1
|
Qian Q, Li M, Zhang Z, Davis SW, Rahmouni K, Norris AW, Cao H, Ding WX, Hotamisligil GS, Yang L. Obesity disrupts the pituitary-hepatic UPR communication leading to NAFLD progression. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1550-1565.e9. [PMID: 38718793 PMCID: PMC11222033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Obesity alters levels of pituitary hormones that govern hepatic immune-metabolic homeostasis, dysregulation of which leads to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the impact of obesity on intra-pituitary homeostasis is largely unknown. Here, we uncovered a blunted unfolded protein response (UPR) but elevated inflammatory signatures in pituitary glands of obese mice and humans. Furthermore, we found that obesity inflames the pituitary gland, leading to impaired pituitary inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) UPR branch, which is essential for protecting against pituitary endocrine defects and NAFLD progression. Intriguingly, pituitary IRE1-deletion resulted in hypothyroidism and suppressed the thyroid hormone receptor B (THRB)-mediated activation of Xbp1 in the liver. Conversely, activation of the hepatic THRB-XBP1 axis improved NAFLD in mice with pituitary UPR defect. Our study provides the first evidence and mechanism of obesity-induced intra-pituitary cellular defects and the pathophysiological role of pituitary-liver UPR communication in NAFLD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Qian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mark Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Zeyuan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shannon W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Andrew W Norris
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Huojun Cao
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Department of Endodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mazuryk J, Klepacka K, Kutner W, Sharma PS. Glyphosate: Hepatotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Hemotoxicity, Carcinogenicity, and Clinical Cases of Endocrine, Reproductive, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary System Intoxication. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1205-1236. [PMID: 38751624 PMCID: PMC11092036 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLP) is an active agent of GLP-based herbicides (GBHs), i.e., broad-spectrum and postemergent weedkillers, commercialized by Monsanto as, e.g., Roundup and RangerPro formulants. The GBH crop spraying, dedicated to genetically engineered GLP-resistant crops, has revolutionized modern agriculture by increasing the production yield. However, abusively administered GBHs' ingredients, e.g., GLP, polyoxyethyleneamine, and heavy metals, have polluted environmental and industrial areas far beyond farmlands, causing global contamination and life-threatening risk, which has led to the recent local bans of GBH use. Moreover, preclinical and clinical reports have demonstrated harmful impacts of GLP and other GBH ingredients on the gut microbiome, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, and endocrine, as well as reproductive, and cardiopulmonary systems, whereas carcinogenicity of these herbicides remains controversial. Occupational exposure to GBH dysregulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, responsible for steroidogenesis and endocrinal secretion, thus affecting hormonal homeostasis, functions of reproductive organs, and fertility. On the other hand, acute intoxication with GBH, characterized by dehydration, oliguria, paralytic ileus, as well as hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis, may occur fatally. As no antidote has been developed for GBH poisoning so far, the detoxification is mainly symptomatic and supportive and requires intensive care based on gastric lavage, extracorporeal blood filtering, and intravenous lipid emulsion infusion. The current review comprehensively discusses the molecular and physiological basics of the GLP- and/or GBH-induced diseases of the endocrine and reproductive systems, and cardiopulmonary-, nephro-, and hepatotoxicities, presented in recent preclinical studies and case reports on the accidental or intentional ingestions with the most popular GBHs. Finally, they briefly describe modern and future healthcare methods and tools for GLP detection, determination, and detoxification. Future electronically powered, decision-making, and user-friendly devices targeting major GLP/GBH's modes of actions, i.e., dysbiosis and the inhibition of AChE, shall enable self-handled or point-of-care professional-assisted evaluation of the harm followed with rapid capturing GBH xenobiotics in the body and precise determining the GBH pathology-associated biomarkers levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Mazuryk
- Department
of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Bio
& Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Klepacka
- ENSEMBLE sp. z o. o., 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Kutner
- Department
of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piyush Sindhu Sharma
- Functional
Polymers Research Team, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Santiago-Andres Y, Aquiles A, Taniguchi-Ponciano K, Salame L, Guinto G, Mercado M, Fiordelisio T. Association between Intracellular Calcium Signaling and Tumor Recurrence in Human Non-Functioning Pituitary Adenomas. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3968. [PMID: 38612778 PMCID: PMC11011867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas (CNFPAs) are the second most frequent sellar tumor among studies on community-dwelling adults. They are characterized by the absence of hormonal hypersecretion syndrome, and patients present with compressive symptoms, such as a headache and visual field defects. Immunohistochemically, most CNFPAs are of gonadotrope differentiation, with only a few of them being truly null cell adenomas. Although these tumors express receptors for one or more hypothalamic releasing hormones, to what extent this has an impact on the biological and clinical behavior of these neoplasms remains to be defined. In this research, we evaluated the basal and hypothalamic secretagogue-stimulated intracellular calcium mobilization in 13 CNFPAs, trying to correlate this response to the phenotypic features of the patients. Our results indicate that the recurrence of a CNFPA correlates positively with cellular responsiveness, as measured by spontaneous intracellular calcium activity and the ability to respond to multiple hypothalamic secretagogues. We conclude that this finding may be a useful tool for predicting the clinicopathologic behavior of CNFPAs, by testing the variation of cellular responsiveness to hypothalamic secretagogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yorgui Santiago-Andres
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Ana Aquiles
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Keiko Taniguchi-Ponciano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (K.T.-P.); (L.S.)
| | - Latife Salame
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (K.T.-P.); (L.S.)
| | - Gerardo Guinto
- Centro Neurológico, Centro Médico ABC, Ciudad de México 05370, Mexico;
| | - Moises Mercado
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (K.T.-P.); (L.S.)
| | - Tatiana Fiordelisio
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cavaleri D, Capogrosso CA, Guzzi P, Bernasconi G, Re M, Misiak B, Crocamo C, Bartoli F, Carrà G. Blood concentrations of anterior pituitary hormones in drug-naïve people with first-episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 158:106392. [PMID: 37778198 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of anterior pituitary hormones - i.e., adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones (LH and FSH), growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - in early schizophrenia and psychoses unclear. We thus performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the blood concentrations of ACTH, LH and FSH, GH, PRL, and TSH in drug-naïve people with first-episode psychosis (FEP) as compared with healthy controls. METHODS We searched Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycInfo for articles indexed until September 2022. Data quality was appraised. Random-effects meta-analyses were carried out, generating pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs). Between-study heterogeneity was estimated using the I2 statistic. Sensitivity and meta-regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were included. Drug-naïve people with FEP, compared to healthy subjects, had higher blood concentrations of ACTH (k = 7; N = 548; SMD = 0.62; 95%CI: 0.29 to 0.94; p < 0.001; I2 = 60.9%) and PRL (k = 17; N = 1757; SMD = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.56 to 1.14; p < 0.001; I2 = 85.5%) as well as lower levels of TSH (k = 6; N = 677; SMD = -0.34; 95%CI: -0.54 to -0.14; p = 0.001; I2 = 29.1%). Meta-regressions did not show any moderating effect of age (p = 0.78), sex (p = 0.21), or symptom severity (p = 0.87) on PRL concentrations in drug-naïve FEP. Available data were not sufficient to perform meta-analyses on FSH, LH, and GH. CONCLUSIONS Drug-naïve people with FEP have altered ACTH, PRL, and TSH blood concentrations, supporting the hypothesis that an abnormal anterior pituitary hormone secretion may be involved in the onset of schizophrenia and psychoses. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of pituitary hormones in FEP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cavaleri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | | | - Pierluca Guzzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Gianna Bernasconi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Martina Re
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10 Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cristina Crocamo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Francesco Bartoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carrà
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House 149, London W1T 7BN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rizzoti K, Chakravarty P, Sheridan D, Lovell-Badge R. SOX9-positive pituitary stem cells differ according to their position in the gland and maintenance of their progeny depends on context. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6911. [PMID: 37792947 PMCID: PMC10550238 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell (SC) differentiation and maintenance of resultant progeny underlie cell turnover in many organs, but it is difficult to pinpoint the contribution of either process. In the pituitary, a central regulator of endocrine axes, adult SCs undergo activation after target organ ablation, providing a well-characterized paradigm to study an adaptative response in a multi-organ system. Here, we used single-cell technologies to characterize SC heterogeneity and mobilization together with lineage tracing. We show that SC differentiation occurs more frequently than thought previously. In adaptative conditions, differentiation increases and is more diverse than demonstrated by the lineage tracing experiments. Detailed examination of SC progeny suggests that maintenance of selected nascent cells underlies SC output, highlighting a trophic role for the microenvironment. Analyses of cell trajectories further predict pathways and potential regulators. Our model provides a valuable system to study the influence of evolving states on the mechanisms of SC mobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Rizzoti
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Daniel Sheridan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Robin Lovell-Badge
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jung N, Kim TK. Spatial transcriptomics in neuroscience. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2105-2115. [PMID: 37779145 PMCID: PMC10618223 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is one of the most complex living tissue types and is composed of an exceptional diversity of cell types displaying unique functional connectivity. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) can be used to efficiently map the molecular identities of the various cell types in the brain by providing the transcriptomic profiles of individual cells isolated from the tissue. However, the lack of spatial context in scRNA-seq prevents a comprehensive understanding of how different configurations of cell types give rise to specific functions in individual brain regions and how each distinct cell is connected to form a functional unit. To understand how the various cell types contribute to specific brain functions, it is crucial to correlate the identities of individual cells obtained through scRNA-seq with their spatial information in intact tissue. Spatial transcriptomics (ST) can resolve the complex spatial organization of cell types in the brain and their connectivity. Various ST tools developed during the past decade based on imaging and sequencing technology have permitted the creation of functional atlases of the brain and have pulled the properties of neural circuits into ever-sharper focus. In this review, we present a summary of several ST tools and their applications in neuroscience and discuss the unprecedented insights these tools have made possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namyoung Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Götz V, Qiao S, Das D, Wartenberg P, Wyatt A, Wahl V, Gamayun I, Alasmi S, Fecher-Trost C, Meyer MR, Rad R, Kaltenbacher T, Kattler K, Lipp P, Becherer U, Mollard P, Candlish M, Boehm U. Ovulation is triggered by a cyclical modulation of gonadotropes into a hyperexcitable state. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112543. [PMID: 37224016 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland are essential for fertility and provide a functional link between the brain and the gonads. To trigger ovulation, gonadotrope cells release massive amounts of luteinizing hormone (LH). The mechanism underlying this remains unclear. Here, we utilize a mouse model expressing a genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator exclusively in gonadotropes to dissect this mechanism in intact pituitaries. We demonstrate that female gonadotropes exclusively exhibit a state of hyperexcitability during the LH surge, resulting in spontaneous [Ca2+]i transients in these cells, which persist in the absence of any in vivo hormonal signals. L-type Ca2+ channels and transient receptor potential channel A1 (TRPA1) together with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels ensure this state of hyperexcitability. Consistent with this, virus-assisted triple knockout of Trpa1 and L-type Ca2+ subunits in gonadotropes leads to vaginal closure in cycling females. Our data provide insight into molecular mechanisms required for ovulation and reproductive success in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Götz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Sen Qiao
