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Mohamed Yusoff AA, Mohd Khair SZN. Unraveling mitochondrial dysfunction: comprehensive perspectives on its impact on neurodegenerative diseases. Rev Neurosci 2024:revneuro-2024-0080. [PMID: 39174305 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent a significant challenge to modern medicine, with their complex etiology and progressive nature posing hurdles to effective treatment strategies. Among the various contributing factors, mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a pivotal player in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of how mitochondrial impairment contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, driven by bioenergetic defects, biogenesis impairment, alterations in mitochondrial dynamics (such as fusion or fission), disruptions in calcium buffering, lipid metabolism dysregulation and mitophagy dysfunction. It also covers current therapeutic interventions targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zulaikha Nashwa Mohd Khair
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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2
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Zuniga NR, Earls NE, Denos AEA, Elison JM, Jones BS, Smith EG, Moran NG, Brown KL, Romero GM, Hyer CD, Wagstaff KB, Almughamsi HM, Transtrum MK, Price JC. Quantitative and Kinetic Proteomics Reveal ApoE Isoform-dependent Proteostasis Adaptations in Mouse Brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.13.607719. [PMID: 39185235 PMCID: PMC11343127 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.13.607719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphisms modify the risk of neurodegenerative disease with the ApoE4 isoform increasing and ApoE2 isoform decreasing risk relative to the 'wild-type control' ApoE3 isoform. To elucidate how ApoE isoforms alter the proteome, we measured relative protein abundance and turnover in transgenic mice expressing a human ApoE gene (isoform 2, 3, or 4). This data provides insight into how ApoE isoforms affect the in vivo synthesis and degradation of a wide variety of proteins. We identified 4849 proteins and tested for ApoE isoform-dependent changes in the homeostatic regulation of ∼2700 ontologies. In the brain, we found that ApoE4 and ApoE2 both lead to modified regulation of mitochondrial membrane proteins relative to the wild-type control ApoE3. In ApoE4 mice, this regulation is not cohesive suggesting that aerobic respiration is impacted by proteasomal and autophagic dysregulation. ApoE2 mice exhibited a matching change in mitochondrial matrix proteins and the membrane which suggests coordinated maintenance of the entire organelle. In the liver, we did not observe these changes suggesting that the ApoE-effect on proteostasis is amplified in the brain relative to other tissues. Our findings underscore the utility of combining protein abundance and turnover rates to decipher proteome regulatory mechanisms and their potential role in biology. Abstract Figure
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3
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Jackson RJ, Hyman BT, Serrano-Pozo A. Multifaceted roles of APOE in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:457-474. [PMID: 38906999 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-00988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
For the past three decades, apolipoprotein E (APOE) has been known as the single greatest genetic modulator of sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) risk, influencing both the average age of onset and the lifetime risk of developing AD. The APOEε4 allele significantly increases AD risk, whereas the ε2 allele is protective relative to the most common ε3 allele. However, large differences in effect size exist across ethnoracial groups that are likely to depend on both global genetic ancestry and local genetic ancestry, as well as gene-environment interactions. Although early studies linked APOE to amyloid-β - one of the two culprit aggregation-prone proteins that define AD - in the past decade, mounting work has associated APOE with other neurodegenerative proteinopathies and broader ageing-related brain changes, such as neuroinflammation, energy metabolism failure, loss of myelin integrity and increased blood-brain barrier permeability, with potential implications for longevity and resilience to pathological protein aggregates. Novel mouse models and other technological advances have also enabled a number of therapeutic approaches aimed at either attenuating the APOEε4-linked increased AD risk or enhancing the APOEε2-linked AD protection. This Review summarizes this progress and highlights areas for future research towards the development of APOE-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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4
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Yang J, Zhao H, Qu S. Phytochemicals targeting mitophagy: Therapeutic opportunities and prospects for treating Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117144. [PMID: 39004063 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of age-related cognitive decline. Recent studies have established a close relationship between mitophagy and the pathogenesis of AD. Various phytochemicals have shown promising therapeutic effects in mitigating the onset and progression of AD. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the typical features of mitophagy and the underlying mechanisms leading to its occurrence in AD, highlighting its significance in the disease's pathogenesis and progression. Additionally, we examine the therapeutic mechanisms of synthetic drugs that induce mitophagy in AD. Finally, we summarize recent advances in research on phytochemicals that regulate mitophagy in the treatment of AD, potentially guiding the development of new anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China.
| | - He Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China.
| | - Shengtao Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China.
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5
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Haddadi M, Haghi M, Rezaei N, Kiani Z, Akkülah T, Celik A. APOE and Alzheimer's disease: Pathologic clues from transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 123:105420. [PMID: 38537387 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of neurodegenerative diseases. Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is the main genetic risk factor in the development of late-onset AD. However, the exact mechanism underlying ApoE4-mediated neurodegeneration remains unclear. We utilized Drosophila melanogaster to examine the neurotoxic effects of various human APOE isoforms when expressed specifically in glial and neural cells. We assessed impacts on mitochondrial dynamics, ER stress, lipid metabolism, and bio-metal ion concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS) of the transgenic flies. Dachshund antibody staining revealed a reduction in the number of Kenyon cells. Behavioral investigations including ethanol tolerance and learning and memory performance demonstrated neuronal dysfunction in APOE4-expressing larvae and adult flies. Transcription level of marf and drp-1 were found to be elevated in APOE4 flies, while atf4, atf6, and xbp-1 s showed down regulation. Enhanced concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol in the CNS were observed in APOE4 transgenic flies, with especially pronounced effects upon glial-specific expression of the gene. Spectrophotometry of brain homogenate revealed enhanced Fe++ and Zn++ ion levels in conjunction with diminished Cu++ levels upon APOE4 expression. To explore therapeutic strategies, we subjected the flies to heat-shock treatment, aiming to activate heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and assess their potential to mitigate the neurotoxic effects of APOE isoforms. The results showed potential therapeutic benefits for APOE4-expressing flies, hinting at an ability to attenuate memory deterioration. Overall, our findings suggest that APOE4 can alter lipid metabolism, bio metal ion homeostasis, and disrupt the harmonious fission-fusion balance of neuronal and glial mitochondria, ultimately inducing ER stress. These alterations mirror the main clinical manifestations of AD in patients. Therefore, our work underscores the suitability of Drosophila as a fertile model for probing the pathological roles of APOE and furthering our understanding of diverse isoform-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haddadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran; Genetics and Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Mehrnaz Haghi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Niloofar Rezaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Zahra Kiani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Taha Akkülah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkiye; Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Arzu Celik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkiye; Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkiye
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Zhang Y. Parkin, a Parkinson's disease-associated protein, mediates the mitophagy that plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Neurochem Int 2024; 179:105808. [PMID: 39047792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a complex mood disorder with multifactorial etiology and is also the most frequent non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease. Emerging research suggests a potential link between mitochondrial dysfunction and the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. By synthesizing current knowledge and research findings, this review sheds light on the intricate relationship between Parkin, a protein classically associated with Parkinson's disease, and mitochondrial quality control mechanisms (e.g., mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial dynamic), specifically focusing on their relevance in the context of depression. Additionally, the present review discusses therapeutic strategies targeting Parkin-medicated mitophagy and calls for further research in this field. These findings suggest promise for the development of novel depression treatments through modulating Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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7
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Rodriguez P, Blakely RD. Sink or swim: Does a worm paralysis phenotype hold clues to neurodegenerative disease? J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31125. [PMID: 37795580 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Receiving a neurodegenerative disease (NDD) diagnosis, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is devastating, particularly given the limited options for treatment. Advances in genetic technologies have allowed for efficient modeling of NDDs in animals and brought hope for new disease-modifying medications. The complexity of the mammalian brain and the costs and time needed to identify and develop therapeutic leads limits progress. Modeling NDDs in invertebrates, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, offers orders of magnitude increases in speed of genetic analysis and manipulation, and can be pursued at substantially reduced cost, providing an important, platform complement and inform research with mammalian NDD models. In this review, we describe how our efforts to exploit C. elegans for the study of neural signaling and health led to the discovery of a paralytic phenotype (swimming-induced paralysis) associated with altered dopamine signaling and, surprisingly, to the discovery of a novel gene and pathway whose dysfunction in glial cells triggers neurodegeneration. Research to date on swip-10 and its putative mammalian ortholog MBLAC1, suggests that a tandem analysis will offer insights into NDD mechanisms and insights into novel, disease-modifying therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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Cerantonio A, Citrigno L, Greco BM, De Benedittis S, Passarino G, Maletta R, Qualtieri A, Montesanto A, Spadafora P, Cavalcanti F. The Role of Mitochondrial Copy Number in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Present Insights and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6062. [PMID: 38892250 PMCID: PMC11172615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive disorders that affect the central nervous system (CNS) and represent the major cause of premature death in the elderly. One of the possible determinants of neurodegeneration is the change in mitochondrial function and content. Altered levels of mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) in biological fluids have been reported during both the early stages and progression of the diseases. In patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases, changes in mtDNA-CN levels appear to correlate with mitochondrial dysfunction, cognitive decline, disease progression, and ultimately therapeutic interventions. In this review, we report the main results published up to April 2024, regarding the evaluation of mtDNA-CN levels in blood samples from patients affected by Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and Huntington's diseases (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim is to show a probable link between mtDNA-CN changes and neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding the causes underlying this association could provide useful information on the molecular mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration and offer the development of new diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Cerantonio
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 87050 Mangone, CS, Italy; (A.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Luigi Citrigno
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 87050 Mangone, CS, Italy; (A.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Beatrice Maria Greco
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 87050 Mangone, CS, Italy; (A.C.); (P.S.)
