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Rong J, Han C, Huang Y, Wang Y, Qiu Q, Wang M, Wang S, Wang R, Yang J, Li X, Hu C, Chen Z, Deng L, Huang W, Xia Q, Du D. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase alleviated pancreatic necrosis via HIF-1 α-regulated LDHA and NLRP3 signaling pathway in acute pancreatitis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:3591-3604. [PMID: 39220867 PMCID: PMC11365396 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a potentially fatal condition with no targeted treatment options. Although inhibiting xanthine oxidase (XO) in the treatment of AP has been studied in several experimental models and clinical trials, whether XO is a target of AP and what its the main mechanism of action is remains unclear. Here, we aimed to re-evaluate whether XO is a target aggravating AP other than merely generating reactive oxygen species that trigger AP. We first revealed that XO expression and enzyme activity were significantly elevated in the serum and pancreas of necrotizing AP models. We also found that allopurinol and febuxostat, as purine-like and non-purine XO inhibitors, respectively, exhibited protective effects against pancreatic acinar cell death in vitro and pancreatic damage in vivo at different doses and treatment time points. Moreover, we observed that conditional Xdh overexpression aggravated pancreatic necrosis and severity. Further mechanism analysis showed that XO inhibition restored the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α)-regulated lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathways and reduced the enrichment of 13C6-glucose to 13C3-lactate. Lastly, we observed that clinical circulatory XO activity was significantly elevated in severe cases and correlated with C-reactive protein levels, while pancreatic XO and urate were also increased in severe AP patients. These results together indicated that proper inhibition of XO might be a promising therapeutic strategy for alleviating pancreatic necrosis and preventing progression of severe AP by downregulating HIF-1α-mediated LDHA and NLRP3 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rong
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chenxia Han
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Huang
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi Qiu
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Manjiangcuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Shisheng Wang
- Proteomics-Metabolomics Platform, Research Core Facility, Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Juqin Yang
- Biobank, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Xia Li
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chenggong Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiyao Chen
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lihui Deng
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Huang
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Biobank, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Qing Xia
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Du
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610213, China
- Proteomics-Metabolomics Platform, Research Core Facility, Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610093, China
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2
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Wu T, Shao Y, Li X, Wu T, Yu L, Liang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Sun T, Zhu Y, Chang X, Wang S, Chen F, Han X. NR3C1/Glucocorticoid receptor activation promotes pancreatic β-cell autophagy overload in response to glucolipotoxicity. Autophagy 2023; 19:2538-2557. [PMID: 37039556 PMCID: PMC10392762 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2200625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a complex and heterogeneous disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Its core cause is progressively impaired insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cell failures, usually upon a background of preexisting insulin resistance. Recent studies demonstrate that macroautophagy/autophagy is essential to maintain architecture and function of β-cells, whereas excessive autophagy is also involved in β-cell dysfunction and death. It has been poorly understood whether autophagy plays a protective or harmful role in β-cells, while we report here that it is dependent on NR3C1/glucocorticoid receptor activation. We proved that deleterious hyperactive autophagy happened only upon NR3C1 activation in β-cells under glucolipotoxic conditions, which eventually promoted diabetes. The transcriptome and the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylome revealed that NR3C1-enhancement upregulated the RNA demethylase FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) protein in β-cells, which caused diminished m6A modifications on mRNAs of four core Atg (autophagy related) genes (Atg12, Atg5, Atg16l2, Atg9a) and, hence, hyperactive autophagy and defective insulin output; by contrast, FTO inhibition, achieved by the specific FTO inhibitor Dac51, prevented NR3C1-instigated excessive autophagy activation. Importantly, Dac51 effectively alleviated impaired insulin secretion and glucose intolerance in hyperglycemic β-cell specific NR3C1 overexpression mice. Our results determine that the NR3C1-FTO-m6A modifications-Atg genes axis acts as a key mediator of balanced autophagic flux in pancreatic β-cells, which offers a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AAV: adeno-associated virus; Ac: acetylation; Ad: adenovirus; AL: autolysosome; ATG: autophagy related; AUC: area under curve; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; βNR3C1 mice: pancreatic β-cell-specific NR3C1 overexpression mice; cFBS: charcoal-stripped FBS; Ctrl: control; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FTO: fat mass and obesity associated; GC: glucocorticoid; GRE: glucocorticoid response element; GSIS: glucose-stimulated insulin secretion assay; HFD: high-fat diet; HG: high glucose; HsND: non-diabetic human; HsT2D: type 2 diabetic human; i.p.: intraperitoneal injected; KSIS: potassium-stimulated insulin secretion assay; m6A: N6-methyladenosine; MeRIP-seq: methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing; NR3C1/GR: nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1; NR3C1-Enhc.: NR3C1-enhancement; NC: negative control; Palm.: palmitate; RNA-seq: RNA sequencing; T2D: type 2 diabetes; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; UTR: untranslated region; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixue Shao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xirui Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoai Chang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shusen Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Jiang H, Zheng S, Qian Y, Zhou Y, Dai H, Liang Y, He Y, Gao R, Lv H, Zhang J, Xia Z, Bian W, Yang T, Fu Q. Restored UBE2C expression in islets promotes β-cell regeneration in mice by ubiquitinating PER1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:226. [PMID: 37486389 PMCID: PMC11072275 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Insulin deficiency may be due to the reduced proliferation capacity of islet β-cell, contributing to the onset of diabetes. It is therefore imperative to investigate the mechanism of the β-cell regeneration in the islets. NKX6.1, one of the critical β-cell transcription factors, is a pivotal element in β-cell proliferation. The ubiquitin-binding enzyme 2C (UBE2C) was previously reported as one of the downstream molecules of NKX6.1 though the exact function and mechanism of UBE2C in β-cell remain to be elucidated. Here, we determined a subpopulation of islet β-cells highly expressing UBE2C, which proliferate actively. We also discovered that β-cell compensatory proliferation was induced by UBE2C via the cell cycle renewal pathway in weaning and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Moreover, the reduction of β-cell proliferation led to insulin deficiency in βUbe2cKO mice and, therefore, developed type 2 diabetes. UBE2C was found to regulate PER1 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway via its association with a ubiquitin ligase, CUL1. PER1 inhibition rescues UBE2C knockout-induced β-cell growth inhibition both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, overexpression of UBE2C via lentiviral transduction in pancreatic islets was able to relaunch β-cell proliferation in STZ-induced diabetic mice and therefore partially alleviated hyperglycaemia and glucose intolerance. This study indicates that UBE2C positively regulates β-cell proliferation by promoting ubiquitination and degradation of the biological clock suppressor PER1. The beneficial effect of UBE2C on islet β-cell regeneration suggests a promising application in treating diabetic patients with β-cell deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemin Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuncai Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yucheng Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunqiang He
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqing Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxuan Bian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qi Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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4
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Zhao X, Ma Y, Shi M, Huang M, Xin J, Ci S, Chen M, Jiang T, Hu Z, He L, Pan F, Guo Z. Excessive iron inhibits insulin secretion via perturbing transcriptional regulation of SYT7 by OGG1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:159. [PMID: 37209177 PMCID: PMC11072990 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04802-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although iron overload is closely related to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the specific mechanism is unclear. Here, we found that excessive iron inhibited the secretion of insulin (INS) and impaired islet β cell function through downregulating Synaptotagmin 7 (SYT7) in iron overload model in vivo and in vitro. Our results further demonstrated that 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), a key protein in the DNA base excision repair, was an upstream regulator of SYT7. Interestingly, such regulation could be suppressed by excessive iron. Ogg1-null mice, iron overload mice and db/db mice exhibit reduced INS secretion, weakened β cell function and subsequently impaired glucose tolerance. Notably, SYT7 overexpression could rescue these phenotypes. Our data revealed an intrinsic mechanism by which excessive iron inhibits INS secretion through perturbing the transcriptional regulation of SYT7 by OGG1, which suggested that SYT7 was a potential target in clinical therapy for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Munan Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Miaoling Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingyu Xin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shusheng Ci
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meimei Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lingfeng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Feiyan Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Guo P, Zhang T, Lu A, Shiota C, Huard M, Whitney KE, Huard J. Specific reprogramming of alpha cells to insulin-producing cells by short glucagon promoter-driven Pdx1 and MafA. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:355-365. [PMID: 36879848 PMCID: PMC9984919 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous reprogramming of pancreas-derived non-beta cells into insulin-producing cells is a promising approach to treat type 1 diabetes (T1D). One strategy that has yet to be explored is the specific delivery of insulin-producing essential genes, Pdx1 and MafA, to pancreatic alpha cells to reprogram the cells into insulin-producing cells in an adult pancreas. In this study, we used an alpha cell-specific glucagon (GCG) promoter to drive Pdx1 and MafA transcription factors to reprogram alpha cells to insulin-producing cells in chemically induced and autoimmune diabetic mice. Our results showed that a combination of a short glucagon-specific promoter with AAV serotype 8 (AAV8) can be used to successfully deliver Pdx1 and MafA to pancreatic alpha cells in the mouse pancreas. Pdx1 and MafA expression specifically in alpha cells were also able to correct hyperglycemia in both induced and autoimmune diabetic mice. With this technology, targeted gene specificity and reprogramming were accomplished with an alpha-specific promotor combined with an AAV-specific serotype and provide an initial basis to develop a novel therapy for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guo
- Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Aiping Lu
- Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthieu Huard
- Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E Whitney
- Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
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6
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Liu Y, Yang Y, Xu C, Liu J, Chen J, Li G, Huang B, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Wei Q, Pandol SJ, Zhang F, Li L, Jin L. Circular RNA circGlis3 protects against islet β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis in obesity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:351. [PMID: 36681689 PMCID: PMC9867769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell compensation is a major mechanism in delaying T2DM progression. Here we report the abnormal high expression of circGlis3 in islets of male mice with obesity and serum of people with obesity. Increasing circGlis3 is regulated by Quaking (QKI)-mediated splicing circularization. circGlis3 overexpression enhances insulin secretion and inhibits obesity-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circGlis3 promotes insulin secretion by up-regulating NeuroD1 and Creb1 via sponging miR-124-3p and decreases apoptosis via interacting with the pro-apoptotic factor SCOTIN. The RNA binding protein FUS recruits circGlis3 and collectively assemble abnormal stable cytoplasmic stress granules (SG) in response to cellular stress. These findings highlight a physiological role for circRNAs in β-cell compensation and indicate that modulation of circGlis3 expression may represent a potential strategy to prevent β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis after obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, P. R. China
| | - Chenying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, P. R. China
| | - Jianxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, P. R. China
| | - Jiale Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, P. R. China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, P. R. China.