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Debajyoti Das
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Philipp Wartenberg
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Amanda Wyatt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Vanessa Wahl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Igor Gamayun
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Samer Alasmi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Claudia Fecher-Trost
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kaltenbacher
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kattler
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Peter Lipp
- Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Ute Becherer
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Patrice Mollard
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Michael Candlish
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Casati L, Ciceri S, Maggi R, Bottai D. Physiological and Pharmacological overview of the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115553. [PMID: 37075816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) is a decapeptide responsible for the control of the reproductive functions. It shows C- and N-terminal aminoacid modifications and two other distinct isoforms have been so far identified. The biological effects of GnRH are mediated by binding to high-affinity G-protein couple receptors (GnRHR), showing characteristic very short C tail. In mammals, including humans, GnRH-producing neurons originate in the embryonic nasal compartment and during early embryogenesis they undergo rapid migration towards the hypothalamus; the increasing knowledge of such mechanisms improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to infertility. The pharmacological use of GnRH, or its synthetic peptide and non-peptide agonists or antagonists, provides a valid tool for reproductive disorders and assisted reproduction technology (ART). The presence of GnRHR in several organs and tissues indicates additional functions of the peptide. The identification of a GnRH/GnRHR system in the human endometrium, ovary, and prostate has extended the functions of the peptide to the physiology and tumor transformation of such tissues. Likely, the activity of a GnRH/GnRHR system at the level of the hippocampus, as well as its decreased expression in mice brain aging, raised interest in its possible involvement in neurogenesis and neuronal functions. In conclusion, GnRH/GnRHR appears to be a fascinating biological system that exerts several possibly integrated pleiotropic actions in the complex control of reproductive functions, tumor growth, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. This review aims to provide an overview of the physiology of GnRH and the pharmacological applications of its synthetic analogs in the management of reproductive and non-reproductive diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Casati
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Samuele Ciceri
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy
| | - Roberto Maggi
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy.
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Intra-pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone signaling regulates hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1098. [PMID: 36841874 PMCID: PMC9968338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-organ communication is a major hallmark of health and is often orchestrated by hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland. Pituitary gonadotropes secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to regulate gonadal function and control fertility. Whether FSH and LH also act on organs other than the gonads is debated. Here, we find that gonadotrope depletion in adult female mice triggers profound hypogonadism, obesity, glucose intolerance, fatty liver, and bone loss. The absence of sex steroids precipitates these phenotypes, with the notable exception of fatty liver, which results from ovary-independent actions of FSH. We uncover paracrine FSH action on pituitary corticotropes as a mechanism to restrain the production of corticosterone and prevent hepatic steatosis. Our data demonstrate that functional communication of two distinct hormone-secreting cell populations in the pituitary regulates hepatic lipid metabolism.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mollard P. [The pituitary gland unveiled: from the stimulation-secretion coupling to cellular networks wiring]. Biol Aujourdhui 2023; 216:83-87. [PMID: 36744973 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2022021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The year 2021 ended with an event of great sadness: the death of Andrée Tixier-Vidal. She was not only a pioneer in cell biology but also the charismatic promoter of stimulating and successful multidisciplinary collaborations. Her achievements led to subsequent major discoveries on both the stimulation-secretion coupling of pituitary endocrine cells and the hitherto unknown organization of these cells into multicellular 3D networks which build-up highly organized pulses of pituitary hormones controlling basic body functions such as growth and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Mollard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Begon E, Bernard V. [Prolactin and its receptor: From animal models to pituitary pathophysiology]. Biol Aujourdhui 2023; 216:105-110. [PMID: 36744975 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2022019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone that is mainly synthesized and secreted by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland. The actions of prolactin are mediated by its transmembrane receptor, PRLR. The principal role attributed to PRL is to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of the mammary cells required for lactation, but studies of animal models have assigned more than 300 separate actions to this hormone in various species. Hyperprolactinaemia is the prototypical pathological state associated with this hormone. Indeed, hyperprolactinaemia is the most common cause of amenorrhoea due to hypogonadotropic anovulation and is one of the most prevalent endocrine causes of infertility in women. In recent years, the study of conditional or complete Prlr -/- mouse models had improved the understanding concerning the regulation of gonadotroph and lactotroph axes. It is now demonstrated that prolactin exerts autocrine or paracrine actions on lactotroph cells in vivo. One of the major advances was to better understand, using mouse models, the impact of hyperprolactinemia on gonadotroph axis. It is now accepted that hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in patients with hyperprolactinemia is mediated by a decrease of hypothalamic kisspeptin secretion. Gonadotroph axis can be restored by intravenous administration of kisspeptin. However, the mechanisms of lactotroph tumorigenesis in Prlr -/- animals remain incompletely understood and transposable to the human species, since the only patient with biallelic PRLR loss-of-function mutation leading to complete prolactin resistance that has been described so far did not have pituitary adenoma visible on MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Begon
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, gynécologie médicale et de médecine de la reproduction, Centre Aliénor d'Aquitaine, CHU et Université de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Bernard
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, gynécologie médicale et de médecine de la reproduction, Centre Aliénor d'Aquitaine, CHU et Université de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fletcher PA, Smiljanic K, Prévide RM, Constantin S, Sherman AS, Coon SL, Stojilkovic SS. The astroglial and stem cell functions of adult rat folliculostellate cells. Glia 2023; 71:205-228. [PMID: 36093576 PMCID: PMC9772113 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian pituitary gland is a complex organ consisting of hormone-producing cells, anterior lobe folliculostellate cells (FSCs), posterior lobe pituicytes, vascular pericytes and endothelial cells, and Sox2-expressing stem cells. We present single-cell RNA sequencing and immunohistofluorescence analyses of pituitary cells of adult female rats with a focus on the transcriptomic profiles of nonhormonal cell types. Samples obtained from whole pituitaries and separated anterior and posterior lobe cells contained all expected pituitary resident cell types and lobe-specific vascular cell subpopulations. FSCs and pituicytes expressed S100B, ALDOC, EAAT1, ALDH1A1, and VIM genes and proteins, as well as other astroglial marker genes, some common and some cell type-specific. We also found that the SOX2 gene and protein were expressed in ~15% of pituitary cells, including FSCs, pituicytes, and a fraction of hormone-producing cells, arguing against its stem cell specificity. FSCs comprised two Sox2-expressing subclusters; FS1 contained more cells but lower genetic diversity, while FS2 contained proliferative cells, shared genes with hormone-producing cells, and expressed genes consistent with stem cell niche formation, regulation of cell proliferation and stem cell pluripotency, including the Hippo and Wnt pathways. FS1 cells were randomly distributed in the anterior and intermediate lobes, while FS2 cells were localized exclusively in the marginal zone between the anterior and intermediate lobes. These data indicate the identity of the FSCs as anterior pituitary-specific astroglia, with FS1 cells representing differentiated cells equipped for classical FSC roles and FS2 cells exhibiting additional stem cell-like features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Fletcher
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kosara Smiljanic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rafael M. Prévide
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephanie Constantin
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Arthur S. Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven L. Coon
- Molecular Genomics Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Stanko S. Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Evidence that the pituitary gland connects type 2 diabetes mellitus and schizophrenia based on large-scale trans-ethnic genetic analyses. J Transl Med 2022; 20:501. [PMID: 36329495 PMCID: PMC9632150 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on European (EUR) samples have obtained inconsistent results regarding the genetic correlation between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Schizophrenia (SCZ). A large-scale trans-ethnic genetic analysis may provide additional evidence with enhanced power. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the genetic basis for both T2DM and SCZ based on large-scale genetic analyses of genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from both East Asian (EAS) and EUR subjects. METHODS A range of complementary approaches were employed to cross-validate the genetic correlation between T2DM and SCZ at the whole genome, autosomes (linkage disequilibrium score regression, LDSC), loci (Heritability Estimation from Summary Statistics, HESS), and causal variants (MiXeR and Mendelian randomization, MR) levels. Then, genome-wide and transcriptome-wide cross-trait/ethnic meta-analyses were performed separately to explore the effective shared organs, cells and molecular pathways. RESULTS A weak genome-wide negative genetic correlation between SCZ and T2DM was found for the EUR (rg = - 0.098, P = 0.009) and EAS (rg =- 0.053 and P = 0.032) populations, which showed no significant difference between the EUR and EAS populations (P = 0.22). After Bonferroni correction, the rg remained significant only in the EUR population. Similar results were obtained from analyses at the levels of autosomes, loci and causal variants. 25 independent variants were firstly identified as being responsible for both SCZ and T2DM. The variants associated with the two disorders were significantly correlated to the gene expression profiles in the brain (P = 1.1E-9) and pituitary gland (P = 1.9E-6). Then, 61 protein-coding and non-coding genes were identified as effective genes in the pituitary gland (P < 9.23E-6) and were enriched in metabolic pathways related to glutathione mediated arsenate detoxification and to D-myo-inositol-trisphosphate. CONCLUSION Here, we show that a negative genetic correlation exists between SCZ and T2DM at the whole genome, autosome, locus and causal variant levels. We identify pituitary gland as a common effective organ for both diseases, in which non-protein-coding effective genes, such as lncRNAs, may be responsible for the negative genetic correlation. This highlights the importance of molecular metabolism and neuroendocrine modulation in the pituitary gland, which may be responsible for the initiation of T2DM in SCZ patients.
