joo YH, Son YD, Kim HK, Kim JH. Differences in mGluR5 Availability Depending on the Level of Social Avoidance in Drug-Naïve Young Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2041-2053. [PMID: 36124236 PMCID: PMC9481450 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s379395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 (mGluR5) signaling is significantly involved in social avoidance. We investigated the relationship between levels of social avoidance and mGluR5 availability in drug-naïve young patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS Twenty non-smoking patients and eighteen matched non-smoking healthy controls underwent [11C]ABP688 positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging scans. The binding potential (BPND) of [11C]ABP688 was obtained using the simplified reference tissue model. Patients' level of social avoidance was assessed using the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS). For [11C]ABP688 BPND, the region-of-interest (ROI)-based between-group comparisons and correlations with SADS scores were investigated. The frontal cortices were chosen as a priori ROIs based on previous PET investigations in MDD, and on literature underscoring the importance of the frontal cortex in social avoidance. RESULTS Independent samples t-tests revealed no significant differences in [11C]ABP688 BPND in the frontal cortices between the MDD patient group as a whole and healthy controls. One-way analysis of variance with post-hoc tests revealed significantly lower BPND in the bilateral superior frontal cortex (SFC) and left middle frontal cortex (MFC) in MDD patients with low levels of social avoidance (L-SADS) than in healthy controls. The L-SADS patients also had significantly lower BPND in the medial part of the right SFC than both MDD patients with high levels of social avoidance (H-SADS) and healthy controls. The L-SADS patients also showed significantly lower BPND in the orbital parts of the SFC, MFC, and inferior frontal cortex than H-SADS patients. No significant group differences were found between H-SADS patients and healthy controls. The ROI-based correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between social avoidance levels and frontal [11C]ABP688 BPND in the entire patients. CONCLUSION Our exploratory study shows significant differences in frontal mGluR5 availability depending on the level of social avoidance in drug-naïve non-smoking MDD patients, suggesting that social avoidance should be considered as one of the clinical factors involved in mGluR5 signaling changes in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hee Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Han Joo
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Don Son
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Keun Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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17
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Fatima A, Abdullah U, Farooq M, Mang Y, Mehrjouy MM, Asif M, Ali Z, Tommerup N, Baig SM. Rare Pathogenic Variants in Genes Implicated in Glutamatergic Neurotransmission Pathway Segregate with Schizophrenia in Pakistani Families. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1899. [PMID: 34946848 PMCID: PMC8700876 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disabling neuropsychiatric disorder of adulthood onset with high heritability. Worldwide collaborations have identified an association of ~270 common loci, with small individual effects and hence weak clinical implications. The recent technological feasibility of exome sequencing enables the identification of rare variants of high penetrance that refine previous findings and improve risk assessment and prognosis. We recruited two multiplex Pakistani families, having 11 patients and 19 unaffected individuals in three generations. We performed genome-wide SNP genotyping, next-generation mate pairing and whole-exome sequencing of selected members to unveil genetic components. Candidate variants were screened in unrelated cohorts of 508 cases, 300 controls and fifteen families (with 51 affected and 47 unaffected individuals) of Pakistani origin. The structural impact of substituted residues was assessed through in silico modeling using iTASSER. In one family, we identified a rare novel microduplication (5q14.1_q14.2) encompassing critical genes involved in glutamate signaling, such as CMYA5, HOMER and RasGRF2. The second family segregates two ultra-rare, predicted pathogenic variants in the GRIN2A (NM_001134407.3: c.3505C>T, (p.R1169W) and in the NRG3 NM_001010848.4: c.1951G>A, (p.E651K). These genes encode for parts of AMPA and NMDA receptors of glutamatergic neurotransmission, respectively, and the variants are predicted to compromise protein function by destabilizing their structures. The variants were absent in the aforementioned cohorts. Our findings suggest that rare, highly penetrant variants of genes involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission are contributing to the etiology of schizophrenia in these families. It also highlights that genetic investigations of multiplex, multigenerational families could be a powerful approach to identify rare genetic variants involved in complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrin Fatima
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.F.); (U.A.); (M.A.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Y.M.); (M.M.M.); (Z.A.); (N.T.)
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Abdullah
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.F.); (U.A.); (M.A.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Y.M.); (M.M.M.); (Z.A.); (N.T.)
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Y.M.); (M.M.M.); (Z.A.); (N.T.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (IBBB), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (IBBB), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Yuan Mang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Y.M.); (M.M.M.); (Z.A.); (N.T.)
| | - Mana M. Mehrjouy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Y.M.); (M.M.M.); (Z.A.); (N.T.)
| | - Maria Asif
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.F.); (U.A.); (M.A.)
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Zafar Ali
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Y.M.); (M.M.M.); (Z.A.); (N.T.)
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Mingora 19130, Pakistan
| | - Niels Tommerup
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Y.M.); (M.M.M.); (Z.A.); (N.T.)
| | - Shahid M. Baig
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.F.); (U.A.); (M.A.)
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
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18
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Frontal cortex genetic ablation of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 (mGlu 3) impairs postsynaptic plasticity and modulates affective behaviors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:2148-2157. [PMID: 34035469 PMCID: PMC8505649 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and translational studies suggest that prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysregulation is a hallmark feature of several affective disorders. Thus, investigating the mechanisms involved in the regulation of PFC function and synaptic plasticity could aid in developing new medications. In recent years, the mGlu2 and mGlu3 subtypes of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have emerged as exciting potential targets for the treatment of affective disorders, as mGlu2/3 antagonists exert antidepressant-like effects across many rodent models. Several recent studies suggest that presynaptic mGlu2 receptors may contribute to these effects by regulating excitatory transmission at synapses from the thalamus to the PFC. Interestingly, we found that mGlu3 receptors also inhibit excitatory drive to the PFC but act by inducing long-term depression (LTD) at amygdala-PFC synapses. It remains unclear, however, whether blockade of presynaptic, postsynaptic, or glial mGlu3 receptors contribute to long-term effects on PFC circuit function and antidepressant-like effects of mGlu2/3 antagonists. To address these outstanding questions, we leveraged transgenic Grm3fl/fl mice and viral-mediated gene transfer to genetically ablate mGlu3 receptors from pyramidal cells in the frontal cortex of adult mice of all sexes. Consistent with a role for mGlu3 in PFC pyramidal cells, mGlu3-dependent amygdala-cortical LTD was eliminated following mGlu3 receptor knockdown. Furthermore, knockdown mice displayed a modest, task-specific anxiolytic phenotype and decreased passive coping behaviors. These studies reveal that postsynaptic mGlu3 receptors are critical for mGlu3-dependent LTD and provide convergent genetic evidence suggesting that modulating cortical mGlu3 receptors may provide a promising new approach for the treatment of mood disorders.
