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Güzeldere HKB, Efendioğlu EH, Mutlu S, Esen HN, Karaca GN, Çağırdar B. The relationship between dietary habits and menstruation problems in women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:397. [PMID: 38997663 PMCID: PMC11241871 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-03235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition is important to the management and relief of the symptoms in menstrual disorders. This study aims to investigate the relationship between menstrual disorders and specific foods and nutrient intake in women. METHODS Five-hundred-nine menstruating women participated in the study. The questionnaire form was created by the researchers via Google Forms and distributed in online applications (WhatsApp, Instagram etc.). The questionnaire consists of 5 sections, including demographic data, declared anthropometric measurements (height (m or cm), weight (g or kg)), questions about eating habits, menstruation status, and 24-hour food consumption. Statistical analysis was made with SPSS 23; nutrient analysis of food consumption was made using BeBiS 9.0. RESULTS It was found that the body mass index (BMI) of healthy participants was higher than women with menstrual disorders. Women with menstrual disorders have lower intake of protein, vitamin K, vitamin B3, vitamin B5 and sodium compared with healthy women. All participants have a higher intake of vitamin B3, sodium, phosphorus, and manganese, and have a lower intake of other nutrients compared with the national adequate intake. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that women with menstrual disorders consume more high-sugar food/beverages and have inadequate nutrients intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Kübra Barcın Güzeldere
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Şehit Hakan Kurban Street, Kartal/Istanbul, 34682, Turkey.
- School of Health Science, Department of Environmental and Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Emine Hilal Efendioğlu
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Şehit Hakan Kurban Street, Kartal/Istanbul, 34682, Turkey
| | - Sümeyye Mutlu
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Şehit Hakan Kurban Street, Kartal/Istanbul, 34682, Turkey
| | - Havva Nur Esen
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Şehit Hakan Kurban Street, Kartal/Istanbul, 34682, Turkey
| | - Gamze Nur Karaca
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Şehit Hakan Kurban Street, Kartal/Istanbul, 34682, Turkey
| | - Beyzanur Çağırdar
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Şehit Hakan Kurban Street, Kartal/Istanbul, 34682, Turkey
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2
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Menotti A, Puddu PE, Geleijnse JM, Kafatos A, Tolonen H. Dietary atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes predicting cardiovascular mortality: 50-year follow-up of the Seven Countries Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024:S0939-4753(24)00178-9. [PMID: 38906772 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To study the relationships of an Atherogenicity Index (ATI) and a Thrombogenicity Index (THI), with 50-year mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), other heart diseases of uncertain etiology (HDUE) and cerebrovascular disease or stroke (STR), in 16 international cohorts of middle-aged men. METHODS AND RESULTS Foods from a dietary survey in subsamples of men in each cohort of the Seven Countries Study (SCS) were chemically analyzed for several types of fatty acids that were converted into ATI and THI identifying each of 16 cohorts. Ecological correlations of the ATI and THI were calculated with the three fatal CVD conditions and with all-cause mortality at 25 and 50 years. Correlation coefficients (Rs) were positive and highly significant between ATI and THI versus CHD mortality, with levels ranging from 0.79 to 0.97, depending on the duration of follow-up and the choice of 10 or of 16 cohorts. This was not the case for HDUE and STR mortality for which Rs were variable and not significant. A strong direct association was also found with all-causes deaths at 25 and 50-years. ATI and THI were also directly related with dietary saturated fat and cholesterol levels and inversely with the Mediterranean Adequacy Index (a score identifying the Mediterranean diet). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that CHD has a different relationship with dietary lipids intake than HDUE and STR. This suggests that HDUE and STR have different underlying pathways or are different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Emilio Puddu
- Association for Cardiac Research, Rome, Italy; EA 4650, Signalisation, Électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions d'ischémie Reperfusion Myocardique, Université de Normandie, Caen, France.