Collapse
|
14
|
Shipston MJ. Glucocorticoid action in the anterior pituitary gland: Insights from corticotroph physiology. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2022; 25:100358. [PMID: 36632471 PMCID: PMC9823093 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary is exposed to ultradian, circadian and stress-induced rhythms of circulating glucocorticoid hormones. Glucocorticoids feedback at the level of the pituitary corticotroph to control their own production through multiple mechanisms. This review highlights key insights from analysis of the dynamics of rapid and early glucocorticoid feedback that reveal both non-genomic and genomic mechanisms mediated by glucocorticoid receptors. Importantly, a common target is control of electrical excitability and calcium signalling although non-genomic effects may also involve control of hormone secretion distal to calcium signalling. Understanding the mechanisms and functional consequences of pulsatile glucocorticoid signalling in the anterior pituitary promises to elucidate the role of glucocorticoids in health and disease, as well as identifying potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is the common clinical condition of thyroid hormone deficiency and, if left untreated, can lead to serious adverse health effects on multiple organ systems, with the cardiovascular system as the most robustly studied target. Overt primary hypothyroidism is defined as elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration in combination with free thyroxine (fT4) concentration below the reference range. Subclinical hypothyroidism, commonly considered an early sign of thyroid failure, is defined by elevated TSH concentrations but fT4 concentrations within the reference range. Hypothyroidism is classified as primary, central or peripheral based on pathology in the thyroid, the pituitary or hypothalamus, or peripheral tissue, respectively. Acquired primary hypothyroidism is the most prevalent form and can be caused by severe iodine deficiency but is more frequently caused by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis in iodine-replete areas. The onset of hypothyroidism is insidious in most cases and symptoms may present relatively late in the disease process. There is a large variation in clinical presentation and the presence of hypothyroid symptoms, especially in pregnancy and in children. Levothyroxine (LT4) is the mainstay of treatment and is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. After normalization of TSH and fT4 concentrations, a considerable proportion of patients treated with LT4 continue to have persistent complaints, compromising quality of life. Further research is needed regarding the appropriateness of currently applied reference ranges and treatment thresholds, particularly in pregnancy, and the potential benefit of LT4/liothyronine combination therapy for thyroid-related symptom relief, patient satisfaction and long-term adverse effects.
Collapse
|
16
|
Prevot V, Sharif A. The polygamous GnRH neuron: Astrocytic and tanycytic communication with a neuroendocrine neuronal population. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13104. [PMID: 35233849 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To ensure the survival of the species, hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits controlling fertility, which converge onto neurons producing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), must respond to fluctuating physiological conditions by undergoing rapid and reversible structural and functional changes. However, GnRH neurons do not act alone, but through reciprocal interactions with multiple hypothalamic cell populations, including several glial and endothelial cell types. For instance, it has long been known that in the hypothalamic median eminence, where GnRH axons terminate and release their neurohormone into the pituitary portal blood circulation, morphological plasticity displayed by distal processes of tanycytes modifies their relationship with adjacent neurons as well as the spatial properties of the neurohemal junction. These alterations not only regulate the capacity of GnRH neurons to release their neurohormone, but also the activation of discrete non-neuronal pathways that mediate feedback by peripheral hormones onto the hypothalamus. Additionally, a recent breakthrough has demonstrated that GnRH neurons themselves orchestrate the establishment of their neuroendocrine circuitry during postnatal development by recruiting an entourage of newborn astrocytes that escort them into adulthood and, via signalling through gliotransmitters such as prostaglandin E2, modulate their activity and GnRH release. Intriguingly, several environmental and behavioural toxins perturb these neuron-glia interactions and consequently, reproductive maturation and fertility. Deciphering the communication between GnRH neurons and other neural cell types constituting hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits is thus critical both to understanding physiological processes such as puberty, oestrous cyclicity and aging, and to developing novel therapeutic strategies for dysfunctions of these processes, including the effects of endocrine disruptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1000 Days for Health, Lille, France
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, FHU 1000 Days for Health, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guérineau NC, Campos P, Le Tissier PR, Hodson DJ, Mollard P. Cell Networks in Endocrine/Neuroendocrine Gland Function. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3371-3415. [PMID: 35578964 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction, growth, stress, and metabolism are determined by endocrine/neuroendocrine systems that regulate circulating hormone concentrations. All these systems generate rhythms and changes in hormone pulsatility observed in a variety of pathophysiological states. Thus, the output of endocrine/neuroendocrine systems must be regulated within a narrow window of effective hormone concentrations but must also maintain a capacity for plasticity to respond to changing physiological demands. Remarkably most endocrinologists still have a "textbook" view of endocrine gland organization which has emanated from 20th century histological studies on thin 2D tissue sections. However, 21st -century technological advances, including in-depth 3D imaging of specific cell types have vastly changed our knowledge. We now know that various levels of multicellular organization can be found across different glands, that organizational motifs can vary between species and can be modified to enhance or decrease hormonal release. This article focuses on how the organization of cells regulates hormone output using three endocrine/neuroendocrine glands that present different levels of organization and complexity: the adrenal medulla, with a single neuroendocrine cell type; the anterior pituitary, with multiple intermingled cell types; and the pancreas with multiple intermingled cell types organized into distinct functional units. We give an overview of recent methodologies that allow the study of the different components within endocrine systems, particularly their temporal and spatial relationships. We believe the emerging findings about network organization, and its impact on hormone secretion, are crucial to understanding how homeostatic regulation of endocrine axes is carried out within endocrine organs themselves. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3371-3415, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Campos
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul R Le Tissier
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK.,COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham Midlands, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrice Mollard
- IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Barnabei A, Corsello A, Paragliola RM, Iannantuono GM, Falzone L, Corsello SM, Torino F. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors as a Threat to the Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis: A Completed Puzzle. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041057. [PMID: 35205804 PMCID: PMC8870574 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) prolong the survival in an increasing number of patients affected by several malignancies, but at the cost of new toxicities related to their mechanisms of action, autoimmunity. Endocrine toxicity frequently occurs in patients on ICI, but endocrine dysfunctions differ based on the ICI-subclass, as follows: agents targeting the CTLA4-receptor often induce hypophysitis and rarely thyroid dysfunction, which is the opposite for agents targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Recently, few cases of central diabetes insipidus have been reported as an adverse event induced by both ICI-subclasses, either in the context of anterior hypophysitis or as selective damage to the posterior pituitary or in the context of hypothalamitis. These new occurrences demonstrate, for the first time, that ICI-induced autoimmunity may involve any tract of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. However, the related pathogenic mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Similarly, the data explaining the endocrine system susceptibility to primary and ICI-induced autoimmunity are still scarce. Since ICI clinical indications are expected to expand in the near future, ICI-induced autoimmunity to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis presents as a unique in vivo model that could help to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms underlying both the dysfunction induced by ICI to the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and primary autoimmune diseases affecting the same axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Barnabei
- Endocrinology Unit, P.O.—S. Spirito in Sassia, ASL Roma 1, Lungotevere in Sassia 1, I-00193 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Corsello
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Fondazione Policlinico “Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, I-00168 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Rosa Maria Paragliola
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Fondazione Policlinico “Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, I-00168 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Giovanni Maria Iannantuono
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‘Fondazione G. Pascale’, I-80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Maria Corsello
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Fondazione Policlinico “Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, I-00168 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (S.M.C.)
- UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro, 8, I-00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Torino
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-062-090-8190
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Royo M, Escolano BA, Madrigal MP, Jurado S. AMPA Receptor Function in Hypothalamic Synapses. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:833449. [PMID: 35173598 PMCID: PMC8842481 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.833449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are critical for mediating glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity, thus playing a major role in the molecular machinery underlying cellular substrates of memory and learning. Their expression pattern, transport and regulatory mechanisms have been extensively studied in the hippocampus, but their functional properties in other brain regions remain poorly understood. Interestingly, electrophysiological and molecular evidence has confirmed a prominent role of AMPARs in the regulation of hypothalamic function. This review summarizes the existing evidence on AMPAR-mediated transmission in the hypothalamus, where they are believed to orchestrate the role of glutamatergic transmission in autonomous, neuroendocrine function, body homeostasis, and social behavior.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang TY, Xia FY, Gong JW, Xu XK, Lv MC, Chatoo M, Shamsi BH, Zhang MC, Liu QR, Liu TX, Zhang DD, Lu XJ, Zhao Y, Du JZ, Chen XQ. CRHR1 mediates the transcriptional expression of pituitary hormones and their receptors under hypoxia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:893238. [PMID: 36147561 PMCID: PMC9487150 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.893238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays critical roles in stress responses under challenging conditions such as hypoxia, via regulating gene expression and integrating activities of hypothalamus-pituitary-targets cells. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways of hypoxic stress in the pituitary remain to be defined. Here, we report that hypoxia induced dynamic changes in the transcription factors, hormones, and their receptors in the adult rat pituitary. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), oxidative phosphorylation, and cAMP signaling pathways were all differentially enriched in genes induced by hypoxic stress. In the pituitary gene network, hypoxia activated c-Fos and HIFs with specific pituitary transcription factors (Prop1), targeting the promoters of hormones and their receptors. HIF and its related signaling pathways can be a promising biomarker during acute or constant hypoxia. Hypoxia stimulated the transcription of marker genes for microglia, chemokines, and cytokine receptors of the inflammatory response. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) mediated the transcription of Pomc, Sstr2, and Hif2a, and regulated the function of HPA axis. Together with HIF, c-Fos initiated and modulated dynamic changes in the transcription of hormones and their receptors. The receptors were also implicated in the regulation of functions of target cells in the pituitary network under hypoxic stress. CRHR1 played an integrative role in the hypothalamus-pituitary-target axes. This study provides new evidence for CRHR1 involved changes of hormones, receptors, signaling molecules and pathways in the pituitary induced by hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ying Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Research and Development, Jiuyuan Gene Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Yuan Xia
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wen Gong
- Department of Pathology, and Department of Medical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Kang Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Chao Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Mahanand Chatoo
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bilal Haider Shamsi
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Ru Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xing Liu
- Department of Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto, St. George, NB, Canada
| | - Dan Dan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, and Department of Medical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Jiang Lu
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Zeng Du
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Qun Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bhansali S, Bagrodia V, Choudhury S, Rahman S, Golder M, Tiwari M, Kumar H. Spectrum of hospitalized NeuroCOVID diagnoses from a tertiary care neurology centre in Eastern India. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 93:96-102. [PMID: 34656269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the spectrum of hospitalized NeuroCOVID on admission in a tertiary neurology centre in Kolkata, the largest and most populated metropolitan city in Eastern India. METHOD We retrospectively studied confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted with a neurological condition from 1st May 2020 to 30th January 2021. Neurological diagnoses and their temporal relationship to respiratory features along with clinicodemographic profile for such patients was ascertained. RESULT 228 patients were diagnosed with NeuroCOVID at our centre. Of the 162 included population (median age was 59 (50-70) and 62.3% (101) were male) and 73.5% were diagnosed with NeuroCovid before any respiratory or febrile features. 46 patients (28.8%) had a pre/co-existing neurological illness, and 103 (63.6%) had systemic comorbidities. No significant difference was observed when comparing demographics and comorbidities of NeuroCOVID patients presenting with and without fever and respiratory features. Moreover, no individual NeuroCOVID diagnosis was more prone to present with respiratory or febrile features. Diabetes mellitus was the only comorbidity which was significantly higher in the ischemic stroke group, all other comorbidities and characteristics were evenly distributed between stroke and non-stroke NeuroCOVID patients and encephalopathy non encephalopathy NeuroCOVID patients. CONCLUSION Stroke and encephalopathy are the most prevalent parainfectious neurological conditions occurring with COVID-19 in the Indian population. This study demonstrates seemingly low-risk individuals (i.e. people without pre-existing systemic and neurological comorbidities) may develop neurological conditions. Moreover, NeuroCOVID may manifest independent of respiratory features and fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakhi Bhansali
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Simin Rahman
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata, India
| | - Mohua Golder
- Department of Medical Administration, Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata, India
| | - Mona Tiwari
- Department of Neuroradiology, Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata, India
| | - Hrishikesh Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pascual-Leone A, Bartres-Faz D. Human Brain Resilience: A Call to Action. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:336-349. [PMID: 34219268 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
At present, resilience refers to a highly heterogeneous concept with ill-defined determinants, mechanisms, and outcomes. This call for action argues for the need to define resilience as a person-centered multidimensional metric, informed by a dynamic lifespan perspective and combining observational and interventional experimental studies to identify specific neural markers and correlated behavioral measures. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the urgent need of such an effort with the ultimate goal of defining a new vital sign, an individual index of resilience, as a life-long metric with the capacity to predict an individual's risk for disability in the face of a stressor, insult, injury, or disease. ANN NEUROL 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health at Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.,Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitació, Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Bartres-Faz
- Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitació, Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut - Campus Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kamel WA, Najibullah M, Saleh MS, Azab WA. Coronavirus disease 2019 infection and pituitary apoplexy: A causal relation or just a coincidence? A case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol Int 2021; 12:317. [PMID: 34345458 PMCID: PMC8326077 DOI: 10.25259/sni_401_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary tumor apoplexy (PA) is an emergency condition caused by hemorrhage or infarction of the preexisting adenoma. Many factors are currently well-known to predispose to PA. However, during the period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, case reports of PA associated with COVID-19 infection have been sequentially published. To the best of our knowledge, four cases have been reported so far in the English literature. We herein report the fifth case of this association and review the pertinent literature. CASE DESCRIPTION A 55-year-old male patient with confirmed COVID-19 infection presented by progressive decrease in visual acuity and oculomotor nerve palsy. His medical history is notable for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and pituitary macroadenoma resection 11 years ago. He was on hormonal replacement therapy for panhypopituitarism that complicated the surgery. Previous magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies were consistent with enlarging residual pituitary adenoma. During the current hospitalization, computed tomography revealed hyperdensity of the sellar and suprasellar areas. MR imaging revealed PA in a recurrent large adenoma. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal resection was uneventfully undertaken with near total excision of the adenoma and partial improvement of visual loss and oculomotor palsy. Histopathological examination demonstrated classic features of PA. However, his chest condition progressed and he had to be transferred to COVID-19 intensive care unit in the referring hospital where he was intubated and put on mechanical ventilation. One week later, the patient unfortunately passed away due to complications of severe COVID-19 pneumonia. CONCLUSION We report the fifth case of PA associated with COVID-19 infection. Based on our patient's clinical findings, review of the other reported cases, as well as the available literature, we put forth a multitude of pathophysiological mechanisms induced by COVID-19 that can possibly lead to the development of PA. In our opinion, the association between both conditions is not just a mere coincidence. Although the histopathological features of PA associated with COVID-19 are similar to PA induced by other etiologies, future research may disclose unique pathological fingerprints of COVID-19 virus that explains its capability of inducing PA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A. Kamel
- Department of Neurology, Ibn Sina Hospital, Al-Sabah Medical Area, Kuwait
- Department of Neurology, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Najibullah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ibn Sina Hospital, Al-Sabah Medical Area, Kuwait
| | - Mamdouh S. Saleh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ibn Sina Hospital, Al-Sabah Medical Area, Kuwait
| | - Waleed A. Azab
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ibn Sina Hospital, Al-Sabah Medical Area, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stucker S, De Angelis J, Kusumbe AP. Heterogeneity and Dynamics of Vasculature in the Endocrine System During Aging and Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:624928. [PMID: 33767633 PMCID: PMC7987104 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.624928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocrine system consists of several highly vascularized glands that produce and secrete hormones to maintain body homeostasis and regulate a range of bodily functions and processes, including growth, metabolism and development. The dense and highly vascularized capillary network functions as the main transport system for hormones and regulatory factors to enable efficient endocrine function. The specialized capillary types provide the microenvironments to support stem and progenitor cells, by regulating their survival, maintenance and differentiation. Moreover, the vasculature interacts with endocrine cells supporting their endocrine function. However, the structure and niche function of vasculature in endocrine tissues remain poorly understood. Aging and endocrine disorders are associated with vascular perturbations. Understanding the cellular and molecular cues driving the disease, and age-related vascular perturbations hold potential to manage or even treat endocrine disorders and comorbidities associated with aging. This review aims to describe the structure and niche functions of the vasculature in various endocrine glands and define the vascular changes in aging and endocrine disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anjali P. Kusumbe