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Chronic Stress Induces Sex-Specific Functional and Morphological Alterations in Corticoaccumbal and Corticotegmental Pathways. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:194-205. [PMID: 33867113 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is part of a complex circuit controlling stress responses by sending projections to different limbic structures including the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, the impact of chronic stress on NAc- and VTA-projecting mPFC neurons is still unknown, and the distinct contribution of these pathways to stress responses in males and females is unclear. METHODS Behavioral stress responses were induced by 21 days of chronic variable stress in male and female C57BL/6NCrl mice. An intersectional viral approach was used to label both pathways and assess the functional, morphological, and transcriptional adaptations in NAc- and VTA-projecting mPFC neurons in stressed males and females. Using chemogenetic approaches, we modified neuronal activity of NAc-projecting mPFC neurons to decipher their contribution to stress phenotypes. RESULTS Chronic variable stress induced depressive-like behaviors in males and females. NAc- and VTA-projecting mPFC neurons exhibited sex-specific functional, morphological, and transcriptional alterations. The functional changes were more severe in females in NAc-projecting mPFC neurons, while males exhibited more drastic reductions in dendritic complexity in VTA-projecting mPFC neurons after chronic variable stress. Finally, chemogenetic overactivation of the corticoaccumbal pathway triggered anxiety and behavioral despair in both sexes, while its inhibition rescued the phenotype only in females. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that stress responses in males and females result from pathway-specific changes in the activity of transcriptional programs controlling the morphological and synaptic properties of corticoaccumbal and corticotegmental pathways in a sex-specific fashion.
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Reshetnikov VV, Bondar NP. The Role of Stress-Induced Changes of Homer1 Expression in Stress Susceptibility. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:613-626. [PMID: 34225586 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921060018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress negatively affects processes of synaptic plasticity and is a major risk factor of various psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. HOMER1 is an important component of the postsynaptic density: constitutively expressed long isoforms HOMER1b and HOMER1c bind to group I metabotropic glutamate receptors MGLUR1 (GRM1) and MGLUR5 and to other effector proteins, thereby forming a postsynaptic protein scaffold. Activation of the GLUR1-HOMER1b,c and/or GLUR5-HOMER1b,c complex regulates activity of the NMDA and AMPA receptors and Ca2+ homeostasis, thus modulating various types of synaptic plasticity. Dominant negative transcript Homer1a is formed as a result of activity-induced alternative termination of transcription. Expression of this truncated isoform in response to neuronal activation impairs interactions of HOMER1b,c with adaptor proteins, triggers ligand-independent signal transduction through MGLUR1 and/or MGLUR5, leads to suppression of the AMPA- and NMDA-mediated signal transmission, and thereby launches remodeling of the postsynaptic protein scaffold and inhibits long-term potentiation. The studies on animal models confirm that the HOMER1a-dependent remodeling most likely plays an important part in the stress susceptibility, whereas HOMER1a itself can be regarded as a neuroprotector. In this review article, we consider the effects of different stressors in various animal models on HOMER1 expression as well as impact of different HOMER1 variants on human behavior as well as structural and functional characteristics of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy V Reshetnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340, Russia
| | - Natalia P Bondar
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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21
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Xu X, Wu K, Ma X, Wang W, Wang H, Huang M, Luo L, Su C, Yuan T, Shi H, Han J, Wang A, Xu T. mGluR5-Mediated eCB Signaling in the Nucleus Accumbens Controls Vulnerability to Depressive-Like Behaviors and Pain After Chronic Social Defeat Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4944-4958. [PMID: 34227060 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stress contributes to major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic pain, which affect a significant portion of the global population, but researchers have not clearly determined how these conditions are initiated or amplified by stress. The chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model is a mouse model of psychosocial stress that exhibits depressive-like behavior and chronic pain. We hypothesized that metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) expressed in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) normalizes the depressive-like behaviors and pain following CSDS. Here, we show that CSDS induced both pain and social avoidance and that the level of mGluR5 decreased in susceptible mice. Overexpression of mGluR5 in the NAc shell and core prevented the development of depressive-like behaviors and pain in susceptible mice, respectively. Conversely, depression-like behaviors and pain were exacerbated in mice with mGluR5 knockdown in the NAc shell and core, respectively, compared to control mice subjected to 3 days of social defeat stress. Furthermore, (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG), an mGluR5 agonist, reversed the reduction in the level of the endocannabinoid (eCB) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the NAc of susceptible mice, an effect that was blocked by 3-((2-methyl-1, 3-thiazol-4-yl) ethynyl) pyridine hydrochloride (MTEP), an mGluR5 antagonist. In addition, the injection of CHPG into the NAc shell and core normalized depressive-like behaviors and pain, respectively, and these effects were inhibited by AM251, a cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist. Based on these results, mGluR5-mediated eCB production in the NAc relieves stress-induced depressive-like behaviors and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaixuan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaqing Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Su
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Tifei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Han
- Internal medicine of TCM, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.164 Lanxi Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Aizhong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Tongzhou People's Hospital, Nantong, 226300, China.
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22
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Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors for the treatment of depression and other stress-related disorders. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108687. [PMID: 34175327 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of robust antidepressant effects of ketamine in refractory patients has led to increasing focus on agents targeting glutamatergic signaling as potential novel antidepressant strategy. Among the agents targeting the glutamatergic system, compounds acting at metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are among the most promising agents under studies for depressive disorders. Further, the receptor diversity, distinct distribution in the CNS, and ability to modulate the glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain areas implicated in mood disorders make them an exciting target for stress-related disorders. In preclinical models, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of mGlu5 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) have been reported. Interestingly, mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists show fast and sustained antidepressant-like effects similar to that of ketamine in rodents. Excitingly, they can also induce antidepressant effects in the animal models of treatment-resistant depression and are devoid of the side-effects associated with ketamine. Unfortunately, clinical trials of both mGlu5 and mGlu2/3 receptor NAMs have been inconclusive, and additional trials using other compounds with suitable preclinical and clinical properties are needed. Although group III mGlu receptors have gained less attention, mGlu7 receptor ligands have been shown to induce antidepressant-like effects in rodents. Collectively, compounds targeting mGlu receptors provide an alternative approach to fill the outstanding clinical need for safer and more efficacious antidepressants. This article is part of the special Issue on "Glutamate Receptors - mGluRs".