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Selene De Benedittis
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 87050 Mangone, CS, Italy; (A.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maletta
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, ASP Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
- Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Antonio Qualtieri
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 87050 Mangone, CS, Italy; (A.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Patrizia Spadafora
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 87050 Mangone, CS, Italy; (A.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Francesca Cavalcanti
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 87050 Mangone, CS, Italy; (A.C.); (P.S.)
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9
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Li W, Ali T, He K, Zheng C, Li N, Yu Z, Li S. ApoE4 dysregulation incites depressive symptoms and mitochondrial impairments in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18160. [PMID: 38506067 PMCID: PMC10951871 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is involved in the stress-response processes and is hypothesized to be a risk factor for depression by means of mitochondrial dysfunction. However, their exact roles and underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. ApoE4 transgenic mice (B6. Cg-ApoEtm1Unc Cdh18Tg( GFAP-APOE i4)1Hol /J) were subjected to stress (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) to elucidate the aetiology of ApoE4-induced depression. LPS treatment significantly aggravated depression-like behaviours, concurrent with neuroinflammation and impaired mitochondrial changes, and melatonin/Urolithin A (UA) + 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) reversed these effects in ApoE4 mice. Concurrently, ApoE4 mice exhibited mitophagy deficits, which could be further exacerbated by LPS stimulation, as demonstrated by reduced Atg5, Beclin-1 and Parkin levels, while PINK1 levels were increased. However, these changes were reversed by melatonin treatment. Additionally, proteomic profiling suggested mitochondria-related signalling and network changes in ApoE4 mice, which may underlie the exaggerated response to LPS. Furthermore, HEK 293T cells transfected with ApoE4 showed mitochondria-associated protein and mitophagy defects, including PGC-1α, TFAM, p-AMPKα, PINK1 and LC3B impairments. Additionally, it aggravates mitochondrial impairment (particularly mitophagy), which can be attenuated by triggering autophagy. Collectively, ApoE4 dysregulation enhanced depressive behaviour upon LPS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifen Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen University School of MedicineShenzhenChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
| | - Tahir Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
| | - Kaiwu He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
| | - Chengyou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
| | - Ningning Li
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, Precision Medicine Research CentreThe Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Zhi‐Jian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen University School of MedicineShenzhenChina
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
- Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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10
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Windham IA, Cohen S. The cell biology of APOE in the brain. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:338-348. [PMID: 37805344 PMCID: PMC10995109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) traffics lipids in the central nervous system. The E4 variant of APOE is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a multitude of other neurodegenerative diseases, yet the molecular mechanisms by which APOE4 drives disease are still unclear. A growing collection of studies in iPSC models, knock-in mice, and human postmortem brain tissue have demonstrated that APOE4 expression in astrocytes and microglia is associated with the accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets, defects in endolysosomal trafficking, impaired mitochondrial metabolism, upregulation of innate immune pathways, and a transition into a reactive state. In this review, we collate these developments and suggest testable mechanistic hypotheses that could explain common APOE4 phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Windham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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11
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Amartumur S, Nguyen H, Huynh T, Kim TS, Woo RS, Oh E, Kim KK, Lee LP, Heo C. Neuropathogenesis-on-chips for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2219. [PMID: 38472255 PMCID: PMC10933492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing diagnostics and treatments for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is challenging due to multifactorial pathogenesis that progresses gradually. Advanced in vitro systems that recapitulate patient-like pathophysiology are emerging as alternatives to conventional animal-based models. In this review, we explore the interconnected pathogenic features of different types of ND, discuss the general strategy to modelling NDs using a microfluidic chip, and introduce the organoid-on-a-chip as the next advanced relevant model. Lastly, we overview how these models are being applied in academic and industrial drug development. The integration of microfluidic chips, stem cells, and biotechnological devices promises to provide valuable insights for biomedical research and developing diagnostic and therapeutic solutions for NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarnai Amartumur
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Thuy Huynh
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Testaverde S Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Ran-Sook Woo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, 34824, Korea
| | - Eungseok Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Anti-microbial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Luke P Lee
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Engineering in Medicine and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Chaejeong Heo
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
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12
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Bartman S, Coppotelli G, Ross JM. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Key Player in Brain Aging and Diseases. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1987-2026. [PMID: 38534746 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are thought to have become incorporated within the eukaryotic cell approximately 2 billion years ago and play a role in a variety of cellular processes, such as energy production, calcium buffering and homeostasis, steroid synthesis, cell growth, and apoptosis, as well as inflammation and ROS production. Considering that mitochondria are involved in a multitude of cellular processes, mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to play a role within several age-related diseases, including cancers, diabetes (type 2), and neurodegenerative diseases, although the underlying mechanisms are not entirely understood. The significant increase in lifespan and increased incidence of age-related diseases over recent decades has confirmed the necessity to understand the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction impacts the process of aging and age-related diseases. In this review, we will offer a brief overview of mitochondria, along with structure and function of this important organelle. We will then discuss the cause and consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the aging process, with a particular focus on its role in inflammation, cognitive decline, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. We will offer insight into therapies and interventions currently used to preserve or restore mitochondrial functioning during aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Bartman
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Giuseppe Coppotelli
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Jaime M Ross
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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13
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Yao J, Kan B, Dong Z, Tang Z. Research Progress of Mitophagy in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2024; 20:827-844. [PMID: 38482617 DOI: 10.2174/0115672050300063240305074310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing as the elderly population, which hurts elderly people's cognition and capacity for self-care. The process of mitophagy involves the selective clearance of ageing and impaired mitochondria, which is required to preserve intracellular homeostasis and energy metabolism. Currently, it has been discovered that mitophagy abnormalities are intimately linked to the beginning and progression of AD. This article discusses the mechanism of mitophagy, abnormal mitophagy, and therapeutic effects in AD. The purpose is to offer fresh perspectives on the causes and remedies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Yao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Bohong Kan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengjia Dong
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Tang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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14
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Eisenbaum M, Pearson A, Ortiz C, Mullan M, Crawford F, Ojo J, Bachmeier C. ApoE4 expression disrupts tau uptake, trafficking, and clearance in astrocytes. Glia 2024; 72:184-205. [PMID: 37668005 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a collection of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of pathogenic aggregates of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Despite the prevalence and diversity of tau astrogliopathy in tauopathies, the interactions between astrocytes and tau in the brain, and the influence of neurodegenerative genetic risk factors like the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) isoform, are largely unknown. Here, we leveraged primary and immortalized astrocytes expressing humanized apoE isoforms to characterize the mechanisms by which astrocytes interact with and eliminate extracellular tau, and the influence of apoE genotype on these processes. Our work indicates that astrocytes rapidly internalize, process, and release tau via an exosomal secretory mechanism under physiological conditions. However, we found that apoE4 disrupted these processes in comparison to apoE3, resulting in an astrocytic phenotype prone to intracellular tau accumulation. Furthermore, exposure to repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries exacerbated the apoE4-induced impairments in tau processing and elimination by astrocytes in apoE4 targeted-replacement mice. The diminished ability of apoE4 astrocytes to eliminate extracellular tau can lead to an accumulation of pathogenic tau, which induces mitochondrial dysfunction, as demonstrated by our studies. In total, our findings suggest that the apoE4 isoform lowers the threshold of astrocytic resilience to pathogenic tau, rendering them susceptible to bioenergetic deficits in the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases such as traumatic brain injury, potentially contributing to neurological decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, USA
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph Ojo
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, USA
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, USA
- Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, Florida, USA
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15
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He S, Shi Y, Ye J, Yin J, Yang Y, Liu D, Shen T, Zeng D, Zhang M, Li S, Xu F, Cai Y, Zhao F, Li H, Peng D. Does decreased autophagy and dysregulation of LC3A in astrocytes play a role in major depressive disorder? Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:362. [PMID: 38001115 PMCID: PMC10673997 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic dysfunction contributes to the molecular pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the astrocytic subtype that mainly contributes to MDD etiology and whether dysregulated autophagy in astrocytes is associated with MDD remain unknown. Using a single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) atlas, three astrocyte subtypes were identified in MDD, while C2 State-1Q astrocytes showed aberrant changes in both cell proportion and most differentially expressed genes compared with other subtypes. Moreover, autophagy pathways were commonly inhibited in astrocytes in the prefrontal cortices (PFCs) of patients with MDD, especially in C2 State-1Q astrocytes. Furthermore, by integrating snRNA-seq and bulk transcriptomic data, we found significant reductions in LC3A expression levels in the PFC region of CUMS-induced depressed mice, as well as in postmortem PFC tissues and peripheral blood samples from patients with MDD. These results were further validated by qPCR using whole-blood samples from patients with MDD and healthy controls. Finally, LC3A expression in the whole blood of patients with MDD was negatively associated with the severity of depressive symptoms. Overall, our results underscore autophagy inhibition in PFC astrocytes as a common molecular characteristic in MDD and might reveal a novel potential diagnostic marker LC3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen He
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinmei Ye
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Yin
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yufang Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Duan Zeng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feikang Xu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyun Cai
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Faming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Huafang Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Daihui Peng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Litwiniuk A, Juszczak GR, Stankiewicz AM, Urbańska K. The role of glial autophagy in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4528-4539. [PMID: 37679471 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Although Alzheimer's disease is the most pervasive neurodegenerative disorder, the mechanism underlying its development is still not precisely understood. Available data indicate that pathophysiology of this disease may involve impaired autophagy in glial cells. The dysfunction is manifested as reduced ability of astrocytes and microglia to clear abnormal protein aggregates. Consequently, excessive accumulation of amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles activates microglia and astrocytes leading to decreased number of mature myelinated oligodendrocytes and death of neurons. These pathologic effects of autophagy dysfunction can be rescued by pharmacological activation of autophagy. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy dysfunction in glial cells in Alzheimer's disease may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. However, such strategies need to take into consideration differences in regulation of autophagy in different types of neuroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Litwiniuk
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Mazovia, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Roman Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Mazovia, Poland
| | - Adrian Mateusz Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Mazovia, Poland.