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments Group, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ghosh R, Roy D, Roy D, Mandal A, Dutta A, Naga D, Benito-León J. A Rare Case of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Associated With Pituitary Apoplexy Without Comorbidities. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvaa203. [PMID: 33501401 PMCID: PMC7798947 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary apoplexy is a medical and surgical emergency caused by hemorrhage or infarction of the hypophysis, which typically occurs within a pituitary adenoma. It is usually characterized by severe (often thunderclap) headache, visual disturbances, cranial nerve impairments, and hormonal deficiencies. We herein report a case of a previously healthy woman with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection associated with pituitary apoplexy. The plausible pathophysiological mechanisms of pituitary apoplexy in infectious coronavirus disease 2019 are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Ghosh
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipayan Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Devlina Roy
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Arpan Mandal
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Aloke Dutta
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Dinabandhu Naga
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Julián Benito-León
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital “12 de Octubre,” Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Grønlien HK, Fontaine R, Hodne K, Tysseng I, Ager-Wick E, Weltzien FA, Haug TM. Long extensions with varicosity-like structures in gonadotrope Lh cells facilitate clustering in medaka pituitary culture. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245462. [PMID: 33507913 PMCID: PMC7842944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that some pituitary cell types are organized in complex networks in both mammals and fish. In this study, we have further investigated the previously described cellular extensions formed by the medaka (Oryzias latipes) luteinizing hormone gonadotropes (Lh cells). Extensions, several cell diameters long, with varicosity-like swellings, were common both in vitro and in vivo. Some extensions approached other Lh cells, while others were in close contact with blood vessels in vivo. Gnrh further stimulated extension development in vitro. Two types of extensions with different characteristics could be distinguished, and were classified as major or minor according to size, origin and cytoskeleton protein dependance. The varicosity-like swellings appeared on the major extensions and were dependent on both microtubules and actin filaments. Immunofluorescence revealed that Lhβ protein was mainly located in these swellings and at the extremity of the extensions. We then investigated whether these extensions contribute to network formation and clustering, by following their development in primary cultures. During the first two days in culture, the Lh cells grew long extensions that with time physically attached to other cells. Successively, tight cell clusters formed as cell somas that were connected via extensions migrated towards each other, while shortening their extensions. Laser photolysis of caged Ca2+ showed that Ca2+ signals originating in the soma propagated from the soma along the major extensions, being particularly visible in each swelling. Moreover, the Ca2+ signal could be transferred between densely clustered cells (sharing soma-soma border), but was not transferred via extensions to the connected cell. In summary, Lh gonadotropes in medaka display a complex cellular structure of hormone-containing extensions that are sensitive to Gnrh, and may be used for clustering and possibly hormone release, but do not seem to contribute to communication between cells themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Romain Fontaine
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Hodne
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Isabelle Tysseng
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirill Ager-Wick
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trude Marie Haug
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Santiago-Andres Y, Golan M, Fiordelisio T. Functional Pituitary Networks in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 11:619352. [PMID: 33584547 PMCID: PMC7873642 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.619352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary is a master endocrine gland that developed early in vertebrate evolution and therefore exists in all modern vertebrate classes. The last decade has transformed our view of this key organ. Traditionally, the pituitary has been viewed as a randomly organized collection of cells that respond to hypothalamic stimuli by secreting their content. However, recent studies have established that pituitary cells are organized in tightly wired large-scale networks that communicate with each other in both homo and heterotypic manners, allowing the gland to quickly adapt to changing physiological demands. These networks functionally decode and integrate the hypothalamic and systemic stimuli and serve to optimize the pituitary output into the generation of physiologically meaningful hormone pulses. The development of 3D imaging methods and transgenic models have allowed us to expand the research of functional pituitary networks into several vertebrate classes. Here we review the establishment of pituitary cell networks throughout vertebrate evolution and highlight the main perspectives and future directions needed to decipher the way by which pituitary networks serve to generate hormone pulses in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yorgui Santiago-Andres
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Matan Golan
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Tatiana Fiordelisio
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen J, Lippo L, Labella R, Tan SL, Marsden BD, Dustin ML, Ramasamy SK, Kusumbe AP. Decreased blood vessel density and endothelial cell subset dynamics during ageing of the endocrine system. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105242. [PMID: 33215738 PMCID: PMC7780152 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated alterations of the hormone-secreting endocrine system cause organ dysfunction and disease states. However, the cell biology of endocrine tissue ageing remains poorly understood. Here, we perform comparative 3D imaging to understand age-related perturbations of the endothelial cell (EC) compartment in endocrine glands. Datasets of a wide range of markers highlight a decline in capillary and artery numbers, but not of perivascular cells in pancreas, testis and thyroid gland, with age in mice and humans. Further, angiogenesis and β-cell expansion in the pancreas are coupled by a distinct age-dependent subset of ECs. While this EC subpopulation supports pancreatic β cells, it declines during ageing concomitant with increased expression of the gap junction protein Gja1. EC-specific ablation of Gja1 restores β-cell expansion in the aged pancreas. These results provide a proof of concept for understanding age-related vascular changes and imply that therapeutic targeting of blood vessels may restore aged endocrine tissue function. This comprehensive data atlas offers over > 1,000 multicolour volumes for exploration and research in endocrinology, ageing, matrix and vascular biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Chen
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments GroupThe Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of ProsthodonticsState Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Luciana Lippo
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments GroupThe Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rossella Labella
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments GroupThe Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sin Lih Tan
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments GroupThe Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Brian D Marsden
- The Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumNDMUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- The Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Saravana K Ramasamy
- Institute of Clinical SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
- MRC London Institute of Medical SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anjali P Kusumbe
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments GroupThe Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xiang B, Sun Q, He M, Wu W, Lu B, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Li Y, Wu Y, Yao Z, Cheng H, Pan L, Miao Q, Wang Y, Ye H. Successful Diagnoses and Remarkable Metabolic Disorders in Patients With Solitary Hypothalamic Mass: A Case Series Report. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:693669. [PMID: 34603197 PMCID: PMC8481775 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.693669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solitary intracranial hypothalamic mass occurs rarely. The etiological diagnosis of solitary hypothalamus lesion is challenging and often unachievable. Although previous studies indicated that lesions affecting the hypothalamus often cause significant metabolic disorders, few reports about the metabolic disturbances of patients with solitary hypothalamic mass have been reported. METHOD Twenty-five patients with solitary hypothalamus lesions who had been evaluated and treated in Huashan Hospital from January 2010 to December 2020 were retrospectively enrolled. The clinical manifestations, radiological features, endocrine and metabolic disorders, and pathology were analyzed. RESULTS The male to female ratio was 5/20. The median age of onset was 22 (19, 35) years old. The most common initial symptom was polydipsia/polyuria (19/25, 76.0%) and amenorrhea (9/20, 45.0%). A high prevalence of hypopituitarism of different axes was found, with almost all no less than 80%. Central hypogonadism (21/22, 95.5%) and central diabetes insipidus (19/21, 90.5%) were the top two pituitary dysfunctions. Conclusive diagnoses were achieved by intracranial surgical biopsy/resection or stereotactic biopsy in 16 cases and by examining extracranial lesions in 3 cases. The pathological results were various, and the most common diagnoses were Langerhans cell histiocytosis (7/19) and hypothalamitis (5/19). The mean timespan from onset to diagnosis in the 19 cases was 34 ± 26 months. Metabolic evaluations revealed remarkable metabolic disorders, including hyperlipidemia (13/16, 81.3%), hyperglycemia (10/16, 62.5%), hyperuricemia (12/20, 60%), overweight/obesity (13/20, 65.0%), and hepatic adipose infiltration (10/13, 76.6%). CONCLUSION Either surgical or stereotactic biopsy will be a reliable and relatively safe procedure to help to confirm the pathological diagnosis of solitary hypothalamic mass. Metabolic disorders were severe in patients with solitary hypothalamic mass. The management of such cases should cover both the treatment of the primary disease, as well as the endocrine and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boni Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanya Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yehong Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenwei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Gamma Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Miao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hongying Ye, ; Yongfei Wang, ; Qing Miao,
| | - Yongfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hongying Ye, ; Yongfei Wang, ; Qing Miao,
| | - Hongying Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hongying Ye, ; Yongfei Wang, ; Qing Miao,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pascual JM, Prieto R, Rosdolsky M. Craniopharyngiomas primarily affecting the hypothalamus. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 181:75-115. [PMID: 34238481 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820683-6.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The concept of craniopharyngiomas (CPs) primarily affecting the hypothalamus, or "hypothalamic CPs" (Hy-CPs), refers, in a restrictive sense, to the subgroup of CPs originally developing within the neural tissue of the infundibulum and tuber cinereum, the components of the third ventricle floor. This subgroup, also known as infundibulo-tuberal CPs, largely occupies the third ventricle and comprises up to 40% of this pathological entity. The small subgroup of strictly intraventricular CPs (5%), lesions wholly developed within the third ventricle above an anatomically intact third ventricle floor, can also be included within the Hy-CP category. The remaining types of sellar and/or suprasellar CPs may compress or invade the hypothalamic region during their growth but will not be considered in this review. Hy-CPs predominantly affect adults, causing a wide range of symptoms derived from hypothalamic dysfunction, such as adiposogenital dystrophy (Babinski-Fröhlich's syndrome), diabetes insipidus (DI), abnormal diurnal somnolence, and a complex set of cognitive (dementia-like, Korsakoff-like), emotional (rage, apathy, depression), and behavioral (autism-like, psychotic-like) disturbances. Accordingly, Hy-CPs represent a neurobiological model of psychiatric disorders caused by a lesion restricted to the hypothalamus. The vast majority (90%) of squamous-papillary CPs belong to the Hy-CP category. Pathologically, most Hy-CPs present extensive and strong adhesions to the surrounding hypothalamus, usually formed of a thick band of gliotic tissue encircling the central portion of the tumor ("ring-like" attachment) or its entire boundary ("circumferential" attachment). CPs with these severe adhesion types associate high surgical risk, with morbidity and mortality rates three times higher than those for sellar/suprasellar CPs. Consequently, radical surgical removal of Hy-CPs cannot be generally recommended. Rather, Hy-CPs should be accurately classified according to an individualized surgery-risk stratification scheme considering patient age, CP topography, presence of hypothalamic symptoms, tumor size, and, most importantly, the CP-hypothalamus adhesion pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José María Pascual