| | - Johanna M Geleijnse
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Anthony Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Hanna Tolonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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LeBlanc KE, Baer-Sinnott S, Lancaster KJ, Campos H, Lau KHK, Tucker KL, Kushi LH, Willett WC. Perspective: Beyond the Mediterranean Diet-Exploring Latin American, Asian, and African Heritage Diets as Cultural Models of Healthy Eating. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100221. [PMID: 38604411 PMCID: PMC11087705 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet is a well-studied cultural model of healthy eating, yet research on healthy models from other cultures and cuisines has been limited. This perspective article summarizes the components of traditional Latin American, Asian, and African heritage diets, their association with diet quality and markers of health, and implications for nutrition programs and policy. Though these diets differ in specific foods and flavors, we present a common thread that emphasizes healthful plant foods and that is consistent with high dietary quality and low rates of major causes of disability and deaths. In this perspective, we propose that nutrition interventions that incorporate these cultural models of healthy eating show promise, though further research is needed to determine health outcomes and best practices for implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristie J Lancaster
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hannia Campos
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Katherine L Tucker
- Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences and Center for Population Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Lawrence H Kushi
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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4
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Puddu PE, Piras P, Kafatos A, Adachi H, Tolonen H, Menotti A. Competing Risks of Coronary Heart Disease Mortality versus Other Causes of Death in 10 Cohorts of Middle-Aged Men of the Seven Countries Study Followed for 60 Years to Extinction. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:482. [PMID: 38132650 PMCID: PMC10743998 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10120482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether competing risks help explain why regions with initially high serum cholesterol have higher mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) and lower mortality from stroke and other major heart diseases, while the reverse is found for those with initially lower serum cholesterol. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten cohorts of men (N = 9063) initially aged 40-59 in six countries were examined and followed for fatal outcomes for 60 years. Major cardiovascular disease (CVD) groups were CHD, stroke, and other Heart Diseases of Uncertain Etiology (HDUE), or the combination of stroke and HDUE (STHD), along with all other causes of death. Fine-Gray competing risk analysis was applied with CHD versus all other causes of death or STHD (direct mode) and all other causes of death or STHD versus CHD (inverse mode), and the effects of 19 covariates (of which 3 references) on the cause-specific hazard of the outcomes were assessed, thus investigating potential etiologic roles. A systematic comparison with results obtained by running the Cox model in direct and inverse modes with the same end-point results was also performed and illustrated graphically. RESULTS CHD mortality is bound to different risk factor relationships when compared with all other causes of death and with STHD. The role of serum cholesterol is crucial since, in both comparisons, by Fine-Gray, its coefficients are positive and significant for CHD and negative and significant for all other causes of death and STHD. Risk factor capabilities in specific outcome types of the CVD domain (CHD versus STHD) are different depending on the outcome types considered. Risk factor coefficients are smaller in Fine-Gray modelling and larger in the Cox model. Fine-Gray detects different risk factors whose coefficients may have opposite algebraic signs. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report whereby a large group of risk factors are investigated in connection with life-long CVD outcomes by Fine-Gray competing risk analysis, and a systematic comparison is performed with results obtained by Cox models in both direct and inverse modes. Subtypes of CVD mortality should be summed with full awareness that some risk factors vary by pathology, and they should at least be disentangled into CHD and STHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Emilio Puddu
- Association for Cardiac Research, 00182 Rome, Italy;
- EA 4650, Signalisation, Électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions d’Ischémie Reperfusion Myocardique, Université de Normandie, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Paolo Piras
- Department of Structural Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anthony Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Hisashi Adachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Japan;
| | - Hanna Tolonen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland;
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Shafto K, Vandenburgh N, Wang Q, Breen J. Experiential Culinary, Nutrition and Food Systems Education Improves Knowledge and Confidence in Future Health Professionals. Nutrients 2023; 15:3994. [PMID: 37764777 PMCID: PMC10535872 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The food system plays a crucial role in the relationship between environmental, population and individual health. While leading healthcare and environmental organizations call for urgent action to address climate-planetary-human health crises, it is often challenging for healthcare organizations to respond at a systems level to these concerns. Additionally, there is little consensus and limited research exploring how future health professionals should be trained in order to work at both the individual and systems level to address or prevent the negative health impacts related to the current food system. The intervention of a 6-week, hands-on cooking and nutrition course for graduate health professional students which examines these intersections and equips students with clinically applicable skills was examined using matched pre- and post-course surveys and thematic analysis of reflective assignments. Results indicate improved knowledge and confidence in areas including understanding the food system, guiding patients through dietary change, working interprofessionally, and applying basic nutrition concepts to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Shafto
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, 701 Park Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Natalie Vandenburgh
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, and University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Chef Ann Foundation, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Jenny Breen