| | - Kaja Urbańska
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Mazovia, Poland.
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17
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Krogsaeter EK, McKetney J, Marquez A, Cakir Z, Stevenson E, Jang GM, Rao A, Zhou A, Huang Y, Krogan NJ, Swaney DL. Lysosomal proteomics reveals mechanisms of neuronal apoE4associated lysosomal dysfunction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560519. [PMID: 37873080 PMCID: PMC10592882 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
ApoE4 is the primary risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease. While apoE is primarily expressed by astrocytes, AD pathology including endosomal abnormalities and mitochondrial dysfunction first occurs in neurons. Lysosomes are poised at the convergence point between these features. We find that apoE4-expressing cells exhibit lysosomal alkalinization, reduced lysosomal proteolysis, and impaired mitophagy. To identify driving factors for this lysosomal dysfunction, we performed quantitative lysosomal proteome profiling. This revealed that apoE4 expression results in lysosomal depletion of Lgals3bp and accumulation of Tmed5 in both Neuro-2a cells and postmitotic human neurons. Modulating the expression of both proteins affected lysosomal function, with Tmed5 knockdown rescuing lysosomal alkalinization in apoE4 cells, and Lgals3bp knockdown causing lysosomal alkalinization and reduced lysosomal density in apoE3 cells. Taken together, our work reveals that apoE4 exerts gain-of-toxicity by alkalinizing the lysosomal lumen, pinpointing lysosomal Tmed5 accumulation and Lgals3bp depletion as apoE4-associated drivers for this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar K. Krogsaeter
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Justin McKetney
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Angelica Marquez
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zeynep Cakir
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erica Stevenson
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M. Jang
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Antara Rao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Anton Zhou
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Danielle L. Swaney
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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18
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Nechushtai L, Frenkel D, Pinkas-Kramarski R. Autophagy in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1435. [PMID: 37892117 PMCID: PMC10604695 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a devastating disease associated with accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) within dopaminergic neurons, leading to neuronal death. PD is characterized by both motor and non-motor clinical symptoms. Several studies indicate that autophagy, an important intracellular degradation pathway, may be involved in different neurodegenerative diseases including PD. The autophagic process mediates the degradation of protein aggregates, damaged and unneeded proteins, and organelles, allowing their clearance, and thereby maintaining cell homeostasis. Impaired autophagy may cause the accumulation of abnormal proteins. Incomplete or impaired autophagy may explain the neurotoxic accumulation of protein aggregates in several neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Indeed, studies have suggested the contribution of impaired autophagy to α-Syn accumulation, the death of dopaminergic neurons, and neuroinflammation. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on the involvement of autophagy in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (L.N.); (D.F.)
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19
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Costa-Laparra I, Juárez-Escoto E, Vicario C, Moratalla R, García-Sanz P. APOE ε4 allele, along with G206D- PSEN1 mutation, alters mitochondrial networks and their degradation in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1087072. [PMID: 37455931 PMCID: PMC10340123 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1087072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease remains the most common neurodegenerative disorder, depicted mainly by memory loss and the presence in the brain of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. This disease is related to several cellular alterations like the loss of synapses, neuronal death, disruption of lipid homeostasis, mitochondrial fragmentation, or raised oxidative stress. Notably, changes in the autophagic pathway have turned out to be a key factor in the early development of the disease. The aim of this research is to determine the impact of the APOE allele ε4 and G206D-PSEN1 on the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease. Methods Fibroblasts from Alzheimer's patients with APOE 3/4 + G206D-PSEN1 mutation and homozygous APOE ε4 were used to study the effects of APOE polymorphism and PSEN1 mutation on the autophagy pathway, mitochondrial network fragmentation, superoxide anion levels, lysosome clustering, and p62/SQSTM1 levels. Results We observed that the APOE allele ε4 in homozygosis induces mitochondrial network fragmentation that correlates with an increased colocalization with p62/SQSTM1, probably due to an inefficient autophagy. Moreover, G206D-PSEN1 mutation causes an impairment of the integrity of mitochondrial networks, triggering high superoxide anion levels and thus making APOE 3/4 + PSEN1 fibroblasts more vulnerable to cell death induced by oxidative stress. Of note, PSEN1 mutation induces accumulation and clustering of lysosomes that, along with an increase of global p62/SQSTM1, could compromise lysosomal function and, ultimately, its degradation. Conclusion The findings suggest that all these modifications could eventually contribute to the neuronal degeneration that underlies the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Further research in this area may help to develop targeted therapies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Costa-Laparra
- Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia Laboratory, Department of Functional Systems and Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Juárez-Escoto
- Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia Laboratory, Department of Functional Systems and Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vicario
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Stem Cells, Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia Laboratory, Department of Functional Systems and Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia García-Sanz
- Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia Laboratory, Department of Functional Systems and Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Serrano E, Barrantes FJ, Valdivieso ÁG. Apolipoprotein E4 heterologous expression, purification under non-denaturing conditions, and effects on neuronal clonal cell lines. Protein Expr Purif 2023:106312. [PMID: 37236517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE4) constitutes the main genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). High amounts of pure apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), in a rapid and reproducible fashion, could be of value for studying its pathophysiological roles in AD. The aim of the present work was to optimize a preparative method to obtain highly purified recombinant ApoE4 (rApoE4) with full biological activity. rApoE4 was expressed in the E. Coli BL21(D3) strain and a soluble form of the protein was purified by a combination of affinity and size-exclusion chromatography that precluded a denaturation step. The structural integrity and the biochemical activity of the purified rApoE4 were confirmed by circular dichroism and a lipid-binding assay. Several biological parameters affected by rApoE4, such as mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species production were studied in CNh cells, a neuronal cell line, and neurodifferentiation and dendritogenesis were analyzed in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. The improved rApoE4 purification technique reported here enables the production of highly purified protein that retain the structural properties and functional activity of the native protein, as confirmed by tests in two different neuronal cell lines in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ángel G Valdivieso
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), National Research and Technological Council of Argentina (CONICET), Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, 1107, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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21
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Ravenhill SM, Evans AH, Crewther SG. Escalating Bi-Directional Feedback Loops between Proinflammatory Microglia and Mitochondria in Ageing and Post-Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051117. [PMID: 37237983 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease affecting up to 3% of the global population over 65 years of age. Currently, the underlying physiological aetiology of PD is unknown. However, the diagnosed disorder shares many common non-motor symptoms associated with ageing-related neurodegenerative disease progression, such as neuroinflammation, microglial activation, neuronal mitochondrial impairment, and chronic autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Clinical PD has been linked to many interrelated biological and molecular processes, such as escalating proinflammatory immune responses, mitochondrial impairment, lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP) availability, increasing release of neurotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), impaired blood brain barrier integrity, chronic activation of microglia, and damage to dopaminergic neurons consistently associated with motor and cognitive decline. Prodromal PD has also been associated with orthostatic hypotension and many other age-related impairments, such as sleep disruption, impaired gut microbiome, and constipation. Thus, this review aimed to present evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction, including elevated oxidative stress, ROS, and impaired cellular energy production, with the overactivation and escalation of a microglial-mediated proinflammatory immune response as naturally occurring and damaging interlinked bidirectional and self-perpetuating cycles that share common pathological processes in ageing and PD. We propose that both chronic inflammation, microglial activation, and neuronal mitochondrial impairment should be considered as concurrently influencing each other along a continuum rather than as separate and isolated linear metabolic events that affect specific aspects of neural processing and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Howard Evans
- Department of Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- Epworth Hospital, Richmond 3121, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia
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22
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Han Y, Liu D, Cheng Y, Ji Q, Liu M, Zhang B, Zhou S. Maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis for Alzheimer's disease: Strategies and challenges. Redox Biol 2023; 63:102734. [PMID: 37159984 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, and its early onset is closely related to mitochondrial energy metabolism. The brain is only 2% of body weight, but consumes 20% of total energy needs. Mitochondria are responsible for providing energy in cells, and maintaining their homeostasis ensures an adequate supply of energy to the brain. Mitochondrial homeostasis is constituted by mitochondrial quantity and quality control, which is dynamically regulated by mitochondrial energy metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial quality control. Impaired energy metabolism of brain cells occurs early in AD, and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is a promising therapeutic target in the future. We summarized the mechanism of mitochondrial homeostasis in AD, its influence on the pathogenesis of early AD, strategies for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, and mitochondrial targeting strategies. This review concludes with the authors' opinions on future research and development for mitochondrial homeostasis of early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daozhou Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qifeng Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bangle Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siyuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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23
