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McKinney WS, Williford DN, Abbeduto L, Schmitt LM. The impact of social-environmental factors on IQ in syndromic intellectual developmental disabilities. J Clin Transl Sci 2024; 8:e59. [PMID: 38655457 PMCID: PMC11036438 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2024.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite having the same underlying genetic etiology, individuals with the same syndromic form of intellectual developmental disability (IDD) show a large degree of interindividual differences in cognition and IQ. Research indicates that up to 80% of the variation in IQ scores among individuals with syndromic IDDs is attributable to nongenetic effects, including social-environmental factors. In this narrative review, we summarize evidence of the influence that factors related to economic stability (focused on due to its prevalence in existing literature) have on IQ in individuals with syndromic IDDs. We also highlight the pathways through which economic stability is hypothesized to impact cognitive development and drive individual differences in IQ among individuals with syndromic IDDs. We also identify broader social-environmental factors (e.g., social determinants of health) that warrant consideration in future research, but that have not yet been explored in syndromic IDDs. We conclude by making recommendations to address the urgent need for further research into other salient factors associated with heterogeneity in IQ. These recommendations ultimately may shape individual- and community-level interventions and may inform systems-level public policy efforts to promote the cognitive development of and improve the lived experiences of individuals with syndromic IDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walker S. McKinney
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Desireé N. Williford
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of
Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leonard Abbeduto
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis,
Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University
of California Davis, Sacramento, CA,
USA
| | - Lauren M. Schmitt
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center,
Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of
Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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2
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Ericsson M, Finch B, Karlsson IK, Gatz M, Reynolds CA, Pedersen NL, Mosing MA. Educational Influences on Late-Life Health: Genetic Propensity and Attained Education. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2024; 79:gbad153. [PMID: 37862467 PMCID: PMC10745256 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The educational gradient in late-life health is well established. Despite this, there are still ambiguities concerning the role of underlying confounding by genetic influences and gene-environment (GE) interplay. Here, we investigate the role of educational factors (attained and genetic propensities) on health and mortality in late life using genetic propensity for educational attainment (as measured by a genome-wide polygenic score, PGSEdu) and attained education. METHODS By utilizing genetically informative twin data from the Swedish Twin Registry (n = 14,570), we investigated influences of the educational measures, familial confounding as well as the possible presence of passive GE correlation on both objective and subjective indicators of late-life health, that is, the Frailty Index, Multimorbidity, Self-rated health, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS Using between-within models to adjust for shared familial factors, we found that the relationship between educational level and health and mortality later in life persisted despite controlling for familial confounding. PGSEdu and attained education both uniquely predicted late-life health and mortality, even when mutually adjusted. Between-within models of PGSEdu on the health outcomes in dizygotic twins showed weak evidence for passive GE correlation (prGE) in the education-health relationship. DISCUSSION Both genetic propensity to education and attained education are (partly) independently associated with health in late life. These results lend further support for a causal education-health relationship but also raise the importance of genetic contributions and GE interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Ericsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brian Finch
- Center for Social and Economic Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ida K Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Center for Social and Economic Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miriam A Mosing
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankurt, Germany
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3
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Tanksley PT, Brislin SJ, Wertz J, de Vlaming R, Courchesne-Krak NS, Mallard TT, Raffington LL, Linnér RK, Koellinger P, Palmer A, Sanchez-Roige A, Waldman I, Dick D, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Harden KP. Do polygenic indices capture "direct" effects on child externalizing behavior? Within-family analyses in two longitudinal birth cohorts. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.31.23290802. [PMID: 37398155 PMCID: PMC10312898 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.23290802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Behaviors and disorders characterized by difficulties with self-regulation, such as problematic substance use, antisocial behavior, and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), incur high costs for individuals, families, and communities. These externalizing behaviors often appear early in the life course and can have far-reaching consequences. Researchers have long been interested in direct measurements of genetic risk for externalizing behaviors, which can be incorporated alongside other known risk factors to improve efforts at early identification and intervention. In a preregistered analysis drawing on data from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study (N = 862 twins) and the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS; N = 2,824 parent-child trios), two longitudinal cohorts from the UK, we leveraged molecular genetic data and within-family designs to test for genetic effects on externalizing behavior that are unbiased by the common sources of environmental confounding. Results are consistent with the conclusion that an externalizing polygenic index (PGI) captures causal effects of genetic variants on externalizing problems in children and adolescents, with an effect size that is comparable to those observed for other established risk factors in the research literature on externalizing behavior. Additionally, we find that polygenic associations vary across development (peaking from age 5-10 years), that parental genetics (assortment and parent-specific effects) and family-level covariates affect prediction little, and that sex differences in polygenic prediction are present but only detectable using within-family comparisons. Based on these findings, we believe that the PGI for externalizing behavior is a promising means for studying the development of disruptive behaviors across child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Tanksley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sarah J Brislin
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jasmin Wertz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ronald de Vlaming
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Travis T Mallard
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurel L Raffington
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Koellinger
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abraham Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Sanchez-Roige
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Irwin Waldman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Danielle Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for the Study of Population Health & Aging, Duke University Population Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for the Study of Population Health & Aging, Duke University Population Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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4
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Hagenbeek FA, Hirzinger JS, Breunig S, Bruins S, Kuznetsov DV, Schut K, Odintsova VV, Boomsma DI. Maximizing the value of twin studies in health and behaviour. Nat Hum Behav 2023:10.1038/s41562-023-01609-6. [PMID: 37188734 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the classical twin design, researchers compare trait resemblance in cohorts of identical and non-identical twins to understand how genetic and environmental factors correlate with resemblance in behaviour and other phenotypes. The twin design is also a valuable tool for studying causality, intergenerational transmission, and gene-environment correlation and interaction. Here we review recent developments in twin studies, recent results from twin studies of new phenotypes and recent insights into twinning. We ask whether the results of existing twin studies are representative of the general population and of global diversity, and we conclude that stronger efforts to increase representativeness are needed. We provide an updated overview of twin concordance and discordance for major diseases and mental disorders, which conveys a crucial message: genetic influences are not as deterministic as many believe. This has important implications for public understanding of genetic risk prediction tools, as the accuracy of genetic predictions can never exceed identical twin concordance rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Hagenbeek
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jana S Hirzinger
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie Breunig
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Susanne Bruins
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dmitry V Kuznetsov
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kirsten Schut
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Nightingale Health Plc, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veronika V Odintsova
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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5
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Cawley J, Han E, Kim J, Norton EC. Genetic nurture in educational attainment. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2023; 49:101239. [PMID: 36996576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2023.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Health is strongly and positively correlated with education, which is one of many reasons to better understand the determinants of education. In this paper, we test for a specific type of family influence on education: genetic nurture. Specifically, we test whether a person's educational attainment is correlated with their sibling's polygenic score (PGS) for education, controlling for their own PGS. Models estimated using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) yield strong evidence of genetic nurture; a two-standard deviation increase in a sibling's genetic predisposition to higher education is associated with a 13.6% point increase in the probability that the respondent has a college degree. Evidence of genetic nurture is robust to alternative measures of educational attainment and different measures of the polygenic score. An exploration of mechanisms suggests that omission of parental PGS explains no more than half of the estimated effect, and that the magnitude of the genetic nurture varies with the characteristics of the sibling.