- Faculty in Culinary Nutrition, Bakken Center for Spirituality and Healing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Faculty, College of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Yin M, Chen M, Yanagisawa T, Matsuoka R, Xi Y, Tao N, Wang X. Physical properties, chemical composition, and nutritional evaluation of common salad dressings. Front Nutr 2022; 9:978648. [PMID: 36118765 PMCID: PMC9471001 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.978648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Salad dressings (SDs), a subcategory of flavored sauces with more than 20% fat content and less than 30% moisture content, is favored by consumers due to its delicacy. The physical properties, chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of common SDs on the Chinese market needs to be systematically investigated. This study compared the quality (physical properties, proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals) of six commercially available sweet SDs (SD1, SD2, SD3, SD4, SD5, and SD6) from the Chinese market. The results indicated that the water activity of six SDs was less than 0.60 (0.35–0.41), the moisture content was less than 65% (24.0–60.0%), and the crude fat content was between 23.25 and 64.15%. The essential amino acid index (EAAI) of SD3, SD1, SD2, and SD4 was greater than the FAO/WHO standard (EAAI = 75). Numerous fatty acids were detected, mainly linoleic and oleic acids; n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were ranged from 1,090 mg/100 g to 2,520 mg/100 g. In addition, SDs were rich in minerals such as Mg, Ca, and Fe and the atherogenic index and thrombogenic index were 0.03–0.09 and 0.77–0.91, respectively. In summary, this work helps to provide key nutritional information on the composition of common SDs. The availability of this data may help purchasers with different nutritional needs to make informed choices about the use of SD and encourage more moderate consumption of pre-packaged sauces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Yin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Mingyu Yin,
| | - Min Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Takuya Yanagisawa
- Food Science and Quality Evaluation Research Lab, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ryosuke Matsuoka
- Food Science and Quality Evaluation Research Lab, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinci Xi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningping Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xichang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xichang Wang,
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Impact of Highly Saturated versus Unsaturated Fat Intake on Carbohydrate Metabolism and Vascular Reactivity in Rat. Biochem Res Int 2022; 2022:8753356. [PMID: 36033104 PMCID: PMC9417764 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8753356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Palm olein (PO) and lard are considered harmful to health because of their highly saturated fatty acid content. On the contrary, olive oil (OO) with its high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids is considered healthier. This study aims to evaluate the effects of high consumption of these oils on carbohydrate metabolism and vascular function. Male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum for 12 weeks with different high fat diets (HFD) containing 30% of each oil. Systemic glycemia, insulinemia, and lipidemia were assessed by routine methods or by ELISA. GLUT4 muscular expression and hepatic and muscular Akt phosphorylation were analyzed by western blot. Vascular function was evaluated, ex vivo, on aortic rings and on the variations of isometric tensions. The results show that fasting blood glucose was increased with PO and OO diets and decreased with lard. Compared to control diet, this increase was significant only with PO diet. The area under the curve of IPGTT was increased in all HFD groups. Compared to control diet, this increase was significant only with PO. In contrast, stimulation of the pathway with insulin showed a significant decrease in Akt phosphorylation in all HFD compared to control diet. KCl and phenylephrine induced strong, dose-dependent vasoconstriction of rat aortas in all groups, but KCl EC50 values were increased with lard and OO diets. The inhibitory effect of tempol was absent in PO and lard and attenuated in OO. Vascular insulin sensitivity was decreased in all HFD groups. This decreased sensitivity of insulin was more important with PO and lard when compared to OO diet. In conclusion, the results of this study clearly show that high consumption of palm olein, olive oil, and lard can compromise glucose tolerance and thus insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, palm olein and lard have a more deleterious effect than olive oil on the contractile function of the aorta. Excessive consumption of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids is harmful to health, regardless of their vegetable or animal origin.
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Fujiwara A, Omura Y, Oono F, Sugimoto M, Sasaki S, Takimoto H. A Scoping Review of Epidemiological Studies on Intake of Sugars in Geographically Dispersed Asian Countries: Comparison of Dietary Assessment Methodology. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1947-1973. [PMID: 35641021 PMCID: PMC9526866 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous systematic reviews, which focused on sugar intake and its relation with health issues, were mainly conducted in Western countries, not Asian countries characterized by differences in dietary habits and disease prevalence. The scarcity of Asian studies may be attributed to the lack of assessment tools for estimating sugar intake. To provide an overview of the epidemiological studies on sugar intake in Asian countries, with a primary focus on dietary assessment methodology for estimating sugar intake, we conducted a scoping review of the epidemiological studies estimating sugar intake in Asian countries (the United Nations' definition) and Taiwan using PubMed and Web of Science. Study quality was evaluated based on its assessment of sugar intake in the whole diet, dietary assessment methods, and data sources used for estimating sugar content. We identified 143 studies from 136 publications from Eastern (n = 63), Southern (n = 30), South-Eastern (n = 26), and Western (n = 24) Asia. Total sugars were investigated in 95 studies, while 23-30 studies investigated sucrose, fructose, added sugars, and free sugars. The main aim of the selected studies was assessment of diet-disease relations (n = 85) and estimation of dietary intake (n = 40), and 62 studies assessed sugars as the primary exposure/outcome. A total of 120 studies assessed sugar intake in the whole diet, and 62 studies used validated FFQs or multiple-day dietary assessment methods. Only 41 studies used country-specific comprehensive food-composition databases or directly measured sugar content. Only 17 studies reported high-quality data. This review elucidated a sufficient number of epidemiological studies estimating sugar intake across Asian countries; however, most studies reported low-quality data. The results from our review showed that both feasible and validated dietary assessment methods, as well as comprehensive country-specific sugar-composition databases, are essential for producing high-quality studies with accurate sugar intake to examine its association with health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Fujiwara
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Omura
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Oono
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minami Sugimoto
- Institute for Future Initiatives, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sasaki