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Lian W, Hu X, Zhang J, Wu Y, Zhao N, Ma H, He H, Lu Q. Fucoxanthin protects retinal ganglion cells and promotes parkin-mediated mitophagy against glutamate excitotoxicity. Neuroreport 2023; 34:385-394. [PMID: 37096783 PMCID: PMC10097491 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify whether fucoxanthin plays a protective role and regulates parkin-mediated mitophagy on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) against glutamate excitotoxicity. METHODS The excitotoxicity model of primary RGCs was carried out with glutamate. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by JC-1 kit (Abcam, USA). The apoptotic rate and cytotoxicity were detected by Hoechst staining and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) kit (Takara, Japan). Mitochondria was assessed by MitoTracker staining and confocal microscopy. The mRNA levels and protein expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, parkin, optineurin, LC3, and LAMP1 in RGCs were analyzed by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. Finally, the mitochondrial health score and mitophagy were assessed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Fucoxanthin increased the mitochondrial membrane potential of RGCs, reduced cytotoxicity, and decreased apoptosis in RGCs under glutamate excitotoxicity. It also enhanced expression levels of parkin, optineurin, and LAMP1, and upgraded the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I. Meanwhile, fucoxanthin increased LC3 and MitoTracker co-localization staining. In addition, up-regulated mitochondrial health score, and the number of autophagosomes and mitophagosomes were observed in fucoxanthin-treated RGCs under glutamate excitotoxicity. CONCLUSION Fucoxanthin may exert its neuroprotective effect on RGCs via promoting parkin-mediated mitophagy under glutamate excitotoxicity. The neuroprotective effect of fucoxanthin in glaucomatous neurodegeneration and ocular diseases characterized by impaired mitophagy warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University
- Health Science Center, The Ningbo University
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Ningbo Branch), Ningbo
| | - Xinxin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Ningbo Branch), Ningbo
| | - Juntao Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Ningbo Branch), Ningbo
| | - Yufei Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Ningbo Branch), Ningbo
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Ningbo Branch), Ningbo
| | - Haixia Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University
- Health Science Center, The Ningbo University
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Ningbo Branch), Ningbo
| | - Hengqian He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Ningbo Branch), Ningbo
| | - Qinkang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Ningbo Branch), Ningbo
- The Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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24
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Farsi RM. The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's: Molecular Defects and Mitophagy-Enhancing Approaches. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040970. [PMID: 37109499 PMCID: PMC10142261 DOI: 10.3390/life13040970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive and chronic neurodegenerative syndrome, is categorized by cognitive and memory damage caused by the aggregations of abnormal proteins, specifically including Tau proteins and β-amyloid in brain tissue. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunctions are the principal causes of AD, which is associated with mitophagy impairment. Investigations exploring pharmacological therapies alongside AD have explicitly concentrated on molecules accomplished in preventing/abolishing the gatherings of the abovementioned proteins and mitochondria damages. Mitophagy is the removal of dead mitochondria by the autophagy process. Damages in mitophagy, the manner of diversified mitochondrial degeneracy by autophagy resulting in an ongoing aggregation of malfunctioning mitochondria, were also suggested to support AD. Recently, plentiful reports have suggested a link between defective mitophagy and AD. This treaty highlights updated outlines of modern innovations and developments on mitophagy machinery dysfunctions in AD brains. Moreover, therapeutic and nanotherapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction are also presented in this review. Based on the significant role of diminished mitophagy in AD, we suggest that the application of different therapeutic approaches aimed at stimulating mitophagy in AD would be beneficial for targeting or reducing the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M Farsi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21462, Saudi Arabia
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Suárez-Rivero JM, López-Pérez J, Muela-Zarzuela I, Pastor-Maldonado C, Cilleros-Holgado P, Gómez-Fernández D, Álvarez-Córdoba M, Munuera-Cabeza M, Talaverón-Rey M, Povea-Cabello S, Suárez-Carrillo A, Piñero-Pérez R, Reche-López D, Romero-Domínguez JM, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Neurodegeneration, Mitochondria, and Antibiotics. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030416. [PMID: 36984858 PMCID: PMC10056573 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of neurons, synapses, dendrites, and myelin in the central and/or peripheral nervous system. Actual therapeutic options for patients are scarce and merely palliative. Although they affect millions of patients worldwide, the molecular mechanisms underlying these conditions remain unclear. Mitochondrial dysfunction is generally found in neurodegenerative diseases and is believed to be involved in the pathomechanisms of these disorders. Therefore, therapies aiming to improve mitochondrial function are promising approaches for neurodegeneration. Although mitochondrial-targeted treatments are limited, new research findings have unraveled the therapeutic potential of several groups of antibiotics. These drugs possess pleiotropic effects beyond their anti-microbial activity, such as anti-inflammatory or mitochondrial enhancer function. In this review, we will discuss the controversial use of antibiotics as potential therapies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Suárez-Rivero
- Institute for Biomedical Researching and Innovation of Cádiz (INiBICA) University Hospital Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan López-Pérez
- Institute for Biomedical Researching and Innovation of Cádiz (INiBICA) University Hospital Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Inés Muela-Zarzuela
- Institute for Biomedical Researching and Innovation of Cádiz (INiBICA) University Hospital Puerta del Mar, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carmen Pastor-Maldonado
- Department of Molecular Biology Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Paula Cilleros-Holgado
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide-University), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - David Gómez-Fernández
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide-University), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide-University), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Munuera-Cabeza
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide-University), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide-University), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide-University), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alejandra Suárez-Carrillo
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide-University), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Piñero-Pérez
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide-University), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Diana Reche-López
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide-University), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M. Romero-Domínguez
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide-University), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Antonio Sánchez-Alcázar
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide-University), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954978071
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Rueter J, Rimbach G, Treitz C, Schloesser A, Lüersen K, Tholey A, Huebbe P. The mitochondrial BCKD complex interacts with hepatic apolipoprotein E in cultured cells in vitro and mouse livers in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:59. [PMID: 36749362 PMCID: PMC9905200 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is known for its role in lipid metabolism and its association with age-related disease pathology. The aim of the present work was to identify previously unknown functions of APOE based on the detection of novel APOE protein-protein interaction candidates. APPROACH AND RESULTS APOE targeted replacement mice and transfected cultured hepatocytes expressing the human isoforms APOE3 and APOE4 were used. For 7 months, APOE3 and APOE4 mice were fed a high-fat and high-sugar diet to induce obesity, while a subgroup was subjected to 30% dietary restriction. Proteomic analysis of coimmunoprecipitation products from APOE mouse liver extracts revealed 28 APOE-interacting candidate proteins, including branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex subunit alpha (BCKDHA) and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 (VDAC1). The binding of APOE and BCKDHA was verified in situ by proximity ligation assay in cultured cells. The activity of the BCKD enzyme complex was significantly higher in obese APOE4 mice than in APOE3 mice, while the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids and mTOR signalling proteins were not different. However, the protein-protein interaction with VDAC1 was strongly induced in APOE3 and APOE4 mice upon dietary restriction, suggesting a prominent role of APOE in mitochondrial function. CONCLUSIONS The protein-protein interactions of APOE with BCKDHA and VDAC1 appear to be of physiological relevance and are modulated upon dietary restriction. Because these are mitochondrial proteins, it may be suggested that APOE is involved in mitochondria-related processes and adaptation to hepatic energy demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rueter
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christian Treitz
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anke Schloesser
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Gabrielli AP, Weidling I, Ranjan A, Wang X, Novikova L, Chowdhury SR, Menta B, Berkowicz A, Wilkins HM, Peterson KR, Swerdlow RH. Mitochondria Profoundly Influence Apolipoprotein E Biology. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:591-604. [PMID: 36776072 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria can trigger Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated molecular phenomena, but how mitochondria impact apolipoprotein E (APOE; apoE) is not well known. OBJECTIVE Consider whether and how mitochondrial biology influences APOE and apoE biology. METHODS We measured APOE expression in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells with different forms of mitochondrial dysfunction including total, chronic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion (ρ0 cells); acute, partial mtDNA depletion; and toxin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. We further assessed intracellular and secreted apoE protein levels in the ρ0 cells and interrogated the impact of transcription factors and stress signaling pathways known to influence APOE expression. RESULTS SH-SY5Y ρ0 cells exhibited a 65-fold increase in APOE mRNA, an 8-fold increase in secreted apoE protein, and increased intracellular apoE protein. Other models of primary mitochondrial dysfunction including partial mtDNA-depletion, toxin-induced respiratory chain inhibition, and chemical-induced manipulations of the mitochondrial membrane potential similarly increased SH-SY5Y cell APOE mRNA. We explored potential mediators and found in the ρ0 cells knock-down of the C/EBPα and NFE2L2 (Nrf2) transcription factors reduced APOE mRNA. The activity of two mitogen-activated protein kinases, JNK and ERK, also strongly influenced ρ0 cell APOE mRNA levels. CONCLUSION Primary mitochondrial dysfunction either directly or indirectly activates APOE expression in a neuronal cell model by altering transcription factors and stress signaling pathways. These studies demonstrate mitochondrial biology can influence the biology of the APOE gene and apoE protein, which are implicated in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gabrielli
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ian Weidling
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Amol Ranjan
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lesya Novikova
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Subir Roy Chowdhury
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Blaise Menta
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Alexandra Berkowicz
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kenneth R Peterson
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease: Molecular defects and therapeutic approaches. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:202-216. [PMID: 35665766 PMCID: PMC9812780 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions are central players in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, impairments in mitophagy, the process of selective mitochondrial degradation by autophagy leading to a gradual accumulation of defective mitochondria, have also been reported to occur in AD. We provide an updated overview of the recent discoveries and advancements on mitophagic molecular dysfunctions in AD-derived fluids and cells as well as in AD brains. We discuss studies using AD cellular and animal models that have unraveled the contribution of relevant AD-related proteins (Tau, Aβ, APP-derived fragments and APOE) in mitophagy failure. In accordance with the important role of impaired mitophagy in AD, we report on various therapeutic strategies aiming at stimulating mitophagy in AD and we summarize the benefits of these potential therapeutic strategies in human clinical trials.
