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Zhao S, Semeia L, Veit R, Luo S, Angelo BC, Chow T, Birkenfeld AL, Preissl H, Xiang AH, Page KA, Kullmann S. Exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus in utero impacts hippocampal functional connectivity in response to food cues in children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01608-1. [PMID: 39198584 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of obesity in the offspring, but little is known about the underlying neural mechanisms. The hippocampus is crucial for food intake regulation and is vulnerable to the effects of obesity. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether GDM exposure affects hippocampal functional connectivity during exposure to food cues using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS Participants were 90 children age 7-11 years (53 females) who underwent an fMRI-based visual food cue task in the fasted state. Hippocampal functional connectivity (FC) was examined using generalized psychophysiological interaction in response to food versus non-food cues. Hippocampal FC was compared between children with and without GDM exposure, while controlling for possible confounding effects of age, sex and waist-to-hip ratio. In addition, the influence of childhood and maternal obesity were investigated using multiple regression models. RESULTS While viewing high caloric food cues compared to non-food cure, children with GDM exposure exhibited higher hippocampal FC to the insula and striatum (i.e., putamen, pallidum and nucleus accumbens) compared to unexposed children. With increasing BMI, children with GDM exposure had lower hippocampal FC to the somatosensory cortex (i.e., postcentral gyrus). CONCLUSIONS Intrauterine exposure to GDM was associated with higher food-cue induced hippocampal FC especially to reward processing regions. Future studies with longitudinal measurements are needed to clarify whether altered hippocampal FC may raise the risk of the development of metabolic diseases later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixiu Zhao
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Semeia
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Veit
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brendan C Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ting Chow
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anny H Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Kullmann S, Zhao S, Semeia L, Veit R, Luo S, Angelo B, Chow T, Birkenfeld A, Preissl H, Xiang A, Page K. Exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus in utero impacts hippocampal functional connectivity in response to food cues in children. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3953330. [PMID: 38559106 PMCID: PMC10980092 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3953330/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of obesity in the offspring, but little is known about the underlying neural mechanisms. The hippocampus is crucial for food intake regulation and is vulnerable to the effects of obesity. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether GDM exposure affects hippocampal functional connectivity during exposure to food cues using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Methods Participants were 90 children age 7-11 years (53 females) who underwent an fMRI-based visual food cue task in the fasted state. Hippocampal functional connectivity (FC) was examined using generalized psychophysiological interaction in response to high-calorie food versus non-food cues. Food-cue induced hippocampal FC was compared between children with and without GDM exposure, while controlling for possible confounding effects of age, sex and waist-to-hip ratio. Results Children with GDM exposure exhibited stronger hippocampal FC to the insula and striatum (i.e., putamen, pallidum and nucleus accumbens) compared to unexposed children, while viewing high caloric food cues. Conclusions Intrauterine exposure to GDM was associated with higher food-cue induced hippocampal FC to reward processing regions. Future studies with longitudinal measurements are needed to clarify whether increased hippocampal FC to reward processing regions may raise the risk of the development of metabolic diseases later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brendan Angelo
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Ting Chow
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California
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Wee RWS, Mishchanchuk K, AlSubaie R, Church TW, Gold MG, MacAskill AF. Internal-state-dependent control of feeding behavior via hippocampal ghrelin signaling. Neuron 2024; 112:288-305.e7. [PMID: 37977151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Hunger is an internal state that not only invigorates feeding but also acts as a contextual cue for higher-order control of anticipatory feeding-related behavior. The ventral hippocampus is crucial for differentiating optimal behavior across contexts, but how internal contexts such as hunger influence hippocampal circuitry is unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of the ventral hippocampus during feeding behavior across different states of hunger in mice. We found that activity of a unique subpopulation of neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens (vS-NAc neurons) increased when animals investigated food, and this activity inhibited the transition to begin eating. Increases in the level of the peripheral hunger hormone ghrelin reduced vS-NAc activity during this anticipatory phase of feeding via ghrelin-receptor-dependent increases in postsynaptic inhibition and promoted the initiation of eating. Together, these experiments define a ghrelin-sensitive hippocampal circuit that informs the decision to eat based on internal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W S Wee
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Karyna Mishchanchuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rawan AlSubaie
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Timothy W Church
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Matthew G Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrew F MacAskill
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Cui K, Zhao J, Li R, Gao Y, Gao X. Higher visceral adipose tissue is associated with decreased memory suppression ability on food-related thoughts: A 1-year prospective ERP study. Appetite 2023; 191:107048. [PMID: 37804604 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Memory about food and eating is crucial in regulating appetite and eating behaviors. Successfully stopping vivid imagination of delicious food could help reduce food craving and thus reduce the possibility of further intake. Memory inhibition is a cognitive process that involves intentional suppression of certain memories coming to consciousness. Successful memory suppression derives from inhibitory control. Although considerable work has consistently observed the impairment in motor or response inhibitory control among individuals with obesity, there has been a lack of investigation into the influence of bodyweight status on memory inhibitory control. To fill this gap, current study investigated behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of memory suppression in young women. Using Think/No-Think task and event-related potentials among 47 females, we found that participants with higher visceral adipose tissue (VAT) showed a tendency towards decreased suppression ability for memories related to food but not memories related to nonfood items. In depth analysis showed that decrease in the differences in P2 amplitudes between suppression vs. retrieval of food-related memories mediated the impairment of suppression ability by high VAT. We then tested whether individual differences in memory suppression ability as well as ERP correlates predicted future BMI or VAT change over 1-year follow-up. Results showed that P2 amplitudes when retrieving food-related memory could predict VAT change at 1-year follow-up among participants with healthy BMI. These observations suggest a hypersensitivity inference hypothesis underlying memory control impairments. To be specific, deficits in memory suppression may be in part resulted from elevated sensitivity to the cues coupling with food-related memory. It extends previous studies of memory suppression with food rewards and provides the first evidence to help understand the relationship between inhibitory control on food-related memory and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cui
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - RuoNan Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Simon JJ, Lang PM, Rommerskirchen L, Bendszus M, Friederich HC. Hypothalamic Reactivity and Connectivity following Intravenous Glucose Administration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087370. [PMID: 37108533 PMCID: PMC10139105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional glucose sensing in homeostatic brain regions such as the hypothalamus is interlinked with the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the physiology and pathophysiology of glucose sensing and neuronal homeostatic regulation remain insufficiently understood. To provide a better understanding of glucose signaling to the brain, we assessed the responsivity of the hypothalamus (i.e., the core region of homeostatic control) and its interaction with mesocorticolimbic brain regions in 31 normal-weight, healthy participants. We employed a single-blind, randomized, crossover design of the intravenous infusion of glucose and saline during fMRI. This approach allows to investigate glucose signaling independent of digestive processes. Hypothalamic reactivity and connectivity were assessed using a pseudo-pharmacological design and a glycemia-dependent functional connectivity analysis, respectively. In line with previous studies, we observed a hypothalamic response to glucose infusion which was negatively related to fasting insulin levels. The observed effect size was smaller than in previous studies employing oral or intragastric administration of glucose, demonstrating the important role of the digestive process in homeostatic signaling. Finally, we were able to observe hypothalamic connectivity with reward-related brain regions. Given the small amount of glucose employed, this points toward a high responsiveness of these regions to even a small energy stimulus in healthy individuals. Our study highlights the intricate relationship between homeostatic and reward-related systems and their pronounced sensitivity to subtle changes in glycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe J Simon
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pia M Lang
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Rommerskirchen
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Abstract
The modern obesogenic environment contains an abundance of food cues (e.g., sight, smell of food) as well cues that are associated with food through learning and memory processes. Food cue exposure can lead to food seeking and excessive consumption in otherwise food-sated individuals, and a high level of food cue responsivity is a risk factor for overweight and obesity. Similar food cue responses are observed in experimental rodent models, and these models are therefore useful for mechanistically identifying the neural circuits mediating food cue responsivity. This review draws from both experimental rodent models and human data to characterize the behavioral and biological processes through which food-associated stimuli contribute to overeating and weight gain. Two rodent models are emphasized - cue-potentiated feeding and Pavlovian-instrumental transfer - that provide insight in the neural circuits and peptide systems underlying food cue responsivity. Data from humans are highlighted that reveal physiological, psychological, and neural mechanisms that connect food cue responsivity with overeating and weight gain. The collective literature identifies connections between heightened food cue responsivity and obesity in both rodents and humans, and identifies underlying brain regions (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus) and endocrine systems (ghrelin) that regulate food cue responsivity in both species. These species similarities are encouraging for the possibility of mechanistic rodent model research and further human research leading to novel treatments for excessive food cue responsivity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Kanoski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kerri N Boutelle
- Department of Pediatrics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Schneider E, Spetter MS, Martin E, Sapey E, Yip KP, Manolopoulos KN, Tahrani AA, Thomas JM, Lee M, Hallschmid M, Rotshtein P, Dourish CT, Higgs S. The effect of intranasal insulin on appetite and mood in women with and without obesity: an experimental medicine study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1319-1327. [PMID: 35397638 PMCID: PMC9239904 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Intranasal (IN) administration of insulin decreases appetite in humans, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear, and it is unknown whether IN insulin affects the food intake of women with obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, participants (35 lean women and 17 women with obesity) were randomized to receive 160 IU/1.6 mL of IN insulin or placebo in a counterbalanced order in the post prandial state. The effects of IN insulin on cookie intake, appetite, mood, food reward, cognition and neural activity were assessed. RESULTS IN insulin in the post prandial state reduced cookie intake, appetite and food reward relative to placebo and these effects were more pronounced for women with obesity compared with lean women. IN insulin also improved mood in women with obesity. In both BMI groups, IN insulin increased neural activity in the insula when viewing food pictures. IN insulin did not affect cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IN insulin decreases palatable food intake when satiated by reducing food reward and that women with obesity may be more sensitive to this effect than lean women. Further investigation of the therapeutic potential of IN insulin for weight management in women with obesity is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Schneider