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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De Mauri A, Carrera D, Vidali M, Bagnati M, Rolla R, Riso S, Chiarinotti D, Torreggiani M. Does Mediterranean Adequacy Index Correlate with Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease? An Exploratory Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091687. [PMID: 35565655 PMCID: PMC9101145 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean Diet (MD) is a healthy dietary pattern, demonstrated to reduce the risk of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and early death. The Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI) is used to measure adherence to the MD in perspective studies in the general population and correlates with cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to calculate the MAI among patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and correlate it with traditional uremic, microbiota-derived, and proatherogenic toxins as well as nutritional status, quality of life, and cardiovascular events. A total of 60 adult patients with advanced CKD were enrolled and their MAI was calculated. According to the median value, patients were divided into lower (l-MAI, <1.80) and higher (h-MAI, ≥1.80) MAI groups. Biochemical parameters, microbiota-derived and proatherogenic toxins (p-Cresyl sulphate, Indoxyl-sulphate, and Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2), nutritional status, quality of life, and cardiovascular events that occurred in the previous three years were recorded. The mean value of the MAI was 2.78 ± 2.86. The MAI was significantly higher in foreigners (median (IQR) 6.38 (8.98) vs. 1.74 (1.67), p < 0.001) and diabetic patients. The l-MAI and h-MAI groups had similar routinary blood, p-Cresyl-sulphate, Indoxyl-sulphate, and Lp-PLA2 as well as nutritional status and quality of life parameters. The MAI was not associated with previous cardiovascular events and did not correlate with cardiovascular events in CKD patients. New and nephro-tailored indexes are warranted to evaluate nutritional therapy in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreana De Mauri
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Deborah Carrera
- Nutritional Science and Dietetic, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Matteo Vidali
- Clinical Chemistry Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Marco Bagnati
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberta Rolla
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.B.); (R.R.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sergio Riso
- Nutritional Science and Dietetic, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Doriana Chiarinotti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy;
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10
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Pressler M, Devinsky J, Duster M, Lee JH, Glick CS, Wiener S, Laze J, Friedman D, Roberts T, Devinsky O. Dietary Transitions and Health Outcomes in Four Populations - Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:748305. [PMID: 35252289 PMCID: PMC8892920 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.748305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and cancer were rare among non-western populations with traditional diets and lifestyles. As populations transitioned toward industrialized diets and lifestyles, NCDs developed. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic literature review to examine the effects of diet and lifestyle transitions on NCDs. EVIDENCE REVIEW We identified 22 populations that underwent a nutrition transition, eleven of which had sufficient data. Of these, we chose four populations with diverse geographies, diets and lifestyles who underwent a dietary and lifestyle transition and explored the relationship between dietary changes and health outcomes. We excluded populations with features overlapping with selected populations or with complicating factors such as inadequate data, subgroups, and different study methodologies over different periods. The selected populations were Yemenite Jews, Tokelauans, Tanushimaru Japanese, and Maasai. We also review transition data from seven excluded populations (Pima, Navajo, Aboriginal Australians, South African Natal Indians and Zulu speakers, Inuit, and Hadza) to assess for bias. FINDINGS The three groups that replaced saturated fats (SFA) from animal (Yemenite Jews, Maasai) or plants (Tokelau) with refined carbohydrates had negative health outcomes (e.g., increased obesity, diabetes, heart disease). Yemenites reduced SFA consumption by >40% post-transition but men's BMI increased 19% and diabetes increased ~40-fold. Tokelauans reduced fat, dramatically reduced SFA, and increased sugar intake: obesity and diabetes rose. The Tanushimaruans transitioned to more fats and less carbohydrates and used more anti-hypertensive medications; stroke and breast cancer declined while heart disease was stable. The Maasai transitioned to lower fat, SFA and higher carbohydrates and had increased BMI and diabetes. Similar patterns were observed in the seven other populations. CONCLUSION The nutrient category most strongly associated with negative health outcomes - especially obesity and diabetes - was sugar (increased 600-650% in Yemenite Jews and Tokelauans) and refined carbohydrates (among Maasai, total carbohydrates increased 39% in men and 362% in women), while increased calories was less strongly associated with these disorders. Across 11 populations, NCDs were associated with increased refined carbohydrates more than increased calories, reduced activity or other factors, but cannot be attributed to SFA or total fat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Pressler
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julie Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Miranda Duster
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joyce H. Lee
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Courtney S. Glick
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samson Wiener
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juliana Laze
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Friedman
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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11
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The role of a Mediterranean diet and physical activity in decreasing age-related inflammation through modulation of the gut microbiota composition. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1299-1314. [PMID: 34423757 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521003251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is known to be a predominant factor in the development of many age-related conditions including CVD, type II diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that during the ageing process there is an increase in inflammatory biomarkers, which may be partially brought about by detrimental changes in the gut microbiota. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and physical activity (PA) are protective against inflammation and chronic disease, and emerging evidence has shown that these effects may be partially mediated through favourable changes in the gut microbiota. In this review, we have evaluated the published literature on the effect of a MedDiet and PA on the gut microbiota. We also discuss the relationship between the gut microbiota and inflammation with a focus on healthy ageing. While inconsistent study designs make forming definitive conclusions challenging, the current evidence suggests that both a MedDiet and PA are capable of modifying the gut microbiota in a way that is beneficial to host health. For example, the increases in the relative abundance of SCFA producing bacteria that are considered to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Modification of the gut microbiota through a MedDiet and PA presents as a potential method to attenuate age-related increases in inflammation, and additional studies utilising older individuals are needed to fill the knowledge gaps existing in current literature.