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23
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Tsotsokou G, Nikolakopoulou M, Kouvelas ED, Mitsacos A. Neonatal maternal separation affects metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 expression and anxiety-related behavior of adult rats. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4550-4564. [PMID: 34137089 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to early life stress leads to long-term neurochemical and behavioral alterations. Stress-induced psychiatric disorders, such as depression, have recently been linked to dysregulation of glutamate signaling, mainly via its postsynaptic receptors. The role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) in stress-induced psychopathology has been the target of several studies in humans. In rodents, blockade of mGluR5 produces antidepressant-like actions, whereas mice lacking mGluR5 exhibit altered anxiety-like behaviors and learning. In this study, we used well-known rodent models of early life stress based on mother-infant separation during the first 3 weeks of life in order to examine the effects of neonatal maternal separation on mGluR5 expression and on anxiety-related behavior in adulthood. We observed that brief (15 min) neonatal maternal separation, but not prolonged (3 h), induced increases in mGluR5 mRNA and protein expression levels in medial prefrontal cortex and mGluR5 protein levels in dorsal, but not ventral, hippocampus of adult rat brain. Behavioral testing using the open-field and the elevated-plus maze tasks showed that brief maternal separations resulted in increased exploratory and decreased anxiety-related behavior, whereas prolonged maternal separations resulted in increased anxiety-related behavior in adulthood. The data indicate that the long-lasting effects of neonatal mother-offspring separation on anxiety-like behavior and mGluR5 expression depend on the duration of maternal separation and suggest that the increased mGluR5 receptors in medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of adult rats exposed to brief neonatal maternal separations may underlie their heightened ability to cope with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giota Tsotsokou
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology, University Campus, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Nikolakopoulou
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology, University Campus, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Elias D Kouvelas
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology, University Campus, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ada Mitsacos
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology, University Campus, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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24
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Gonzalez-Lozano MA, Wortel J, van der Loo RJ, van Weering JRT, Smit AB, Li KW. Reduced mGluR5 Activity Modulates Mitochondrial Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061375. [PMID: 34199502 PMCID: PMC8228325 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is an essential modulator of synaptic plasticity, learning and memory; whereas in pathological conditions, it is an acknowledged therapeutic target that has been implicated in multiple brain disorders. Despite robust pre-clinical data, mGluR5 antagonists failed in several clinical trials, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying mGluR5 function. In this study, we dissected the molecular synaptic modulation mediated by mGluR5 using genetic and pharmacological mouse models to chronically and acutely reduce mGluR5 activity. We found that next to dysregulation of synaptic proteins, the major regulation in protein expression in both models concerned specific processes in mitochondria, such as oxidative phosphorylation. Second, we observed morphological alterations in shape and area of specifically postsynaptic mitochondria in mGluR5 KO synapses using electron microscopy. Third, computational and biochemical assays suggested an increase of mitochondrial function in neurons, with increased level of NADP/H and oxidative damage in mGluR5 KO. Altogether, our observations provide diverse lines of evidence of the modulation of synaptic mitochondrial function by mGluR5. This connection suggests a role for mGluR5 as a mediator between synaptic activity and mitochondrial function, a finding which might be relevant for the improvement of the clinical potential of mGluR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Gonzalez-Lozano
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.J.v.d.L.); (A.B.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.G.-L.); (K.W.L.)
| | - Joke Wortel
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Department of Functional Genomics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (J.R.T.v.W.)
| | - Rolinka J. van der Loo
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.J.v.d.L.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Jan R. T. van Weering
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Department of Functional Genomics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (J.R.T.v.W.)
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - August B. Smit
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.J.v.d.L.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Ka Wan Li
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.J.v.d.L.); (A.B.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.G.-L.); (K.W.L.)
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25
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Targeting the dysfunction of glutamate receptors for the development of novel antidepressants. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 226:107875. [PMID: 33901503 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dysfunction of glutamate receptors is involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Although accumulating efforts have been made to elucidate the applications and mechanisms underlying antidepressant-like effects of ketamine, a non-selective antagonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), the role of specific glutamate receptor subunit in regulating depression is not completely clear. The current review aims to discuss the relationships between glutamate receptor subunits and depressive-like behaviors. Research literatures were searched from inception to July 2020. We summarized the alterations of glutamate receptor subunits in patients with MDD and animal models of depression. Animal behaviors in response to dysfunction of glutamate receptor subunits were also surveyed. To fully understand mechanisms underlying antidepressant-like effects of modulators targeting glutamate receptors, we discussed effects of each glutamate receptor subunit on serotonin system, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. Finally, we collected most recent clinical applications of glutamate receptor modulators and pointed out the limitations of these candidates in the treatment of MDD.
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26
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Rajkumar RP. Harnessing the Neurobiology of Resilience to Protect the Mental Well-Being of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:621853. [PMID: 33815205 PMCID: PMC8012770 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers are at a high risk of psychological morbidity in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is significant variability in the impact of this crisis on individual healthcare workers, which can be best explained through an appreciation of the construct of resilience. Broadly speaking, resilience refers to the ability to successfully adapt to stressful or traumatic events, and thus plays a key role in determining mental health outcomes following exposure to such events. A proper understanding of resilience is vital in enabling a shift from a reactive to a proactive approach for protecting and promoting the mental well-being of healthcare workers. Research in the past decade has identified six areas that provide promising leads in understanding the biological basis of individual variations in resilience. These are: (1) the key role played by the monoamines noradrenaline and serotonin, (2) the centrality of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in influencing stress vulnerability and resilience, (3) the intimate links between the immune system and stress sensitivity, (4) the role of epigenetic modulation of gene expression in influencing the stress response, (5) the role played by certain neuropeptides as a natural “brake” mechanism in the face of stress, and (6) the neurobiological mechanisms by which environmental factors, such as exercise, diet, and social support, influence resilience to subsequent life events. Though much of this research is still in its early stages, it has already provided valuable information on which strategies – including dietary changes, lifestyle modification, environmental modification, psychosocial interventions, and even pharmacological treatments – may prove to be useful in fostering resilience in individuals and groups. This paper examines the above evidence more closely, with a specific focus on the challenges faced by healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, and provides suggestions regarding how it may be translated into real-world interventions, as well as how the more tentative hypotheses advanced in this field may be tested during this critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Philip Rajkumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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27