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maartje S Spetter
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Martin
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kay Por Yip
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- University of Birmingham Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK
| | - Konstantinos N Manolopoulos
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Abd A Tahrani
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Michelle Lee
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pia Rotshtein
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Colin T Dourish
- P1vital Ltd., Wallingford, UK
- P1vital Products Ltd, Wallingford, UK
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Nguyen HD, Oh H, Jo WH, Hoang NHM, Kim MS. Mixtures modeling identifies heavy metals and pyrethroid insecticide metabolites associated with obesity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:20379-20397. [PMID: 34738213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We aim to examine the association between chemical mixtures and obesity. Blood and urinary levels of tween-six chemicals were measured in adults who participated in the KoNEHS. We identified the associations of chemicals with obesity using linear regression models. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, quantile g-computation (qgcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were conducted as secondary analyses. Of the 3,692 participants included in the analysis, 18.0% had obesity. In the logistic regression model, mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and 3PBA levels were associated with obesity, and significant trends were observed for these chemical tertiles (p < 0.001). Hg, Pb, and 3PBA levels were also associated with BMI. The WQS index was significantly associated with both obesity (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 2.11-2.20) and BMI (β = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.37-0.51). The qgcomp index also found a significant association between chemicals and both obesity (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.56-1.85) and BMI (β = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.39-0.41). Hg, Pb, and 3PBA were the most heavily weighed chemicals in these models. In BKMR analysis, the overall effect of the mixture was significantly associated with obesity. Hg, Pb, and 3PBA showed positive trends and were observed as the most important factors associated with obesity. Given increasing exposure to chemicals, there is a need to investigate the associations between chemical exposures, either separately or together, and incident obesity risk factors in well-characterized cohorts of different populations, and to identify potential approaches to chemical exposure prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Hong Minh Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Mucellini AB, Miguel PM, Dalle Molle R, Rodrigues DM, Machado TD, Reis RS, Toazza R, Salum GA, Bortoluzzi A, Franco AR, Buchweitz A, Barth B, Agranonik M, Nassim M, Meaney MJ, Manfro GG, Silveira PP. Diminished insulin sensitivity is associated with altered brain activation to food cues and with risk for obesity - Implications for individuals born small for gestational age. Appetite 2021; 169:105799. [PMID: 34767841 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
While classically linked to memory, the hippocampus is also a feeding behavior modulator due to its multiple interconnected pathways with other brain regions and expression of receptors for metabolic hormones. Here we tested whether variations in insulin sensitivity would be correlated with differential brain activation following exposure to palatable food cues, as well as with variations in implicit food memory in a cohort of healthy adolescents, some of whom were born small for gestational age (SGA). Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was positively correlated with activation in the cuneus, and negatively correlated with activation in the middle frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus and precuneus when presented with palatable food images versus non-food images in healthy adolescents. Additionally, HOMA-IR and insulinemia were higher in participants with impaired food memory. SGA individuals had higher snack caloric density and greater chance for impaired food memory. There was also an interaction between the HOMA-IR and birth weight ratio influencing external eating behavior. We suggest that diminished insulin sensitivity correlates with activation in visual attention areas and inactivation in inhibitory control areas in healthy adolescents. Insulin resistance also associated with less consistency in implicit memory for a consumed meal, which may suggest lower ability to establish a dietary pattern, and can contribute to obesity. Differences in feeding behavior in SGA individuals were associated with insulin sensitivity and hippocampal alterations, suggesting that cognition and hormonal regulation are important components involved in their food intake modifications throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Mucellini
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M Miguel
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roberta Dalle Molle
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Danitsa M Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tania D Machado
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberta S Reis
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rudinéia Toazza
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovanni A Salum
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Bortoluzzi
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Franco
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Buchweitz
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Barbara Barth
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neurosciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marilyn Agranonik
- Fundação de Economia e Estatística Siegfried Emanuel Heuser, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marouane Nassim
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Translational Neuroscience Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gisele G Manfro
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia P Silveira
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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10
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Eguchi K, Shirai S, Matsushima M, Kano T, Yamazaki K, Hamauchi S, Sasamori T, Seki T, Hirata K, Kitagawa M, Otsuki M, Shiga T, Houkin K, Sasaki H, Yabe I. Correlation of active contact location with weight gain after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: a case series. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:351. [PMID: 34517835 PMCID: PMC8436541 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Weight gain (WG) is a frequently reported side effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The active contact locations influence the clinical outcomes of subthalamic deep brain stimulation, but it is unclear whether WG is directly associated with the active contact locations. We aimed to determine whether WG is associated with the subthalamic deep brain stimulation active contact locations. Methods We enrolled 14 patients with Parkinson’s disease who underwent bilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation between 2013 and 2019. Bodyweight and body mass index were measured before and one year following the surgery. The Lead-DBS Matlab toolbox was used to determine the active contact locations based on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. We also created sweet spot maps for WG using voxel-wise statistics, based on volume of tissue activation and the WG of each patient. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography data were also acquired before and one year following surgery, and statistical parametric mapping was used to evaluate changes in brain metabolism. We examined which brain regions’ metabolism fluctuation significantly correlated with increased body mass index scores and positron emission tomography data. Results One year after surgery, the body mass index increase was 2.03 kg/m2. The sweet spots for WG were bilateral, mainly located dorsally outside of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Furthermore, WG was correlated with increased metabolism in the left limbic and associative regions, including the middle temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and orbital gyrus. Conclusions Although the mechanisms underlying WG following subthalamic deep brain stimulation are possibly multifactorial, our findings suggest that dorsal stimulation outside of STN may lead to WG. The metabolic changes in limbic and associative cortical regions after STN-DBS may also be one of the mechanisms underlying WG. Further studies are warranted to confirm whether dorsal stimulation outside of STN changes the activities of these cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuki Eguchi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Shirai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Matsushima
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kano
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yamazaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuji Hamauchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toru Sasamori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Azabu Neurosurgical Hospital, Kita 22, Higashi 1, Higashi-ku, 065-0022, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Seki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirata
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kitagawa
- Sapporo Teishinkai Hospital, Kita 33, Higashi 1, Higashi-ku, 065-0033, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mika Otsuki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tohru Shiga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Houkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidenao Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yabe
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Sewaybricker LE, Melhorn SJ, Rosenbaum JL, Askren MK, Tyagi V, Webb MF, De Leon MRB, Grabowski TJ, Schur EA. Reassessing relationships between appetite and adiposity in people at risk of obesity: A twin study using fMRI. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113504. [PMID: 34147511 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies suggest that appetitive drive is enhanced in obesity. OBJECTIVE To test if appetitive drive varies in direct proportion to the level of body adiposity after accounting for genetic factors that contribute to both brain response and obesity risk. SUBJECTS/METHODS Participants were adult monozygotic (n = 54) and dizygotic (n = 30) twins with at least one member of the pair with obesity. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Hormonal and appetite measures were obtained in response to a standardized meal that provided 20% of estimated daily caloric needs and to an ad libitum buffet meal. Pre- and post-meal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) assessed brain response to visual food cues in a set of a priori appetite-regulating regions. Exploratory voxelwise analyses outside a priori regions were performed with correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS In a group of 84 adults, the majority with obesity (75%), body fat mass was not associated with hormonal responses to a meal (glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin, all P>0.40), subjective feelings of hunger (β=-0.01 mm [95% CI -0.35, 0.34] P = 0.97) and fullness (β=0.15 mm [-0.15, 0.44] P = 0.33), or buffet meal intake in relation to estimated daily caloric needs (β=0.28% [-0.05, 0.60] P = 0.10). Body fat mass was also not associated with brain response to high-calorie food cues in appetite-regulating regions (Pre-meal β=-0.12 [-0.32, 0.09] P = 0.26; Post-meal β=0.18 [-0.02, 0.37] P = 0.09; Change by a meal β=0.29 [-0.02, 0.61] P = 0.07). Conversely, lower fat mass was associated with being weight reduced (β=-0.05% [-0.07, -0.03] P<0.001) and greater pre-meal activation to high-calorie food cues in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Z = 3.63 P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS In a large study of adult twins, the majority with overweight or obesity, the level of adiposity was not associated with excess appetitive drive as assessed by behavioral, hormonal, or fMRI measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia E Sewaybricker
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Susan J Melhorn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Jennifer L Rosenbaum
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Mary K Askren
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Vidhi Tyagi
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Mary F Webb
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Mary Rosalynn B De Leon
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Thomas J Grabowski
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Ellen A Schur
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA.