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Whole-Grain Intake in the Mediterranean Diet and a Low Protein to Carbohydrates Ratio Can Help to Reduce Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease, Slow Down the Progression of Aging, and to Improve Lifespan: A Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082540. [PMID: 34444699 PMCID: PMC8401068 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase in the aging population is a phenomenon all over the world. Maintaining good functional ability, good mental health, and cognitive function in the absence of severe disease and physical disability define successful aging. A healthy lifestyle in middle age predisposes successful aging. Longevity is the result of a multifactorial phenomenon, which involves feeding. Diets that emphasize fruit and vegetables, whole grains rather than refined grains, low-fat dairy, lean meats, fish, legumes, and nuts are inversely associated with mortality or to a lower risk of becoming frail among elderly subjects. A regular physical activity and a regular intake of whole grain derivatives together with the optimization of the protein/carbohydrate ratio in the diet, where the ratio is significantly less than 1 such as in the Mediterranean diet and the Okinawan diet, reduces the risk of developing aging-related diseases and increases healthy life expectancy. The purpose of our review was to analyze cohort and case-control studies that investigated the effects of cereals in the diet, especially whole grains and derivatives as well as the effects of a diet with a low protein-carbohydrate ratio on the progression of aging, mortality, and lifespan.
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13
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Puddu PE, Menotti A. Simple versus complex carbohydrates and health: A frequently neglected problem. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1949-1952. [PMID: 33992508 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS For several decades, there has been a notion that dietary fat is made of different components (at least SAFA, MUFA, and PUFA) that exhibit different and sometimes contrasting effects when associated with health and diseases: coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in general. A similar fact is not noticed in carbohydrates and their components considering that even some major recent studies on the issue did not segregate simple carbohydrates from complex carbohydrates. In this study, we aimed to stress this need. DATA SYNTHESIS A small number of selected studies are presented and commented where segregation of simple from complex carbohydrates was either performed or disregarded to address the inconsistency of not disentangling them. CONCLUSIONS If only total fats were considered in investigations where fat was studied, the present notion and attitude toward different roles of the various classes of fats, at least SAFA versus unsaturated (MUFA and PUFA) would be missing. Therefore, there is a need to disentangle simple from complex carbohydrates, and this should be systematically applied when addressing CHD or CVD mortality risks and their preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Puddu
- Associazione per la Ricerca Cardiologica, 00198 Roma, Italy; EA 4650, Signalisation, électrophysiologie et imagerie des lésions d'ischémie reperfusion myocardique, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France.
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14
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Russo GL, Siani A, Fogliano V, Geleijnse JM, Giacco R, Giampaoli S, Iacoviello L, Kromhout D, Lionetti L, Naska A, Pellegrini N, Riccardi G, Sofi F, Vitale M, Strazzullo P. The Mediterranean diet from past to future: Key concepts from the second "Ancel Keys" International Seminar. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:717-732. [PMID: 33558092 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The year 2020 celebrated the tenth anniversary of the recognition of the Mediterranean Diet as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee. This event represented a milestone in the history of nutrition, as the Mediterranean diet was the first traditional food practice to receive such award. Since then, a lot has been discussed not only on the beneficial aspects of the Mediterranean diet, but also on its complex role as a lifestyle model that includes a set of skills, knowledge and intercultural dialogue. This process ended up with the recognition in 2019 of Mediterranean diet as a possibly universal model of healthy diet from the EAT-Lancet Commission. These concepts were widely debated at the 2019 "Ancel Keys" International Seminar, held in Ascea (Italy) (for more information see: www.mediterraneandietseminar.org) with the aim to stimulate interest and awareness of a young group of participants on the current problems inherent to the effective implementation of the Mediterranean diet. The present article collects the contributions of several lecturers at the Seminar on key issues such as methodological and experimental approach, sustainability, molecular aspects in disease prevention, future exploitation, without neglecting a historical view of the Seven Countries Study. From the Seminar conclusions emerged a still vibrant and modern role of Mediterranean diet. The years to come will see national and international efforts to reduce the barriers that limit adherence to Mediterranean diet in order to plan for multi-factorial and targeted interventions that would guide our populations to a sustainable healthy living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Siani
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Geleijnse
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalba Giacco
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Giampaoli
- Former director of the Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Licia Iacoviello
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Daan Kromhout
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Androniki Naska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Nicoletta Pellegrini
- Food Quality Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gabriele Riccardi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Sofi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marilena Vitale
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Strazzullo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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15
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Montani JP. Ancel Keys: The legacy of a giant in physiology, nutrition, and public health. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 2:e13196. [PMID: 33496369 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ancel Keys, whose life spanned over 100 years (1904-2004), made a wealth of seminal scientific and public health contributions. As a physiologist, nutritionist, and public health scientist, he has left his mark on the 20th century by exploring different areas of physiology and nutrition, as well as by contributing to the understanding of basic public health issues. Among his major achievements one can mention in chronological order: studying adaptation to very high altitude, developing the K ration to enable the US military to survive with light but dense food, dissecting the physiology of starvation and nutritional rehabilitation to optimize recovery of functions, uncovering the link between serum cholesterol and heart disease, coordinating the first multi-country epidemiological longitudinal study in nutrition and health, coining the word "body mass index" (BMI), which he showed to be the best body weight index to predict body fat, and promoting the Mediterranean diet for a healthy life style. This review examines the historical events and scientific intrigues that have surrounded Ancel Keys's major classical studies that have ensured him a central place in the history of medical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Montani