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Pires M, Rego AC. Apoe4 and Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis-Mitochondrial Deregulation and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010778. [PMID: 36614219 PMCID: PMC9821307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
APOE ε4 allele (ApoE4) is the primary genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), expressed in 40-65% of all AD patients. ApoE4 has been associated to many pathological processes possibly linked to cognitive impairment, such as amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathologies. However, the exact mechanism underlying ApoE4 impact on AD progression is unclear, while no effective therapies are available for this highly debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. This review describes the current knowledge of ApoE4 interaction with mitochondria, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity, associated with increased mitochondrial Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and it effects on mitochondrial dynamics, namely fusion and fission, and mitophagy. Moreover, ApoE4 translocates to the nucleus, regulating the expression of genes involved in aging, Aβ production, inflammation and apoptosis, potentially linked to AD pathogenesis. Thus, novel therapeutical targets can be envisaged to counteract the effects induced by ApoE4 in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pires
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Polo I, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Polo III, 3004-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Rego
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Polo I, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Polo III, 3004-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-239-820190; Fax: +351-239-822776
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Implications of fractalkine on glial function, ablation and glial proteins/receptors/markers—understanding its therapeutic usefulness in neurological settings: a narrative review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a chemokine predominantly released by neurons. As a signaling molecule, CX3CL1 facilitates talk between neurons and glia. CX3CL1 is considered as a potential target which could alleviate neuroinflammation. However, certain controversial results and ambiguous role of CX3CL1 make it inexorable to decipher the overall effects of CX3CL1 on the physiopathology of glial cells.
Main body of the abstract
Implications of cross-talk between CX3CL1 and different glial proteins/receptors/markers will give a bird eye view of the therapeutic significance of CX3CL1. Keeping with the need, this review identifies the effects of CX3CL1 on glial physiopathology, glial ablation, and gives a wide coverage on the effects of CX3CL1 on certain glial proteins/receptors/markers.
Short conclusion
Pinpoint prediction of the therapeutic effect of CX3CL1 on neuroinflammation needs further research. This is owing to certain obscure roles and implications of CX3CL1 on different glial proteins/receptors/markers, which are crucial under neurological settings. Further challenges are imposed due to the dichotomous roles played by CX3CL1. The age-old chemokine shows many newer scopes of research in near future. Thus, overall assessment of the effect of CX3CL1 becomes crucial prior to its administration in neuroinflammation.
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Memon AA, Vats S, Sundquist J, Li Y, Sundquist K. Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number: Linking Diabetes and Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:1168-1190. [PMID: 36169625 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent Advances: Various studies have suggested that mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN), a surrogate biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction, is an easily quantifiable biomarker for chronic diseases, including diabetes and cancer. However, current knowledge is limited, and the results are controversial. This has been attributed mainly to methodology and study design. Critical Issues: The incidence of diabetes and cancer has increased significantly in recent years. Moreover, type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been shown to be a risk factor for cancer. mtDNA-CN has been associated with both T2D and cancer. However, it is not known whether mtDNA-CN plays any role in the association between T2D and cancer. Significance: In this review, we have discussed mtDNA-CN in diabetes and cancer, and reviewed the literature and methodology used in published studies so far. Based on the literature review, we have speculated how mtDNA-CN may act as a link between diabetes and cancer. Furthermore, we have provided some recommendations for reliable translation of mtDNA-CN as a biomarker. Future Directions: Further research is required to elucidate the role of mtDNA-CN in the association between T2D and cancer. If established, early lifestyle interventions, such as physical activity and diet control that improve mitochondrial function, may help preventing cancer in patients with T2D. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 1168-1190.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaque A Memon
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sakshi Vats
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yanni Li
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
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Fernández-Calle R, Konings SC, Frontiñán-Rubio J, García-Revilla J, Camprubí-Ferrer L, Svensson M, Martinson I, Boza-Serrano A, Venero JL, Nielsen HM, Gouras GK, Deierborg T. APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases: impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and brain diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 36153580 PMCID: PMC9509584 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS. There are three major human polymorphisms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the genetic expression of APOE4 is one of the most influential risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation has become the third hallmark of AD, together with Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau protein. This review aims to broadly and extensively describe the differential aspects concerning apoE. Starting from the evolution of apoE to how APOE's single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect its structure, function, and involvement during health and disease. This review reflects on how APOE's polymorphisms impact critical aspects of AD pathology, such as the neuroinflammatory response, particularly the effect of APOE on astrocytic and microglial function and microglial dynamics, synaptic function, amyloid-β load, tau pathology, autophagy, and cell–cell communication. We discuss influential factors affecting AD pathology combined with the APOE genotype, such as sex, age, diet, physical exercise, current therapies and clinical trials in the AD field. The impact of the APOE genotype in other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by overt inflammation, e.g., alpha- synucleinopathies and Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, is also addressed. Therefore, this review gathers the most relevant findings related to the APOE genotype up to date and its implications on AD and CNS pathologies to provide a deeper understanding of the knowledge in the APOE field.