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12
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Li G, Hu Y, Zhang W, Ding Y, Wang Y, Wang J, He Y, Lv G, Deneen KM, Zhao Y, Chen A, Han Y, Cui G, Ji G, Manza P, Tomasi D, Volkow ND, Nie Y, Wang G, Zhang Y. Resting activity of the hippocampus and amygdala in obese individuals predicts their response to food cues. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12974. [PMID: 33084195 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obese individuals exhibit brain functional abnormalities in multiple regions implicated in reward/motivation, emotion/memory, homeostatic regulation, and executive control when exposed to food cues and during rest. However, it remains unclear whether abnormal brain responses to food cues might account for or relate to their abnormal activity in resting state. This information would be useful for understanding the neural mechanisms behind hyperactive responses to food cues, a critical marker of obesity. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) and a cue-reactivity fMRI task with high- (HiCal) and low-caloric (LoCal) food cues were employed to investigate brain baseline activity and food cue-induced activation differences in 44 obese participants (OB), in 37 overweight participants (OW), and in 37 normal weight (NW) controls. One-way analyses of variance showed there was a group difference in the left hippocampus/amygdala activity during resting state and during food-cue stimulation (pFWE < 0.05); post-hoc tests showed the OB group had both greater basal activity and greater food cue-induced activation than the OW and NW groups; OW had higher activity in the hippocampus/amygdala than the NW group, which was only significant during resting state. In the OB group, resting-state activity in the left hippocampus/amygdala was positively correlated with activation induced by HiCal food cues, and both of these measures correlated with body mass index (BMI). Mediation analysis showed that the relationship between BMI and hippocampus/amygdala response to HiCal food cues was mediated by their resting-state activity. These findings suggest a close association between obesity and brain functional abnormality in the hippocampus/amygdala. They also indicate that resting-state activity in the hippocampus/amygdala may impact these regions' responses to food cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanya Li
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Yang Hu
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Yueyan Ding
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Jia Wang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Yang He
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Ganggang Lv
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Karen M. Deneen
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Antao Chen
- Department of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Guangbin Cui
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Gang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Gene‐Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
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13
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Beddows CA, Dodd GT. Insulin on the brain: The role of central insulin signalling in energy and glucose homeostasis. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12947. [PMID: 33687120 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signals to the brain where it coordinates multiple physiological processes underlying energy and glucose homeostasis. This review explores where and how insulin interacts within the brain parenchyma, how brain insulin signalling functions to coordinate energy and glucose homeostasis and how this contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait A Beddows
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Garron T Dodd
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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14
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Farruggia MC, van Kooten MJ, Perszyk EE, Burke MV, Scheinost D, Constable RT, Small DM. Identification of a brain fingerprint for overweight and obesity. Physiol Behav 2020; 222:112940. [PMID: 32417645 PMCID: PMC7321926 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The brain plays a central role in the pathophysiology of overweight and obesity. Connectome-based Predictive Modeling (CPM) is a newly developed, data-driven approach that exploits whole-brain functional connectivity to predict a behavior or trait that varies across individuals. We used CPM to determine whether brain "fingerprints" evoked during milkshake consumption could be isolated for common measures of adiposity in 67 adults with overweight and obesity. We found that CPM captures more variance in waist circumference than either percent body fat or BMI, the most frequently used measures to assess brain correlates of obesity. In a post-hoc analysis, we were also able to derive a largely separable functional connectivity network predicting fasting blood insulin. These findings suggest that, in individuals with overweight and obesity, brain network patterns may be more tightly coupled to waist circumference than BMI or percent body fat and that adiposity and glucose tolerance are associated with distinct maps, pointing to dissociable central pathophysiological phenotypes for obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Farruggia
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, U.S.; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Maria J van Kooten
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; University of Groningen, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Emily E Perszyk
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, U.S.; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Mary V Burke
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, U.S.; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - R Todd Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, U.S.; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Dana M Small
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, U.S.; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; fMEG Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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15
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Yang AK, Mendoza JA, Lafferty CK, Lacroix F, Britt JP. Hippocampal Input to the Nucleus Accumbens Shell Enhances Food Palatability. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:597-608. [PMID: 31699294 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insight into the neural basis of hedonic processing has come from studies of food palatability in rodents. Pharmacological manipulations of the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) have repeatedly been demonstrated to increase hedonic taste reactivity, yet the contribution of specific NAcSh circuit components is unknown. METHODS Bidirectional optogenetic manipulations were targeted to the principal NAcSh projection neurons and afferent pathways in mice during free feeding assays. Number of licks per bout of consumption was used as a measure of food palatability as it was confirmed to track sucrose concentration and subjective flavor preferences. RESULTS Photoinhibition of NAcSh neurons, whether general or cell-type specific, was found to alter consumption without affecting its hedonic impact. Among the principal excitatory afferent pathways, we showed that ventral hippocampal (vHipp) input alone enhances palatability upon low-frequency photostimulation time-locked to consumption. This enhancement in palatability was independent of opioid signaling and not recapitulated by NAcSh or dopamine neuron photostimulation. We further demonstrated that vHipp input photostimulation is sufficient to condition a flavor preference, while its inhibition impedes sucrose-driven flavor preference conditioning. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a novel contribution of vHipp-NAcSh pathway activity to palatability that may relate to its innervation of a particular region or neuronal ensemble in the NAcSh. These findings are consistent with the evidence that vHipp-NAcSh activity is relevant to the pathophysiology of anhedonia and depression as well as the increasing appreciation of hippocampal involvement in people's food pleasantness ratings, hunger, and weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Yang
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jesse A Mendoza
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher K Lafferty
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franca Lacroix
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Britt
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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16
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Long JD, Dodd SL, Doumit R, Boswell C, O'Boyle MW, Rogers T. Integrative Review of Dietary Choice Revealed by fMRI: Considerations for Obesity Prevention and Weight-Loss Education. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2020; 17:151-157. [PMID: 32187819 DOI: 10.1111/wvn.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging findings from neuroimaging studies investigating brain activity associated with dietary behavior are illuminating the interaction of biological and behavioral mechanisms that have implications for obesity prevention. Globally, A total of 1.9 billion adults are overweight, and 650 million are obese. Obesity and being overweight are major risk factors for chronic illness and death. Behaviorally based health interventions have had limited success in curbing the obesity epidemic. Greater understanding of brain responses to food cues will contribute to new knowledge and shape public health efforts in obesity prevention. However, an integration of this knowledge for obesity prevention education has not been published. AIMS This study links evidence generated from brain activation studies generated in response to diet and food images and highlights educational recommendations for nurses engaged in obesity prevention and weight-loss education. METHODS An integrative review of the literature was conducted using the MeSH keywords "magnetic resonance imaging," "diet," and "food images" in PubMed, MEDLINE Complete, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases from their first appearance in 2006 through March 2018. Studies published in English and using functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure brain response to diet, and food images were initially identified. Animal models, those whose primary focus was a specific disease, and intervention studies were excluded. RESULTS Of 159 studies identified, 26 met inclusion criteria. Findings from neuroimaging studies may help explain the relationship between brain mechanisms and behavioral aspects of dietary choice and inform patient education in obesity prevention. Awareness of this evidence is applicable to nursing education efforts. This review contributes several recommendations that should be considered by nurses providing individualized weight-loss education. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION Nurses engaged in patient education for obesity prevention should consider personalized interventions that cultivate internal awareness for dietary adherence, self-care, exercise, hydration, and mood state; avoid using caloric deprivation approaches, such as skipping breakfast, for weight-loss interventions; and note the importance of individualized obesity prevention and weight-loss education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara L Dodd
- Center for Adolescent Resiliency, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Rita Doumit
- Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Carol Boswell
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Odessa, TX, USA
| | | | - Toby Rogers
- College of Professional Studies, Lubbock Christian University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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17
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Masterson TD, Bobak C, Rapuano KM, Shearrer GE, Gilbert-Diamond D. Association between regional brain volumes and BMI z-score change over one year in children. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221995. [PMID: 31536539 PMCID: PMC6752809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Associations between brain region volume and weight status have been observed in children cross-sectionally. However, it is unclear if differences in brain region volume precede weight gain. METHODS Two high-quality structural brain images were obtained approximately one year apart in 53 children aged 9-12 years old. Children's height and weight were also measured at each scan. Structural images were processed using the FreeSurfer software-package providing volume measures for regions of interest including the entorhinal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus. Age- and sex-adjusted BMI z-scores (BMIz) were calculated at both timepoints. The association between brain region volume and BMIz was examined cross-sectionally using linear regression and longitudinally using structural equation modeling. All models were adjusted by estimated cranial volume to account for individual variation in head size and were corrected for multiple comparisons (pFDR<0.05). RESULTS The sample of children was primarily healthy weight at baseline (79.78%). Cross-sectionally at the one-year follow-up, a positive relationship was observed between right hippocampal volume and BMIz (β = 0.43, 95% CI = (0.10, 0.77)). Longitudinally a negative relationship was observed between right entorhinal volume at baseline and BMIz at the one-year follow-up (β = -0.25, 95% CI = (-0.44, -0.07)). CONCLUSION These results suggest that measured volumes from certain regions of the brain that have been associated with BMI in adults are associated with both concurrent BMIz and BMIz change over one-year in a primarily healthy weight sample of children. As the entorhinal cortex integrates signals from both reward and control regions, this region may be particularly important to weight management during child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis D. Masterson