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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16
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Yamamoto M, Adachi H, Enomoto M, Fukami A, Nakamura S, Nohara Y, Sakaue A, Morikawa N, Hamamura H, Toyomasu K, Fukumoto Y. Lower albumin levels are associated with frailty measures, trace elements, and an inflammation marker in a cross-sectional study in Tanushimaru. Environ Health Prev Med 2021; 26:25. [PMID: 33607942 PMCID: PMC7893938 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-021-00946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is little data on the association between the lower nutrition represented by serum albumin levels and related factors in a general population. The present study aimed to determine whether the albumin level positioned as some kind of biomarker with frailty measures, trace elements, and an inflammation marker. Methods In 2018, we performed an epidemiological survey in 1368 subjects who resided in Tanushimaru, Japan, in which we examined the blood chemistry including albumin, trace elements, hormone levels, and carotid ultrasonography. Albumin levels were categorized into 4 groups (G1 [3.2–3.9 mg/dL], G2 [4.0–4.3 mg/dL], G3 [4.4–4.6 mg/dL], and G4 [4.7–5.3 mg/dL]). The participants underwent measurements of handgrip strength and were tested by asking to walk 5 m. Their cognitive functions were evaluated by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Results Multiple stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that albumin levels were significantly and independently associated with age (inversely), systolic blood pressures, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), MMSE score, frailty measures (handgrip strength), an inflammation marker (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), hormones (growth hormone (inversely) and insulin-like growth factor-1), and trace elements (calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc), with a linear trend. Conclusions Lower albumin levels, even in the normal range, were found to be related factors of frailty measures, trace elements, and an inflammation marker in a general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Yamamoto
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hisashi Adachi
- Department of Community Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Mika Enomoto
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ako Fukami
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Sachiko Nakamura
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yume Nohara
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Akiko Sakaue
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Nagisa Morikawa
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hamamura
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kenta Toyomasu
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Toyomasu K, Adachi H, Enomoto M, Fukami A, Nakamura S, Nohara Y, Morikawa N, Sakaue A, Hamamura H, Yamamoto M, Fukumoto Y. Impact of combined elevations of homocysteine and asymmetric dimethylarginine on all-cause death - The Tanushimaru Study. J Cardiol 2021; 78:129-135. [PMID: 33551145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both homocysteine (Hcy) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) induce endothelial dysfunction. However, the impact of both elevations on all-cause death is not known. We investigated the association between elevations of Hcy or ADMA and all-cause death in a general population. METHODS A total of 517 subjects (224 men, 293 women; mean age, 62.8 years) were recruited from a population-based survey in 1999 in Tanushimaru, and we measured fasting plasma Hcy and ADMA levels. We followed them up for over 20 years and examined the effect on mortality using Cox proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS The mean follow-up years were 17.7 (1.8-20.8). In this period, 182 subjects have died (35.2%). The correlation between Hcy and ADMA was high (r=0.194; p<0.001). With Cox regression analysis after adjustments for age and sex, elevated log transformed Hcy levels were significantly associated with all-cause death (p=0.028). When Hcy and ADMA levels were divided into quintiles, the hierarchical model showed the synergistic effect of Hcy and ADMA on all-cause death. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that we have measured Hcy and ADMA levels simultaneously in this community-dwelling Japanese, and we demonstrated that combined elevations of Hcy and ADMA had big impact on all-cause death in this epidemiological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Toyomasu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hisashi Adachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Department of Community Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Mika Enomoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ako Fukami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Sachiko Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yume Nohara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Nagisa Morikawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Akiko Sakaue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hamamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Maki Yamamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Several countries have issued dietary recommendations about total and specific fatty acid (FA) intake for the prevention of CHD. For many years until today, controversies have existed especially about the deleterious effect or not of SFA, and the protective effect or not of n-3 PUFA, so that some authors have criticised these recommendations. There are many reasons for these controversies, including the different conclusions of prospective cohort studies compared with randomised clinical trials (RCT), and the contradictory conclusions of meta-analyses depending on the quality, number and type of studies included. The interrelationships between different FA in the diet make it difficult to analyse the specific effect of a particular class of FA on CHD. Furthermore, based on clinical practice and effectiveness of population-based prevention, it is very difficult at the individual level to assess in personal dietary intake the actual percentage and/or amount of SFA contained in each meal or consumed daily/weekly. In this critical narrative review, we try to answer the question of whether it would not be more relevant, in 2020, to promote dietary patterns, rather than FA intake recommendations. We critically analyse past and recent data on the association of FA with CHD, then propose that the Mediterranean diet and Japanese diet should be revitalised for Westerners and Asian populations, respectively. This does not exclude the usefulness of continuing research about effects of FA towards CHD, and accepting that what seems true today might be revised, at least partially tomorrow.