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Tan SZK, Kim JH. mGlu5: A double-edged sword for aversive learning related therapeutics. NEUROANATOMY AND BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.35430/nab.2021.e16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aversive memories underlie many types of anxiety disorders. One area of research to more effectively treat anxiety disorders has therefore been identifying pharmacological targets to affect memory processes. Among these targets, the metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor (mGlu5) has received attention due to the availability of drugs to utilize its role in learning and memory. In this review, we highlight preclinical studies examining the role of mGlu5 at various stages of aversive learning and its inhibition via extinction in order to gain a better understanding of its therapeutic potential. We suggest that mGlu5 has distinct roles at different stages of memory that not only makes it a tricky target, but a double-edged sword as a therapeutic. However, the selective involvement of mGlu5 in different memory stages allows for certain precision that could be harnessed clinically. We therefore suggest potential applications, limitations, and pitfalls when considering use of mGlu5 modulators as therapeutics. In addition, we recommend future studies to address important gaps in this literature, such as sex and age factors in light of anxiety disorders being more prevalent in those demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Zheng Kai Tan
- School of Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- IMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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28
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Gregory KJ, Goudet C. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CXI. Pharmacology, Signaling, and Physiology of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:521-569. [PMID: 33361406 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.019133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors respond to glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, mediating a modulatory role that is critical for higher-order brain functions such as learning and memory. Since the first mGlu receptor was cloned in 1992, eight subtypes have been identified along with many isoforms and splice variants. The mGlu receptors are transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the class C G protein-coupled receptor family and represent attractive targets for a multitude of central nervous system disorders. Concerted drug discovery efforts over the past three decades have yielded a wealth of pharmacological tools including subtype-selective agents that competitively block or mimic the actions of glutamate or act allosterically via distinct sites to enhance or inhibit receptor activity. Herein, we review the physiologic and pathophysiological roles for individual mGlu receptor subtypes including the pleiotropic nature of intracellular signal transduction arising from each. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of prototypical and commercially available orthosteric agonists and antagonists as well as allosteric modulators, including ligands that have entered clinical trials. Finally, we highlight emerging areas of research that hold promise to facilitate rational design of highly selective mGlu receptor-targeting therapeutics in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate receptors are attractive therapeutic targets for a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Over the past three decades, intense discovery efforts have yielded diverse pharmacological tools acting either competitively or allosterically, which have enabled dissection of fundamental biological process modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors and established proof of concept for many therapeutic indications. We review metabotropic glutamate receptor molecular pharmacology and highlight emerging areas that are offering new avenues to selectively modulate neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
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29
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Tubbs JD, Ding J, Baum L, Sham PC. Systemic neuro-dysregulation in depression: Evidence from genome-wide association. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 39:1-18. [PMID: 32896454 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the world's leading cause of disability. Greater understanding of the neurobiological basis of depression is necessary for developing novel treatments with improved efficacy and acceptance. Recently, major advances have been made in the search for genetic variants associated with depression which may help to elucidate etiological mechanisms. The present review has two major objectives. First, we offer a brief review of two major biological systems with strong evidence for involvement in depression pathology: neurotransmitter systems and the stress response. Secondly, we provide a synthesis of the functions of the 269 genes implicated by the most recent genome-wide meta-analysis, supporting the importance of these systems in depression and providing insights into other possible mechanisms involving neurodevelopment, neurogenesis, and neurodegeneration. Our goal is to undertake a broad, preliminary stock-taking of the most recent hypothesis-free findings and examine the weight of the evidence supporting these existing theories and highlighting novel directions. This qualitative review and accompanying gene function table provides a valuable resource and guide for basic and translational researchers, with suggestions for future mechanistic research, leveraging genetics to prioritize studies on the neurobiological processes involved in depression etiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Tubbs
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jiahong Ding
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Larry Baum
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pak C Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Centre of PanorOmic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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30
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Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Holz et al. (2019) show that the synaptic protein Homer1a switches mGluR5 signaling to increase AMPA receptor activity for the rapid antidepressant actions of sleep deprivation.
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31
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Li M, Yao X, Sun L, Zhao L, Xu W, Zhao H, Zhao F, Zou X, Cheng Z, Li B, Yang W, Cui R. Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Depression and Its Potential Mechanism. Front Psychol 2020; 11:80. [PMID: 32153449 PMCID: PMC7044268 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common disorders causing mortality around the world. Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is, along with antidepressants and psychotherapy, one of the three major treatments of depression, it is still considered as the last resort for depressed patients. This situation is partially due to limited studies and uncertainty regarding its mechanism. However, decades of increased research have focused on the effects of ECT on depression and its potential mechanism. Furthermore, these investigations may suggest that ECT should be a first-line therapy for depression due to its profound effects in relieving desperation in certain situations. Here, we outline recent clinical and preclinical studies and summarize the advantages and disadvantages of ECT. Thus, this review may provide some hints for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haisheng Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fangyi Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohan Zou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziqian Cheng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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32
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Glutamatergic postsynaptic density in early life stress programming: Topographic gene expression of mGlu5 receptors and Homer proteins. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 96:109725. [PMID: 31404590 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Type-5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu5) have been implicated in the mechanism of resilience to stress. They form part of the postsynaptic density (PSD), a thickening of the glutamatergic synapse that acts as a multimodal hub for multiple cellular signaling. Perinatal stress in rats triggers alterations that make adult offspring less resilient to stress. In the present study, we examined the expression of gene encoding the mGlu5 (Grm5), as well as those encoding the short and long isoforms of Homer proteins in different brain regions of the offspring of dams exposed to repeated episodes of restraint stress during pregnancy ("perinatally stressed" or PRS offspring). To this end, we investigated unconditioned behavioral response using the light/dark box test, as well as the expression of PSD genes (Homer1a, Homer1b, and Grm5), in the medial prefrontal cortex, cortex, caudate-putamen, amygdala, and dorsal hippocampus. PRS rats spent significantly less time in the light area than the control group. In the amygdala, Homer1a mRNA levels were significantly increased in PRS rats, whereas Homer1b and Grm5 mRNA levels were reduced. In contrast, the transcript encoding for Homer1a was significantly reduced in the medial prefrontal cortex, caudate-putamen, and dorsal hippocampus of PRS rats. We also evaluated the relative ratio between Homer1a and Homer1b/Grm5 expression, finding a significant shift toward the expression of Homer1a in the amygdala and toward Homer1b/Grm5 in the other brain regions. These topographic patterns of Homer1a, Homer1b, and mGlu5 gene expression were significantly correlated with risk-taking behavior measured in the light/dark box test. Remarkably, in the amygdala and in other brain regions, Homer1b and Grm5 expression showed positive correlation with time spent in the light box, whereas Homer1a in the amygdala showed a negative correlation with risk-taking behavior, in contrast with all other brain regions analyzed, wherein these correlations were positive. These results suggest that perinatal stress programs the developmental expression of PSD molecules involved in mGlu5 signaling in discrete brain regions, with a predominant role for the amygdala.