- Department of Epidemiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Carly Bobak
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Kristina M. Rapuano
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Grace E. Shearrer
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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18
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Al-Zubaidi A, Heldmann M, Mertins A, Brabant G, Nolde JM, Jauch-Chara K, Münte TF. Impact of Hunger, Satiety, and Oral Glucose on the Association Between Insulin and Resting-State Human Brain Activity. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:162. [PMID: 31178708 PMCID: PMC6544009 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the interplay of metabolic state (hungry vs. satiated) and glucose administration (including hormonal modulation) on brain function, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and blood samples were obtained in 24 healthy normal-weight men in a repeated measurement design. Participants were measured twice: once after a 36 h fast (except water) and once under satiation (three meals/day for 36 h). During each session, rs-fMRI and hormone concentrations were recorded before and after a 75 g oral dose of glucose. We calculated the amplitude map from blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals by using the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) approach for each volunteer per condition. Using multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) the interdependence of brain activity, plasma insulin and blood glucose was investigated. We observed a modulatory impact of fasting state on intrinsic brain activity in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Strikingly, differences in plasma insulin levels between hunger and satiety states after glucose administration at the time of the scan were negatively related to brain activity in the posterior insula and superior frontal gyrus (SFG), while plasma glucose levels were positively associated with activity changes in the fusiform gyrus. Furthermore, we could show that changes in plasma insulin enhanced the connectivity between the posterior insula and SFG. Our results indicate that hormonal signals like insulin alleviate an acute hemostatic energy deficit by modifying the homeostatic and frontal circuitry of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alfred Mertins
- Institute for Signal Processing, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Kamila Jauch-Chara
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Lundqvist MH, Almby K, Abrahamsson N, Eriksson JW. Is the Brain a Key Player in Glucose Regulation and Development of Type 2 Diabetes? Front Physiol 2019; 10:457. [PMID: 31133864 PMCID: PMC6524713 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since Claude Bernards discovery in the mid 19th-century that a lesion in the floor of the third ventricle in dogs led to altered systemic glucose levels, a role of the CNS in whole-body glucose regulation has been acknowledged. However, this finding was later overshadowed by the isolation of pancreatic hormones in the 20th century. Since then, the understanding of glucose homeostasis and pathology has primarily evolved around peripheral mechanism. Due to scientific advances over these last few decades, however, increasing attention has been given to the possibility of the brain as a key player in glucose regulation and the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Studies of animals have enabled detailed neuroanatomical mapping of CNS structures involved in glucose regulation and key neuronal circuits and intracellular pathways have been identified. Furthermore, the development of neuroimaging techniques has provided methods to measure changes of activity in specific CNS regions upon diverse metabolic challenges in humans. In this narrative review, we discuss the available evidence on the topic. We conclude that there is much evidence in favor of active CNS involvement in glucose homeostasis but the relative importance of central vs. peripheral mechanisms remains to be elucidated. An increased understanding of this field may lead to new CNS-focusing pharmacologic strategies in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina Almby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Rucker P, Ikuta T. Pituitary Gland Functional Connectivity and BMI. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:120. [PMID: 30881281 PMCID: PMC6405688 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary gland (PG) influences body weight through hormonal releases; however, the relation between body weight and PG’s co-activities with other brain regions remains unclear. Here, we aimed to identify (1) the functional connectivity of the PG and (2) PG functional connectivity associated with body mass index by examining resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Using enhanced Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Sample, PG functional connectivity of 494 individuals was analyzed to assess in voxel-wise fashion. A negative association was found between BMI and PG functional connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, putamen, and temporal lobe. Our results show PG dysconnectivity to these regions is associated with higher BMI and implicate that the connectivity between these dopaminergic regions and PG may be associated with body weight maintenance through feeding behavior and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Rucker
- School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Toshikazu Ikuta
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
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21
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The corticosteroid prednisolone increases amygdala and insula reactivity to food approach signals in healthy young men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 99:154-165. [PMID: 30245328 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Short- and long-term treatment with glucocorticoids is widely used in clinical practice and frequently induces features of iatrogenic Cushing syndrome, such as abdominally centered weight gain. Despite decades of glucocorticoids usage, the mechanisms underlying these side effects are still only partly understood. One possibility is that glucocorticoids impact subcortical (hypothalamus, amygdala, insula) and cortical (orbitofrontal and cingulate cortex) brain regions involved in appetite regulation and reward processing. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the acute effects of a prednisolone infusion on reactivity of brain reward systems to food stimuli. Twenty healthy normal-weight men were tested in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. After an overnight fast and infusion of either 250 mg prednisolone or placebo (always administered between 8 and 9 A M), fMRI scans were taken while presenting food and object pictures in a Go/NoGo (GNG) task. At home, participants were asked to register what they had eaten. On the following morning they came back to the lab and had a supervised ad libitum breakfast at a standardized buffet. Food-Go in contrast to Object-Go pictures yielded increased blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity in hippocampus, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, insula and anterior cingulate cortex. Prednisolone increased activation in the bilateral amygdala and right insula for approach-associated food pictures. The buffet test did not reveal significant differences in calorie consumption or preferences of different macronutrients. However, prednisolone-induced insula reactivity to Food-Go images was associated with greater caloric intake, both at home and in the standardized buffet. In sum, we observed a specific effect of prednisolone on the BOLD response of the amygdala and insula to approach-associated food stimuli. As these brain areas have previously been implicated in hedonic eating, the present pattern of results may reflect an increased anticipated reward value of food modulated by glucocorticoids. These effects might potentially drive increased food intake and weight gain under prolonged glucocorticoid treatment.
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22
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Basso F, Petit O, Le Bellu S, Lahlou S, Cancel A, Anton JL. Taste at first (person) sight: Visual perspective modulates brain activity implicitly associated with viewing unhealthy but not healthy foods. Appetite 2018; 128:242-254. [PMID: 29906489 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Every day, people are exposed to images of appetizing foods that can lead to high-calorie intake and contribute to overweight and obesity. Research has documented that manipulating the visual perspective from which eating is viewed helps resist temptation by altering the appraisal of unhealthy foods. However, the neural basis of this effect has not yet been examined using neuroimaging methods. Moreover, it is not known whether the benefits of this strategy can be observed when people, especially overweight, are not explicitly asked to imagine themselves eating. Last, it remains to be investigated if visual perspective could be used to promote healthy foods. The present work manipulated camera angles and tested whether visual perspective modulates activity in brain regions associated with taste and reward processing while participants watch videos featuring a hand grasping (unhealthy or healthy) foods from a plate during functional magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI). The plate was filmed from the perspective of the participant (first-person perspective; 1PP), or from a frontal view as if watching someone else eating (third-person perspective; 3PP). Our findings reveal that merely viewing unhealthy food cues from a 1PP (vs. 3PP) increases activity in brain regions that underlie representations of rewarding (appetitive) experiences (amygdala) and food intake (superior parietal gyrus). Additionally, our results show that ventral striatal activity is positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) during exposure to unhealthy foods from a 1PP (vs. 3PP). These findings suggest that unhealthy foods should be promoted through third-person (video) images to weaken the reward associated with their simulated consumption, especially amongst overweight people. It appears however that, as such, manipulating visual perspective fails to enhance the perception of healthy foods. Their promotion thus requires complementary solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Basso
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK.
| | - Olivia Petit
- Kedge Business School, Domaine de Luminy, Rue Antoine Bourdelle, 13009 Marseille France
| | - Sophie Le Bellu
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Saadi Lahlou
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Aïda Cancel
- Timone Institute of Neuroscience, UMR 7289, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Jean-Luc Anton
- Centre d'IRM Fonctionnelle Cérébrale, Timone Institute of Neuroscience, UMR 7289, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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Makaronidis JM, Batterham RL. Obesity, body weight regulation and the brain: insights from fMRI. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20170910. [PMID: 29365284 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity constitutes a major global health threat. Despite the success of bariatric surgery in delivering sustainable weight loss and improvement in obesity-related morbidity, effective non-surgical treatments are urgently needed, necessitating an increased understanding of body weight regulation. Neuroimaging studies undertaken in people with healthy weight, overweight, obesity and following bariatric surgery have contributed to identifying the neurophysiological changes seen in obesity and help increase our understanding of the mechanisms driving the favourable eating behaviour changes and sustained weight loss engendered by bariatric surgery. These studies have revealed a key interplay between peripheral metabolic signals, homeostatic and hedonic brain regions and genetics. Findings from brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have consistently associated obesity with an increased motivational drive to eat, increased reward responses to food cues and impaired food-related self-control processes. Interestingly, new data link these obesity-associated changes with structural and connectivity changes within the central nervous system. Moreover, emerging data suggest that bariatric surgery leads to neuroplastic recovery. A greater understanding of the interactions between peripheral signals of energy balance, the neural substrates that regulate eating behaviour, the environment and genetics will be key for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for obesity. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the pathoaetiology of obesity with a focus upon the role that fMRI studies have played in enhancing our understanding of the central regulation of eating behaviour and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Makaronidis