- Department of Neurosurgery, La Princesa University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ruth Prieto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Rosdolsky
- Independent Medical Translator, Jenkintown, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nässel DR, Zandawala M. Hormonal axes in Drosophila: regulation of hormone release and multiplicity of actions. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:233-266. [PMID: 32827072 PMCID: PMC7584566 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hormones regulate development, as well as many vital processes in the daily life of an animal. Many of these hormones are peptides that act at a higher hierarchical level in the animal with roles as organizers that globally orchestrate metabolism, physiology and behavior. Peptide hormones can act on multiple peripheral targets and simultaneously convey basal states, such as metabolic status and sleep-awake or arousal across many central neuronal circuits. Thereby, they coordinate responses to changing internal and external environments. The activity of neurosecretory cells is controlled either by (1) cell autonomous sensors, or (2) by other neurons that relay signals from sensors in peripheral tissues and (3) by feedback from target cells. Thus, a hormonal signaling axis commonly comprises several components. In mammals and other vertebrates, several hormonal axes are known, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis or the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis that regulate reproduction and metabolism, respectively. It has been proposed that the basic organization of such hormonal axes is evolutionarily old and that cellular homologs of the hypothalamic-pituitary system can be found for instance in insects. To obtain an appreciation of the similarities between insect and vertebrate neurosecretory axes, we review the organization of neurosecretory cell systems in Drosophila. Our review outlines the major peptidergic hormonal pathways known in Drosophila and presents a set of schemes of hormonal axes and orchestrating peptidergic systems. The detailed organization of the larval and adult Drosophila neurosecretory systems displays only very basic similarities to those in other arthropods and vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meet Zandawala
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang K, Kretschmannova K, Prévide RM, Smiljanic K, Chen Q, Fletcher PA, Sherman A, Stojilkovic SS. Cell-Type-Specific Expression Pattern of Proton-Sensing Receptors and Channels in Pituitary Gland. Biophys J 2020; 119:2335-2348. [PMID: 33098866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, extracellular protons act as orthosteric and allosteric ligands for multiple receptors and channels. The aim of this study is to identify proton sensors in the rat pituitary gland. qRT-PCR analysis indicated the expression of G-protein-coupled receptor 68 gene (Gpr68) and acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) genes Asic1, Asic2, and Asic4 in anterior pituitary cells and Asic1 and Asic2 in immortalized GH3 pituitary cells. Asic1a and Asic2b were the dominant splice isoforms. Single anterior pituitary cell RNA sequencing and immunocytochemical analysis showed that nonexcitable folliculostellate cells express GPR68 gene and protein, whereas excitable secretory cells express ASIC genes and proteins. Asic1 was detected in all secretory cell types, Asic2 in gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, and somatotrophs, and Asic4 in lactotrophs. Extracellular acidification activated two types of currents in a concentration-dependent manner: a fast-developing, desensitizing current with an estimated EC50-value of pH 6.7 and a slow-developing, non-desensitizing current that required a higher proton concentration for activation. The desensitizing current was abolished by removal of bath sodium and application of amiloride, a blocker of ASIC channels, whereas the non-desensitizing current was amiloride insensitive and voltage dependent. Activation of both currents increased the excitability of secretory pituitary cells, consistent with their potential physiological relevance in control of voltage-gated calcium influx and calcium-dependent cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karla Kretschmannova
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rafael M Prévide
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kosara Smiljanic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Qing Chen
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Patrick A Fletcher
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arthur Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stanko S Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Groves I, Placzek M, Fletcher AG. Of mitogens and morphogens: modelling Sonic Hedgehog mechanisms in vertebrate development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190660. [PMID: 32829689 PMCID: PMC7482217 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) Is a critical protein in vertebrate development, orchestrating patterning and growth in many developing systems. First described as a classic morphogen that patterns tissues through a spatial concentration gradient, subsequent studies have revealed a more complex mechanism, in which Shh can also regulate proliferation and differentiation. While the mechanism of action of Shh as a morphogen is well understood, it remains less clear how Shh might integrate patterning, proliferation and differentiation in a given tissue, to ultimately direct its morphogenesis. In tandem with experimental studies, mathematical modelling can help gain mechanistic insights into these processes and bridge the gap between Shh-regulated patterning and growth, by integrating these processes into a common theoretical framework. Here, we briefly review the roles of Shh in vertebrate development, focusing on its functions as a morphogen, mitogen and regulator of differentiation. We then discuss the contributions that modelling has made to our understanding of the action of Shh and highlight current challenges in using mathematical models in a quantitative and predictive way. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Contemporary morphogenesis'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Groves
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Marysia Placzek
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alexander G. Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Neudorfer C, Germann J, Elias GJB, Gramer R, Boutet A, Lozano AM. A high-resolution in vivo magnetic resonance imaging atlas of the human hypothalamic region. Sci Data 2020; 7:305. [PMID: 32934244 PMCID: PMC7492465 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the hypothalamus and its topological changes provides valuable insights into underlying physiological and pathological processes. Owing to technological limitations, however, in vivo atlases detailing hypothalamic anatomy are currently lacking in the literature. In this work we aim to overcome this shortcoming by generating a high-resolution in vivo anatomical atlas of the human hypothalamic region. A minimum deformation averaging (MDA) pipeline was employed to produce a normalized, high-resolution template from multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets. This template was used to delineate hypothalamic (n = 13) and extrahypothalamic (n = 12) gray and white matter structures. The reliability of the atlas was evaluated as a measure for voxel-wise volume overlap among raters. Clinical application was demonstrated by superimposing the atlas into datasets of patients diagnosed with a hypothalamic lesion (n = 1) or undergoing hypothalamic (n = 1) and forniceal (n = 1) deep brain stimulation (DBS). The present template serves as a substrate for segmentation of brain structures, specifically those featuring low contrast. Conversely, the segmented hypothalamic atlas may inform DBS programming procedures and may be employed in volumetric studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Neudorfer
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jürgen Germann
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gavin J B Elias
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Gramer
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexandre Boutet
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Campos P, Walker JJ, Mollard P. Diving into the brain: deep-brain imaging techniques in conscious animals. J Endocrinol 2020; 246:R33-R50. [PMID: 32380471 PMCID: PMC7354703 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In most species, survival relies on the hypothalamic control of endocrine axes that regulate critical functions such as reproduction, growth, and metabolism. For decades, the complexity and inaccessibility of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis has prevented researchers from elucidating the relationship between the activity of endocrine hypothalamic neurons and pituitary hormone secretion. Indeed, the study of central control of endocrine function has been largely dominated by 'traditional' techniques that consist of studying in vitro or ex vivo isolated cell types without taking into account the complexity of regulatory mechanisms at the level of the brain, pituitary and periphery. Nowadays, by exploiting modern neuronal transfection and imaging techniques, it is possible to study hypothalamic neuron activity in situ, in real time, and in conscious animals. Deep-brain imaging of calcium activity can be performed through gradient-index lenses that are chronically implanted and offer a 'window into the brain' to image multiple neurons at single-cell resolution. With this review, we aim to highlight deep-brain imaging techniques that enable the study of neuroendocrine neurons in awake animals whilst maintaining the integrity of regulatory loops between the brain, pituitary and peripheral glands. Furthermore, to assist researchers in setting up these techniques, we discuss the equipment required and include a practical step-by-step guide to performing these deep-brain imaging studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Campos
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to P Campos:
| | - Jamie J Walker
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Patrice Mollard
- IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Trudeau VL, Somoza GM. Multimodal hypothalamo-hypophysial communication in the vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 293:113475. [PMID: 32240708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate pituitary is arguably one of the most complex endocrine glands from the evolutionary, anatomical and functional perspectives. The pituitary plays a master role in endocrine physiology for the control of growth, metabolism, reproduction, water balance, and the stress response, among many other key processes. The synthesis and secretion of pituitary hormones are under the control of neurohormones produced by the hypothalamus. Under this conceptual framework, the communication between the hypophysiotropic brain and the pituitary gland is at the foundation of our understanding of endocrinology. The anatomy of the connections between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland has been described in different vertebrate classes, revealing diverse modes of communication together with varying degrees of complexity. In this context, the evolution and variation in the neuronal, neurohemal, endocrine and paracrine modes will be reviewed in light of recent discoveries, and a re-evaluation of earlier observations. There appears to be three main hypothalamo-pituitary communication systems: 1. Diffusion, best exemplified by the agnathans; 2. Direct innervation of the adenohypophysis, which is most developed in teleost fish, and 3. The median eminence/portal blood vessel system, most conspicuously developed in tetrapods, showing also considerable variation between classes. Upon this basic classification, there exists various combinations possible, giving rise to taxon and species-specific, multimodal control over major physiological processes. Intrapituitary paracrine regulation and communication between folliculostellate cells and endocrine cells are additional processes of major importance. Thus, a more complex evolutionary picture of hypothalamo-hypophysial communication is emerging. There is currently little direct evidence to suggest which neuroendocrine genes may control the evolution of one communication system versus another. However, studies at the developmental and intergenerational timescales implicate several genes in the angiogenesis and axonal guidance pathways that may be important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Gustavo M Somoza
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Buenos Aires B7130IWA, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sun C, Rong X, Cai Y, Qiu S, Farzaneh M. Mini review: The FDA-approved prescription drugs that induce ovulation in women with ovulatory problems. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:815-822. [PMID: 32428356 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Infertility is defined as not being able to become pregnant after 12 months or more of unprotected sexual intercourse. Female infertility as a serious health issue can result from ovulation disorders, menstrual cycle problems, structural problems, and environmental factors. Ovulation occurs once a month between the time of menarche and menopause. The release of a mature egg from the ovary is controlled with the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Several hormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), estrogen, and progesterone play fundamental roles in the ovulation process. Both FSH and LH are the main treatment for women with ovulation disorders. Depending on the reasons for infertility, several different types of treatment are available for infertile women. Fertility drugs as an important part of treatment work like the natural hormones to treat infertility. Several fertility drugs can regulate ovulation and the release of an egg from the ovary in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. This mini-review is about the FDA-approved prescription drugs that induce ovulation in women with ovulatory problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Sun