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6
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Song J, Zou Y, Wu Y, Miao J, Yu Z, Fletcher JM, Lu Q. Decomposing heritability and genetic covariance by direct and indirect effect paths. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010620. [PMID: 36689559 PMCID: PMC9894552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimation of heritability and genetic covariance is crucial for quantifying and understanding complex trait genetic architecture and is employed in almost all recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, many existing approaches for heritability estimation and almost all methods for estimating genetic correlation ignore the presence of indirect genetic effects, i.e., genotype-phenotype associations confounded by the parental genome and family environment, and may thus lead to incorrect interpretation especially for human sociobehavioral phenotypes. In this work, we introduce a statistical framework to decompose heritability and genetic covariance into multiple components representing direct and indirect effect paths. Applied to five traits in UK Biobank, we found substantial involvement of indirect genetic components in shared genetic architecture across traits. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and highlight the importance of accounting for indirect effects in variance component analysis of complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yiqing Zou
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Yuchang Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jiacheng Miao
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ze Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Fletcher
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Chen C, Lu Y, Lundström S, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Pettersson E. Associations between psychiatric polygenic risk scores and general and specific psychopathology symptoms in childhood and adolescence between and within dizygotic twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:1513-1522. [PMID: 35292971 PMCID: PMC9790278 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although polygenic risk scores (PRS) predict psychiatric problems, these associations might be attributable to indirect pathways including population stratification, assortative mating, or dynastic effects (mediation via parental environments). The goal of this study was to examine whether PRS-psychiatric symptom associations were attributable to indirect versus direct pathways. METHODS The sample consisted of 3,907 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. In childhood, their parents rated them on 98 symptoms. In adolescence (n = 2,393 DZ pairs), both the parents and the twins rated themselves on 20 symptoms. We extracted one general and seven specific factors from the childhood data, and one general and three specific factors from the adolescent data. We then regressed each general factor model onto ten psychiatric PRS simultaneously. We first conducted the regressions between individuals (β) and then within DZ twin pairs (βw ), which controls for indirect pathways. RESULTS In childhood, the PRS for ADHD predicted general psychopathology (β = 0.09, 95% CI: [0.06, 0.12]; βw = 0.07 [0.01, 0.12]). Furthermore, the PRS for ADHD predicted specific inattention (β = 0.04 [0.00, 0.08]; βw = 0.09 [0.01, 0.17]) and specific hyperactivity (β = 0.07 [0.04, 0.11]; βw = 0.09 [0.01, 0.16]); the PRS for schizophrenia predicted specific learning (β = 0.08 [0.03, 0.13]; βw = 0.19 [0.08, 0.30]) and specific inattention problems (β = 0.05 [0.01, 0.09]; βw = 0.10 [0.02, 0.19]); and the PRS for neuroticism predicted specific anxiety (β = 0.06 [0.02, 0.10]; βw = 0.06 [0.00, 0.12]). Overall, the PRS-general factor associations were similar between individuals and within twin pairs, whereas the PRS-specific factors associations amplified by 84% within pairs. CONCLUSIONS This implies that PRS-psychiatric symptom associations did not appear attributable to indirect pathways such as population stratification, assortative mating, or mediation via parental environments. Rather, genetics appeared to directly influence symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM)University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden,Gillberg Neuropsychiatry CentreUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden,School of Medical SciencesÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Erik Pettersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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8
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Plomin R. The next 10 years of behavioural genomic research. JCPP ADVANCES 2022; 2:e12112. [PMID: 37431418 PMCID: PMC10242940 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The explosion caused by the fusion of quantitative genetics and molecular genetics will transform behavioural genetic research in child and adolescent psychology and psychiatry. Methods Although the fallout has not yet settled, the goal of this paper is to predict the next 10 years of research in what could be called behavioural genomics. Results I focus on three research directions: the genetic architecture of psychopathology, causal modelling of gene-environment interplay, and the use of DNA as an early warning system. Conclusion Eventually, whole-genome sequencing will be available for all newborns, which means that behavioural genomics could potentially be applied ubiquitously in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Plomin
- King's College LondonInstitute of PsychiatryPsychology and NeuroscienceLondonUK
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9