- 1 Department of Medicine, Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, University College London , London , UK.,2 Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital (UCLH) Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital , London , UK.,3 Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, National Institute of Health Research, UCLH Biomedical Research Centre , London , UK
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- 1 Department of Medicine, Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, University College London , London , UK.,2 Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital (UCLH) Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital , London , UK.,3 Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, National Institute of Health Research, UCLH Biomedical Research Centre , London , UK
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Hayakawa YK, Sasaki H, Takao H, Yoshikawa T, Hayashi N, Mori H, Kunimatsu A, Aoki S, Ohtomo K. The relationship of waist circumference and body mass index to grey matter volume in community dwelling adults with mild obesity. Obes Sci Pract 2018; 4:97-105. [PMID: 29479469 PMCID: PMC5818762 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous work has shown that high body mass index (BMI) is associated with low grey matter volume. However, evidence on the relationship between waist circumference (WC) and brain volume is relatively scarce. Moreover, the influence of mild obesity (as indexed by WC and BMI) on brain volume remains unclear. This study explored the relationships between WC and BMI and grey matter volume in a large sample of Japanese adults. Methods The participants were 792 community-dwelling adults (523 men and 269 women). Brain magnetic resonance images were collected, and the correlation between WC or BMI and global grey matter volume were analysed. The relationships between WC or BMI and regional grey matter volume were also investigated using voxel-based morphometry. Results Global grey matter volume was not correlated with WC or BMI. Voxel-based morphometry analysis revealed significant negative correlations between both WC and BMI and regional grey matter volume. The areas correlated with each index were more widespread in men than in women. In women, the total area of the regions significantly correlated with WC was slightly greater than that of the regions significantly correlated with BMI. Conclusions Results show that both WC and BMI were inversely related to regional grey matter volume, even in Japanese adults with somewhat mild obesity. Especially in populations with less obesity, such as the female participants in current study, WC may be more sensitive than BMI as a marker of grey matter volume differences associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. K. Hayakawa
- Department of RadiologyNew Tokyo HospitalChibaJapan
- Department of RadiologyJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - H. Sasaki
- Department of RadiologySaitama Red Cross HospitalSaitamaJapan
| | - H. Takao
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Tokyo HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - T. Yoshikawa
- Department of Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Tokyo HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - N. Hayashi
- Department of Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Tokyo HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - H. Mori
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Tokyo HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - A. Kunimatsu
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Tokyo HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - S. Aoki
- Department of RadiologyJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - K. Ohtomo
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Tokyo HospitalTokyoJapan
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25
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Dalkner N, Platzer M, Bengesser SA, Birner A, Fellendorf FT, Queissner R, Painold A, Mangge H, Fuchs D, Reininghaus B, Kapfhammer HP, Holasek SJ, Reininghaus EZ. The role of tryptophan metabolism and food craving in the relationship between obesity and bipolar disorder. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:1744-1751. [PMID: 28712531 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) have a significantly increased risk of obesity-related conditions. The imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure is assumed to be a major risk factor for obesity in BD. This study analyzed food craving in relation to anthropometric, metabolic, and neurobiological parameters in a well-characterized cohort of euthymic individuals with BD. METHODS One-hundred-thirty-five patients completed the Food-Craving Inventory assessing four categories of food craving (fat, fast-food, sweets and carbohydrate craving). Additionally, clinical, metabolic and anthropometric parameters were assessed. RESULTS Higher levels of fat craving were observed in males, versus females, with BD. High levels of carbohydrate craving positively correlated with kynurenine and the kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio. Higher serum nitrite and neopterin levels were related to fat craving. Parameters of fat metabolism (triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein) were associated with fat and fast-food craving. Anthropometric measures of obesity (e.g. body mass index, waist-to-hip-ratio) were not related to food craving. CONCLUSIONS Overweight/obese individuals with BD show an increased driving of tryptophan down the kynurenine pathways, as indicated by an increase in the serum kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio. The driving of tryptophan down the kynurenine pathway is mediated by immune-inflammatory activity and stress. The correlation of increased kynurenine with food craving, especially carbohydrate craving, probably indicates a regulatory deficit in the maintenance of chronic inflammatory processes in obesity and BD. Food craving seems to be of clinical importance in the treatment of metabolic disturbances in BD, although not associated with anthropometric measures of obesity. Rather, food craving correlates with blood metabolic parameters and an increased activation of the kynurenine pathway, both of which are linked to higher affective symptomatology and the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dalkner
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - M Platzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria.
| | - S A Bengesser
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - A Birner
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - F T Fellendorf
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - R Queissner
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - A Painold
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - H Mangge
- Research Unit on Lifestyle and Inflammation-associated Risk Biomarkers, Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - D Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Reininghaus
- Therapiezentrum Justuspark, Versicherungsanstalt öffentlich Bediensteter, Bad Hall, Austria
| | - H P Kapfhammer
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - S J Holasek
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University Graz, Austria
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26
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The impact of gut hormones on the neural circuit of appetite and satiety: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:457-475. [PMID: 28669754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The brain-gut-axis is an interdependent system affecting neural functions and controlling our eating behaviour. In recent decades, neuroimaging techniques have facilitated its investigation. We systematically looked into functional and neurochemical brain imaging studies investigating how key molecules such as ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, glucose and insulin influence the function of brain regions regulating appetite and satiety. Of the 349 studies published before July 2016 identified in the database search, 40 were included (27 on healthy and 13 on obese subjects). Our systematic review suggests that the plasma level of ghrelin, the gut hormone promoting appetite, is positively correlated with activation in the pre-frontal cortex (PFC), amygdala and insula and negatively correlated with activation in subcortical areas such as the hypothalamus. In contrast, the plasma levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, PYY, GLP-1 affect the same brain regions conversely. Our study integrates previous investigations of the gut-brain matrix during food-intake and homeostatic regulation and may be of use for future meta-analyses of brain-gut interactions.
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27
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Mestre ZL, Bischoff-Grethe A, Eichen DM, Wierenga CE, Strong D, Boutelle KN. Hippocampal atrophy and altered brain responses to pleasant tastes among obese compared with healthy weight children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1496-1502. [PMID: 28572588 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hippocampus is a key structure implicated in food motivation and intake. Research has shown that the hippocampus is vulnerable to the consumption of a western diet (i.e., high saturated fat and simple carbohydrates). Studies of patients with obesity (OB), compared with healthy weight (HW), show changes in hippocampal volume and response to food cues. Moreover, evidence suggests that OB children, relative to HW, have greater hippocampal response to taste. However, no study has examined the association of hippocampal volume with taste functioning in children. We hypothesized that OB children, relative to HW, would show a significant reduction in hippocampal volume and that decreased volume would be significantly associated with greater activation to taste. Finally, we explored whether hippocampal activation would be associated with measures on eating and eating habits. SUBJECTS Twenty-five 8-12-year-old children (i.e., 13 HW, 12 OB) completed a magnetic resonance imaging scan while participating in a taste paradigm (i.e., 1 ml of 10% sucrose or ionic water delivered pseudorandomly every 20 s). RESULTS Children with OB, relative to HW, showed reduced left hippocampal volume (t=1.994, P=0.03, 95% confidence interval (CI)=-40.23, 755.42), and greater response to taste in three clusters within the left hippocampus (z=3.3, P=0.001, 95% CI=-0.241, -0.041; z=3.3, P=0.001, 95% CI=-0.2711, -0.0469; z=2.7, P=0.007, 95% CI=-0.6032, -0.0268). Activation within the hippocampus was associated with eating in the absence of hunger (EAH%; t=2.408, P=0.025, 95% CI= 1.751708, 23.94109) and two subscales on a measure of eating behaviors (Food responsiveness, t=2.572, P=0.017, 95% CI= 0.9565195, 9.043440; Food enjoyment, t=2.298, P=0.032, 95% CI=0.2256749, 4.531298). CONCLUSION As hypothesized, OB children, relative to HW, had significantly reduced hippocampal volume, and greater hippocampal activation to taste. Moreover, hippocampal activation was associated with measures of eating. These results contribute to research on the relationship between OB, overeating and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z L Mestre
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, UCSD Center for Healthy Eating and Activity Research (CHEAR), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Bischoff-Grethe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - D M Eichen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - C E Wierenga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego CA, USA
| | - D Strong
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - K N Boutelle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
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Hippocampal insulin resistance and altered food decision-making as players on obesity risk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:165-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Influence of Antioxidants on Leptin Metabolism and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Obesity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:399-413. [PMID: 28585209 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation. Leptin, a hormone made by fat cells regulates appetite and hunger and thus food intake behavior. Interestingly, , food preservatives like sodium sulfite and sodium benzoate and also natural colorant and spice compounds such as curcumin were found to decrease the release of leptin in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes, after co-incubation with LPS, which was added to mimic the pro-inflammatory status in obesity. Several of these compounds are well known food antioxidants.Whilst reducing oxidation events is beneficial in states of elevated oxidative stress, overexposure to food antioxidant can lead to adverse effects. There are hints from in vivo data, that antioxidant stress in younger age plays a role in the development of adiposity in later life. The insufficient exposure to oxidizing compounds like reactive oxygen species (ROS) cannot only cause an insufficient burning of calories but there is also a link to the regulation of food intake behavior. If the in vitro findings can be extrapolated to the in vivo situation, consumption of antioxidant supplemented food could lead to decreased leptin release and contribute to an obesogenic environment. This aspect sheds some new critical light on the potential role of an antioxidant-enriched nutrition in the obesity epidemic during the past few centuries. Doing sports could represent not only a proper strategy to initiate physiological ROS production and burning of calories, but also may shift the hormone milieu towards a reduction of hunger feelings and thus reduce appetite and food intake.