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Liang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, P. R. China.
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7
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Jimenez-Gonzalez M, Li R, Pomeranz LE, Alvarsson A, Marongiu R, Hampton RF, Kaplitt MG, Vasavada RC, Schwartz GJ, Stanley SA. Mapping and targeted viral activation of pancreatic nerves in mice reveal their roles in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:1298-1316. [PMID: 35835995 PMCID: PMC9669304 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A lack of comprehensive mapping of ganglionic inputs into the pancreas and of technology for the modulation of the activity of specific pancreatic nerves has hindered the study of how they regulate metabolic processes. Here we show that the pancreas-innervating neurons in sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory ganglia can be mapped in detail by using tissue clearing and retrograde tracing (the tracing of neural connections from the synapse to the cell body), and that genetic payloads can be delivered via intrapancreatic injection to target sites in efferent pancreatic nerves in live mice through optimized adeno-associated viruses and neural-tissue-specific promoters. We also show that, in male mice, the targeted activation of parasympathetic cholinergic intrapancreatic ganglia and neurons doubled plasma-insulin levels and improved glucose tolerance, and that tolerance was impaired by stimulating pancreas-projecting sympathetic neurons. The ability to map the peripheral ganglia innervating the pancreas and to deliver transgenes to specific pancreas-projecting neurons will facilitate the examination of ganglionic inputs and the study of the roles of pancreatic efferent innervation in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jimenez-Gonzalez
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Li
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - L E Pomeranz
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Alvarsson
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Marongiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - R F Hampton
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - M G Kaplitt
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - R C Vasavada
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - G J Schwartz
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - S A Stanley
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Dopamine D2 Receptor Signaling Attenuates Acinar Cell Necroptosis in Acute Pancreatitis through the Cathepsin B/TFAM/ROS Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4499219. [PMID: 35927992 PMCID: PMC9345736 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4499219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease that is associated with trypsinogen activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell death, and inflammation. Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) plays an essential role in alleviating AP, while it is unclear whether it is involved in regulating acinar cell necroptosis. Here, we found that DRD2 agonist quinpirole alleviated acinar cell necroptosis via inhibiting cathepsin B (CTSB). Moreover, CTSB inhibition by CA-074Me ameliorated AP severity by reducing necroptosis. Notably, knockdown of TFAM reversed the therapeutic effect of either quinpirole or CA-074Me. We identified a new mechanism that DRD2 signaling inhibited CTSB and promoted the expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A(TFAM), leading to reduction of ROS production in AP, which attenuated acinar cell necroptosis ultimately. Collectively, our findings provide new evidence that DRD2 agonist could be a new potential therapeutic strategy for AP treatment.
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9
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Wang RR, Qiu X, Pan R, Fu H, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Chen H, Wu QQ, Pan X, Zhou Y, Shan P, Wang S, Guo G, Zheng M, Zhu L, Meng ZX. Dietary intervention preserves β cell function in mice through CTCF-mediated transcriptional reprogramming. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213256. [PMID: 35652891 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell plasticity is the primary determinant of disease progression and remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the dynamic nature of β cell adaptation remains elusive. Here, we establish a mouse model exhibiting the compensation-to-decompensation adaptation of β cell function in response to increasing duration of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Comprehensive islet functional and transcriptome analyses reveal a dynamic orchestration of transcriptional networks featuring temporal alteration of chromatin remodeling. Interestingly, prediabetic dietary intervention completely rescues β cell dysfunction, accompanied by a remarkable reversal of HFD-induced reprogramming of islet chromatin accessibility and transcriptome. Mechanistically, ATAC-based motif analysis identifies CTCF as the top candidate driving dietary intervention-induced preservation of β cell function. CTCF expression is markedly decreased in β cells from obese and diabetic mice and humans. Both dietary intervention and AAV-mediated restoration of CTCF expression ameliorate β cell dysfunction ex vivo and in vivo, through transducing the lipid toxicity and inflammatory signals to transcriptional reprogramming of genes critical for β cell glucose metabolism and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Ran Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ran Pan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongxing Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziyin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qintao Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haide Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing-Qian Wu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaowen Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanping Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengfei Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shusen Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.,NHC Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoji Guo
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingyun Zhu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo-Xian Meng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Hu Q, Mu J, Liu Y, Yang Y, Liu Y, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Li L, Liu D, Chen J, Zhang F, Jin L. Obesity-Induced miR-455 Upregulation Promotes Adaptive Pancreatic β-Cell Proliferation Through the CPEB1/CDKN1B Pathway. Diabetes 2022; 71:394-411. [PMID: 35029277 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells adapt to compensate for increased metabolic demand during obesity. Although the miRNA pathway has an essential role in β-cell expansion, whether it is involved in adaptive proliferation is largely unknown. First, we report that EGR2 binding to the miR-455 promoter induced miR-455 upregulation in the pancreatic islets of obesity mouse models. Then, in vitro gain- or loss-of-function studies showed that miR-455 overexpression facilitated β-cell proliferation. Knockdown of miR-455 in ob/ob mice via pancreatic intraductal infusion prevented compensatory β-cell expansion. Mechanistically, our results revealed that increased miR-455 expression inhibits the expression of its target cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 1 (CPEB1), an mRNA binding protein that plays an important role in regulating insulin resistance and cell proliferation. Decreased CPEB1 expression inhibits elongation of the poly(A) tail and the subsequent translation of Cdkn1b mRNA, reducing the CDKN1B expression level and finally promoting β-cell proliferation. Taken together, our results show that the miR-455/CPEB1/CDKN1B pathway contributes to adaptive proliferation of β-cells to meet metabolic demand during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinming Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Pancreatic Research Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dechen Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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11
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Papazoglou I, Lee JH, Cui Z, Li C, Fulgenzi G, Bahn YJ, Staniszewska-Goraczniak HM, Piñol RA, Hogue IB, Enquist LW, Krashes MJ, Rane SG. A distinct hypothalamus-to-β cell circuit modulates insulin secretion. Cell Metab 2022; 34:285-298.e7. [PMID: 35108515 PMCID: PMC8935365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system has long been thought to regulate insulin secretion, an essential process in the maintenance of blood glucose levels. However, the anatomical and functional connections between the brain and insulin-producing pancreatic β cells remain undefined. Here, we describe a functional transneuronal circuit connecting the hypothalamus to β cells in mice. This circuit originates from a subpopulation of oxytocin neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVNOXT), and it reaches the islets of the endocrine pancreas via the sympathetic autonomic branch to innervate β cells. Stimulation of PVNOXT neurons rapidly suppresses insulin secretion and causes hyperglycemia. Conversely, silencing of these neurons elevates insulin levels by dysregulating neuronal signaling and secretory pathways in β cells and induces hypoglycemia. PVNOXT neuronal activity is triggered by glucoprivation. Our findings reveal that a subset of PVNOXT neurons form functional multisynaptic circuits with β cells in mice to regulate insulin secretion, and their function is necessary for the β cell response to hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papazoglou
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ji-Hyeon Lee
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhenzhong Cui
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chia Li
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gianluca Fulgenzi
- Neural Development Section, MCGP, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA; Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Young Jae Bahn
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ramón A Piñol
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ian B Hogue
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lynn W Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael J Krashes
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sushil G Rane
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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12
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Zhong D, Wan Z, Cai J, Quan L, Zhang R, Teng T, Gao H, Fan C, Wang M, Guo D, Zhang H, Jia Z, Sun Y. mPGES-2 blockade antagonizes β-cell senescence to ameliorate diabetes by acting on NR4A1. Nat Metab 2022; 4:269-283. [PMID: 35228744 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
β-cell dysfunction is a hallmark of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with ageing-related β-cell abnormalities that arise through unknown mechanisms. Here we show better β-cell identity, less β-cell senescence, enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and improved glucose homeostasis in global microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2 (mPGES-2)-deficient mice challenged with a high-fat diet or bred with a genetic model of type 2 diabetes (db/db mice). Furthermore, the function of mPGES-2 in β-cells is validated using mice with β-cell-specific mPGES-2 deficiency or overexpression. Mechanistically, the protective role of mPGES-2 deletion is induced by antagonizing β-cell senescence via interference of the PGE2-EP3-NR4A1 signalling axis. We also discover an inhibitor of mPGES-2, SZ0232, which protects against β-cell dysfunction and diabetes, similar to mPGES-2 deletion. We conclude that mPGES-2 contributes to ageing-associated β-cell senescence and dysfunction via the PGE2-EP3-NR4A1 signalling axis. Pharmacologic blockade of mPGES-2 might be effective for treating ageing-associated β-cell dysfunction and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhikang Wan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jie Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- Public Experimental Research Center of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Quan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Rumeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- Public Experimental Research Center of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Tian Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hang Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chenyu Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China.
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China.