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19
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McCauley C, Anang V, Cole B, Simmons GE. Potential Links between YB-1 and Fatty Acid Synthesis in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 8. [PMID: 33778158 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v8i10.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
According to the National Institutes of Health, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), making up approximately 75% of total renal carcinoma cases. Clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma is characterized by a significant accumulation of lipids in the cytoplasm, which allows light from microscopes to pass through giving them a "clear" phenotype. Many of these lipids are in the form of fatty acids, both free and incorporated into lipid droplets. RCC is typically associated with a poor prognosis due to the lack of specific symptoms. Some symptoms include blood in urine, fever, lump on the side, weight loss, fatigue, to name a few; all of which can be associated with non-specific, non-cancerous, health conditions that contribute to difficult diagnosis. Treatment of RCC has typically been centered around radical nephrectomy as the standard of care, but due to the potentially small size of lesions and the possibility of causing surgically induced chronic kidney disease, treatments have shifted to more cautious, less invasive approaches. These approaches include active surveillance, nephron-sparing surgery, and other minimally invasive techniques like cryotherapy and renal ablation. Although these techniques have had the desired effect of reducing the number of surgeries, there is still considerable potential for renal impairment and the chance that tumors can grow out of control without surgery. With the difficulty that surrounds the treatment of ccRCC and its considerably high mortality rate amongst urological cancers, it is important to look for novel approaches to improve patient outcomes. This review looks at available literature and our data that suggests the lipogenic enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase may be more beneficial to patient survival than once thought. As our understanding of the importance of lipids in cell metabolism and longevity matures, it is important to present new perspectives that present a new understanding of ccRCC and the role of lipids in survival mechanisms engaged by transformed cells during cancer progression. In this review, we provide evidence that pharmacological inhibition of lipid desaturation in renal cancer patients is not without risk, and that the presence of unsaturated fatty acids may be a beneficial factor in patient outcomes. Although more direct experimental evidence is needed to make definitive conclusions, it is clear that the work reviewed herein should challenge our current understanding of cancer biology and may inform novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter McCauley
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, MN 55812, USA
| | - Vasthy Anang
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute PREP Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, MN 55812, USA
| | - Breanna Cole
- Department of Biology, The College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN, 55811, USA
| | - Glenn E Simmons
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, MN 55812, USA.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute PREP Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, MN 55812, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, MN 55812, USA.,Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention program, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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20
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Menotti A, Puddu PE, Adachi H, Tolonen H, Kafatos A. Association of serum cholesterol with coronary heart disease mortality during 50-year follow-up in ten cohorts of the seven countries study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:1337-1346. [PMID: 32507339 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The association of serum cholesterol levels with the occurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality during a follow-up of 50 years was rarely investigated previously. Thus, we took advantage of results at hand in 10 pooled cohorts of men aged 40-59 years from the Seven Countries Study (9063 individuals and 2057 CHD fatal events) and we assessed this. METHODS AND RESULTS Cox proportional hazards models were run with CHD fatal events (as dependent variable) and cholesterol levels (as independent variables) at years 0, 10, and 25 (in 5 cohorts). Cumulative events during subsequent decades (cumulative approach: CA) and separately in each subsequent decade (partitioned approach: PA) were analyzed. The ecological correlation of average baseline serum cholesterol levels with CHD mortality was very high (R = 0.97). Serum cholesterol and CHD mortality for 50 years were associated at the individual level, and the association estimated by the Cox's coefficients (and related hazards ratios) was initially strong in both CA and PA, but slightly declined during later decades. Hazards ratios (for a difference of 40 mg/dl) ranged from 1.39 to 1.20 for CA and from 1.39 to 0.80 for PA. Coefficients were larger for CA than for PA and the decline was more evident for the latter. Partitioned coefficient became negative and significant in the last decade (from year 40-50). Coefficients derived from cholesterol levels measured at year 10 of follow-up showed similar trends but their magnitude was smaller. CONCLUSION Thus, the relationship of serum cholesterol levels with CHD mortality remained relatively stable during at least 40 years after a single cholesterol measurement at baseline in middle-aged men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo E Puddu
- Association for Cardiac Research, Rome, Italy; EA 4650, Signalisation, électrophysiologie et imagerie des lésions d'ischémie reperfusion myocardique, Université de Normandie, Caen, Normandie, France.