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Kuo SIC, Poore HE, Barr PB, Chirico IS, Aliev F, Bucholz KK, Chan G, Kamarajan C, Kramer JR, McCutcheon VV, Plawecki MH, Dick DM. The role of parental genotype in the intergenerational transmission of externalizing behavior: Evidence for genetic nurturance. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:1-11. [PMID: 36200344 PMCID: PMC10076450 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine possible pathways by which genetic risk associated with externalizing is transmitted in families. We used molecular data to disentangle the genetic and environmental pathways contributing to adolescent externalizing behavior in a sample of 1,111 adolescents (50% female; 719 European and 392 African ancestry) and their parents from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. We found evidence for genetic nurture such that parental externalizing polygenic scores were associated with adolescent externalizing behavior, over and above the effect of adolescents' own externalizing polygenic scores. Mediation analysis indicated that parental externalizing psychopathology partly explained the effect of parental genotype on children's externalizing behavior. We also found evidence for evocative gene-environment correlation, whereby adolescent externalizing polygenic scores were associated with lower parent-child communication, less parent-child closeness, and lower parental knowledge, controlling for parental genotype. These effects were observed among participants of European ancestry but not African ancestry, likely due to the limited predictive power of polygenic scores across ancestral background. These results demonstrate that in addition to genetic transmission, genes influence offspring behavior through the influence of parental genotypes on their children's environmental experiences, and the role of children's genotypes in shaping parent-child relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally I-Chun Kuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Holly E Poore
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Peter B Barr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Fazil Aliev
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Grace Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Chella Kamarajan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - John R Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Vivia V McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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10
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Kretschmer T, Vrijen C, Nolte IM, Wertz J, Hartman CA. Gene-environment interplay in externalizing behavior from childhood through adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:1206-1213. [PMID: 35766296 PMCID: PMC9796590 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and environmental influences on externalizing problems are often studied separately. Here, we extended prior work by investigating the implications of gene-environment interplay in childhood for early adult externalizing behavior. Genetic nurture would be indicated if parents' genetic predisposition for externalizing behavior operates through the family environment in predicting offspring early adult externalizing behavior. Evocative gene-environment correlation would be indicated if offspring genetic predisposition for externalizing behavior operates through child externalizing behavior in affecting the family environment and later early adult externalizing behavior. METHOD Longitudinal data from seven waves of the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey, a prospective cohort study of Dutch adolescents followed from age 11 to age 29 (n at baseline = 2,734) were used. Child externalizing behavior was assessed using self and parent reports. Family dysfunction was assessed by parents. Early adult externalizing behavior was assessed using self-reports. Genome-wide polygenic scores for externalizing problems were constructed for mothers, fathers, and offspring. RESULTS Offspring polygenic score and child behavior each predicted early adult externalizing problems, as did family dysfunction to a small extent. Parents' polygenic scores were not associated with offspring's early adult externalizing behavior. Indirect effect tests indicated that offspring polygenic score was associated with greater family dysfunction via child externalizing behavior (evocative gene-environment correlation) but the effect was just significant and the effect size was very small. Parents' polygenic scores did not predict family dysfunction, thus the data do not provide support for genetic nurture. CONCLUSIONS A very small evocative gene-environment correlation was detected but effect sizes were much more pronounced for stability in externalizing behavior from childhood through early adulthood, which highlights the necessity to intervene early to prevent later problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilja Maria Nolte
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Centre GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Wertz
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Catharina Annette Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE)University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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11
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Okbay A, Wu Y, Wang N, Jayashankar H, Bennett M, Nehzati SM, Sidorenko J, Kweon H, Goldman G, Gjorgjieva T, Jiang Y, Hicks B, Tian C, Hinds DA, Ahlskog R, Magnusson PKE, Oskarsson S, Hayward C, Campbell A, Porteous DJ, Freese J, Herd P, Watson C, Jala J, Conley D, Koellinger PD, Johannesson M, Laibson D, Meyer MN, Lee JJ, Kong A, Yengo L, Cesarini D, Turley P, Visscher PM, Beauchamp JP, Benjamin DJ, Young AI. Polygenic prediction of educational attainment within and between families from genome-wide association analyses in 3 million individuals. Nat Genet 2022; 54:437-449. [PMID: 35361970 PMCID: PMC9005349 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment (EA) in a sample of ~3 million individuals and identify 3,952 approximately uncorrelated genome-wide-significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A genome-wide polygenic predictor, or polygenic index (PGI), explains 12-16% of EA variance and contributes to risk prediction for ten diseases. Direct effects (i.e., controlling for parental PGIs) explain roughly half the PGI's magnitude of association with EA and other phenotypes. The correlation between mate-pair PGIs is far too large to be consistent with phenotypic assortment alone, implying additional assortment on PGI-associated factors. In an additional GWAS of dominance deviations from the additive model, we identify no genome-wide-significant SNPs, and a separate X-chromosome additive GWAS identifies 57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Yeda Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nancy Wang