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13
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Zhu L, Qian J, Jiang Y, Yang T, Duan Q, Xiao X. PlGF Reduction Compromises Angiogenesis in Diabetic Foot Disease Through Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:736153. [PMID: 34659227 PMCID: PMC8511710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.736153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot disease (DFD) is a common and serious complication for diabetes and is characterized with impaired angiogenesis. In addition to the well-defined role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -A and its defect in the pathogenesis of DFD, another VEGF family member, placental growth factor (PlGF), was also recently found to alter expression pattern in the DFD patients with undetermined mechanisms. This question was thus addressed in the current study. We detected attenuated PlGF upregulation in a mouse DFD model. In addition, the major cell types at the wound to express the unique PlGF receptor, VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1), were macrophages and endothelial cells. To assess how PlGF regulates DFD-associated angiogenesis, we injected recombinant PlGF and depleted VEGF1R specifically in macrophages by local injection of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying siRNA for VEGFR1 under a macrophage-specific CD68 promoter. We found that the angiogenesis and recovery of the DFD were both improved by PlGF injection. The PlGF-induced improvement in angiogenesis and the recovery of skin injury were largely attenuated by macrophage-specific depletion of VEGF1R, likely resulting from reduced macrophage number and reduced M2 polarization. Together, our data suggest that reduced PlGF compromises angiogenesis in DFD at least partially through macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Peoples Hospital of Yudu County, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jieqi Qian
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yinan Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tianlun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Duan
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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14
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Qian B, Yang Y, Tang N, Wang J, Sun P, Yang N, Chen F, Wu T, Sun T, Li Y, Chang X, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Han X. M1 macrophage-derived exosomes impair beta cell insulin secretion via miR-212-5p by targeting SIRT2 and inhibiting Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway in mice. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2037-2051. [PMID: 34117507 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Macrophage levels are elevated in pancreatic islets, and the resulting inflammatory response is a major contributor to beta cell failure during obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previous studies by us and others have reported that exosomes released by macrophages play important roles in mediating cell-to-cell communication, and represent a class of inflammatory factors involved in the inflammatory process associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, to date, no reports have demonstrated the effect of macrophage-derived exosomes on beta cells, and little is known regarding their underlying mechanisms in beta cell injury. Thus, we aimed to study the impact of macrophage-derived exosomes on islet beta cell injury in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The phenotypic profiles of islet-resident macrophages were analysed in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Exosomes were collected from the medium of cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and from isolated islet-resident macrophages of HFD-fed mice (HFD-Exos). The role of exosomes secreted by inflammatory M1 phenotype BMDMs (M1-Exos) and HFD-Exos on beta cell function was assessed. An miRNA microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were conducted to test the level of M1-Exos-derived miR-212-5p in beta cells. Then, miR-212-5p was overexpressed or inhibited in M1-Exos or beta cells to determine its molecular and functional impact. RESULTS M1-polarised macrophages were enriched in the islets of obese mice. M1 macrophages and islet-resident macrophages of HFD-fed mice impaired beta cell insulin secretion in an exosome-dependent manner. miR-212-5p was notably upregulated in M1-Exos and HFD-Exos. Enhancing the expression of miR-212-5p impaired beta cell insulin secretion. Blocking miR-212-5p elicited a significant improvement in M1-Exos-mediated beta cell insulin secretion during injury. Mechanistically, M1-Exos mediated an intercellular transfer of the miR-212-5p, targeting the sirtuin 2 gene and regulating the Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway in recipient beta cells to restrict insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION A novel exosome-modulated mechanism was delineated for macrophage-beta cell crosstalk that drove beta cell dysfunction and should be explored for its therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningyuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yating Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoai Chang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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15
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Zhang F, Yang Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Hu Q, Huang B, Liu Y, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Liu D, Liang R, Li G, Wei Q, Li L, Jin L. The long non-coding RNA βFaar regulates islet β-cell function and survival during obesity in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3997. [PMID: 34183666 PMCID: PMC8238983 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite obesity being a predisposing factor for pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and loss, the mechanisms underlying its negative effect on insulin-secreting cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we identify an islet-enriched long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), which we name β-cell function and apoptosis regulator (βFaar). βFaar is dramatically downregulated in the islets of the obese mice, and a low level of βFaar is necessary for the development of obesity-associated β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Mechanistically, βFaar promote the synthesis and secretion of insulin by upregulating islet-specific genes Ins2, NeuroD1, and Creb1 through sponging miR-138-5p. In addition, using quantitative mass spectrometry, we identify TRAF3IP2 and SMURF1 as interacting proteins that are specifically associated with βFaar. We demonstrate that SMURF1 ubiquitin ligase activity is essential for TRAF3IP2 ubiquitination and activation of NF-κB-mediate β-cell apoptosis. Our experiments provide direct evidence that dysregulated βFaar contributes to the development of obesity-induced β-cell injury and apoptosis. Beta-cell function is often impaired in obesity through incompletely understood mechanisms. Here the authors show that the long noncoding RNA βFaar is reduced by diet-induced obesity in mice, which leads to impaired beta-cell function via miR-138-5p and survival via TRAF3 Interacting Protein 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qianxing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dechen Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Pancreatic Research Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Pancreatic Research Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Pancreatic Research Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Liang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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16
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Liu Q, Jiang Y, Zhu L, Qian J, Wang C, Yang T, Prasadan K, Gittes GK, Xiao X. Insulin-positive ductal cells do not migrate into preexisting islets during pregnancy. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:605-614. [PMID: 33820959 PMCID: PMC8102600 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult pancreatic ductal system was suggested to harbor facultative beta-cell progenitors similar to the embryonic pancreas, and the appearance of insulin-positive duct cells has been used as evidence for natural duct-to-beta-cell reprogramming. Nevertheless, the phenotype and fate of these insulin-positive cells in ducts have not been determined. Here, we used a cell-tagging dye, CFDA-SE, to permanently label pancreatic duct cells through an intraductal infusion technique. Representing a time when significant increases in beta-cell mass occur, pregnancy was later induced in these CFDA-SE-treated mice to assess the phenotype and fate of the insulin-positive cells in ducts. We found that a small portion of CFDA-SE-labeled duct cells became insulin-positive, but they were not fully functional beta-cells based on the in vitro glucose response and the expression levels of key beta-cell genes. Moreover, these insulin-positive cells in ducts expressed significantly lower levels of genes associated with extracellular matrix degradation and cell migration, which may thus prevent their budding and migration into preexisting islets. A similar conclusion was reached through analysis of the Gene Expression Omnibus database for both mice and humans. Together, our data suggest that the contribution of duct cells to normal beta-cells in adult islets is minimal at best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of NanChang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.,Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Yinan Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of NanChang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Jieqi Qian
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.,Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Chaoban Wang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.,Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Tianlun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
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17
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Saleh M, Sharma K, Kalsi R, Fusco J, Sehrawat A, Saloman JL, Guo P, Zhang T, Mohamed N, Wang Y, Prasadan K, Gittes GK. Chemical pancreatectomy treats chronic pancreatitis while preserving endocrine function in preclinical models. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:143301. [PMID: 33351784 PMCID: PMC7843231 DOI: 10.1172/jci143301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis affects over 250,000 people in the US and millions worldwide. It is associated with chronic debilitating pain, pancreatic exocrine failure, and high risk of pancreatic cancer and usually progresses to diabetes. Treatment options are limited and ineffective. We developed a new potential therapy, wherein a pancreatic ductal infusion of 1%-2% acetic acid in mice and nonhuman primates resulted in a nonregenerative, near-complete ablation of the exocrine pancreas, with complete preservation of the islets. Pancreatic ductal infusion of acetic acid in a mouse model of chronic pancreatitis led to resolution of chronic inflammation and pancreatitis-associated pain. Furthermore, acetic acid-treated animals showed improved glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. The loss of exocrine tissue in this procedure would not typically require further management in patients with chronic pancreatitis because they usually have pancreatic exocrine failure requiring dietary enzyme supplements. Thus, this procedure, which should be readily translatable to humans through an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), may offer a potential innovative nonsurgical therapy for chronic pancreatitis that relieves pain and prevents the progression of pancreatic diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Saleh
- Division of Pediatric Surgery
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jami L. Saloman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ping Guo
- Department of Clinical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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18
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Makhmutova M, Weitz J, Tamayo A, Pereira E, Boulina M, Almaça J, Rodriguez-Diaz R, Caicedo A. Pancreatic β-Cells Communicate With Vagal Sensory Neurons. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:875-888.e11. [PMID: 33121946 PMCID: PMC10009739 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Destroying visceral sensory nerves impacts pancreatic islet function, glucose metabolism, and diabetes onset, but how islet endocrine cells interact with sensory neurons has not been studied. METHODS We characterized the anatomical pattern of pancreatic sensory innervation by combining viral tracing, immunohistochemistry, and reporter mouse models. To assess the functional interactions of β-cells with vagal sensory neurons, we recorded Ca2+ responses in individual nodose neurons in vivo while selectively stimulating β-cells with chemogenetic and pharmacologic approaches. RESULTS We found that pancreatic islets are innervated by vagal sensory axons expressing Phox2b, substance P, calcitonin-gene related peptide, and the serotonin receptor 5-HT3R. Centrally, vagal neurons projecting to the pancreas terminate in the commissural nucleus of the solitary tract. Nodose neurons responded in vivo to chemogenetic stimulation of β-cells and to pancreas infusion with serotonin, but were not sensitive to insulin. Responses to chemogenetic and pharmacologic stimulation of β-cells were blocked by a 5-HT3R antagonist and were enhanced by increasing serotonin levels in β-cells. We further confirmed directly in living pancreas slices that sensory terminals in the islet were sensitive to serotonin. CONCLUSIONS Our study establishes that pancreatic β-cells communicate with vagal sensory neurons, likely using serotonin signaling as a transduction mechanism. Serotonin is coreleased with insulin and may therefore convey information about the secretory state of β-cells via vagal afferent nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madina Makhmutova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Program in Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
| | - Jonathan Weitz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Alejandro Tamayo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Elizabeth Pereira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Maria Boulina
- Analytical Imaging Core Facility, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami
| | - Joana Almaça
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Rayner Rodriguez-Diaz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Program in Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
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19
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Abstract
At the time of Ivan Pavlov, pancreatic innervation was studied by looking at pancreas secretions in response to electrical stimulation of nerves. Nowadays we have ways to visualize neuronal activity in real time thanks to advances in fluorescent reporters and imaging techniques. We also have very precise optogenetic and pharmacogenetic approaches that allow neuronal manipulations in a very specific manner. These technological advances have been extensively employed for studying the central nervous system and are just beginning to be incorporated for studying visceral innervation. Pancreatic innervation is complex, and the role it plays in physiology and pathophysiology of the organ is still not fully understood. In this review we highlight anatomical aspects of pancreatic innervation, techniques for pancreatic neuronal labeling, and approaches for imaging pancreatic innervation in vitro and in vivo.