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Li MX, Li Q, Sun XJ, Luo C, Li Y, Wang YN, Chen J, Gong CZ, Li YJ, Shi LP, Zheng YF, Li RC, Huang XL, Xiong QJ, Chen H. Increased Homer1-mGluR5 mediates chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors and glutamatergic dysregulation via activation of PERK-eIF2α. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 95:109682. [PMID: 31265863 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic dysregulation has served as one common pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and a promising target for treatment intervention. Previous studies implicate neurotransmission via metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and Homer1 in stress-induced anhedonia, but the mechanisms have not been well elucidated. In the present study, we used two different animal models of depression, chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) and chronic restraint stress (CRS), to investigate the expression of Homer1 isoforms and functional interaction with mGluRs. We found that chronic stress selectively upregulated the expression of Homer1b/c in the hippocampus, whereas the level of Homer1a was unchanged. Additionally, there was a significant negative correlation between the levels of Homer1-mGluR5 signaling and depressive-like behaviors. Both application of paired-pulse low-frequency stimulation (PP-LFS) and the selective group 1 mGluRs agonist (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) significantly enhanced mGluR-dependent long-term depression (LTD) at CA3-CA1 pyramidal cell synapses in slices from susceptible mice, whereas there was no change in NMDAR-dependent LTD induced by LFS. Furthermore, these effects were associated with the internalization of surface AMPARs in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, including reduced the expression of AMPARs and amplitude of AMPARs-mediated mEPSC. Finally, we found that chronic stress activated the KR-like ER kinase-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (PERK-eIF2α) signaling pathway, subsequently phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) at the S129 and reduced the BDNF level, eventually leading to the impairment of synaptic transmission and depressive-like behaviors. Therefore, our study suggests that PERK-eIF2α acts as a critical target downstream of Homer1-mGluR5 complex to mediate chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors, and highlights them as a potential target for the treatment of mood disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Tongji-Wisconsin Stem Cell Application Technology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Can Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chen-Zi Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ya-Jie Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li-Ping Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yi-Feng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Rong-Chun Li
- Department of Pain Management, Wuhan Pu-Ai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qiu-Ju Xiong
- Department of Pain Management, Wuhan Pu-Ai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Tongji-Wisconsin Stem Cell Application Technology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Translating preclinical findings in clinically relevant new antipsychotic targets: focus on the glutamatergic postsynaptic density. Implications for treatment resistant schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:795-827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Serchov T, Schwarz I, Theiss A, Sun L, Holz A, Döbrössy MD, Schwarz MK, Normann C, Biber K, van Calker D. Enhanced adenosine A 1 receptor and Homer1a expression in hippocampus modulates the resilience to stress-induced depression-like behavior. Neuropharmacology 2019; 162:107834. [PMID: 31682853 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Resilience to stress is critical for the development of depression. Enhanced adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) signaling mediates the antidepressant effects of acute sleep deprivation (SD). However, chronic SD causes long-lasting upregulation of brain A1R and increases the risk of depression. To investigate the effects of A1R on mood, we utilized two transgenic mouse lines with inducible A1R overexpression in forebrain neurons. These two lines have identical levels of A1R increase in the cortex, but differ in the transgenic A1R expression in the hippocampus. Switching on the transgene promotes robust antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in both lines. The mice of the line without transgenic A1R overexpression in the hippocampus (A1Hipp-) show very strong resistance towards development of stress-induced chronic depression-like behavior. In contrast, the mice of the line in which A1R upregulation extends to the hippocampus (A1Hipp+), exhibit decreased resilience to depression as compared to A1Hipp-. Similarly, automatic analysis of reward behavior of the two lines reveals that depression resistant A1Hipp-transgenic mice exhibit high sucrose preference, while mice of the vulnerable A1Hipp + line developed stress-induced anhedonic phenotype. The A1Hipp + mice have increased Homer1a expression in hippocampus, correlating with impaired long-term potentiation in the CA1 region, mimicking the stressed mice. Furthermore, virus-mediated overexpression of Homer1a in the hippocampus decreases stress resilience. Taken together our data indicate for first time that increased expression of A1R and Homer1a in the hippocampus modulates the resilience to stress-induced depression and thus might potentially mediate the detrimental effects of chronic sleep restriction on mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetan Serchov
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Inna Schwarz
- Functional Neuroconnectomics Group, Department of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Life and Brain Centre, University of Bonn, Medical School, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alice Theiss
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lu Sun
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany; Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713, AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Amrei Holz
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mate D Döbrössy
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin K Schwarz
- Functional Neuroconnectomics Group, Department of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Life and Brain Centre, University of Bonn, Medical School, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claus Normann
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Knut Biber
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany; Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713, AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dietrich van Calker
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Davis MT, Hillmer A, Holmes SE, Pietrzak RH, DellaGioia N, Nabulsi N, Matuskey D, Angarita G, Carson RE, Krystal JH, Esterlis I. In vivo evidence for dysregulation of mGluR5 as a biomarker of suicidal ideation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11490-11495. [PMID: 31085640 PMCID: PMC6561298 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818871116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence implicates dysregulation of metabotropic glutamatergic receptor 5 (mGluR5) in pathophysiology of PTSD and suicidality. Using positron emission tomography and [18F]FPEB, we quantified mGluR5 availability in vivo in individuals with PTSD (n = 29) and MDD (n = 29) as a function of suicidal ideation (SI) to compare with that of healthy comparison controls (HC; n = 29). Volume of distribution was computed using a venous input function in the five key frontal and limbic brain regions. We observed significantly higher mGluR5 availability in PTSD compared with HC individuals in all regions of interest (P's = 0.001-0.01) and compared with MDD individuals in three regions (P's = 0.007). mGluR5 availability was not significantly different between MDD and HC individuals (P = 0.17). Importantly, we observed an up-regulation in mGluR5 availability in the PTSD-SI group (P's = 0.001-0.007) compared with PTSD individuals without SI. Findings point to the potential role for mGluR5 as a target for intervention and, potentially, suicide risk management in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret T Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Ansel Hillmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Sophie E Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Nicole DellaGioia
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Gustavo Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511;
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT 06516
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Laukkanen V, Kärkkäinen O, Kautiainen H, Tiihonen J, Storvik M. Increased [³H]quisqualic acid binding density in the dorsal striatum and anterior insula of alcoholics: A post-mortem whole-hemisphere autoradiography study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 287:63-69. [PMID: 30991250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The function of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1 and mGluR5 is involved in the hyperglutamatergic state caused by chronic alcohol. Preclinical studies suggest that group I mGluR modulation could serve as a novel treatment of alcoholism. Considering the wide role of glutamatergic neurochemistry in addiction, group I mGluR binding was studied in brain areas involved in decision-making, learning and memory. Post-mortem whole hemisphere autoradiography was used to study the binding density of [³H]quisqualic acid, a potent group I mGluR agonist, in 9 Cloninger type 1 alcoholics, 8 Cloninger type 2 alcoholics and 10 controls. Binding was studied in the dorsal striatum, hippocampus and cortex. Alcoholics displayed a trend towards increased [³H]quisqualic acid binding in all brain areas. The most robust findings were in the putamen (p = 0.006) and anterior insula (p = 0.005), where both alcoholic subtypes displayed increased binding compared to the controls. These findings suggest altered group I mGluR function in alcoholic subjects in the dorsal striatum, which is involved in habitual learning, and in the anterior insula, which has a pivotal role in the perception of bodily sensations. Increased [³H]quisqualic acid binding might suggest a beneficial impact of mGluR1/5 modulators in the treatment of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Laukkanen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Niuvankuja 65, FI-70240 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Olli Kärkkäinen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 705, FI-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland; Department of General Practice, Helsinki University, P.O. Box 20, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Tiihonen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Niuvankuja 65, FI-70240 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Storvik