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hyeokmoon Kweon
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Grant Goldman
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rafael Ahlskog
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Swedish Twin Registry, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy Freese
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Herd
- McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chelsea Watson
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Jala
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dalton Conley
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Center for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Augustine Kong
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Loic Yengo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Cesarini
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Experimental Social Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Turley
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jonathan P Beauchamp
- Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science and Department of Economics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Alexander I Young
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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12
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Dawes CT, Okbay A, Oskarsson S, Rustichini A. A polygenic score for educational attainment partially predicts voter turnout. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022715118. [PMID: 34873032 PMCID: PMC8685665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022715118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin and adoption studies have shown that individual differences in political participation can be explained, in part, by genetic variation. However, these research designs cannot identify which genes are related to voting or the pathways through which they exert influence, and their conclusions rely on possibly restrictive assumptions. In this study, we use three different US samples and a Swedish sample to test whether genes that have been identified as associated with educational attainment, one of the strongest correlates of political participation, predict self-reported and validated voter turnout. We find that a polygenic score capturing individuals' genetic propensity to acquire education is significantly related to turnout. The strongest associations we observe are in second-order midterm elections in the United States and European Parliament elections in Sweden, which tend to be viewed as less important by voters, parties, and the media and thus present a more information-poor electoral environment for citizens to navigate. A within-family analysis suggests that individuals' education-linked genes directly affect their voting behavior, but, for second-order elections, it also reveals evidence of genetic nurture. Finally, a mediation analysis suggests that educational attainment and cognitive ability combine to account for between 41% and 63% of the relationship between the genetic propensity to acquire education and voter turnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Dawes
- Wilf Family Department of Politics, New York University, New York, NY 10012;
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala Universitet, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aldo Rustichini
- Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0462
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13
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Wang B, Baldwin JR, Schoeler T, Cheesman R, Barkhuizen W, Dudbridge F, Bann D, Morris TT, Pingault JB. Robust genetic nurture effects on education: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on 38,654 families across 8 cohorts. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:1780-1791. [PMID: 34416156 PMCID: PMC8456157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarities between parents and offspring arise from nature and nurture. Beyond this simple dichotomy, recent genomic studies have uncovered "genetic nurture" effects, whereby parental genotypes influence offspring outcomes via environmental pathways rather than genetic transmission. Such genetic nurture effects also need to be accounted for to accurately estimate "direct" genetic effects (i.e., genetic effects on a trait originating in the offspring). Empirical studies have indicated that genetic nurture effects are particularly relevant to the intergenerational transmission of risk for child educational outcomes, which are, in turn, associated with major psychological and health milestones throughout the life course. These findings have yet to be systematically appraised across contexts. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify genetic nurture effects on educational outcomes. A total of 12 studies comprising 38,654 distinct parent(s)-offspring pairs or trios from 8 cohorts reported 22 estimates of genetic nurture effects. Genetic nurture effects on offspring's educational outcomes (βgenetic nurture = 0.08, 95% CI [0.07, 0.09]) were smaller than direct genetic effects (βdirect genetic = 0.17, 95% CI [0.13, 0.20]). Findings were largely consistent across studies. Genetic nurture effects originating from mothers and fathers were of similar magnitude, highlighting the need for a greater inclusion of fathers in educational research. Genetic nurture effects were largely explained by observed parental education and socioeconomic status, pointing to their role in environmental pathways shaping child educational outcomes. Findings provide consistent evidence that environmentally mediated parental genetic influences contribute to the intergenerational transmission of educational outcomes, in addition to effects due to genetic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyao Wang
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Jessie R Baldwin
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Tabea Schoeler
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Rosa Cheesman
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK; PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway
| | - Wikus Barkhuizen
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK
| | - Tim T Morris
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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14