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20
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Expression of miRNA-29 in Pancreatic β Cells Promotes Inflammation and Diabetes via TRAF3. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108576. [PMID: 33406428 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is recognized as a chronic, low-grade inflammatory disease characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic β cell dysfunction; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report a key β cell-macrophage crosstalk pathway mediated by the miRNA-29-TNF-receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) axis. β cell-specific transgenic miR-29a/b/c mice are predisposed to develop glucose intolerance and insulin resistance when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The metabolic effect of β cell miR-29 is largely mediated through macrophages because either depletion of macrophages or reconstitution with miR-29-signaling defective bone marrow improves metabolic parameters in the transgenic mice. Mechanistically, our data show that miR-29 promotes the recruitment and activation of circulating monocytes and macrophages and, hence, inflammation, via miR-29 exosomes in a TRAF3-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate the ability of β cells to modulate the systemic inflammatory tone and glucose homeostasis via miR-29 in response to nutrient overload.
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21
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Good Cop, Bad Cop: The Opposing Effects of Macrophage Activation State on Maintaining or Damaging Functional β-Cell Mass. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120485. [PMID: 33256225 PMCID: PMC7761161 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of functional β-cell mass is a hallmark of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Macrophages play an integral role in the maintenance or destruction of pancreatic β-cells. The effect of the macrophage β-cell interaction is dependent on the activation state of the macrophage. Macrophages can be activated across a spectrum, from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory and tissue remodeling. The factors secreted by these differentially activated macrophages and their effect on β-cells define the effect on functional β-cell mass. In this review, the spectrum of macrophage activation is discussed, as are the positive and negative effects on β-cell survival, expansion, and function as well as the defined factors released from macrophages that impinge on functional β-cell mass.
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22
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Wen L, Javed TA, Dobbs AK, Brown R, Niu M, Li L, Khalid A, Barakat MT, Xiao X, Yimlamai D, Konnikova L, Yu M, Byersdorfer CA, Husain SZ. The Protective Effects of Calcineurin on Pancreatitis in Mice Depend on the Cellular Source. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1036-1050.e8. [PMID: 32445858 PMCID: PMC7502475 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Calcineurin is a ubiquitously expressed central Ca2+-responsive signaling molecule that mediates acute pancreatitis, but little is known about its effects. We compared the effects of calcineurin expression by hematopoietic cells vs pancreas in mouse models of pancreatitis and pancreatitis-associated lung inflammation. METHODS We performed studies with mice with hematopoietic-specific or pancreas-specific deletion of protein phosphatase 3, regulatory subunit B, alpha isoform (PPP3R1, also called CNB1), in mice with deletion of CNB1 (Cnb1UBC△/△) and in the corresponding controls for each deletion of CNB1. Acute pancreatitis was induced in mice by administration of caerulein or high-pressure infusion of radiocontrast into biliopancreatic ducts; some mice were also given intraductal infusions of an adeno-associated virus vector that expressed nuclear factor of activated T -cells (NFAT)-luciferase into pancreas. Pancreas, bone marrow, liver, kidney, heart, and lung were collected and analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblots; levels of cytokines were measured in serum. Mouse and human primary pancreatic acinar cells were transfected with a vector that expressed NFAT-luciferase and incubated with an agent that blocks interaction of NFAT with calcineurin; cells were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Calcineurin-mediated neutrophil chemotaxis and reactive oxygen species production were measured in neutrophils from mice. RESULTS Mice with hematopoietic-specific deletion of CNB1 developed the same level of local pancreatic inflammation as control mice after administration of caerulein or infusion of radiocontrast into biliopancreatic ducts. Cnb1UBC△/△ mice or mice with pancreas-specific deletion of CNB1 developed less severe pancreatitis and reduced pancreatic inflammation after administration of caerulein or infusion of radiocontrast into biliopancreatic ducts compared with control mice. NFAT was activated in pancreas of Swiss Webster mice given caerulein or infusions of radiocontrast into biliopancreatic ducts. Blocking the interaction between calcineurin and NFAT did not reduce pancreatic acinar cell necrosis in response to caerulein or infusions of radiocontrast. Mice with hematopoietic-specific deletion of CNB1 (but not mice with pancreas-specific deletion of CNB1) had reduced infiltration of lung tissues by neutrophils. Neutrophil chemotaxis and production of reactive oxygen species were decreased after incubation with a calcineurin inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Hematopoietic and neutrophil expression of calcineurin promotes pancreatitis-associated lung inflammation, whereas pancreatic calcineurin promotes local pancreatic inflammation. The findings indicate that the protective effects of blocking or deleting calcineurin on pancreatitis are mediated by the source of its expression. This information should be used in the development of strategies to inhibit calcineurin for the prevention of pancreatitis and pancreatitis-associated lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tanveer A Javed
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea K Dobbs
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca Brown
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mengya Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwen Li
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Asna Khalid
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Monique T Barakat
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dean Yimlamai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Liza Konnikova
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mang Yu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Craig A Byersdorfer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sohail Z Husain
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
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23
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Ramzy A, Tudurí E, Glavas MM, Baker RK, Mojibian M, Fox JK, O'Dwyer SM, Dai D, Hu X, Denroche HC, Edeer N, Gray SL, Verchere CB, Johnson JD, Kieffer TJ. AAV8 Ins1-Cre can produce efficient β-cell recombination but requires consideration of off-target effects. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10518. [PMID: 32601405 PMCID: PMC7324556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo genetic manipulation is used to study the impact of gene deletion or re-expression on β-cell function and organism physiology. Cre-LoxP is a system wherein LoxP sites flanking a gene are recognized by Cre recombinase. Cre transgenic mice are the most prevalent technology used to deliver Cre but many models have caveats of off-target recombination, impaired β-cell function, and high cost of animal production. Inducible estrogen receptor conjugated Cre models face leaky recombination and confounding effects of tamoxifen. As an alternative, we characterize an adeno associated virus (AAV) with a rat insulin 1 promoter driving Cre recombinase (AAV8 Ins1-Cre) that is economical and rapid to implement, and has limited caveats. Intraperitoneal AAV8 Ins1-Cre produced efficient β-cell recombination, alongside some hepatic, exocrine pancreas, α-cell, δ-cell, and hypothalamic recombination. Delivery of lower doses via the pancreatic duct retained good rates of β-cell recombination and limited rates of off-target recombination. Unlike inducible Cre in transgenic mice, AAV8 Ins1-Cre required no tamoxifen and premature recombination was avoided. We demonstrate the utility of this technology by inducing hyperglycemia in inducible insulin knockout mice (Ins1−/−;Ins2f/f). AAV-mediated expression of Cre in β-cells provides an effective alternative to transgenic approaches for inducible knockout studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ramzy
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eva Tudurí
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Elche, Spain
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert K Baker
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Majid Mojibian
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica K Fox
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shannon M O'Dwyer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Derek Dai
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiaoke Hu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heather C Denroche
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nazde Edeer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah L Gray
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cameron B Verchere
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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24
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Wu T, Zhang S, Xu J, Zhang Y, Sun T, Shao Y, Wang J, Tang W, Chen F, Han X. HRD1, an Important Player in Pancreatic β-Cell Failure and Therapeutic Target for Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:940-953. [PMID: 32086291 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate insulin secretion in response to glucose is an important factor for β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although HMG-CoA reductase degradation 1 (HRD1), a subunit of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation complex, plays a pivotal role in β-cell function, HRD1 elevation in a diabetic setting contributes to β-cell dysfunction. We report in this study the excessive HRD1 expression in islets from humans with T2D and T2D mice. Functional studies reveal that β-cell-specific HRD1 overexpression triggers impaired insulin secretion that will ultimately lead to severe hyperglycemia; by contrast, HRD1 knockdown improves glucose control and response in diabetic models. Proteomic analysis results reveal a large HRD1 interactome, which includes v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (MafA), a master regulator of genes implicated in the maintenance of β-cell function. Furthermore, mechanistic assay results indicate that HRD1 is a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets MafA for ubiquitination and degradation in diabetic β-cells, resulting in cytoplasmic accumulation of MafA and in the reduction of its biological function in the nucleus. Our results not only reveal the pathological importance of excessive HRD1 in β-cell dysfunction but also establish the therapeutic importance of targeting HRD1 in order to prevent MafA loss and suppress the development of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jialiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixue Shao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Islet Cell Senescence and Function Research Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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25
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Li B, Tan TB, Wang L, Zhao XY, Tan GJ. p38MAPK/SGK1 signaling regulates macrophage polarization in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:898-907. [PMID: 30716717 PMCID: PMC6382436 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized with multifocal demyelination resulting from activation and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the central nerve system. Recent reports suggest that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) / serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible protein kinase 1 (SGK1) signaling pathway contributes to the pathology of MS through regulation of immunity. However, the role of this signaling pathway in MS-related macrophage activation and polarization has not been studied. Here, we used an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model for MS to study the role of p38MAPK/SGK1 signaling in the macrophage polarization and its effects on the development and severity of EAE. Here, we found that p38MAPK/SGK1 signaling is required for IL4-induced M2 macrophage polarization in vitro. Chitin-induced M2 macrophage polarization reduces the severity of EAE in mice. Generation of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying sh-p38 or sh-SGK1 under the control of a CD68 promoter successfully knockdown p38 or SGK1 levels in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with AAV-sh-p38 or AAV-sh-SGK1 abolished the effects of Chitin on macrophage polarization and the severity of EAE. Thus, our data suggest that p38MAPK/SGK1 signaling induces M2 macrophage polarization, which reduces the severity of EAE, a model for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | | | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.,Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Zhao
- Laboratory Medicine Center of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao 266035, China
| | - Guo-Jun Tan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.,Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
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26