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
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Lim J, Kim E, Noh HJ, Kang S, Phillips BU, Kim DG, Bussey TJ, Saksida L, Heath CJ, Kim CH. Assessment of mGluR5 KO mice under conditions of low stress using a rodent touchscreen apparatus reveals impaired behavioural flexibility driven by perseverative responses. Mol Brain 2019; 12:37. [PMID: 30971312 PMCID: PMC6458840 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and pharmacological manipulations targeting metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) affect performance in behavioural paradigms that depend on cognitive flexibility. Many of these studies involved exposing mice to highly stressful conditions including electric foot shocks or water immersion and forced swimming. Because mGluR5 is also implicated in resilience and stress responses, however, apparent impairments in inhibitory learning may have been an artifact of manipulation-induced changes in affective state. To address this, we present here a characterization of cognitive flexibility in mGluR5 knockout (KO) mice conducted with a rodent touchscreen cognitive assessment apparatus in which the animals experience significantly less stress. Our results indicate a significant reversal learning impairment relative to wild-type (WT) controls in the two-choice Visual Discrimination-Reversal (VDR) paradigm. Upon further analysis, we found that this deficit is primarily driven by a prolonged period of perseveration in the early phase of reversal. We also observed a similar perseveration phenotype in the KO mice in the Extinction (EXT) paradigm. In addition, mGluR5 KO mice show higher breakpoints in the touchscreen Progressive Ratio (PR) and altered decision making in the Effort-related Choice (ERC) tasks. Interestingly, this impairment in PR is an additional manifestation of an increased propensity to perseverate on the emission of relatively simplistic behavioural outputs. Together, these findings suggest that under conditions of low stress, mGluR5 KO mice exhibit a pronounced perseverative phenotype that blunts cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eosu Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Behavioural Science in Medicine, BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jong Noh
- Department of Pharmacology, BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinwon Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin U Phillips
- Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Dong Goo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute & Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Saksida
- Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute & Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher J Heath
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Chul Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. .,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Recent insights into antidepressant therapy: Distinct pathways and potential common mechanisms in the treatment of depressive syndromes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 88:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Gong Q, Su YA, Wu C, Si TM, Deussing JM, Schmidt MV, Wang XD. Chronic Stress Reduces Nectin-1 mRNA Levels and Disrupts Dendritic Spine Plasticity in the Adult Mouse Perirhinal Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:67. [PMID: 29593501 PMCID: PMC5859075 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In adulthood, chronic exposure to stressful experiences disrupts synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. Previous studies have shown that perirhinal cortex-dependent object recognition memory is impaired by chronic stress. However, the stress effects on molecular expression and structural plasticity in the perirhinal cortex remain unclear. In this study, we applied the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm and measured the mRNA levels of nectin-1, nectin-3 and neurexin-1, three synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) implicated in the adverse stress effects, in the perirhinal cortex of wild-type (WT) and conditional forebrain corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 conditional knockout (CRHR1-CKO) mice. Chronic stress reduced perirhinal nectin-1 mRNA levels in WT but not CRHR1-CKO mice. In conditional forebrain corticotropin-releasing hormone conditional overexpression (CRH-COE) mice, perirhinal nectin-1 mRNA levels were also reduced, indicating that chronic stress modulates nectin-1 expression through the CRH-CRHR1 system. Moreover, chronic stress altered dendritic spine morphology in the main apical dendrites and reduced spine density in the oblique apical dendrites of perirhinal layer V pyramidal neurons. Our data suggest that chronic stress disrupts cell adhesion and dendritic spine plasticity in perirhinal neurons, which may contribute to stress-induced impairments of perirhinal cortex-dependent memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gong
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Ai Su
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Mei Si
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (MPG), Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (MPG), Munich, Germany
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Réus GZ, de Moura AB, Silva RH, Resende WR, Quevedo J. Resilience Dysregulation in Major Depressive Disorder: Focus on Glutamatergic Imbalance and Microglial Activation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:297-307. [PMID: 28676011 PMCID: PMC5843981 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170630164715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have been shown an important role of glutamatergic system as well microglial activation in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). In humans most resistant to the development of psychiatric disorders, including MDD, are observed a greater degree of resilience resulting from stress. Less resilience is associated with neuroendocrine and neuroinflammatory markers, as well as with glutamatergic system dysregulation. Thus, this review we highlighted findings from literature identifying the function of glutamatergic system, microglial activation and inflammation in resilience. METHODS We conducted a review of computerized databases from 1970 to 2017. RESULTS There is an association between microglial activation and glutamatergic system activation with stress vulnerability and resilience. CONCLUSIONS Glutamate neurotransmission, including neurotransmitter synthesis, signalling, and glutamate receptor functions and expression all seem to be involved with both stress vulnerability and resilience. Moreover, inflammation and microglial activation mediate individual differences in resilience and the risk of stress-induced MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z. Réus
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Airam B. de Moura
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Ritele H. Silva
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Wilson R. Resende
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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A Homer 1 gene variant influences brain structure and function, lithium effects on white matter, and antidepressant response in bipolar disorder: A multimodal genetic imaging study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:88-95. [PMID: 29079138 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Homer family of postsynaptic scaffolding proteins plays a crucial role in glutamate-mediated synaptic plasticity, a phenotype associated with Bipolar Disorder (BD). Homer is a target for antidepressants and mood stabilizers. The AA risk genotype of the Homer rs7713917 A>G SNP has been associated with mood disorders and suicide, and in healthy humans with brain function. Despite the evidence linking Homer 1 gene and function to mood disorder, as well as its involvement in animal models of depression, no study has yet investigated the role of Homer in bipolar depression and treatment response. METHODS We studied 199 inpatients, affected by a major depressive episode in course of BD. 147 patients were studied with structural MRI of grey and white matter, and 50 with BOLD functional MRI of emotional processing. 158 patients were treated with combined total sleep deprivation and light therapy. RESULTS At neuroimaging, patients with the AA genotype showed lower grey matter volumes in medial prefrontal cortex, higher BOLD fMRI neural responses to emotional stimuli in anterior cingulate cortex, and lower fractional anisotropy in bilateral frontal WM tracts. Lithium treatment increased axial diffusivity more in AA patients than in G*carriers. At clinical evaluation, the same AA homozygotes showed a worse antidepressant response to combined SD and LT. CONCLUSIONS rs7713917 influenced brain grey and white matter structure and function in BD, long term effects of lithium on white matter structure, and antidepressant response to chronotherapeutics, thus suggesting that glutamatergic neuroplasticity and Homer 1 function might play a role in BD psychopathology and response to treatment.