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van Meer F, van der Laan LN, Charbonnier L, Viergever MA, Adan RA, Smeets PA. Developmental differences in the brain response to unhealthy food cues: an fMRI study of children and adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:1515-1522. [PMID: 27806979 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.137240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food cues are omnipresent and may trigger overconsumption. In the past 2 decades, the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased dramatically. Because children's brains are still developing, especially in areas important for inhibition, children may be more susceptible than adults to tempting food cues. OBJECTIVE We examined potential developmental differences in children's and adults' responses to food cues to determine how these responses relate to weight status. DESIGN We included 27 children aged 10-12 y and 32 adults aged 32-52 y. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired during a food-viewing task in which unhealthy and healthy food pictures were presented. RESULTS Children had a stronger activation in the left precentral gyrus than did adults in response to unhealthy compared with healthy foods. In children, unhealthy foods elicited stronger activation in the right inferior temporal and middle occipital gyri, left precentral gyrus, bilateral opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus, left hippocampus, and left middle frontal gyrus. Adults had stronger activation in the bilateral middle occipital gyrus and the right calcarine sulcus for unhealthy compared with healthy foods. Children with a higher body mass index (BMI) had lower activation in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex while viewing unhealthy compared with healthy foods. In adults there was no correlation between BMI and neural response to unhealthy compared with healthy foods. CONCLUSIONS Unhealthy foods might elicit more attention both in children and in adults. Children had stronger activation while viewing unhealthy compared with healthy foods in areas involved in reward, motivation, and memory. Furthermore, children activated a motivation and reward area located in the motor cortex more strongly than did adults in response to unhealthy foods. Finally, children with a higher BMI had less activation in inhibitory areas in response to unhealthy foods, which may mean they are more susceptible to tempting food cues. This trial was registered at www.trialregister.nl as NTR4255.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor van Meer
- Image Sciences Institute and .,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; and
| | - Laura N van der Laan
- Image Sciences Institute and.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; and
| | - Lisette Charbonnier
- Image Sciences Institute and.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; and
| | - Max A Viergever
- Image Sciences Institute and.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; and
| | - Roger Ah Adan
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; and
| | - Paul Am Smeets
- Image Sciences Institute and.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; and.,Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
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31
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Hargrave SL, Jones S, Davidson TL. The Outward Spiral: A vicious cycle model of obesity and cognitive dysfunction. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 9:40-46. [PMID: 26998507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic failure to suppress intake during states of positive energy balance leads to weight gain and obesity. The ability to use context - including interoceptive satiety states - to inhibit responding to previously rewarded cues appears to depend on the functional integrity of the hippocampus. Recent evidence implicates energy dense Western diets in several types of hippocampal dysfunction, including reduced expression of neurotrophins and nutrient transporters, increased inflammation, microglial activation, and blood brain barrier permeability. The functional consequences of such insults include impairments in an animal's ability to modulate responding to a previously reinforced cues. We propose that such deficits promote overeating, which can further exacerbate hippocampal dysfunction and thus initiate a vicious cycle of both obesity and progressive cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Hargrave
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. American University. Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Sabrina Jones
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. American University. Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Terry L Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. American University. Washington, DC 20016, USA
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32
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Yoo M, Lim YH, Kim T, Lee D, Hong YC. Association between urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and body mass index in Korean adults: 1(st) Korean National Environmental Health Survey. Ann Occup Environ Med 2016; 28:2. [PMID: 26767115 PMCID: PMC4711175 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-015-0079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to US-EPA report, the use of pyrethrins and pyrethroids has increased during the past decade, and their area of use included not only in agricultural settings, but in commerce, and individual household. It is known that urinary 3-PBA, major metabolite of pyrethroid, have some associations with health effect in nervous and endocrine system, however, there's no known evidence that urinary 3-PBA have associations with obesity. METHOD We used data of 3671 participants aged above 19 from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey in 2009-2011. In our analysis, multivariate piece-wise regression and logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the association between urinary 3-PBA (3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid) and BMI. RESULT Log-transformed level of urinary 3-PBA had significantly positive association with BMI at the low-level range of exposure (p < 0.0001), and opposite associations were observed at the high level exposure (p = 0.04) after adjusting covariates. In piece-wise regression analysis, the flexion point that changes direction of the associations was at around 4 ug/g creatinine of urinary 3-PBA. As quintiles based on concentration of urinary 3-PBA increased to Q4, the ORs for prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m(2)) were increased, and the OR of Q5 was lower than that of Q4 (OR = 1.810 for Q4; OR = 1.483 for Q5). In the analysis using obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)) as outcome variable, significant associations were observed between obesity and quintiles of 3-PBA, however, there were no differences between the OR of Q5 and that of Q4 (OR = 1.659 for Q4; OR = 1.666 for Q5). CONCLUSION Our analysis suggested that low-level of pyrethroid exposure has positive association with BMI, however, there is an inverse relationship above the urinary 3-PBA level at 4 ug/g creatinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsang Yoo
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Lim
- />Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- />Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeshik Kim
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- />Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- />Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Heni M, Kullmann S, Preissl H, Fritsche A, Häring HU. Impaired insulin action in the human brain: causes and metabolic consequences. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:701-11. [PMID: 26460339 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, evidence has accumulated that the human brain is an insulin-sensitive organ. Insulin regulates activity in a limited number of specific brain areas that are important for memory, reward, eating behaviour and the regulation of whole-body metabolism. Accordingly, insulin in the brain modulates cognition, food intake and body weight as well as whole-body glucose, energy and lipid metabolism. However, brain imaging studies have revealed that not everybody responds equally to insulin and that a substantial number of people are brain insulin resistant. In this Review, we provide an overview of the effects of insulin in the brain in humans and the relevance of the effects for physiology. We present emerging evidence for insulin resistance of the human brain. Factors associated with brain insulin resistance such as obesity and increasing age, as well as possible pathogenic factors such as visceral fat, saturated fatty acids, alterations at the blood-brain barrier and certain genetic polymorphisms, are reviewed. In particular, the metabolic consequences of brain insulin resistance are discussed and possible future approaches to overcome brain insulin resistance and thereby prevent or treat obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Spence C, Okajima K, Cheok AD, Petit O, Michel C. Eating with our eyes: From visual hunger to digital satiation. Brain Cogn 2015; 110:53-63. [PMID: 26432045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the brain's key roles is to facilitate foraging and feeding. It is presumably no coincidence, then, that the mouth is situated close to the brain in most animal species. However, the environments in which our brains evolved were far less plentiful in terms of the availability of food resources (i.e., nutriments) than is the case for those of us living in the Western world today. The growing obesity crisis is but one of the signs that humankind is not doing such a great job in terms of optimizing the contemporary food landscape. While the blame here is often put at the doors of the global food companies - offering addictive foods, designed to hit 'the bliss point' in terms of the pleasurable ingredients (sugar, salt, fat, etc.), and the ease of access to calorie-rich foods - we wonder whether there aren't other implicit cues in our environments that might be triggering hunger more often than is perhaps good for us. Here, we take a closer look at the potential role of vision; Specifically, we question the impact that our increasing exposure to images of desirable foods (what is often labelled 'food porn', or 'gastroporn') via digital interfaces might be having, and ask whether it might not inadvertently be exacerbating our desire for food (what we call 'visual hunger'). We review the growing body of cognitive neuroscience research demonstrating the profound effect that viewing such images can have on neural activity, physiological and psychological responses, and visual attention, especially in the 'hungry' brain.
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Spetter MS, Hallschmid M. Intranasal Neuropeptide Administration To Target the Human Brain in Health and Disease. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2767-80. [PMID: 25880274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system control of metabolic function relies on the input of endocrine messengers from the periphery, including the pancreatic hormone insulin and the adipokine leptin. This concept primarily derives from experiments in animals where substances can be directly applied to the brain. A feasible approach to study the impact of peptidergic messengers on brain function in humans is the intranasal (IN) route of administration, which bypasses the blood-brain barrier and delivers neuropeptides to the brain compartment, but induces considerably less, if any, peripheral uptake than other administration modes. Experimental IN insulin administration has been extensively used to delineate the role of brain insulin signaling in the control of energy homeostasis, but also cognitive function in healthy humans. Clinical pilot studies have found beneficial effects of IN insulin in patients with memory deficits, suggesting that the IN delivery of this and other peptides bears some promise for new, selectively brain-targeted pharmaceutical approaches in the treatment of metabolic and cognitive disorders. More recently, experiments relying on the IN delivery of the hypothalamic hormone oxytocin, which is primarily known for its involvement in psychosocial processes, have provided evidence that oxytocin influences metabolic control in humans. The IN administration of leptin has been successfully tested in animal models but remains to be investigated in the human setting. We briefly summarize the literature on the IN administration of insulin, leptin, and oxytocin, with a particular focus on metabolic effects, and address limitations and perspectives of IN neuropeptide administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje S Spetter
- †Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- †Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,‡German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,§Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Sauleau P, Le Jeune F, Drapier S, Houvenaghel JF, Dondaine T, Haegelen C, Lalys F, Robert G, Drapier D, Vérin M. Weight gain following subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: A PET study. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1781-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sauleau
- “Behavior and Basal Ganglia” research unit (EA 4712); University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Rennes University Hospital; Rennes France
| | - Florence Le Jeune
- “Behavior and Basal Ganglia” research unit (EA 4712); University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Eugene Marquis Center; Department of Oncology; Rennes France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- “Behavior and Basal Ganglia” research unit (EA 4712); University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Rennes University Hospital; Rennes France