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Yang W, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Zhang T, Liu Q, Wang C, Swisher G, Wu N, Chao C, Prasadan K, Gittes GK, Xiao X. Placental growth factor in beta cells plays an essential role in gestational beta-cell growth. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000921. [PMID: 32144129 PMCID: PMC7059504 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic beta cells proliferate in response to metabolic requirements during pregnancy, while failure of this response may cause gestational diabetes. A member of the vascular endothelial growth factor family, placental growth factor (PlGF), typically plays a role in metabolic disorder and pathological circumstance. The expression and function of PlGF in the endocrine pancreas have not been reported and are addressed in the current study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS PlGF levels in beta cells were determined by immunostaining or ELISA in purified beta cells in non-pregnant and pregnant adult mice. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 8 carrying a shRNA for PlGF under the control of a rat insulin promoter (AAV-rat insulin promoter (RIP)-short hairpin small interfering RNA for PlGF (shPlGF)) was prepared and infused into mouse pancreas through the pancreatic duct to specifically knock down PlGF in beta cells, and its effects on beta-cell growth were determined by beta-cell proliferation, beta-cell mass and insulin release. A macrophage-depleting reagent, clodronate, was coapplied into AAV-treated mice to study crosstalk between beta cells and macrophages. RESULTS PlGF is exclusively produced by beta cells in the adult mouse pancreas. Moreover, PlGF expression in beta cells was significantly increased during pregnancy. Intraductal infusion of AAV-RIP-shPlGF specifically knocked down PlGF in beta cells, resulting in compromised beta-cell proliferation, reduced growth in beta-cell mass and impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Mechanistically, PlGF depletion in beta cells reduced islet infiltration of trophic macrophages, which appeared to be essential for gestational beta-cell growth. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that increased expression of PlGF in beta cells may trigger gestational beta-cell growth through recruited macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yinan Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of NanChang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chaoban Wang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Grant Swisher
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nannan Wu
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chelsea Chao
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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27
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Tudurí E, Glavas MM, Asadi A, Baker RK, Ellis CE, Soukhatcheva G, Philit M, Huynh FK, Johnson JD, Bruce Verchere C, Kieffer TJ. AAV GCG-EGFP, a new tool to identify glucagon-secreting α-cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10829. [PMID: 31346189 PMCID: PMC6658537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of primary glucagon-secreting α-cells is hampered by their low abundance and scattered distribution in rodent pancreatic islets. We have designed a double-stranded adeno-associated virus containing a rat proglucagon promoter (700 bp) driving enhanced green fluorescent protein (AAV GCG-EGFP), to specifically identify α-cells. The administration of AAV GCG-EGFP by intraperitoneal or intraductal injection led to EGFP expression selectively in the α-cell population. AAV GCG-EGFP delivery to mice followed by islet isolation, dispersion and separation by FACS for EGFP resulted in an 86% pure population of α-cells. Furthermore, the administration of AAV GCG-EGFP at various doses to adult wild type mice did not significantly alter body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin or glucagon levels, glucose tolerance or arginine tolerance. In vitro experiments in transgene positive α-cells demonstrated that EGFP expression did not alter the intracellular Ca2+ pattern in response to glucose or adrenaline. This approach may be useful for studying purified primary α-cells and for the in vivo delivery of other genes selectively to α-cells to further probe their function or to manipulate them for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tudurí
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Elche, Spain
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ali Asadi
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert K Baker
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cara E Ellis
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Galina Soukhatcheva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marjolaine Philit
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Frank K Huynh
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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28
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Fu J, Bai P, Chen Y, Yu T, Li F. Inhibition of miR-495 Improves Both Vascular Remodeling and Angiogenesis in Pulmonary Hypertension. J Vasc Res 2019; 56:97-106. [PMID: 31030195 DOI: 10.1159/000500024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic progressing vascular disease characterized by pulmonary arteriole remodeling and loss of pulmonary microvasculature. The aim of this study was to investigate a potential role for the miR-495 in PH pathogenesis and to explore its therapeutic potential in PH. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were injected with SU5416 weekly during 3 weeks of exposure to 10% oxygen to cause PH. We first tested the effects of adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) delivery which was specifically designed to block miR-495 in the lungs of the PH model. Then, the biological function of miR-495 was analyzed in cultured pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) under hypoxic condition. RESULTS The inhibition of miR-495 improves hemodynamics and vascular remodeling in PH. At the same time, these effects were associated with increases in angiogenic transcription factor VEZF1 and marked upregulation of other angiogenic genes such as Angpt-1 and IGF1. In vitro, cultured mouse PAECs were transfected with miR-495 inhibitor or miR-495 mimics. Both the flow cytometry results and CCK8 assay showed that miR-495 inhibitor increased the percentage of cells in the G2/M+S phase, and the wound healing assays indicated that the migration capacity of PAECs transfected with miR-495 inhibitor was increased compared to the inhibitor-NC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that AAV9-TuD-miR-495 delivery improves hemodynamic and pulmonary vascular structural changes in PH mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyuan Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, .,Shanghai Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,
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29
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Xiao X, Guo P, Shiota C, Zhang T, Coudriet GM, Fischbach S, Prasadan K, Fusco J, Ramachandran S, Witkowski P, Piganelli JD, Gittes GK. Endogenous Reprogramming of Alpha Cells into Beta Cells, Induced by Viral Gene Therapy, Reverses Autoimmune Diabetes. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:78-90.e4. [PMID: 29304344 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Successful strategies for treating type 1 diabetes need to restore the function of pancreatic beta cells that are destroyed by the immune system and overcome further destruction of insulin-producing cells. Here, we infused adeno-associated virus carrying Pdx1 and MafA expression cassettes through the pancreatic duct to reprogram alpha cells into functional beta cells and normalized blood glucose in both beta cell-toxin-induced diabetic mice and in autoimmune non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The euglycemia in toxin-induced diabetic mice and new insulin+ cells persisted in the autoimmune NOD mice for 4 months prior to reestablishment of autoimmune diabetes. This gene therapy strategy also induced alpha to beta cell conversion in toxin-treated human islets, which restored blood glucose levels in NOD/SCID mice upon transplantation. Hence, this strategy could represent a new therapeutic approach, perhaps complemented by immunosuppression, to bolster endogenous insulin production. Our study thus provides a potential basis for further investigation in human type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Ping Guo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Gina M Coudriet
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Shane Fischbach
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Joseph Fusco
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | | | - Piotr Witkowski
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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30
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Guo P, Wiersch J, Xiao X, Gittes G. Simplified Purification of AAV and Delivery to the Pancreas by Intraductal Administration. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1950:373-387. [PMID: 30783986 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9139-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic manipulation is a very powerful tool for studying diabetes, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. Here we discuss the use of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector to modify gene expression, such as to introduce a green fluorescence protein (GFP) in wild-type mice, cre recombinase in loxP mice, or to inactivate a gene with shRNA. The use of viruses for genetic modification allows for time-specific genetic changes which have advantages over time-consuming and often complex cross-breeding strategies. Here we provide a detailed approach for this process from viral production and purification through pancreatic ductal infusion. Our protocol allows efficient delivery of AAV to mediate GFP or cre expression for cell lineage tracing in the mouse pancreas or for the delivery of transgenes under a specific promoter to these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guo
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - John Wiersch
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- University of Pittsburgh/Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George Gittes
- University of Pittsburgh/Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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31
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Hughes JW, Ustione A, Lavagnino Z, Piston DW. Regulation of islet glucagon secretion: Beyond calcium. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 Suppl 2:127-136. [PMID: 30230183 PMCID: PMC6148361 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The islet of Langerhans plays a key role in glucose homeostasis through regulated secretion of the hormones insulin and glucagon. Islet research has focused on the insulin-secreting β-cells, even though aberrant glucagon secretion from α-cells also contributes to the aetiology of diabetes. Despite its importance, the mechanisms controlling glucagon secretion remain controversial. Proper α-cell function requires the islet milieu, where β- and δ-cells drive and constrain α-cell dynamics. The response of glucagon to glucose is similar between isolated islets and that measured in vivo, so it appears that the glucose dependence requires only islet-intrinsic factors and not input from blood flow or the nervous system. Elevated intracellular free Ca2+ is needed for α-cell exocytosis, but interpreting Ca2+ data is tricky since it is heterogeneous among α-cells at all physiological glucose levels. Total Ca2+ activity in α-cells increases slightly with glucose, so Ca2+ may serve a permissive, rather than regulatory, role in glucagon secretion. On the other hand, cAMP is a more promising candidate for controlling glucagon secretion and is itself driven by paracrine signalling from β- and δ-cells. Another pathway, juxtacrine signalling through the α-cell EphA receptors, stimulated by β-cell ephrin ligands, leads to a tonic inhibition of glucagon secretion. We discuss potential combinations of Ca2+ , cAMP, paracrine and juxtacrine factors in the regulation of glucagon secretion, focusing on recent data in the literature that might unify the field towards a quantitative understanding of α-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing W. Hughes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alessandro Ustione
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Zeno Lavagnino
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David W. Piston
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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32
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Cyr61-positive cancer stem-like cells enhances distal metastases of pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:73160-73170. [PMID: 27705906 PMCID: PMC5341970 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient inhibition of tumor metastasis after resection of primary tumors is critical for cancer therapy. We have recently shown that Cyr61 promotes growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) through PI3k/Akt signaling-enhanced nuclear exclusion of p27. Here, we report that administration of adeno-associated viral vectors carrying a short-hairpin interfering RNA (shRNA) for Cyr61 via pancreatic duct significantly decreased the distal tumor metastases after resection of primary pancreatic tumor in mice. Moreover, Cyr61 depletion in PDAC cells significantly inhibited the tumor sphere formation in vitro, significantly decreased the growth of the subcutaneously transplanted tumor, and significantly decreased the incidence of tumor formation after serial adoptive transplantation into NOD/SCID mice. Finally, higher Cyr61 levels were detected in the PDAC specimens from the patients with distal tumor metastasis, compared to PDAC without metastasis at diagnosis. Together, our study suggests that suppression of Cyr61 in cancer stem cell-like cells in PDAC may inhibit tumor cell metastasis after resection of the primary tumor.