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Coba MP, Ramaker MJ, Ho EV, Thompson SL, Komiyama NH, Grant SGN, Knowles JA, Dulawa SC. Dlgap1 knockout mice exhibit alterations of the postsynaptic density and selective reductions in sociability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2281. [PMID: 29396406 PMCID: PMC5797244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaffold protein DLGAP1 is localized at the post-synaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic neurons and is a component of supramolecular protein complexes organized by PSD95. Gain-of-function variants of DLGAP1 have been associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), while haploinsufficient variants have been linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia in human genetic studies. We tested male and female Dlgap1 wild type (WT), heterozygous (HT), and knockout (KO) mice in a battery of behavioral tests: open field, dig, splash, prepulse inhibition, forced swim, nest building, social approach, and sucrose preference. We also used biochemical approaches to examine the role of DLGAP1 in the organization of PSD protein complexes. Dlgap1 KO mice were most notable for disruption of protein interactions in the PSD, and deficits in sociability. Other behavioral measures were largely unaffected. Our data suggest that Dlgap1 knockout leads to PSD disruption and reduced sociability, consistent with reports of DLGAP1 haploinsufficient variants in schizophrenia and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Coba
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - M J Ramaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - E V Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - S L Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - N H Komiyama
- Genes to Cognition Program, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - S G N Grant
- Genes to Cognition Program, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - J A Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - S C Dulawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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Yim YS, Han W, Seo J, Kim CH, Kim DG. Differential mGluR5 expression in response to the same stress causes individually adapted hippocampal network activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:1305-1311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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45
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Datko MC, Hu JH, Williams M, Reyes CM, Lominac KD, von Jonquieres G, Klugmann M, Worley PF, Szumlinski KK. Behavioral and Neurochemical Phenotyping of Mice Incapable of Homer1a Induction. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:208. [PMID: 29163080 PMCID: PMC5672496 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immediate early and constitutively expressed products of the Homer1 gene regulate the functional assembly of post-synaptic density proteins at glutamatergic synapses to influence excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Earlier studies of Homer1 gene knock-out (KO) mice indicated active, but distinct, roles for IEG and constitutively expressed Homer1 gene products in regulating cognitive, emotional, motivational and sensorimotor processing, as well as behavioral and neurochemical sensitivity to cocaine. More recent characterization of transgenic mice engineered to prevent generation of the IEG form (a.k.a Homer1a KO) pose a critical role for Homer1a in cocaine-induced behavioral and neurochemical sensitization of relevance to drug addiction and related neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we extend our characterization of the Homer1a KO mouse and report a modest pro-depressant phenotype, but no deleterious effects of the KO upon spatial learning/memory, prepulse inhibition, or cocaine-induced place-conditioning. As we reported previously, Homer1a KO mice did not develop cocaine-induced behavioral or neurochemical sensitization within the nucleus accumbens; however, virus-mediated Homer1a over-expression within the nucleus accumbens reversed the sensitization phenotype of KO mice. We also report several neurochemical abnormalities within the nucleus accumbens of Homer1a KO mice that include: elevated basal dopamine and reduced basal glutamate content, Group1 mGluR agonist-induced glutamate release and high K+-stimulated release of dopamine and glutamate within this region. Many of the neurochemical anomalies exhibited by Homer1a KO mice are recapitulated upon deletion of the entire Homer1 gene; however, Homer1 deletion did not affect NAC dopamine or alter K+-stimulated neurotransmitter release within this region. These data show that the selective deletion of Homer1a produces a behavioral and neurochemical phenotype that is distinguishable from that produced by deletion of the entire Homer1 gene. Moreover, the data indicate a specific role for Homer1a in regulating cocaine-induced behavioral and neurochemical sensitization of potential relevance to the psychotogenic properties of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Datko
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Jia-Hua Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Melanie Williams
- Department of Molecular, Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Cindy M Reyes
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Kevin D Lominac
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Georg von Jonquieres
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul F Worley
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.,Department of Molecular, Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.,Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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Yashiro S, Seki K. Association of social defeat stress-induced anhedonia-like symptoms with mGluR1-dependent decrease in membrane-bound AMPA-GluR1 in the mouse ventral midbrain. Stress 2017; 20:404-418. [PMID: 28554247 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1336534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anhedonia is a core symptom of social defeat stress (SDS)-induced depression associated with the reward system. We previously reported that decreased membrane-bound AMPA-GluR1 in the reward system is associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced anhedonia-like symptoms. Since group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation reduces the surface density of GluR1, we examined whether group I mGluR-dependent decrease in membrane-bound GluR1 in the reward system is involved in SDS-induced anhedonia-like symptoms. Mice exposed to SDS for 4 consecutive days had markedly decreased membrane-bound GluR1 and GluR2 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and membrane-bound GluR1 in the ventral midbrain (VM) along with lower sucrose preference (SP). Intra-PFC injection of the group I mGluR agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG; 100 μmol) demonstrated decrease in membrane-bound GluR1 and GluR2 in the PFC 2 and 24 h and membrane-bound GluR1 in the VM 24 h after injection. Moreover, intra-PFC injection of DHPG decreased SP only in the second 24-h (24-48 h) period. Conversely, intra-VM injection of DHPG decreased SP in both the first and second 24-h period and decreased membrane-bound GluR1 in the VM 2 and 24 h after injection. Pre-treatment with the mGluR1 antagonist JNJ16259685 (30 mg/kg, subcutaneous) prevented SDS-decreased SP and membrane-bound GluR1 in the VM. The mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP; 10 mg/kg, subcutaneous) prevented SDS-induced decrease in membrane-bound GluR1 and GluR2 in the PFC, whereas MPEP did not affect SDS-induced decrease in SP and membrane-bound GluR1 in the VM. These results suggest that mGluR1-mediated decrease in membrane-bound GluR1 in VM is involved in SDS-induced anhedonia-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayori Yashiro
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science , Ohu University , Tomitamachi, Koriyama , Fukushima , Japan
| | - Kenjiro Seki
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science , Ohu University , Tomitamachi, Koriyama , Fukushima , Japan