- Pediatrics Department, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Xi Rong
- Pharmacy Department, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Yongqin Cai
- Gynaecology Department, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Song Qiu
- Imaging Department of Brain Hospital, Weifang Peoples Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ou Y, Zhou M, Wu G, Gong H, Li K, Wang X, Peng J, Niu P, Liu Y, Qi S, Feng Z. A retaining sphenoid and dura procedure in the rat to obtain intact pituitary-infundibulum-hypothalamus preparations. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 338:108694. [PMID: 32199945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The histopathological study of brain tissue is a conventional method in neuroscience. However, procedures specifically developed to recover intact hypothalamic-pituitary brain specimens, are not available. NEW METHOD We describe a detailed protocol for obtaining intact rat brain with pituitary-hypothalamus continuity through an intact infundibulum. The brain is collected via a ventral approach through removing the skull base. Membranous structures surrounding the hypothalamus-pituitary system can be preserved, including vasculature. RESULTS We report a retaining sphenoid and dura technique to obtain intact hypothalamic-pituitary brain preparations, and we confirm the practicability of this method. By combination of this technique with histological analysis or 3D brain tissue clearing and imaging methods, the functional morphology structure of the hypothalamus-pituitary can be further explored. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD The current procedure is limited in showing the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary. Our procedure effectively protects the integrity of the fragile infundibulum and thus prevents the pituitary from separating from the hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS We present a convenient and practical approach to obtain intact hypothalamus-pituitary brain specimens for subsequent histopathological evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Nanfang Neurology Research Institution, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingfeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangsen Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haodong Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; First Medical Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; First Medical Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingqin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peirong Niu
- First Medical Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Nanfang Neurology Research Institution, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Nanfang Neurology Research Institution, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhanpeng Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Nanfang Neurology Research Institution, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A G protein-coupled receptor mediates neuropeptide-induced oocyte maturation in the jellyfish Clytia. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000614. [PMID: 32126082 PMCID: PMC7053711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproductive hormones that trigger oocyte meiotic maturation and release from the ovary vary greatly between animal species. Identification of receptors for these maturation-inducing hormones (MIHs) and understanding how they initiate the largely conserved maturation process remain important challenges. In hydrozoan cnidarians including the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica, MIH comprises neuropeptides released from somatic cells of the gonad. We identified the receptor (MIHR) for these MIH neuropeptides in Clytia using cell culture–based “deorphanization” of candidate oocyte-expressed G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs). MIHR mutant jellyfish generated using CRISPR-Cas9 editing had severe defects in gamete development or in spawning both in males and females. Female gonads, or oocytes isolated from MIHR mutants, failed to respond to synthetic MIH. Treatment with the cAMP analogue Br-cAMP to mimic cAMP rise at maturation onset rescued meiotic maturation and spawning. Injection of inhibitory antibodies to the alpha subunit of the Gs heterodimeric protein (GαS) into wild-type oocytes phenocopied the MIHR mutants. These results provide the molecular links between MIH stimulation and meiotic maturation initiation in hydrozoan oocytes. Molecular phylogeny grouped Clytia MIHR with a subset of bilaterian neuropeptide receptors, including neuropeptide Y, gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH), pyroglutamylated RFamide, and luqin, all upstream regulators of sexual reproduction. This identification and functional characterization of a cnidarian peptide GPCR advances our understanding of oocyte maturation initiation and sheds light on the evolution of neuropeptide-hormone systems. A study of jellyfish oocytes identifies the receptor for Maturation-Inducing Hormone, the neuropeptide hormone that triggers oocyte maturation and spawning via GαS and cyclic AMP. This receptor defines a superfamily of hormone-receptor systems involved in regulating sexual reproduction across animal species.
Collapse
|
40
|
Han SY, Cheong I, McLennan T, Herbison AE. Neural Determinants of Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5697320. [PMID: 31907531 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator drives pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion essential for fertility. However, the constraints within which the pulse generator operates to drive efficient LH pulsatility remain unclear. We used optogenetic activation of the arcuate nucleus kisspeptin neurons, recently identified as the GnRH pulse generator, to assess the efficiency of different pulse generator frequencies in driving pulsatile LH secretion in intact freely behaving male mice. Activating the pulse generator at 45-minute intervals generated LH pulses similar to those observed in intact male mice while 9-minute interval stimulation generated LH profiles indistinguishable from gonadectomized (GDX) male mice. However, more frequent activation of the pulse generator resulted in disordered LH secretion. Optogenetic experiments directly activating the distal projections of the GnRH neuron gave the exact same results, indicating the pituitary to be the locus of the high frequency decoding. To evaluate the state-dependent behavior of the pulse generator, the effects of high-frequency activation of the arcuate kisspeptin neurons were compared in GDX and intact mice. The same stimulus resulted in an overall inhibition of LH release in GDX mice but stimulation in intact males. These studies demonstrate that the GnRH pulse generator is the primary determinant of LH pulse profile and that a nonlinear relationship exists between pulse generator frequency and LH pulse frequency. This may underlie the ability of stimulatory inputs to the pulse generator to have opposite effects on LH secretion in intact and GDX animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Young Han
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Isaiah Cheong
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tim McLennan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Allan E Herbison
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Childs GV, MacNicol AM, MacNicol MC. Molecular Mechanisms of Pituitary Cell Plasticity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:656. [PMID: 33013715 PMCID: PMC7511515 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that mediate plasticity in pituitary function have long been a subject of vigorous investigation. Early studies overcame technical barriers and challenged conceptual barriers to identify multipotential and multihormonal cell populations that contribute to diverse pituitary stress responses. Decades of intensive study have challenged the standard model of dedicated, cell type-specific hormone production and have revealed the malleable cellular fates that mediate pituitary responses. Ongoing studies at all levels, from animal physiology to molecular analyses, are identifying the mechanisms underlying this cellular plasticity. This review describes the findings from these studies that utilized state-of-the-art tools and techniques to identify mechanisms of plasticity throughout the pituitary and focuses on the insights brought to our understanding of pituitary function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwen V Childs
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Angus M MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Melanie C MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Esteves FF, Matias D, Mendes AR, Lacoste B, Lima SQ. Sexually dimorphic neuronal inputs to the neuroendocrine dopaminergic system governing prolactin release. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12781. [PMID: 31419363 PMCID: PMC6851580 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a pleiotropic hormone that was identified in the context of maternal care and its release from the anterior pituitary is primarily controlled by neuroendocrine dopaminergic (NEDA) neurones of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. The sexually dimorphic nature of PRL physiology and associated behaviours is evident in mammals, even though the number and density of NEDA neurones is reported as not being sexually dimorphic in rats. However, the underlying circuits controlling NEDA neuronal activity and subsequent PRL release are largely uncharacterised. Thus, we mapped whole-brain monosynaptic NEDA inputs in male and female mice. Accordingly, we employed a rabies virus based monosynaptic tracing system capable of retrogradely mapping inputs into genetically defined neuronal populations. To gain genetic access to NEDA neurones, we used the dopamine transporter promoter. Here, we unravel 59 brain regions that synapse onto NEDA neurones and reveal that male and female mice, despite monomorphic distribution of NEDA neurones in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, receive sexually dimorphic amount of inputs from the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, anteroventral periventricular nucleus, medial preoptic nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior periventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, lateral supramammillary nucleus, tuberal nucleus and periaqueductal grey. Beyond highlighting the importance of considering sex as a biological variable when evaluating connectivity in the brain, these results illustrate a case where a neuronal population with similar anatomical distribution has a subjacent sexually dimorphic connectivity pattern, potentially capable of contributing to the sexually dimorphic nature of PRL release and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diogo Matias
- Champalimaud ResearchPrograma Champalimaud de NeurociênciasLisboaPortugal
| | - Ana R. Mendes
- Champalimaud ResearchPrograma Champalimaud de NeurociênciasLisboaPortugal
| | - Bertrand Lacoste
- Champalimaud ResearchPrograma Champalimaud de NeurociênciasLisboaPortugal
| | - Susana Q. Lima
- Champalimaud ResearchPrograma Champalimaud de NeurociênciasLisboaPortugal
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hoa O, Lafont C, Fontanaud P, Guillou A, Kemkem Y, Kineman RD, Luque RM, Fiordelisio Coll T, Le Tissier P, Mollard P. Imaging and Manipulating Pituitary Function in the Awake Mouse. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2271-2281. [PMID: 31329247 PMCID: PMC6760335 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extensive efforts have been made to explore how the activities of multiple brain cells combine to alter physiology through imaging and cell-specific manipulation in different animal models. However, the temporal regulation of peripheral organs by the neuroendocrine factors released by the brain is poorly understood. We have established a suite of adaptable methodologies to interrogate in vivo the relationship of hypothalamic regulation with the secretory output of the pituitary gland, which has complex functional networks of multiple cell types intermingled with the vasculature. These allow imaging and optogenetic manipulation of cell activities in the pituitary gland in awake mouse models, in which both neuronal regulatory activity and hormonal output are preserved. These methodologies are now readily applicable for longitudinal studies of short-lived events (e.g., calcium signals controlling hormone exocytosis) and slowly evolving processes such as tissue remodeling in health and disease over a period of days to weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ombeline Hoa
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Chrystel Lafont
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Fontanaud
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Guillou
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yasmine Kemkem
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Raul M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Tatiana Fiordelisio Coll