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Rueter J, Rimbach G, Huebbe P. Functional diversity of apolipoprotein E: from subcellular localization to mitochondrial function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:499. [PMID: 36018414 PMCID: PMC9418098 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04516-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein E (APOE), originally known for its role in lipid metabolism, is polymorphic with three major allele forms, namely, APOEε2, APOEε3, and APOEε4, leading to three different human APOE isoforms. The ε4 allele is a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD); therefore, the vast majority of APOE research focuses on its role in AD pathology. However, there is increasing evidence for other functions of APOE through the involvement in other biological processes such as transcriptional regulation, mitochondrial metabolism, immune response, and responsiveness to dietary factors. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the potential novel functions of APOE and their characterization. The detection of APOE in various cell organelles points to previously unrecognized roles in mitochondria and others, although it is actually considered a secretory protein. Furthermore, numerous interactions of APOE with other proteins have been detected, providing indications for new metabolic pathways involving APOE. The present review summarizes the current evidence on APOE beyond its original role in lipid metabolism, to change the perspective and encourage novel approaches to future research on APOE and its isoform-dependent role in the cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rueter
- Devision of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Devision of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Patricia Huebbe
- Devision of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Ni XC, Wang HF, Cai YY, Yang D, Alolga RN, Liu B, Li J, Huang FQ. Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits astrocyte activation and promotes transfer of astrocytic mitochondria to neurons against ischemic stroke. Redox Biol 2022; 54:102363. [PMID: 35696763 PMCID: PMC9198466 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes activation in response to stroke results in altered mitochondrial exchange with neurons. Ginsenoside Rb1is a major ginsenoside of Panax ginseng particularly known for its neuroprotective potential. This work aimed to investigate if Rb1 could rescue neurons from ischemic insult via astrocyte inactivation and mitochondrial transfer. We prepared conditioned astrocytes-derived medium for co-culture with neurons and examined the role of Rb1 in mitochondrial transfer from astrocytes to neurons. The neuroprotective potential of Rb1 was further confirmed in vivo using a mouse model of brain ischemia. In response to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R), astrocytes were reactivated and produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), an action that was blocked by Rb1. Mechanistically, Rb1 inhibited NADH dehydrogenase in mitochondrial complex I to block reverse electron transport-derived ROS production from complex I, and thus inactivated astrocytes to protect the mitochondria. Mitochondrial signal, mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production detected in conditioned astrocyte-derived medium indicated that Rb1 protected functional mitochondria and facilitated their transfer. When neurons were injured by OGD/R insult, co-culturing with conditioned medium increased mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption rate within the neurons, indicating the protection conferred on them by Rb1 via mitochondrial transfer from astrocytes. Using the ischemic mouse brain model, CD38 knockdown in the cerebral ventricles diminished the neuroprotective effects of Rb1, providing evidence in support of the role of astrocyte mitochondrial transfer. Transient inhibition of mitochondrial complex I by Rb1 reduced mitochondrial ROS production and consequently avoided astrocyte activation. Astrocyte mitochondrial transfer therefore seemed a means by which Rb1 could promote neuronal survival and function. Different from the neurocentric view, these findings suggest the astrocytes may be a promising target for pharmacological interventions in ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Hong-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China; Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China; Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Dai Yang
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Raphael N Alolga
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China; Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine of Prevention and Treatment in Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Feng-Qing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China; Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
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Chen H, Chen F, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Hu G, Sun F, Zhang M, Ji Y, Chen Y, Che G, Zhou X, Zhang Y. A Review of ApoE4 Interference Targeting Mitophagy Molecular Pathways for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:881239. [PMID: 35669462 PMCID: PMC9166238 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.881239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major worldwide causes of dementia that is characterized by irreversible decline in learning, memory loss, and behavioral impairments. Mitophagy is selective autophagy through the clearance of aberrant mitochondria, specifically for degradation to maintain energy generation and neuronal and synaptic function in the brain. Accumulating evidence shows that defective mitophagy is believed to be as one of the early and prominent features in AD pathogenesis and has drawn attention in the recent few years. APOE ε4 allele is the greatest genetic determinant for AD and is widely reported to mediate detrimental effects on mitochondria function and mitophagic process. Given the continuity of the physiological process, this review takes the mitochondrial dynamic and mitophagic core events into consideration, which highlights the current knowledge about the molecular alterations from an APOE-genotype perspective, synthesizes ApoE4-associated regulations, and the cross-talk between these signaling, along with the focuses on general autophagic process and several pivotal processes of mitophagy, including mitochondrial dynamic (DRP1, MFN-1), mitophagic induction (PINK1, Parkin). These may shed new light on the link between ApoE4 and AD and provide novel insights for promising mitophagy-targeted therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Chen
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Yuebei People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Yuebei People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guizhen Hu
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Yuebei People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
| | - Furong Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Miaoping Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yao Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Gang Che
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Yuebei People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejian University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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Ondaro J, Hernandez-Eguiazu H, Garciandia-Arcelus M, Loera-Valencia R, Rodriguez-Gómez L, Jiménez-Zúñiga A, Goikolea J, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Ruiz-Martinez J, Moreno F, Lopez de Munain A, Holt IJ, Gil-Bea FJ, Gereñu G. Defects of Nutrient Signaling and Autophagy in Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836196. [PMID: 35419363 PMCID: PMC8996160 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are post-mitotic cells that allocate huge amounts of energy to the synthesis of new organelles and molecules, neurotransmission and to the maintenance of redox homeostasis. In neurons, autophagy is not only crucial to ensure organelle renewal but it is also essential to balance nutritional needs through the mobilization of internal energy stores. A delicate crosstalk between the pathways that sense nutritional status of the cell and the autophagic processes to recycle organelles and macronutrients is fundamental to guarantee the proper functioning of the neuron in times of energy scarcity. This review provides a detailed overview of the pathways and processes involved in the balance of cellular energy mediated by autophagy, which when defective, precipitate the neurodegenerative cascade of Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ondaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Haizea Hernandez-Eguiazu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maddi Garciandia-Arcelus
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Loera-Valencia
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Rodriguez-Gómez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Jiménez-Zúñiga
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julen Goikolea
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Fermín Moreno
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ian James Holt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gil-Bea
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorka Gereñu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa, Spain
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Shang Y, Xue W, Kong J, Chen Y, Qiu X, An X, Li Y, Wang H, An J. Ultrafine black carbon caused mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in SH-SY5Y cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:151899. [PMID: 34838543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient ultrafine black carbon (uBC, with aerodynamic diameter less than 100 nm) is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress is the predominantly reported neurotoxic effects caused by uBC exposure. Mitochondrion is responsible for production of majority of ROS in cells and mitochondrial dysfunction is closely related to adverse nervous outcomes. Mitophagy is an important cellular process to eliminate dysfunctional or damaged mitochondria. However, the mechanisms that modulate mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction initiated by uBC remain to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate how mitochondrial oxidative stress regulated mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) after uBC treatment. RNA interference was further applied to explore the roles of mitophagy in mitochondrial dysfunction. We found uBC triggered cell apoptosis via ROS-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The uBC also caused serious mitochondrial damage and respiratory dysfunction, indicated by the abnormalities in mitochondrial division and fusion related proteins, decreased mitochondria number and ATP level. Increased PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin protein levels and the autolysosome numbers suggested uBC could promote Pink1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy process in SH-SY5Y cells. Mitophagy inhibition could reserve mitochondria number and ATP activity, but not fusion and division related protein levels in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to uBC. Administration of a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant (mitoquinone) significantly eliminated uBC caused apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy. Our data suggested mitochondrial oxidative stress regulated uBC induced mitochondrial dysfunction and PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy. PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy probably participated in regulating uBC caused mitochondrial dysfunction but not by controlling mitochondrial fusion and division related proteins. Our results may provide some new insights and evidences to understand the mechanisms of neurotoxicity induced by uBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wanlei Xue
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiexing Kong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xingqin An
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jing An
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Saeedi M, Mehranfar F. Challenges and approaches of drugs such as Memantine, Donepezil, Rivastigmine and Aducanumab in the treatment, control and management of Alzheimer's disease. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:102-121. [PMID: 35236274 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220302115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a kinds of neuropsychiatric illnesses that affect the central nervous system. In this disease, the accumulation of amyloid-beta increases, and phosphorylated tau (P-tau) protein, one of the ways to treat this disease is to reduce the accumulation of amyloid-beta. Various studies have demonstrated that pharmacological approaches have considerable effects in the treatment of AD, despite the side effects and challenges. Cholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine are presently authorized therapies for AD. Memantine and Donepezil are the most common drugs for the prevention and therapy of AD with mechanisms such as lessened β-amyloid plaque, effect on N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Diminution glutamate and elevated acetylcholine are some of the influences of medications administrated to treat AD, and drugs can also play a role in slowing the progression of cognitive and memory impairment. A new pharmacological approach and strategy is required to control the future of AD. This review appraises the effects of memantine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and aducanumab in clinical trials, in vitro and animal model studies that have explored how these drugs versus AD development and also discuss possible mechanisms of influence on the brain. Research in clinical trials has substantial findings that support the role of these medications in AD treatment and ameliorate the safety and efficacy of AD therapy, although more clinical trials are required to prove their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saeedi