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Buonaguro EF, Iasevoli F, Marmo F, Eramo A, Latte G, Avagliano C, Tomasetti C, de Bartolomeis A. Re-arrangements of gene transcripts at glutamatergic synapses after prolonged treatments with antipsychotics: A putative link with synaptic remodeling. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 76:29-41. [PMID: 28235555 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The postsynaptic density (PSD) represents a site of dopamine-glutamate integration. Despite multiple evidence of PSD involvement in antipsychotic-induced synaptic changes, there are no direct head-to-head comparisons of the effects at the PSD of antipsychotics with different receptor profile and at different doses after chronic administration. METHODS Molecular imaging of gene expression was used to investigate whether chronic treatment with first and second generation antipsychotics (haloperidol, asenapine and olanzapine) may induce changes in the expression levels of PSD transcripts involved in schizophrenia pathophysiology, i.e. Homers, Shank1, PSD-95 and Arc. RESULTS Genes' expression patterns were differentially modulated after chronic administration of typical and atypical antipsychotics as well as by the same compound administered at different doses. Antipsychotic treatment reduced gene expression in cortical regions, while Homer1a was still induced in striatum by haloperidol even after prolonged treatment. Moreover, chronic treatments appeared to cause a "de-recruitment" of brain regions demonstrated to be activated in acute treatments, with a prominent effect in the cortex rather than in striatum. CONCLUSIONS These results let hypothesize that prolonged antipsychotic treatment may trigger a set of plastic changes involving scaffolding and effector molecules causing a possible re-arrangement of PSD transcripts in brain regions relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Filomena Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Federica Marmo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | | | - Gianmarco Latte
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Camilla Avagliano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
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48
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Manning CE, Williams ES, Robison AJ. Reward Network Immediate Early Gene Expression in Mood Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:77. [PMID: 28503137 PMCID: PMC5408019 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, it has become clear that aberrant function of the network of interconnected brain regions responsible for reward processing and motivated behavior underlies a variety of mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. It is also clear that stress-induced changes in reward network activity underlying both normal and pathological behavior also cause changes in gene expression. Here, we attempt to define the reward circuitry and explore the known and potential contributions of activity-dependent changes in gene expression within this circuitry to stress-induced changes in behavior related to mood disorders, and contrast some of these effects with those induced by exposure to drugs of abuse. We focus on a series of immediate early genes regulated by stress within this circuitry and their connections, both well-explored and relatively novel, to circuit function and subsequent reward-related behaviors. We conclude that IEGs play a crucial role in stress-dependent remodeling of reward circuitry, and that they may serve as inroads to the molecular, cellular, and circuit-level mechanisms of mood disorder etiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Manning
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Alfred J Robison
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
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49
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Peterlik D, Stangl C, Bauer A, Bludau A, Keller J, Grabski D, Killian T, Schmidt D, Zajicek F, Jaeschke G, Lindemann L, Reber SO, Flor PJ, Uschold-Schmidt N. Blocking metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 relieves maladaptive chronic stress consequences. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:79-92. [PMID: 27524668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Etiology and pharmacotherapy of stress-related psychiatric conditions and somatoform disorders are areas of high unmet medical need. Stressors holding chronic plus psychosocial components thereby bear the highest health risk. Although the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) is well studied in the context of acute stress-induced behaviors and physiology, virtually nothing is known about its potential involvement in chronic psychosocial stress. Using the mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator CTEP (2-chloro-4-[2-[2,5-dimethyl-1-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]imidazol-4yl]ethynyl]pyridine), a close analogue of the clinically active drug basimglurant - but optimized for rodent studies, as well as mGlu5-deficient mice in combination with a mouse model of male subordination (termed CSC, chronic subordinate colony housing), we demonstrate that mGlu5 mediates multiple physiological, immunological, and behavioral consequences of chronic psychosocial stressor exposure. For instance, CTEP dose-dependently relieved hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunctions, colonic inflammation as well as the CSC-induced increase in innate anxiety; genetic ablation of mGlu5 in mice largely reproduced the stress-protective effects of CTEP and additionally ameliorated CSC-induced physiological anxiety. Interestingly, CSC also induced an upregulation of mGlu5 in the hippocampus, a stress-regulating brain area. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that mGlu5 is an important mediator for a wide range of chronic psychosocial stress-induced alterations and a potentially valuable drug target for the treatment of chronic stress-related pathologies in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peterlik
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Stangl
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Bauer
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna Bludau
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jana Keller
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Grabski
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Killian
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Schmidt
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Zajicek
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Georg Jaeschke
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Discovery Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Basel, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lothar Lindemann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Discovery Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter J Flor
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Uschold-Schmidt
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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50
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Raab-Graham KF, Workman ER, Namjoshi S, Niere F. Pushing the threshold: How NMDAR antagonists induce homeostasis through protein synthesis to remedy depression. Brain Res 2016; 1647:94-104. [PMID: 27125595 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Healthy neurons have an optimal operating range, coded globally by the frequency of action potentials or locally by calcium. The maintenance of this range is governed by homeostatic plasticity. Here, we discuss how new approaches to treat depression alter synaptic activity. These approaches induce the neuron to recruit homeostatic mechanisms to relieve depression. Homeostasis generally implies that the direction of activity necessary to restore the neuron's critical operating range is opposite in direction to its current activity pattern. Unconventional antidepressant therapies-deep brain stimulation and NMDAR antagonists-alter the neuron's "depressed" state by pushing the neuron's current activity in the same direction but to the extreme edge. These therapies rally the intrinsic drive of neurons in the opposite direction, thereby allowing the cell to return to baseline activity, form new synapses, and restore proper communication. In this review, we discuss seminal studies on protein synthesis dependent homeostatic plasticity and their contribution to our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of NMDAR antagonists as rapid antidepressants. Rapid antidepressant efficacy is likely to require a cascade of mRNA translational regulation. Emerging evidence suggests that changes in synaptic strength or intrinsic excitability converge on the same protein synthesis pathways, relieving depressive symptoms. Thus, we address the question: Are there multiple homeostatic mechanisms that induce the neuron and neuronal circuits to self-correct to regulate mood in vivo? Targeting alternative ways to induce homeostatic protein synthesis may provide, faster, safer, and longer lasting antidepressants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:RNA Metabolism in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly F Raab-Graham
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Emily R Workman
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Sanjeev Namjoshi
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Farr Niere
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
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