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF, México
| | - Paul Le Tissier
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrice Mollard
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: Patrice Mollard, PhD, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, F-34000 Montpellier, France. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fletcher PA, Smiljanic K, Maso Prévide R, Iben JR, Li T, Rokic MB, Sherman A, Coon SL, Stojilkovic SS. Cell Type- and Sex-Dependent Transcriptome Profiles of Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:623. [PMID: 31620083 PMCID: PMC6760010 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiology and pathology of an organ composed of a variety of cell populations depends critically on genome-wide information on each cell type. Here, we report single-cell transcriptome profiling of over 6,800 freshly dispersed anterior pituitary cells from postpubertal male and female rats. Six pituitary-specific cell types were identified based on known marker genes and characterized: folliculostellate cells and hormone-producing corticotrophs, gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, somatotrophs, and lactotrophs. Also identified were endothelial and blood cells from the pituitary capillary network. The expression of numerous developmental and neuroendocrine marker genes in both folliculostellate and hormone-producing cells supports that they have a common origin. For several genes, the validity of transcriptome analysis was confirmed by qRT-PCR and single cell immunocytochemistry. Folliculostellate cells exhibit impressive transcriptome diversity, indicating their major roles in production of endogenous ligands and detoxification enzymes, and organization of extracellular matrix. Transcriptome profiles of hormone-producing cells also indicate contributions toward those functions, while also clearly demonstrating their endocrine function. This survey highlights many novel genetic markers contributing to pituitary cell type identity, sexual dimorphism, and function, and points to relationships between hormone-producing and folliculostellate cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Fletcher
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kosara Smiljanic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rafael Maso Prévide
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James R. Iben
- Molecular Genomics Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tianwei Li
- Molecular Genomics Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Milos B. Rokic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Arthur Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Steven L. Coon
- Molecular Genomics Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stanko S. Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Agustini B, Bocharova M, Walker AJ, Berk M, Young AH, Juruena MF. Has the sun set for seasonal affective disorder and HPA axis studies? A systematic review and future prospects. J Affect Disord 2019; 256:584-593. [PMID: 31299439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a form of cyclic mood disorder that tends to manifest as winter depression. SAD has anecdotally been described as a hypocortisolemic condition. However, there are no systematic reviews on SAD and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis function. This review intends to summarize these findings. METHODS Using the PRISMA (2009) guideline recommendations we searched for relevant articles indexed in databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and PsychArticles. The following keywords were used: "Seasonal affective disorder", OR "Winter Depression", OR "Seasonal depression" associated with: "HPA Axis" OR "cortisol" OR "CRH" OR "ACTH". RESULTS Thirteen papers were included for qualitative analysis. Studies used both heterogeneous methods and populations. The best evidence comes from a recent study showing that SAD patients tend to demonstrate an attenuated Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) in winter, but not in summer, compared to controls. Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) studies suggest SAD patients have normal suppression of the HPA axis. CONCLUSION There is still insufficient evidence to classify SAD as a hypocortisolemic condition when compared to controls. Heterogeneous methods and samples did not allow replication of results. We discuss the limitations of these studies and provide new methods and targets to probe HPA axis function in this population. SAD can provide a unique window of opportunity to study HPA axis in affective disorders, since it is highly predictable and can be followed before, during and after episodes subsides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Agustini
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | - Mariia Bocharova
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Walker
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Allan H Young
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mario F Juruena
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ren YA, Monkkonen T, Lewis MT, Bernard DJ, Christian HC, Jorgez CJ, Moore JA, Landua JD, Chin HM, Chen W, Singh S, Kim IS, Zhang XH, Xia Y, Phillips KJ, MacKay H, Waterland RA, Ljungberg MC, Saha PK, Hartig SM, Coll TF, Richards JS. S100a4-Cre-mediated deletion of Patched1 causes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: role of pituitary hematopoietic cells in endocrine regulation. JCI Insight 2019; 5:126325. [PMID: 31265437 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland regulate an array of important physiological functions, but pituitary hormone disorders are not fully understood. Herein we report that genetically-engineered mice with deletion of the hedgehog signaling receptor Patched1 by S100a4 promoter-driven Cre recombinase (S100a4-Cre;Ptch1fl/fl mutants) exhibit adult-onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and multiple pituitary hormone disorders. During the transition from puberty to adult, S100a4-Cre;Ptch1fl/fl mice of both sexes develop hypogonadism coupled with reduced gonadotropin levels. Their pituitary glands also display severe structural and functional abnormalities, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy and expression of key genes regulating pituitary endocrine functions. S100a4-Cre activity in the anterior pituitary gland is restricted to CD45+ cells of hematopoietic origin, including folliculo-stellate cells and other immune cell types, causing sex-specific changes in the expression of genes regulating the local microenvironment of the anterior pituitary. These findings provide in vivo evidence for the importance of pituitary hematopoietic cells in regulating fertility and endocrine function, in particular during sexual maturation and likely through sexually dimorphic mechanisms. These findings support a previously unrecognized role of hematopoietic cells in causing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and provide inroads into the molecular and cellular basis for pituitary hormone disorders in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Athena Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Michael T Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology and.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Helen C Christian
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Carolina J Jorgez
- Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua A Moore
- Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John D Landua
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology and.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haelee M Chin
- Department of Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Weiqin Chen
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Swarnima Singh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ik Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiang Hf Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin J Phillips
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Harry MacKay
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - M Cecilia Ljungberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Center at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pradip K Saha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tatiana Fiordelisio Coll
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, Distrito Federal, México
| | - JoAnne S Richards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The principal role of prolactin in mammals is the regulation of lactation. Prolactin is a hormone that is mainly synthesized and secreted by lactotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin signalling occurs via a unique transmembrane prolactin receptor (PRL-R). The structure of the PRL-R has now been elucidated and is similar to that of many biologically fundamental receptors of the class 1 haematopoietic cytokine receptor family such as the growth hormone receptor. The PRL-R is expressed in a wide array of tissues, and a growing number of biological processes continue to be attributed to prolactin. In this Review, we focus on the newly discovered roles of prolactin in human health and disease, particularly its involvement in metabolic homeostasis including body weight control, adipose tissue, skin and hair follicles, pancreas, bone, the adrenal response to stress, the control of lactotroph cell homeostasis and maternal behaviour. New data concerning the pathological states of hypoprolactinaemia and hyperprolactinaemia will also be presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bernard
- Inserm U1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Young
- Inserm U1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Binart
- Inserm U1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dichamp J, Barreau C, Guissard C, Carrière A, Martinez Y, Descombes X, Pénicaud L, Rouquette J, Casteilla L, Plouraboué F, Lorsignol A. 3D analysis of the whole subcutaneous adipose tissue reveals a complex spatial network of interconnected lobules with heterogeneous browning ability. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6684. [PMID: 31040317 PMCID: PMC6491608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue, as the main energy storage organ and through its endocrine activity, is interconnected with all physiological functions. It plays a fundamental role in energy homeostasis and in the development of metabolic disorders. Up to now, this tissue has been analysed as a pool of different cell types with very little attention paid to the organization and putative partitioning of cells. Considering the absence of a complete picture of the intimate architecture of this large soft tissue, we developed a method that combines tissue clearing, acquisition of autofluorescence or lectin signals by confocal microscopy, segmentation procedures based on contrast enhancement, and a new semi-automatic image analysis process, allowing accurate and quantitative characterization of the whole 3D fat pad organization. This approach revealed the unexpected anatomic complexity of the murine subcutaneous fat pad. Although the classical picture of adipose tissue corresponds to a superposition of simple and small ellipsoidal lobules of adipose cells separated by mesenchymal spans, our results show that segmented lobules display complex 3D poly-lobular shapes. Despite differences in shape and size, the number of these poly-lobular subunits is similar from one fat pad to another. Finally, investigation of the relationships of these subunits between each other revealed a never-described organization in two clusters with distinct molecular signatures and specific vascular and sympathetic nerve densities correlating with different browning abilities. This innovative procedure reveals that subcutaneous adipose tissue exhibits a subtle functional heterogeneity with partitioned areas, and opens new perspectives towards understanding its functioning and plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jules Dichamp
- IMFT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Barreau
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, Inserm U1031, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Guissard
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, Inserm U1031, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Carrière
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, Inserm U1031, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Luc Pénicaud
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, Inserm U1031, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Louis Casteilla
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, Inserm U1031, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Anne Lorsignol
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, Inserm U1031, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Worthman CM, Dockray S, Marceau K. Puberty and the Evolution of Developmental Science. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2019; 29:9-31. [PMID: 30869841 PMCID: PMC6961839 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, theoretical and methodological advances have operated synergistically to advance understanding of puberty and prompt increasingly comprehensive models that engage with the temporal, psychosocial, and biological dimensions of this maturational milepost. This integrative overview discusses these theoretical and methodological advances and their implications for research and intervention to promote human development in the context of changing maturational schedules and massive ongoing social transformations.
Collapse
|
50
|
Binart N, Young J, Chanson P. Prolactin Assays and Regulation of Secretion: Animal and Human Data. PROLACTIN DISORDERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11836-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|