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Wu Y, Zhong X, Lin Y, Zhao Z, Chen J, Zheng B, Li JJ, Fletcher JM, Lu Q. Estimating genetic nurture with summary statistics of multigenerational genome-wide association studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023184118. [PMID: 34131076 PMCID: PMC8237646 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023184118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marginal effect estimates in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are mixtures of direct and indirect genetic effects. Existing methods to dissect these effects require family-based, individual-level genetic, and phenotypic data with large samples, which is difficult to obtain in practice. Here, we propose a statistical framework to estimate direct and indirect genetic effects using summary statistics from GWAS conducted on own and offspring phenotypes. Applied to birth weight, our method showed nearly identical results with those obtained using individual-level data. We also decomposed direct and indirect genetic effects of educational attainment (EA), which showed distinct patterns of genetic correlations with 45 complex traits. The known genetic correlations between EA and higher height, lower body mass index, less-active smoking behavior, and better health outcomes were mostly explained by the indirect genetic component of EA. In contrast, the consistently identified genetic correlation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with higher EA resides in the direct genetic component. A polygenic transmission disequilibrium test showed a significant overtransmission of the direct component of EA from healthy parents to ASD probands. Taken together, we demonstrate that traditional GWAS approaches, in conjunction with offspring phenotypic data collection in existing cohorts, could greatly benefit studies on genetic nurture and shed important light on the interpretation of genetic associations for human complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchang Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Yunong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Zijie Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Boyan Zheng
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - James J Li
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jason M Fletcher
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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15
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Anderson EL, Saunders GRB, Willoughby EA, Iacono WG, McGue M. The role of the shared environment in college attainment: An adoption study. J Pers 2021; 89:580-593. [PMID: 33090471 PMCID: PMC10888505 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE College attainment is one of the few phenotypes to have substantial variance accounted for by environmental factors shared by reared-together relatives. The shared environment is implicated by the consistently strong parent-to-offspring transmission of college attainment. The mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. We use genetically informative methods with a longitudinal, adoption sample to identify possible environmental mechanisms underlying parent-offspring college transmission. METHOD Data were drawn from the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study (SIBS), which includes 409 adoptive and 208 nonadoptive families, consisting of two offspring followed from adolescence into young adulthood and their rearing parents. Four domains of environmental mechanisms were examined: (a) skill enhancement; (b) academic support; (c) material advantage; and (d) supportive family environment. RESULTS Both shared environmental and genetic factors contributed to the parent-offspring transmission of college attainment. However, highly educated parents did not appear to be increasing their adopted offspring's attainment through skill development. The environmental factors that were associated with increased odds of offspring college attainment were mother's academic expectations and family income. CONCLUSIONS While complete mediation of the parent-offspring transmission of college attainment was not identified, the results shed light on some of the mechanisms associated with the common environment variance in the college attainment phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise L Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Emily A Willoughby
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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16
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Saunders GRB, Liu M, Vrieze S, McGue M, Iacono WG. Mechanisms of parent-child transmission of tobacco and alcohol use with polygenic risk scores: Evidence for a genetic nurture effect. Dev Psychol 2021; 57:796-804. [PMID: 34166022 PMCID: PMC8238311 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Parent-child similarity is a function of genetic and environmental transmission. In addition, genetic effects not transmitted to offspring may drive parental behavior, thereby affecting the rearing environment of the child. Measuring genetic proclivity directly, through polygenic risk scores (PRSs), provides a way to test for the effect of nontransmitted parental genotype, on offspring outcome, termed a genetic nurture effect-in other words, if and how parental genomes might affect their children through the environment. The current study used polygenic risk scores for smoking initiation, cigarettes per day, and drinks per week to predict substance use in a sample of 3,008 twins, assessed prospectively from age 17-29, and their parents, from the Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research. Mixed-effects models were used to test for a genetic nurture effect whereby parental PRSs predict offspring tobacco and alcohol use after statistically adjusting for offspring's own PRS. Parental smoking initiation PRS predicted offspring cigarettes per day at age 24 (β = .103, 95% CI [.03, .17]) and alcohol use at age 17 (β = .091, 95% CI [.04, .14]) independent of shared genetics. There was also a suggestive independent association between the parent PRS and offspring smoking at age 17 (β = .096; 95% CI [.02, .17]). Mediation analyses provided some evidence for environmental effects of parental smoking, alcohol use, and family socioeconomic status. These findings, and more broadly the molecular genetic method used, have implications on the identification of environmental effects on developmental outcomes such as substance use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengzhen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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17