- Department of Laboratory Science, Faculty of medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mehranfar
- Department of Laboratory Science, Faculty of medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Troutwine BR, Hamid L, Lysaker CR, Strope TA, Wilkins HM. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:496-510. [PMID: 35256931 PMCID: PMC8897057 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in apolipoprotein E (APOE) influences Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. APOE ε4 alleles are the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset sporadic AD. The AD risk is dose dependent, as those carrying one APOE ε4 allele have a 2-3-fold increased risk, while those carrying two ε4 alleles have a 10-15-fold increased risk. Individuals carrying APOE ε2 alleles have lower AD risk and those carrying APOE ε3 alleles have neutral risk. APOE is a lipoprotein which functions in lipid transport, metabolism, and inflammatory modulation. Isoform specific effects of APOE within the brain include alterations to Aβ, tau, neuroinflammation, and metabolism. Here we review the association of APOE with AD, the APOE isoform specific effects within brain and periphery, and potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Troutwine
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Laylan Hamid
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Colton R. Lysaker
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Taylor A. Strope
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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40
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Zhang MY, Zhu L, Zheng X, Xie TH, Wang W, Zou J, Li Y, Li HY, Cai J, Gu S, Yao Y, Wei TT. TGR5 Activation Ameliorates Mitochondrial Homeostasis via Regulating the PKCδ/Drp1-HK2 Signaling in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:759421. [PMID: 35096809 PMCID: PMC8795816 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.759421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most important microvascular diseases of diabetes. Our previous research demonstrated that bile acid G-protein-coupled membrane receptor (TGR5), a novel cell membrane receptor of bile acid, ameliorates the vascular endothelial cell dysfunction in DR. However, the precise mechanism leading to this alteration remains unknown. Thus, the mechanism of TGR5 in the progress of DR should be urgently explored. Methods: In this study, we established high glucose (HG)-induced human retinal vascular endothelial cells (RMECs) and streptozotocin-induced DR rat in vitro and in vivo. The expression of TGR5 was interfered through the specific agonist or siRNA to study the effect of TGR5 on the function of endothelial cell in vitro. Western blot, immunofluorescence and fluorescent probes were used to explore how TGR5 regulated mitochondrial homeostasis and related molecular mechanism. The adeno-associated virus serotype 8-shTGR5 (AAV8-shTGR5) was performed to evaluate retinal dysfunction in vivo and further confirm the role of TGR5 in DR by HE staining, TUNEL staining, PAS staining and Evans Blue dye. Results: We found that TGR5 activation alleviated HG-induced endothelial cell apoptosis by improving mitochondrial homeostasis. Additionally, TGR5 signaling reduced mitochondrial fission by suppressing the Ca2+-PKCδ/Drp1 signaling and enhanced mitophagy through the upregulation of the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway. Furthermore, our result indicated that Drp1 inhibited mitophagy by facilitating the hexokinase (HK) 2 separation from the mitochondria and HK2-PINK1/Parkin signaling. In vivo, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, including retinal vascular leakage, acellular capillaries and apoptosis, were poor in AAV8-shTGR5-treated group under DR, but this effect was reversed by pretreatment with the mitochondrial fission inhibitor Mdivi-1 or autophagy agonist Rapamycin. Conclusion: Overall, our findings indicated that TGR5 inhibited mitochondrial fission and enhanced mitophagy in RMECs by regulating the PKCδ/Drp1-HK2 signaling pathway. These results revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of TGR5 and suggested that activation of TGR5 might be a potential therapeutic strategy for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lingpeng Zhu
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinhua Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tian-Hua Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hong-Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiping Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shun Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wei
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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Fote GM, Geller NR, Efstathiou NE, Hendricks N, Vavvas DG, Reidling JC, Thompson LM, Steffan JS. Isoform-dependent lysosomal degradation and internalization of apolipoprotein E requires autophagy proteins. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs258687. [PMID: 34982109 PMCID: PMC8917355 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The human apolipoprotein E4 isoform (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), and lysosomal dysfunction has been implicated in AD pathogenesis. We found, by examining cells stably expressing each APOE isoform, that APOE4 increases lysosomal trafficking, accumulates in enlarged lysosomes and late endosomes, alters autophagic flux and the abundance of autophagy proteins and lipid droplets, and alters the proteomic contents of lysosomes following internalization. We investigated APOE-related lysosomal trafficking further in cell culture, and found that APOE from the post-Golgi compartment is degraded through autophagy. We found that this autophagic process requires the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP2 in immortalized neuron-like and hepatic cells, and in mouse brain tissue. Several macroautophagy-associated proteins were also required for autophagic degradation and internalization of APOE in hepatic cells. The dysregulated autophagic flux and lysosomal trafficking of APOE4 that we observed suggest a possible novel mechanism that might contribute to AD pathogenesis. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna M. Fote
- UC Irvine Department of Biological Chemistry, 825 Health Sciences Road, Medical Sciences I, Room D240, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-1700, USA
| | - Nicolette R. Geller
- UC Irvine Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Neuropsychiatric Center, UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive South, Building 3, Route 88, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Nikolaos E. Efstathiou
- Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nathan Hendricks
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, UC Riverside, Eucalyptus Drive, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jack C. Reidling
- UC Irvine MIND Institute, 2642 Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
| | - Leslie M. Thompson
- UC Irvine Department of Biological Chemistry, 825 Health Sciences Road, Medical Sciences I, Room D240, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-1700, USA
- UC Irvine Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Neuropsychiatric Center, UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive South, Building 3, Route 88, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- UC Irvine MIND Institute, 2642 Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
- UC Irvine Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joan S. Steffan
- UC Irvine Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Neuropsychiatric Center, UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive South, Building 3, Route 88, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- UC Irvine MIND Institute, 2642 Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
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42
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Guan PP, Cao LL, Yang Y, Wang P. Calcium Ions Aggravate Alzheimer's Disease Through the Aberrant Activation of Neuronal Networks, Leading to Synaptic and Cognitive Deficits. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:757515. [PMID: 34924952 PMCID: PMC8674839 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.757515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the production and deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, leading to the formation of β-amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Although calcium ions (Ca2+) promote the formation of APs and NFTs, no systematic review of the mechanisms by which Ca2+ affects the development and progression of AD has been published. Therefore, the current review aimed to fill the gaps between elevated Ca2+ levels and the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, we mainly focus on the molecular mechanisms by which Ca2+ affects the neuronal networks of neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, neurogenesis, neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, and autophagy. Furthermore, the roles of Ca2+ transporters located in the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria and lysosome in mediating the effects of Ca2+ on activating neuronal networks that ultimately contribute to the development and progression of AD are discussed. Finally, the drug candidates derived from herbs used as food or seasoning in Chinese daily life are summarized to provide a theoretical basis for improving the clinical treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Long-Long Cao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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43
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Liou CW, Chen SH, Lin TK, Tsai MH, Chang CC. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Associated with APOE4 Allele and Cholinesterase Inhibitor Therapy in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121971. [PMID: 34943074 PMCID: PMC8750673 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the oxidative/anti-oxidative status in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) carrying different alleles of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are currently inconclusive; meanwhile, data regarding mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtCN) remain limited. We herein determined the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), thiols, and mtCN in blood samples of 600 AD patients and 601 controls. A significantly higher oxidative TBARS (1.64 μmol/L), lower antioxidative thiols (1.60 μmol/L), and lower mtCN (2.34 log Delta Ct) were found in the AD cohort as compared to the non-AD cohort (1.54 μmol/L, 1.71 μmol/L, 2.46 log Delta Ct). We further identified the ε4 alleles (APOE4) and separated subjects into three groups according to the number of APOE4. A significant trend was noted in the TBARS levels of both AD and non-AD cohorts, highest in the homozygous two alleles (1.86 and 1.80 μmol/L), followed by heterozygous one allele (1.70 and 1.74 μmol/L), and lowest in the no APOE4 allele (1.56 and 1.48 μmol/L). Similar trends of lower thiols and mtCN were also found in the AD cohort. In our study of the influence of cholinesterase inhibitor therapy, we found significantly reduced TBARS levels, and elevated mtCN in AD patients receiving rivastigmine and galantamine therapy. Our study demonstrates associations between the APOE4 allele and oxidative stress biomarkers and mtCN. Using cholinesterase inhibitor therapy may benefit AD patients through attenuation of oxidative stress and manipulation of the mtCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Liou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (S.-H.C.); (T.-K.L.)
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (S.-H.C.); (T.-K.L.)
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (S.-H.C.); (T.-K.L.)
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (S.-H.C.); (T.-K.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.-H.T.); (C.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (ext. 2285) (M.-H.T.); +886-7-7318762 (C.-C.C.)
| | - Chiung-Chih Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (S.-H.C.); (T.-K.L.)
- Cognition and Aging Center and Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-H.T.); (C.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (ext. 2285) (M.-H.T.); +886-7-7318762 (C.-C.C.)
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Jeremic D, Jiménez-Díaz L, Navarro-López JD. Past, present and future of therapeutic strategies against amyloid-β peptides in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101496. [PMID: 34687956 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in ageing, affecting around 46 million people worldwide but few treatments are currently available. The etiology of AD is still puzzling, and new drugs development and clinical trials have high failure rates. Urgent outline of an integral (multi-target) and effective treatment of AD is needed. Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is considered one of the fundamental neuropathological pillars of the disease, and its dyshomeostasis has shown a crucial role in AD onset. Therefore, many amyloid-targeted therapies have been investigated. Here, we will systematically review recent (from 2014) investigational, follow-up and review studies focused on anti-amyloid strategies to summarize and analyze their current clinical potential. Combination of anti-Aβ therapies with new developing early detection biomarkers and other therapeutic agents acting on early functional AD changes will be highlighted in this review. Near-term approval seems likely for several drugs acting against Aβ, with recent FDA approval of a monoclonal anti-Aβ oligomers antibody -aducanumab- raising hopes and controversies. We conclude that, development of oligomer-epitope specific Aβ treatment and implementation of multiple improved biomarkers and risk prediction methods allowing early detection, together with therapies acting on other factors such as hyperexcitability in early AD, could be the key to slowing this global pandemic.