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33
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Wang Y, Dorrell C, Naugler WE, Heskett M, Spellman P, Li B, Galivo F, Haft A, Wakefield L, Grompe M. Long-Term Correction of Diabetes in Mice by In Vivo Reprogramming of Pancreatic Ducts. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1327-1342. [PMID: 29550076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct lineage reprogramming can convert readily available cells in the body into desired cell types for cell replacement therapy. This is usually achieved through forced activation or repression of lineage-defining factors or pathways. In particular, reprogramming toward the pancreatic β cell fate has been of great interest in the search for new diabetes therapies. It has been suggested that cells from various endodermal lineages can be converted to β-like cells. However, it is unclear how closely induced cells resemble endogenous pancreatic β cells and whether different cell types have the same reprogramming potential. Here, we report in vivo reprogramming of pancreatic ductal cells through intra-ductal delivery of an adenoviral vector expressing the transcription factors Pdx1, Neurog3, and Mafa. Induced β-like cells are mono-hormonal, express genes essential for β cell function, and correct hyperglycemia in both chemically and genetically induced diabetes models. Compared with intrahepatic ducts and hepatocytes treated with the same vector, pancreatic ducts demonstrated more rapid activation of β cell transcripts and repression of donor cell markers. This approach could be readily adapted to humans through a commonly performed procedure, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and provides potential for cell replacement therapy in type 1 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Craig Dorrell
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Willscott E Naugler
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael Heskett
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paul Spellman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; CEDAR Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Feorillo Galivo
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Annelise Haft
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Leslie Wakefield
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Wang B, Huang J, Li J, Zhong Y. Control of macrophage autophagy by miR-384-5p in the development of diabetic encephalopathy. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:511-518. [PMID: 29511445 PMCID: PMC5835816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular development of diabetic encephalopathy remains ill-defined. Recently, we reported that elimination of inflammatory macrophages alleviated the progress and severity of diabetic encephalopathy. Here, we studied the underlying mechanism. Inflammatory macrophages were isolated from the brain of the mice that received i.p. injection of streptozotocin (STZ) to develop diabetes 6 weeks before, and showed enhanced autophagy activity, seemingly through augmentation of Beclin-1 levels. However, the increases in Beclin-1 levels did not result from enhanced gene transcription, but appeared to result from suppression of a Beclin-1-inhibitory microRNA, miR-384-5p. Overexpression of miR-384-5p in the inflammatory macrophages through an adeno-associated virus mediated gene transfer system significantly reduced inflammatory macrophages in the diabetic brain, resulting in attenuation of the STZ-induced decreases in brain malondialdehyde, catalase and superoxidase anion-positive cells, and the STZ-induced increases in brain nitric oxide. Thus, these data suggest that downregulation of miR-384-5p in the inflammatory macrophages may enhance macrophage autophagy and contribute to the development of diabetic encephalopathy, which may be suppressed by re-expression of miR-384-5p in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiyun Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai 200233, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai 200233, China
| | - Jingbo Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai 200233, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai 200233, China
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35
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Sheng Q, Xiao X, Prasadan K, Chen C, Ming Y, Fusco J, Gangopadhyay NN, Ricks D, Gittes GK. Autophagy protects pancreatic beta cell mass and function in the setting of a high-fat and high-glucose diet. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16348. [PMID: 29180700 PMCID: PMC5703965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major regulator of pancreatic beta cell homeostasis. Altered autophagic activity has been implicated in the beta cells of patients with type 2 diabetes, and in the beta cells of obese diabetic rodents. Here, we show that autophagy was induced in beta cells by either a high-fat diet or a combined high-fat and high-glucose diet, but not by high-glucose alone. However, a high-glucose intake alone did increase beta cell mass and insulin secretion moderately. Depletion of Atg7, a necessary component of the autophagy pathway, in beta cells by pancreatic intra-ductal AAV8-shAtg7 infusion in C57BL/6 mice, resulted in decreased beta cell mass, impaired glucose tolerance, defective insulin secretion, and increased apoptosis when a combined high-fat and high-glucose diet was given, seemingly due to suppression of autophagy. Taken together, our findings suggest that the autophagy pathway may act as a protective mechanism in pancreatic beta cells during a high-calorie diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Sheng
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 355, Luding Rd, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Congde Chen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Yungching Ming
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Joseph Fusco
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Nupur N Gangopadhyay
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - David Ricks
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
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36
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Xiao X, Fischbach S, Zhang T, Chen C, Sheng Q, Zimmerman R, Patnaik S, Fusco J, Ming Y, Guo P, Shiota C, Prasadan K, Gangopadhyay N, Husain SZ, Dong H, Gittes GK. SMAD3/Stat3 Signaling Mediates β-Cell Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Pancreatitis-Related Diabetes. Diabetes 2017; 66:2646-2658. [PMID: 28775125 PMCID: PMC5606322 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with chronic pancreatitis develop diabetes (chronic pancreatitis-related diabetes [CPRD]) through an undetermined mechanism. Here we used long-term partial pancreatic duct ligation (PDL) as a model to study CPRD. We found that long-term PDL induced significant β-cell dedifferentiation, followed by a time-dependent decrease in functional β-cell mass-all specifically in the ligated tail portion of the pancreas (PDL-tail). High levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) were detected in the PDL-tail and were mainly produced by M2 macrophages at the early stage and by activated myofibroblasts at the later stage. Loss of β-cell mass was then found to result from TGFβ1-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by β-cells, rather than resulting directly from β-cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, TGFβ1-treated β-cells activated expression of the EMT regulator gene Snail in a SMAD3/Stat3-dependent manner. Moreover, forced expression of forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), an antagonist for activated Stat3, specifically in β-cells ameliorated β-cell EMT and β-cell loss and prevented the onset of diabetes in mice undergoing PDL. Together, our data suggest that chronic pancreatitis may trigger TGFβ1-mediated β-cell EMT to lead to CPRD, which could substantially be prevented by sustained expression of FoxO1 in β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Shane Fischbach
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tina Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Congde Chen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Qingfeng Sheng
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ray Zimmerman
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sneha Patnaik
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joseph Fusco
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yungching Ming
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ping Guo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nupur Gangopadhyay
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sohail Z Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Henry Dong
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - George K Gittes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Quirin KA, Kwon JJ, Alioufi A, Factora T, Temm CJ, Jacobsen M, Sandusky GE, Shontz K, Chicoine LG, Clark KR, Mendell JT, Korc M, Kota J. Safety and Efficacy of AAV Retrograde Pancreatic Ductal Gene Delivery in Normal and Pancreatic Cancer Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 8:8-20. [PMID: 29349096 PMCID: PMC5675991 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated gene delivery shows promise to transduce the pancreas, but safety/efficacy in a neoplastic context is not well established. To identify an ideal AAV serotype, route, and vector dose and assess safety, we have investigated the use of three AAV serotypes (6, 8, and 9) expressing GFP in a self-complementary (sc) AAV vector under an EF1α promoter (scAAV.GFP) following systemic or retrograde pancreatic intraductal delivery. Systemic delivery of scAAV9.GFP transduced the pancreas with high efficiency, but gene expression did not exceed >45% with the highest dose, 5 × 1012 viral genomes (vg). Intraductal delivery of 1 × 1011 vg scAAV6.GFP transduced acini, ductal cells, and islet cells with >50%, ∼48%, and >80% efficiency, respectively, and >80% pancreatic transduction was achieved with 5 × 1011 vg. In a KrasG12D-driven pancreatic cancer mouse model, intraductal delivery of scAAV6.GFP targeted acini, epithelial, and stromal cells and exhibited persistent gene expression 5 months post-delivery. In normal mice, intraductal delivery induced a transient increase in serum amylase/lipase that resolved within a day of infusion with no sustained pancreatic inflammation or fibrosis. Similarly, in PDAC mice, intraductal delivery did not increase pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia progression/fibrosis. Our study demonstrates that scAAV6 targets the pancreas/neoplasm efficiently and safely via retrograde pancreatic intraductal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Quirin
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jason J Kwon
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Arafat Alioufi
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tricia Factora
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Max Jacobsen
- Department of Pathology, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Kim Shontz
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Louis G Chicoine
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - K Reed Clark
- Dimension Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua T Mendell
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Murray Korc
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indiana University and Purdue University-Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN 43202, USA.,Department of Medicine, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN 43202, USA
| | - Janaiah Kota
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indiana University and Purdue University-Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Wang P, Ross A, Yoo B, Yang J, Farrar C, Ran C, Pantazopoulos P, Medarova Z, Moore A. Magnetic resonance imaging of intra-pancreatic ductal nanoparticle delivery to islet cells. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33. [PMID: 28032446 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The absence of reliable drug delivery systems to pancreatic islet cells hampers efficient treatment of type 1 diabetes. Nanoparticle delivery systems equipped with imaging capabilities could enable selective delivery to pancreatic islet cells. Biodistribution of nanoparticles is defined by several factors including the mode of administration, which determines accumulation in various organs. METHODS In this study, we tested whether intrapancreatic ductal injection of magnetic nanoparticles would result in efficient cellular uptake by pancreatic islet cells. Dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles labeled with the near infrared fluorescent dye Cy5.5 were injected into the intrapancreatic ducts of streptozotocin-induced diabetic and healthy mice. To monitor the distribution of the nanoparticles, we performed in vivo magnetic resonance imaging followed by optical imaging and histology. RESULTS Both imaging modalities demonstrated accumulation of the nanoparticles in the pancreas. However, histology revealed a high accumulation of nanoparticles in the insulin-producing cells in the pancreata of diabetic animals. By contrast, in nondiabetic controls, nanoparticles were mainly restricted to nonendocrine tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that pancreatic ductal injection accompanied by image guidance could serve as an alternative pathway for nanoparticle delivery. We expect to utilize this intraductal delivery method for theranostic applications in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alana Ross