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Jami ES, Hammerschlag AR, Bartels M, Middeldorp CM. Parental characteristics and offspring mental health and related outcomes: a systematic review of genetically informative literature. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:197. [PMID: 33795643 PMCID: PMC8016911 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various parental characteristics, including psychiatric disorders and parenting behaviours, are associated with offspring mental health and related outcomes in observational studies. The application of genetically informative designs is crucial to disentangle the role of genetic and environmental factors (as well as gene-environment correlation) underlying these observations, as parents provide not only the rearing environment but also transmit 50% of their genes to their offspring. This article first provides an overview of behavioural genetics, matched-pair, and molecular genetics designs that can be applied to investigate parent-offspring associations, whilst modelling or accounting for genetic effects. We then present a systematic literature review of genetically informative studies investigating associations between parental characteristics and offspring mental health and related outcomes, published since 2014. The reviewed studies provide reliable evidence of genetic transmission of depression, criminal behaviour, educational attainment, and substance use. These results highlight that studies that do not use genetically informative designs are likely to misinterpret the mechanisms underlying these parent-offspring associations. After accounting for genetic effects, several parental characteristics, including parental psychiatric traits and parenting behaviours, were associated with offspring internalising problems, externalising problems, educational attainment, substance use, and personality through environmental pathways. Overall, genetically informative designs to study intergenerational transmission prove valuable for the understanding of individual differences in offspring mental health and related outcomes, and mechanisms of transmission within families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshim S Jami
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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18
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Hart SA, Little C, van Bergen E. Nurture might be nature: cautionary tales and proposed solutions. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2021; 6:2. [PMID: 33420086 PMCID: PMC7794571 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-020-00079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Across a wide range of studies, researchers often conclude that the home environment and children's outcomes are causally linked. In contrast, behavioral genetic studies show that parents influence their children by providing them with both environment and genes, meaning the environment that parents provide should not be considered in the absence of genetic influences, because that can lead to erroneous conclusions on causation. This article seeks to provide behavioral scientists with a synopsis of numerous methods to estimate the direct effect of the environment, controlling for the potential of genetic confounding. Ideally, using genetically sensitive designs can fully disentangle this genetic confound, but these require specialized samples. In the near future, researchers will likely have access to measured DNA variants (summarized in a polygenic scores), which could serve as a partial genetic control, but that is currently not an option that is ideal or widely available. We also propose a work around for when genetically sensitive data are not readily available: the Familial Control Method. In this method, one measures the same trait in the parents as the child, and the parents' trait is then used as a covariate (e.g., a genetic proxy). When these options are all not possible, we plead with our colleagues to clearly mention genetic confound as a limitation, and to be cautious with any environmental causal statements which could lead to unnecessary parent blaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Hart
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
- Florida Center for Reading Research, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Callie Little
- Florida Center for Reading Research, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Elsje van Bergen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Abstract
The Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research (MCTFR) comprises multiple longitudinal, community-representative investigations of twin and adoptive families that focus on psychological adjustment, personality, cognitive ability and brain function, with a special emphasis on substance use and related psychopathology. The MCTFR includes the Minnesota Twin Registry (MTR), a cohort of twins who have completed assessments in middle and older adulthood; the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS) of twins assessed from childhood and adolescence into middle adulthood; the Enrichment Study (ES) of twins oversampled for high risk for substance-use disorders assessed from childhood into young adulthood; the Adolescent Brain (AdBrain) study, a neuroimaging study of adolescent twins; and the Siblings Interaction and Behavior Study (SIBS), a study of adoptive and nonadoptive families assessed from adolescence into young adulthood. Here we provide a brief overview of key features of these established studies and describe new MCTFR investigations that follow up and expand upon existing studies or recruit and assess new samples, including the MTR Study of Relationships, Personality, and Health (MTR-RPH); the Colorado-Minnesota (COMN) Marijuana Study; the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study; the Colorado Online Twins (CoTwins) study and the Children of Twins (CoT) study.
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