| | - Jean-François Houvenaghel
- “Behavior and Basal Ganglia” research unit (EA 4712); University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Rennes University Hospital; Rennes France
| | - Thibaut Dondaine
- “Behavior and Basal Ganglia” research unit (EA 4712); University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Rennes University Hospital; Rennes France
| | - Claire Haegelen
- “MediCIS” Laboratory (UMR 1099 LTSI), INSERM; University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Rennes University Hospital; Rennes France
| | - Florent Lalys
- “MediCIS” Laboratory (UMR 1099 LTSI), INSERM; University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - Gabriel Robert
- “Behavior and Basal Ganglia” research unit (EA 4712); University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Rennes University Hospital; Rennes France
| | - Dominique Drapier
- “Behavior and Basal Ganglia” research unit (EA 4712); University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Rennes University Hospital; Rennes France
| | - Marc Vérin
- “Behavior and Basal Ganglia” research unit (EA 4712); University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Rennes University Hospital; Rennes France
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Basso F, Robert-Demontrond P, Hayek M, Anton JL, Nazarian B, Roth M, Oullier O. Why people drink shampoo? Food Imitating Products are fooling brains and endangering consumers for marketing purposes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100368. [PMID: 25207971 PMCID: PMC4160172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A Food Imitating Product (FIP) is a household cleaner or a personal care product that exhibits food attributes in order to enrich consumption experience. As revealed by many cases worldwide, such a marketing strategy led to unintentional self-poisonings and deaths. FIPs therefore constitute a very serious health and public policy issue. To understand why FIPs are a threat, we first conducted a qualitative analysis on real-life cases of household cleaners and personal care products-related phone calls at a poison control center followed by a behavioral experiment. Unintentional self-poisoning in the home following the accidental ingestion of a hygiene product by a healthy adult is very likely to result from these products being packaged like foodstuffs. Our hypothesis is that FIPs are non-verbal food metaphors that could fool the brain of consumers. We therefore conducted a subsequent functional neuroimaging (fMRI) experiment that revealed how visual processing of FIPs leads to cortical taste inferences. Considered in the grounded cognition perspective, the results of our studies reveal that healthy adults can unintentionally categorize a personal care product as something edible when a food-like package is employed to market nonedible and/or dangerous products. Our methodology combining field (qualitative) and laboratory (behavioral and functional neuroimaging) findings could be of particular relevance for policy makers, as it can help screening products prior to their market release – e.g. the way they are packaged and how they can potentially confuse the mind of consumers – and therefore save lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Basso
- Psychology@LSE, London School of Economics and Political Science, St Clements Building, London, United Kingdom
- Graduate School of Management, University Rennes 1 & Center for Research in Economics and Management, UMR CNRS 6211, Rennes, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LPC UMR 7290, Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Fédération de Recherche 3C, FR 3512, Case D, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Philippe Robert-Demontrond
- Graduate School of Management, University Rennes 1 & Center for Research in Economics and Management, UMR CNRS 6211, Rennes, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Anton
- Centre d’IRM Fonctionnelle Cérébrale, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Nazarian
- Centre d’IRM Fonctionnelle Cérébrale, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Muriel Roth
- Centre d’IRM Fonctionnelle Cérébrale, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Oullier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LPC UMR 7290, Cognitive Psychology Laboratory, Fédération de Recherche 3C, FR 3512, Case D, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Spence C, Piqueras-Fiszman B, Michel C, Deroy O. Plating manifesto (II): the art and science of plating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/2044-7248-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Luo S, Romero A, Adam TC, Hu HH, Monterosso J, Page KA. Abdominal fat is associated with a greater brain reward response to high-calorie food cues in Hispanic women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2029-36. [PMID: 23408738 PMCID: PMC3659193 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to high-calorie foods may promote overeating by stimulating brain reward pathways and appetite. Abdominal fat has particularly adverse metabolic consequences and may alter brain pathways that regulate feeding behavior. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to test the hypothesis that high-calorie food cues activate brain reward regions and increase appetite, and to examine the relationship between abdominal fat and brain reward responsiveness in Hispanic women. DESIGN AND METHODS fMRI was performed while 13 volunteers viewed 12 blocks of pictures of food and non-food items. Participants rated hunger and food desire after each block of pictures. Brain activation to high-calorie foods was determined by calculating a contrast of high-calorie food minus non-food images. Pearson's correlations were used to test the relationship between brain reward activation and waist circumference. RESULTS High-calorie food images activated brain reward regions (Z > 2.3, P < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons) and increased hunger (P = 0.001), desire for sweet (P = 0.012) and savory (P = 0.009) foods. The striatal response to high-calorie foods positively correlated with waist circumference, independent of BMI (r = 0.621, P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to high-calorie food images activates brain reward pathways and increases appetitive drive in Hispanic females. Abdominal fat, independent of BMI, parallels striatal responsiveness to high-calorie food images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
| | - Ana Romero
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology Division Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Tanja C. Adam
- Department of Preventive Medicine Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University
| | - Houchun H. Hu
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles
| | | | - Kathleen A. Page
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology Division Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
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Connolly L, Coveleskie K, Kilpatrick LA, Labus JS, Ebrat B, Stains J, Jiang Z, Tillisch K, Raybould HE, Mayer EA. Differences in brain responses between lean and obese women to a sweetened drink. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:579-e460. [PMID: 23566308 PMCID: PMC4114731 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ingestion of sweet food is driven by central reward circuits and restrained by endocrine and neurocrine satiety signals. The specific influence of sucrose intake on central affective and reward circuitry and alterations of these mechanisms in the obese are incompletely understood. For this, we hypothesized that (i) similar brain regions are engaged by the stimulation of sweet taste receptors by sucrose and by non-nutrient sweeteners and (ii) during visual food-related cues, obese subjects show greater brain responses to sucrose compared with lean controls. METHODS In a double-blind, crossover design, 10 obese and 10 lean healthy females received a sucrose or a non-nutrient sweetened beverage prior to viewing food or neutral images. BOLD signal was measured using a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner. KEY RESULTS Viewing food images after ingestion of either drink was associated with engagement of similar brain regions (amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, anterior insula). Obese differed from lean subjects in behavioral and brain responses rating both beverages as less tasteful and satisfying, yet demonstrating greater brain responses. Obese subjects also showed engagement of an additional brain network (including anterior insula, anterior cingulate, hippocampus, and amygdala) only after sucrose ingestion. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Obese subjects had a reduced behavioral hedonic response, yet a greater engagement of affective brain networks, particularly after sucrose ingestion, suggesting that in obese subjects, lingual and gut-derived signaling generate less central hedonic effects than food-related memories in response to visual cues, analogous to response patterns implicated in food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Connolly
- Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K. Coveleskie
- Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L. A. Kilpatrick
- Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J. S. Labus
- Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B. Ebrat
- Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J. Stains
- Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Z. Jiang
- Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K. Tillisch
- Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H. E. Raybould
- Departments of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - E. A. Mayer
- Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Van Vugt DA, Krzemien A, Alsaadi H, Palerme S, Reid RL. Effect of insulin sensitivity on corticolimbic responses to food picture in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1215-22. [PMID: 23913733 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin is one of several molecules that transmit information about energy balance to the brain. It has been hypothesized that insulin resistance fosters non-homeostatic eating. The objective of the current study was to characterize corticolimbic brain responses to appetitive stimuli in subjects with insulin sensitivities ranging from resistant to normal. DESIGN AND METHODS Sixteen women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while viewing pictures of high calorie (HC) foods, low calorie (LC) foods, and control (C) pictures. RESULTS A region of interest analysis of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal revealed widespread activation within corticolimbic regions in response to food pictures. Activated regions included the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) , insula, nucleus accumbens (NAc), pallidum, ventral tegmental area (VTA), putamen, amygdala, caudate, substantia nigra, hippocampus, pulvinar, and midbrain. Activation of the anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and midbrain by HC food pictures (HC - C) and activation of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), pallidum, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA), pulvinar, and midbrain by LC food pictures (LC - C) was negatively correlated with insulin sensitivity. In contrast, activation of the OFC, DLPFC, insula, hypothalamus, pallidum, substantia nigra, VTA, pulvinar, and midbrain by the HC - LC contrast was positively correlated with insulin sensitivity, whereas activation of the caudate was negatively correlated. CONCLUSIONS The association between insulin sensitivity and corticolimbic responses to food pictures may reflect abnormal brain responses to insulin feedback that contribute to the development and or perpetuation of obesity in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Van Vugt
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
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Martens MJI, Born JM, Lemmens SGT, Karhunen L, Heinecke A, Goebel R, Adam TC, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Increased sensitivity to food cues in the fasted state and decreased inhibitory control in the satiated state in the overweight. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:471-9. [PMID: 23364016 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.044024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flexibility of food reward-related brain signaling (FRS) between food and nonfood stimuli may differ between overweight and normal-weight subjects and depend on a fasted or satiated state. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess this flexibility in response to visual food and nonfood cues. DESIGN Twenty normal-weight [mean ± SEM BMI (in kg/m(2)) = 22.7 ± 0.2; mean ± SEM age = 22.4 ± 0.4 y] and 20 overweight (BMI = 28.1 ± 0.3; age = 24.0 ± 0.7 y) participants completed 2 fMRI scans. Subjects arrived in a fasted state and consumed a breakfast consisting of 20% of subject-specific energy requirements between 2 successive scans. A block paradigm and a food > nonfood contrast was used to determine FRS. RESULTS An overall stimulus × condition × subject group effect was observed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (P < 0.006, F((1,38)) = 9.12) and right putamen (P < 0.006, F((1,38)) = 9.27). In all participants, FRS decreased from the fasted to the satiated state in the cingulate (P < 0.005, t((39)) = 3.15) and right prefrontal cortex (PFC) (P < 0.006, t((39)) = 3.00). In the fasted state, they showed FRS in the PFC (P < 0.004, t((39)) = 3.17), left insula (P < 0.009, t((39)) = 2.95), right insula (P < 0.005, t((39)) = 3.12), cingulate cortex (P < 0.004, t((39)) = 3.21), and thalamus (P < 0.006, t((39)) = 2.96). In the satiated state, FRS was limited to the left insula (P < 0.005, t((39)) = 3.21), right insula (P < 0.006, t((39)) = 3.04), and cingulate cortex (P < 0.005, t((39)) = 3.15). Regarding subject group, in the fasted state, FRS in the ACC was more pronounced in overweight than in normal-weight subjects (P < 0.005, F((1,38)) = 9.71), whereas in the satiated state, FRS was less pronounced in overweight than in normal-weight subjects in the ACC (P < 0.006, F((1,38)) = 9.18) and PFC (P < 0.006, F((1,38)) = 8.86), which suggests lower inhibitory control in the overweight. CONCLUSION FRS was higher in the overweight in the satiated state; however, when sufficiently satiated, the overweight showed decreased inhibitory control signalling, which facilitates overeating. This trial was registered in the Dutch clinical trial register as NTR2174.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke J I Martens