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Byunghee Yoo
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jingsheng Yang
- MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Farrar
- MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pamela Pantazopoulos
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zdravka Medarova
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Song B, Ding L, Zhang H, Chu Y, Chang Z, Yu Y, Guo D, Zhang S, Liu X. Ginsenoside Rb1 increases insulin sensitivity through suppressing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:1049-1057. [PMID: 28386332 PMCID: PMC5375997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) is a major component of ginseng, which has been shown to ameliorate hyperglycemia in rodents and in humans with undetermined mechanisms. Here, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms by which GRb1 reduces the insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mouse model for type 2 diabetes (T2D). HFD was applied for 4 weeks to induce T2D in mice, after which GRb1 was administrated and the effects on the fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were analyzed. We found that HFD increased fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance and reduced insulin sensitivity, which were all ameliorated by GRb1. GRb1 seemed to reduce the levels of 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11β-HSD1) in liver and adipose tissue, to exert its anti-diabetes effects. Overexpression of 11β-HSD1 completely abolished the effects of GRb1 on HFD-induced increases in fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance, and decreases in insulin sensitivity. Together, our data suggest that GRb1 may increase insulin sensitivity through suppressing 11β-HSD1 in treatment of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Yafen Chu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Zhaohui Chang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Yali Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xuezheng Liu
- Office of Party and Government Affairs of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
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Yu K, Fischbach S, Xiao X. Beta Cell Regeneration in Adult Mice: Controversy Over the Involvement of Stem Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 11:542-6. [PMID: 25429702 PMCID: PMC5078597 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x10666141126113110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is an effective therapy for severe diabetes. Nevertheless, the short supply of donor pancreases constitutes a formidable obstacle to its extensive clinical application. This shortage heightens the need for alternative sources of insulin-producing beta cells. Since mature beta cells have a very slow proliferation rate, which further declines with age, great efforts have been made to identify beta cell progenitors in the adult pancreas. However, the question whether facultative beta cell progenitors indeed exist in the adult pancreas remains largely unresolved. In the current review, we discuss the problems in past studies and review the milestone studies and recent publications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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41
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Xiao X, Chen C, Guo P, Zhang T, Fischbach S, Fusco J, Shiota C, Prasadan K, Dong H, Gittes GK. Forkhead Box Protein 1 (FoxO1) Inhibits Accelerated β Cell Aging in Pancreas-specific SMAD7 Mutant Mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3456-3465. [PMID: 28057752 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the effects of exocrine dysfunction on the development of diabetes remain largely unknown. Here we show that pancreatic depletion of SMAD7 resulted in age-dependent increases in β cell dysfunction with accelerated glucose intolerance, followed by overt diabetes. The accelerated β cell dysfunction and loss of proliferation capacity, two features of β cell aging, appeared to be non-cell-autonomous, secondary to the adjacent exocrine failure as a "bystander effect." Increased Forkhead box protein 1 (FoxO1) acetylation and nuclear retention was followed by progressive FoxO1 loss in β cells that marked the onset of diabetes. Moreover, forced FoxO1 expression in β cells prevented β cell dysfunction and loss in this model. Thus, we present a model of accelerated β cell aging that may be useful for studying the mechanisms underlying β cell failure in diabetes. Moreover, we provide evidence highlighting a critical role of FoxO1 in maintaining β cell identity in the context of SMAD7 failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Congde Chen
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas 77054
| | - Ting Zhang
- Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | | | | | | | | | - Henry Dong
- Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
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Xu X, Shen J. Reduction in placental growth factor impaired gestational beta-cell proliferation through crosstalk between beta-cells and islet endothelial cells. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:3912-3920. [PMID: 27725870 PMCID: PMC5040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reduced placental growth factor (PLGF) during pregnancy is known to be a reason for developing preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, it has been shown that reduced PLGF may induce GDM through suppressing beta-cell mass growth in a PI3k/Akt signalling-dependent manner. Here, we dissected the interaction between beta-cells and islet endothelial cells in this model. We analysed proliferation of beta-cells and islet endothelial cells at different time points of gestation in mice. We cultured mouse islet endothelial cells (MS1), with or without PLGF. We cultured primary mouse beta-cells in conditioned media from PLGF-treated MS1. We cultured MS1 cells in conditioned media from proliferating beta-cells that were activated with conditioned media from PLGF-treated MS1 cells. We analysed cell proliferation by BrdU incorporation. We analysed cell growth by a MTT assay. We found that during mouse gestation, the increases in cell proliferation occurred earlier in beta-cells than in islet endothelial cells. In vitro, PLGF itself failed to induce proliferation of MS1 cells. However, conditioned media from the PLGF-treated MS1 cells induced beta-cell proliferation, resulting in increases in beta-cell number. Moreover, proliferation of MS1 cells significantly increased when MS1 cells were cultured in conditioned media from proliferating beta-cells activated with conditioned media from PLGF-treated MS1 cells. Thus, our data suggest that gestational PLGF may stimulate islet endothelial cells to release growth factors to promote beta-cell proliferation, and proliferating beta-cells in turn release endothelial cell growth factor to increase proliferation of endothelial cells. PE-associated reduction in PLGF impairs these processes to result in islet growth impairment, and subsequently the onset of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Xu
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025, China
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Orabi AI, Wen L, Javed TA, Le T, Guo P, Sanker S, Ricks D, Boggs K, Eisses JF, Castro C, Xiao X, Prasadan K, Esni F, Gittes GK, Husain SZ. Targeted inhibition of pancreatic acinar cell calcineurin is a novel strategy to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 3:119-128. [PMID: 28090570 PMCID: PMC5235344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is a pressing need to develop effective preventative therapies for post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). We demonstrated that early PEP events are induced through the calcium-activated phosphatase calcineurin and that global calcineurin deletion abolishes PEP in mice. A crucial question is whether acinar cell calcineurin controls the initiation of PEP in vivo. METHODS We used a mouse model of PEP and examined the effects of in vivo acinar cell-specific calcineurin deletion by either generating a conditional knockout line or infusing a novel AAV-Ela-iCre into the pancreatic duct of a calcineurin floxed line. RESULTS We found that PEP is dependent on acinar cell calcineurin in vivo, and this led us to determine that calcineurin inhibitors, infused within the radiocontrast, can largely prevent PEP. CONCLUSIONS These results provide impetus for launching clinical trials to test the efficacy of intraductal calcineurin inhibitors to prevent PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrahim I. Orabi
- Department of Pediatric GI, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Pediatric GI, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tanveer A. Javed
- Department of Pediatric GI, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tianming Le
- Department of Pediatric GI, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ping Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Subramaniam Sanker
- Department of Pediatric GI, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David Ricks
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristy Boggs
- Department of Pediatric GI, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John F. Eisses
- Department of Pediatric GI, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carlos Castro
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Farzad Esni
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George K. Gittes
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sohail Z. Husain
- Department of Pediatric GI, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Sohail Z. Husain, MD, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Center, 4401 Penn Avenue, Room 7123, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224. fax: (412) 692-8907.Children’s Hospital of PittsburghRangos Research Center4401 Penn Avenue, Room 7123PittsburghPennsylvania 15224
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Yan X, Cen Y, Wang Q. Mesenchymal stem cells alleviate experimental rheumatoid arthritis through microRNA-regulated IκB expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28915. [PMID: 27354158 PMCID: PMC4926108 DOI: 10.1038/srep28915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation reduces the severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice, which is a model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in humans. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain ill-defined. Here, we showed that MSC transplantation reduced the activities of NF-κB signaling and decreased microRNA-548e (miR-548e) levels in the joint tissue in CIA-mice, seemingly through activation of transforming growth factor β receptor signaling. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that miR-548e inhibited protein translation of the NF-κB inhibitor, IκB, through binding to the 3′-UTR of the IκB mRNA. MSCs co-transplanted with adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying miR-548e abolished the therapeutic effects of MSCs on CIA. On the other hand, transplantation of AAV carrying antisense of miR-548e (as-miR-548e) partially mimicked the effects of MSC transplantation on CIA. Together, these data suggest that MSC transplantation may alleviate experimental RA partially through suppressing miR-548e-mediated IκB inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi University affiliated the First Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yurong Cen
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai 201400, China.,Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Nanfang Medical University affiliated Fengxian Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai 201400, China
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Abstract