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Mani S, Swargiary G, Singh M, Agarwal S, Dey A, Ojha S, Jha NK. Mitochondrial defects: An emerging theranostic avenue towards Alzheimer's associated dysregulations. Life Sci 2021; 285:119985. [PMID: 34592237 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in expediting the energy homeostasis under varying environmental conditions. As mitochondria are controllers of both energy production and apoptotic pathways, they are also distinctively involved in controlling the neuronal cell survival and/or death. Numerous factors are responsible for mitochondria to get degraded with aging and huge functional failures in mitochondria are also found to be associated with the commencement of numerous neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). A large number of existing literatures promote the pivotal role of mitochondrial damage and oxidative impairment in the pathogenesis of AD. Numerous mitochondria associated processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis, fission, fusion, mitophagy, transportation and bioenergetics are crucial for proper functioning of mitochondria but are reported to be defective in AD patients. Though, the knowledge on the precise and in-depth mechanisms of these actions is still in infancy. Based upon the outcome of various significant studies, mitochondria are also being considered as therapeutic targets for AD. Here, we review the current status of mitochondrial defects in AD and also summarize the possible role of these defects in the pathogenesis of AD. The various approaches for developing the mitochondria-targeted therapies are also discussed here in detail. Consequently, it is suggested that improving mitochondrial activity via pharmacological and/or non-pharmacological interventions could postpone the onset and slow the development of AD. Further research and consequences of ongoing clinical trials should extend our understanding and help to validate conclusions regarding the causation of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Mani
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, UP 201307, India.
| | - Geeta Swargiary
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, UP 201307, India
| | - Manisha Singh
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, UP 201307, India
| | | | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
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Hu D, Liu Z, Qi X. Mitochondrial Quality Control Strategies: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Diseases? Front Neurosci 2021; 15:746873. [PMID: 34867159 PMCID: PMC8633545 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.746873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lines of evidence have indicated the therapeutic potential of rescuing mitochondrial integrity by targeting specific mitochondrial quality control pathways in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. In addition to ATP synthesis, mitochondria are critical regulators of ROS production, lipid metabolism, calcium buffering, and cell death. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy are the three main quality control mechanisms responsible for maintaining mitochondrial proteostasis and bioenergetics. The proper functioning of these complex processes is necessary to surveil and restore mitochondrial homeostasis and the healthy pool of mitochondria in cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs early and causally in disease pathogenesis. A significant accumulation of mitochondrial damage resulting from compromised quality control pathways leads to the development of neuropathology. Moreover, genetic or pharmaceutical manipulation targeting the mitochondrial quality control mechanisms can sufficiently rescue mitochondrial integrity and ameliorate disease progression. Thus, therapies that can improve mitochondrial quality control have great promise for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the field that underscores the essential role of impaired mitochondrial quality control pathways in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss the translational approaches targeting mitochondrial function, with a focus on the restoration of mitochondrial integrity, including mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and mitochondrial proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zunren Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Center for Mitochondrial Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Alavi MV. Tau phosphorylation and OPA1 proteolysis are unrelated events: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119116. [PMID: 34400172 PMCID: PMC8525314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease are plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Yet, Alzheimer's is a complex disease with many contributing factors, such as energy-metabolic changes, which have been documented in autopsy brains from individuals with Alzheimer's and animal disease models alike. One conceivable explanation is that the interplay of age-related extracellular and intracellular alterations pertaining to Alzheimer's, such as cerebrovascular changes, protein aggregates and inflammation, evoke a mitochondrial response. However, it is not clear if and how mitochondria can contribute to Alzheimer's pathophysiology. This study focuses on one particular aspect of this question by investigating the functional interaction between the microtubule-associated protein tau and the mitochondrial inner membrane fusion machinery, which shows alterations in Alzheimer's brains. OPA1 is an essential inner membrane-fusion protein regulated by the two membrane proteases OMA1 and YME1L1. Assessment of OPA1 proteolysis-usually found in dividing mitochondria-and posttranslational tau modifications in mouse and human neuroblastoma cells under different experimental conditions clarified the relationship between these two pathways: OPA1 hydrolysis and phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of tau may coincide, but are not causally related. OPA1 cleavage did not alter tau's phosphorylation pattern. Conversely, tau's phosphorylation state did not induce nor correlate with OPA1 proteolysis. These results irrefutably demonstrate that there is no direct functional interaction between posttranslational tau modifications and the regulation of the OMA1-OPA1 pathway, which implies a common root cause modulating both pathways in Alzheimer's.
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Dose-Dependent Response to the Environmental Pollutant Dichlorodipheniletylhene (DDE) in HepG2 Cells: Focus on Cell Viability and Mitochondrial Fusion/Fission Proteins. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110270. [PMID: 34822661 PMCID: PMC8619198 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), the primary persistent metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), has toxic effects on cells, but its dose-dependent impact on mitochondrial proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion and fission processes associated with cell viability impairment has not yet been analysed. Mitochondrial fusion and fission processes are critical to maintaining the mitochondrial network and allowing the cell to respond to external stressors such as environmental pollutants. Fusion processes are associated with optimizing mitochondrial function, whereas fission processes are associated with removing damaged mitochondria. We assessed the effects of different DDE doses, ranging between 0.5 and 100 µM, on cell viability and mitochondrial fusion/fission proteins in an in vitro hepatic cell model (human hepatocarcinomatous cells, HepG2); the DDE induced a decrease in cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and its effect was enhanced in conditions of coincubation with dietary fatty acids. Fusion protein markers exhibited an inverted U-shape dose-response curve, showing the highest content in the 2.5–25 μM DDE dose range. The fission protein marker was found to increase significantly, leading to an increased fission/fusion ratio with high DDE doses. The low DDE doses elicited cell adaption by stimulating mitochondrial dynamics machinery, whereas high DDE doses induced cell viability loss associated with mitochondrial dynamics to shift toward fission. Present results are helpful to clarify the mechanisms underlying the cell fate towards survival or death in response to increasing doses of environmental pollutants.
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APOE4 genotype exacerbates the depression-like behavior of mice during aging through ATP decline. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:507. [PMID: 34611141 PMCID: PMC8492798 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Population-based studies reveal that apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 gene allele is closely associated with late-life depression (LLD). However, its exact role and underlying mechanism remain obscure. The current study found that aged apoE4-targeted replacement (TR) mice displayed obvious depression-like behavior when compared with age-matched apoE3-TR mice. Furthermore, apoE4 increased stress-induced depression-like behaviors, accompanied by declines in the hippocampal 5-HT (1A) radioligand [18F] MPPF uptake evidenced by positron emission tomography (PET). In [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET ([18F]-FDG PET) analyses, the FDG uptake in the prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex and hippocampus of apoE4-TR mice significantly declined when compared with that of apoE3-TR mice after acute stress. Further biochemical analysis revealed that ATP levels in the prefrontal cortex of apoE4-TR mice decreased during aging or stress process and ATP supplementation effectively rescued the depression-like behaviors of elderly apoE4-TR mice. In primary cultured astrocytes from the cortex of apoE-TR mice, apoE4, when compared with apoE3, obviously decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial respiration, and glycolysis in a culture time-dependent manner. Our findings highlight that apoE4 is a potential risk factor of depression in elderly population by impairing the glucose metabolism, reducing ATP level, and damaging mitochondrial functions in astrocytes, which indicates that in clinical settings ATP supplementation may be effective for elderly depression patients with apoE4 carrier.
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Han J, Park H, Maharana C, Gwon AR, Park J, Baek SH, Bae HG, Cho Y, Kim HK, Sul JH, Lee J, Kim E, Kim J, Cho Y, Park S, Palomera LF, Arumugam TV, Mattson MP, Jo DG. Alzheimer's disease-causing presenilin-1 mutations have deleterious effects on mitochondrial function. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:8855-8873. [PMID: 34522215 PMCID: PMC8419044 DOI: 10.7150/thno.59776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are frequently observed in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have shown that presenilin-1 (PS1), the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase whose mutation is linked to familial AD (FAD), localizes to the mitochondrial membrane and regulates its homeostasis. Thus, we investigated how five PS1 mutations (A431E, E280A, H163R, M146V, and Δexon9) observed in FAD affect mitochondrial functions. Methods: We used H4 glioblastoma cell lines genetically engineered to inducibly express either the wild-type PS1 or one of the five PS1 mutants in order to examine mitochondrial morphology, dynamics, membrane potential, ATP production, mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs), oxidative stress, and bioenergetics. Furthermore, we used brains of PS1M146V knock-in mice, 3xTg-AD mice, and human AD patients in order to investigate the role of PS1 in regulating MAMs formation. Results: Each PS1 mutant exhibited slightly different mitochondrial dysfunction. Δexon9 mutant induced mitochondrial fragmentation while A431E, E280A, H163R, and M146V mutants increased MAMs formation. A431E, E280A, M146V, and Δexon9 mutants also induced mitochondrial ROS production. A431E mutant impaired both complex I and peroxidase activity while M146V mutant only impaired peroxidase activity. All PS1 mutants compromised mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular ATP levels were reduced by A431E, M146V, and Δexon9 mutants. Through comparative profiling of hippocampal gene expression in PS1M146V knock-in mice, we found that PS1M146V upregulates Atlastin 2 (ATL2) expression level, which increases ER-mitochondria contacts. Down-regulation of ATL2 after PS1 mutant induction rescued abnormally elevated ER-mitochondria interactions back to the normal level. Moreover, ATL2 expression levels were significantly elevated in the brains of 3xTg-AD mice and AD patients. Conclusions: Overall, our findings suggest that each of the five FAD-linked PS1 mutations has a deleterious effect on mitochondrial functions in a variety of ways. The adverse effects of PS1 mutations on mitochondria may contribute to MAMs formation and oxidative stress resulting in an accelerated age of disease onset in people harboring mutant PS1.
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