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Jastreboff AM, Sinha R, Lacadie C, Small DM, Sherwin RS, Potenza MN. Neural correlates of stress- and food cue-induced food craving in obesity: association with insulin levels. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:394-402. [PMID: 23069840 PMCID: PMC3554293 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with alterations in corticolimbic-striatal brain regions involved in food motivation and reward. Stress and the presence of food cues may each motivate eating and engage corticolimibic-striatal neurocircuitry. It is unknown how these factors interact to influence brain responses and whether these interactions are influenced by obesity, insulin levels, and insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that obese individuals would show greater responses in corticolimbic-striatal neurocircuitry after exposure to stress and food cues and that brain activations would correlate with subjective food craving, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fasting insulin levels were assessed in obese and lean subjects who were exposed to individualized stress and favorite-food cues during functional MRI. RESULTS Obese, but not lean, individuals exhibited increased activation in striatal, insular, and hypothalamic regions during exposure to favorite-food and stress cues. In obese but not lean individuals, food craving, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels correlated positively with neural activity in corticolimbic-striatal brain regions during favorite-food and stress cues. The relationship between insulin resistance and food craving in obese individuals was mediated by activity in motivation-reward regions including the striatum, insula, and thalamus. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that obese, but not lean, individuals exhibit increased corticolimbic-striatal activation in response to favorite-food and stress cues and that these brain responses mediate the relationship between HOMA-IR and food craving. Improving insulin sensitivity and in turn reducing corticolimbic-striatal reactivity to food cues and stress may diminish food craving and affect eating behavior in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania M Jastreboff
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Tomasi D, Volkow ND. Striatocortical pathway dysfunction in addiction and obesity: differences and similarities. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:1-19. [PMID: 23173916 PMCID: PMC3557663 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.735642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging techniques are starting to reveal significant overlap in the brain circuitry underlying addiction and disorders of dyscontrol over rewarding behaviors (such as binge eating disorder and obesity). Positron emission tomography (PET) has demonstrated impaired striatal dopamine (DA) signaling (decreased D2 receptors) in drug addiction and obesity that is associated with reduced baseline glucose metabolism in medial and ventral prefrontal brain regions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has documented brain activation abnormalities that also implicate DA-modulated striato-cortical pathways. In this review we map findings from recent neuroimaging studies that differentiate brain activation in drug/food addiction from those in controls within brain networks functionally connected with ventral and dorsal striatum. We show that regions found to be abnormal in addiction and obesity frequently emerge at the overlap of the dorsal and the ventral striatal networks. Medial temporal and superior frontal regions functionally connected with dorsal striatum display greater vulnerability in obesity and eating disorders than in drug addictions, indicating more widespread abnormalities for obesity and eating disorders than for addictions. This corroborates involvement of both ventral striatal (predominantly associated with reward and motivation) and dorsal striatal networks (associated with habits or stimulus response learning) in addiction and obesity but also identify distinct patterns between these two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardo Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Moreno-López L, Soriano-Mas C, Delgado-Rico E, Rio-Valle JS, Verdejo-García A. Brain structural correlates of reward sensitivity and impulsivity in adolescents with normal and excess weight. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185306 PMCID: PMC3504042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neuroscience evidence suggests that adolescent obesity is linked to brain dysfunctions associated with enhanced reward and somatosensory processing and reduced impulse control during food processing. Comparatively less is known about the role of more stable brain structural measures and their link to personality traits and neuropsychological factors on the presentation of adolescent obesity. Here we aimed to investigate regional brain anatomy in adolescents with excess weight vs. lean controls. We also aimed to contrast the associations between brain structure and personality and cognitive measures in both groups. Methods Fifty-two adolescents (16 with normal weight and 36 with excess weight) were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging and completed the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ), the UPPS-P scale, and the Stroop task. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to assess possible between-group differences in regional gray matter (GM) and to measure the putative differences in the way reward and punishment sensitivity, impulsivity and inhibitory control relate to regional GM volumes, which were analyzed using both region of interest (ROI) and whole brain analyses. The ROIs included areas involved in reward/somatosensory processing (striatum, somatosensory cortices) and motivation/impulse control (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex). Results Excess weight adolescents showed increased GM volume in the right hippocampus. Voxel-wise volumes of the second somatosensory cortex (SII) were correlated with reward sensitivity and positive urgency in lean controls, but this association was missed in excess weight adolescents. Moreover, Stroop performance correlated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volumes in controls but not in excess weight adolescents. Conclusion Adolescents with excess weight have structural abnormalities in brain regions associated with somatosensory processing and motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moreno-López
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Carlos III Health Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Delgado-Rico
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Verdejo-García
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences Federico Olóriz, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Madan CR, Singhal A. Using actions to enhance memory: effects of enactment, gestures, and exercise on human memory. Front Psychol 2012; 3:507. [PMID: 23293612 PMCID: PMC3536268 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Madan
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada ; Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Functional neuroimaging techniques can be used to study changes in regional brain activation, using changes in surrogate markers such as regional cerebral perfusion and rates of glucose uptake or metabolism. These approaches are shedding new light on two major health problems: the increasing burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is driven by the rising prevalence of insulin resistance and obesity; and recurrent intractable problematic hypoglycaemia, which is driven by the cognitive impairment that can occur in association with iatrogenic hypoglycaemic episodes. Some patients with diabetes mellitus lose awareness of being hypoglycaemic, which puts them at risk of severe hypoglycaemia as they are unlikely to take action to prevent the condition worsening. Involvement of corticolimbic brain and centres serving higher executive functions as well as the hypothalamus has been demonstrated in both situations and has implications for therapy. This Review describes the relevant principles of functional neuroimaging techniques and presents data supporting the notion that the dysregulation of central pathways involved in metabolic regulation, reward and appetite could contribute to problematic hypoglycaemia during therapy for diabetes mellitus and to insulin-resistant obesity and T2DM. Understanding these dysregulations could enable the development of novel clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Seun Cheah
- Diabetes Research Group, Weston Education Centre, Denmark Hill Campus, King's College London, 10 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RJ, UK
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Smucny J, Cornier MA, Eichman LC, Thomas EA, Bechtell JL, Tregellas JR. Brain structure predicts risk for obesity. Appetite 2012; 59:859-65. [PMID: 22963736 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The neurobiology of obesity is poorly understood. Here we report findings of a study designed to examine the differences in brain regional gray matter volume in adults recruited as either Obese Prone or Obese Resistant based on self-identification, body mass index, and personal/family weight history. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 28 Obese Prone (14 male, 14 female) and 25 Obese Resistant (13 male, 12 female) healthy adults. Voxel-based morphometry was used to identify gray matter volume differences between groups. Gray matter volume was found to be lower in the insula, medial orbitofrontal cortex and cerebellum in Obese Prone, as compared to Obese Resistant individuals. Adjusting for body fat mass did not impact these results. Insula gray matter volume was negatively correlated with leptin concentration and measures of hunger. These findings suggest that individuals at risk for weight gain have structural differences in brain regions known to be important in energy intake regulation, and that these differences, particularly in the insula, may be related to leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Smucny
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Abstract
The brain governs food intake behaviour by integrating many different internal and external state and trait-related signals. Understanding how the decisions to start and to stop eating are made is crucial to our understanding of (maladaptive patterns of) eating behaviour. Here, we aim to (1) review the current state of the field of 'nutritional neuroscience' with a focus on the interplay between food-induced brain responses and eating behaviour and (2) highlight research needs and techniques that could be used to address these. The brain responses associated with sensory stimulation (sight, olfaction and taste), gastric distension, gut hormone administration and food consumption are the subject of increasing investigation. Nevertheless, only few studies have examined relations between brain responses and eating behaviour. However, the neural circuits underlying eating behaviour are to a large extent generic, including reward, self-control, learning and decision-making circuitry. These limbic and prefrontal circuits interact with the hypothalamus, a key homeostatic area. Target areas for further elucidating the regulation of food intake are: (eating) habit and food preference formation and modification, the neural correlates of self-control, nutrient sensing and dietary learning, and the regulation of body adiposity. Moreover, to foster significant progress, data from multiple studies need to be integrated. This requires standardisation of (neuroimaging) measures, data sharing and the application and development of existing advanced analysis and modelling techniques to nutritional neuroscience data. In the next 20 years, nutritional neuroscience will have to prove its potential for providing insights that can be used to tackle detrimental eating behaviour.
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D’Agostino AE, Small DM. Neuroimaging the interaction of mind and metabolism in humans. Mol Metab 2012; 1:10-20. [PMID: 24024114 PMCID: PMC3757655 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormonal and metabolic signals interact with neural circuits orchestrating behavior to guide food intake. Neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enable the identification of where in the brain particular mental processes like desire, satiety and pleasure occur. Once these neural circuits are described it then becomes possible to determine how metabolic and hormonal signals can alter brain response to influence psychological states and decision-making processes to guide intake. Here, we provide an overview of the contributions of functional neuroimaging to the understanding of how subjective and neural responses to food and food cues interact with metabolic/hormonal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana M. Small
- The John B Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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