Type two diabetes (T2D) is a challenging metabolic disorder for which a cure has not yet been found. Its etiology is associated with several phenomena, including significant loss of insulin-producing, beta cell (β cell) mass via progressive programmed cell death and disrupted cellular autophagy. In diabetes, the etiology of β cell death and the role of mitochondria are complex and involve several layers of mechanisms. Understanding the dynamics of those mechanisms could permit researchers to develop an intervention for the progressive loss of β cells. Currently, diabetes research has shifted toward rejuvenation and plasticity technology and away from the simplified approach of hormonal compensation. Diabetes research is currently challenged by questions such as how to enhance cell survival, decrease apoptosis and replenish β cell mass in diabetic patients. In this review, we discuss evidence that β cell development and mass formation are guided by specific signaling systems, particularly hormones, transcription factors, and growth factors, all of which could be manipulated to enhance mass growth. There is also strong evidence that β cells are dynamically active cells, which, under specific conditions such as obesity, can increase in size and subsequently increase insulin secretion. In certain cases of aggressive or advanced forms of T2D, β cells become markedly impaired, and the only alternatives for maintaining glucose homeostasis are through partial or complete cell grafting (the Edmonton protocol). In these cases, the harvesting of an enriched population of viable β cells is required for transplantation. This task necessitates a deep understanding of the pharmacological agents that affect β cell survival, mass, and function. The aim of this review is to initiate discussion about the important signals in pancreatic β cell development and mass formation and to highlight the process by which cell death occurs in diabetes. This review also examines the attempts that have been made to recover or increase cell mass in diabetic patients by using various pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husnia I Marrif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi Benghazi, Libya
| | - Salma I Al-Sunousi
- Department of Histology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi Benghazi, Libya
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46
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PNA lectin for purifying mouse acinar cells from the inflamed pancreas. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21127. [PMID: 26884345 PMCID: PMC4756371 DOI: 10.1038/srep21127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Better methods for purifying human or mouse acinar cells without the need for genetic modification are needed. Such techniques would be advantageous for the specific study of certain mechanisms, such as acinar-to-beta-cell reprogramming and pancreatitis. Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin I (UEA-I) lectin has been used to label and isolate acinar cells from the pancreas. However, the purity of the UEA-I-positive cell fraction has not been fully evaluated. Here, we screened 20 widely used lectins for their binding specificity for major pancreatic cell types, and found that UEA-I and Peanut agglutinin (PNA) have a specific affinity for acinar cells in the mouse pancreas, with minimal affinity for other major pancreatic cell types including endocrine cells, duct cells and endothelial cells. Moreover, PNA-purified acinar cells were less contaminated with mesenchymal and inflammatory cells, compared to UEA-I purified acinar cells. Thus, UEA-I and PNA appear to be excellent lectins for pancreatic acinar cell purification. PNA may be a better choice in situations where mesenchymal cells or inflammatory cells are significantly increased in the pancreas, such as type 1 diabetes, pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
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Jin S, Orabi AI, Le T, Javed TA, Sah S, Eisses JF, Bottino R, Molkentin JD, Husain SZ. Exposure to Radiocontrast Agents Induces Pancreatic Inflammation by Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB, Calcium Signaling, and Calcineurin. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:753-64.e11. [PMID: 25980752 PMCID: PMC4550538 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Radiocontrast agents are required for radiographic procedures, but these agents can injure tissues by unknown mechanisms. We investigated whether exposure of pancreatic tissues to radiocontrast agents during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) causes pancreatic inflammation, and studied the effects of these agents on human cell lines and in mice. METHODS We exposed mouse and human acinar cells to the radiocontrast agent iohexol (Omnipaque; GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ) and measured intracellular release of Ca(2+), calcineurin activation (using a luciferase reporter), activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB, using a luciferase reporter), and cell necrosis (via propidium iodide uptake). We infused the radiocontrast agent into the pancreatic ducts of wild-type mice (C57BL/6) to create a mouse model of post-ERCP pancreatitis; some mice were given intraperitoneal injections of the calcineurin inhibitor FK506 before and after infusion of the radiocontrast agent. CnAβ(-/-) mice also were used. This experiment also was performed in mice given infusions of adeno-associated virus 6-NF-κB-luciferase, to assess activation of this transcription factor in vivo. RESULTS Incubation of mouse and human acinar cells, but not HEK293 or COS7 cells, with iohexol led to a peak and then plateau in Ca(2+) signaling, along with activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and nuclear factor of activated T cells. Suppressing Ca(2+) signaling or calcineurin with BAPTA, cyclosporine A, or FK506 prevented activation of NF-κB and acinar cell injury. Calcineurin Aβ-deficient mice were protected against induction of pancreatic inflammation by iohexol. The calcineurin inhibitor FK506 prevented contrast-induced activation of NF-κB in pancreata of mice, this was observed by live imaging of mice given infusions of adeno-associated virus 6-NF-κB-luciferase. CONCLUSIONS Radiocontrast agents cause pancreatic inflammation in mice, via activation of NF-κB, Ca(2+) signaling, and calcineurin. Calcineurin inhibitors might be developed to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunqian Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
| | - Abrahim I. Orabi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
| | - Tianming Le
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
| | - Tanveer A. Javed
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
| | - Swati Sah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
| | - John F. Eisses
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212
| | - Jeffery D. Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati, OH, 45229
| | - Sohail Z. Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
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Zhao Z, Xi H, Xu D, Li C. Transforming growth factor β receptor signaling restrains growth of pancreatic carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7711-6. [PMID: 25934336 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is extremely malignant. Efficient control of cancer growth may substantially improve the survival of PDAC patients. However, no efficient treatments are so far available. Here, we inhibited transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) receptor signaling by overexpression of a key inhibitor of this pathway, SMAD7, in the mouse pancreas, using a recently developed intraductal infusion method. Overexpression of SMAD7 significantly increased growth of both implanted PDAC and PDAC by K-ras modification. Our data thus suggest that TGFβ receptor signaling restrains growth of PDAC, and modulation of TGFβ receptor signaling may be an effective treatment for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China. .,Department of Surgical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Hao Xi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Hospital of Shunyi District, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Dabin Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chenggang Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
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Orabi AI, Sah S, Javed TA, Lemon KL, Good ML, Guo P, Xiao X, Prasadan K, Gittes GK, Jin S, Husain SZ. Dynamic imaging of pancreatic nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation in live mice using adeno-associated virus (AAV) infusion and bioluminescence. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11309-20. [PMID: 25802340 PMCID: PMC4416837 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.647933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is an important signaling molecule that plays a critical role in the development of acute pancreatitis. Current methods for examining NF-κB activation involve infection of an adenoviral NF-κB-luciferase reporter into cell lines or electrophoretic mobility shift assay of lysate. The use of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) has proven to be an effective method of transfecting whole organs in live animals. We examined whether intrapancreatic duct infusion of AAV containing an NF-κB-luciferase reporter (AAV-NF-κB-luciferase) can reliably measure pancreatic NF-κB activation. We confirmed the infectivity of the AAV-NF-κB-luciferase reporter in HEK293 cells using a traditional luciferase readout. Mice were infused with AAV-NF-κB-luciferase 5 weeks before induction of pancreatitis (caerulein, 50 μg/kg). Unlike transgenic mice that globally express NF-κB-luciferase, AAV-infused mice showed a 15-fold increase in pancreas-specific NF-κB bioluminescence following 12 h of caerulein compared with baseline luminescence (p < 0.05). The specificity of the NF-κB-luciferase signal to the pancreas was confirmed by isolating the pancreas and adjacent organs and observing a predominant bioluminescent signal in the pancreas compared with liver, spleen, and stomach. A complementary mouse model of post-ERCP-pancreatitis also induced pancreatic NF-κB signals. Taken together these data provide the first demonstration that NF-κB activation can be examined in a live, dynamic fashion during pancreatic inflammation. We believe this technique offers a valuable tool to study real-time activation of NF-κB in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swati Sah
- From the Department of Pediatrics and
| | | | | | | | - Ping Guo
- Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - George K Gittes
- Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
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Xiao X, Gittes GK. Concise Review: New Insights Into the Role of Macrophages in β-Cell Proliferation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:655-8. [PMID: 25900729 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Diabetes mellitus can potentially be treated with islet transplantation, but additional sources of β cells are necessary to overcome the short supply of donor pancreases. Although controversy still exists, it is generally believed that the postnatal expansion of the β-cell mass is mainly through pre-existing β-cell replication. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of β-cell proliferation might lead to clinical strategies for increasing β-cell numbers, both in vitro and in vivo. Macrophages have a well-recognized role in the development of insulitis as part of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. However, a potential role for macrophage polarization, triggered by specific environmental stimuli, in promoting β-cell proliferation has only recently been appreciated. In the present review, we discuss several independent studies, using different regeneration models, that demonstrate a substantial inductive role for macrophages in β-cell proliferation. Additional dissection of the involved cell-cell crosstalk through specific signal transduction pathways is expected to improve our understanding of β-cell proliferation and might facilitate the current β-cell replacement therapy. SIGNIFICANCE New independent findings from different β-cell regeneration models, contributed by different research groups, have provided compelling evidence to highlight a previously unappreciated role for macrophages in β-cell proliferation. Additional dissection of the underlying mechanisms and cell-cell crosstalk might shed new light on strategies to increase the functional β-cell mass in vivo and on β-cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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