| | - Hisashi Adachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University, School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hanna Tolonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anthony Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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21
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Lampropoulos CE, Konsta M, Dradaki V, Roumpou A, Dri I, Papaioannou I. Effects of Mediterranean diet on hospital length of stay, medical expenses, and mortality in elderly, hospitalized patients: A 2-year observational study. Nutrition 2020; 79-80:110868. [PMID: 32717580 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has been related to reduced overall mortality and improved disease outcome. The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of the MedDiet on hospital length of stay (LOS), financial cost, and mortality (from hospitalization up to 24 mo afterward) in hospitalized patients >65 y of age. METHODS Participating in this observational study were 183 patients >65 y of age, who were urgently admitted for any cause to the Internal Medicine Department of Argolidos General Hospital. Hospital LOS and its financial cost, mortality (during hospitalization, 6 and 24 mo after discharge), physical activity, and medical and anthropometric data were recorded and correlated with the level of adherence to the MedDiet (MedDiet score). RESULTS In multivariate analyses, hospital LOS decreased by 0.3 d for each unit increase of MedDiet score (P < 0.0001), 2.1 d for each 1 g/dL increase of albumin (P = 0.001) and increased 0.1 d for each day of previous admissions (P < 0.0001). Extended hospitalization (P < 0.0001) and its interaction with MedDiet score (P = 0.01) remained the significantly associated variables for financial cost. Mortality risk increased 3% per each year increase of age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.03; P = 0.02) and 6% for each previous admission (HR, 1.06; P = 0.04); whereas it decreased 13% per each unit increase of MedDiet score (HR, 0.87; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Adoption of the MedDiet decreases duration of admission and long-term mortality in hospitalized patients >65 y of age, with parallel reduction of relevant financial costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Konsta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Argolidos General Hospital, Argos, Greece
| | - Vicky Dradaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Argolidos General Hospital, Argos, Greece
| | - Afroditi Roumpou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Argolidos General Hospital, Argos, Greece
| | - Irini Dri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Argolidos General Hospital, Argos, Greece
| | - Ioanna Papaioannou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Argolidos General Hospital, Argos, Greece
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22
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Sánchez-Sánchez ML, García-Vigara A, Hidalgo-Mora JJ, García-Pérez MÁ, Tarín J, Cano A. Mediterranean diet and health: A systematic review of epidemiological studies and intervention trials. Maturitas 2020; 136:25-37. [PMID: 32386663 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diet is a crucial variable for a healthy life. A rapidly growing number of studies in recent years support the hypothesis that the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has a beneficial effect on certain body systems, but the highly varied objectives and quality of these publications warrants an updated assessment. In the present review we performed a comprehensive evaluation of current evidence on the impact of the MedDiet on human health, assessing its effect on the incidence or progression of the main non-communicable diseases and their intermediate outcomes and risk factors. We scrutinised the clinical evidence from observational studies and randomised controlled trials. Cardiovascular disease was the condition with most information. The MedDiet showed a general preventive effect, which was reproduced to varying degrees for certain intermediate cardiovascular outcomes such as blood pressure, lipids, obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Benefits were also found for several types of cancer, brain function (including cognition, mood and to a lesser extent Parkinson's disease) and mortality. The quality of the published evidence was, however, generally moderate or low. In conclusion, the MedDiet shows a favourable impact on health. General adoption of a MedDiet is concordant with current policies promoting healthy and sustainable nutrition worldwide. Nonetheless, more high-quality research is needed to improve the consistency of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia García-Vigara
- Service of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínico Universitario - INCLIVA, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan José Hidalgo-Mora
- Service of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínico Universitario - INCLIVA, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Miguel-Ángel García-Pérez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, and INCLIVA, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan Tarín
- Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Cano
- Service of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínico Universitario - INCLIVA, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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23
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Menotti A, Puddu PE. How the Seven Countries Study contributed to the launch and development of cardiovascular epidemiology in Italy. A historical perspective. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:368-383. [PMID: 31848054 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Italian research group of the Seven Countries Study of Cardiovascular Diseases (SCS), through the independent use of the national cohorts and data, had the lucky opportunity, starting in the early 1960, to launch the Italian research in epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this way, the Italian Section of that international study became the first investigation with baseline measurements in various cohorts, subsequent re-examinations, systematic search for morbid events, and follow-up for mortality up to 50 years. A large number of scientific aspects has been tackled including estimates of morbidity and mortality rates, the association of risk factors with cardiovascular events and total mortality, the role of risk factor changes, the use of multivariable models, the role of lifestyle behavior, the determinants of all-cause mortality including risk factors rarely measured in other studies, the identification of characteristics of a condition called Heart Disease of Uncertain Etiology (HDUE), the production of predictive tools for practical use and several other issues. All this has been enhanced by the availability of extremely long follow-up data rarely found in other studies. Field work organization, measurement techniques, diagnostic criteria, data handling and computing had the limitations and difficulties typical of those times, the mid of last century, when CVD epidemiology was at its beginning. All this represented anyhow the start of CVD epidemiology research in the country and was the stimulus to the start of other studies and a valuable collaboration with some of them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo E Puddu
- Association for Cardiac Research, 00198, Rome, Italy; EA 4650, Signalisation, électrophysiologie et imagerie des lésions d'ischémie reperfusion myocardique, UNICAEN, 14000, Caen, France; Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrological, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Puddu PE, Shivappa N, Menotti A, Hébert JR, Tolonen H, Kafatos A, Adachi H. Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index scores predict long-term cardiovascular disease mortality and other causes of death in an ecological analysis of the Seven Countries Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 28:1342-1350. [PMID: 33611375 DOI: 10.1177/2047487320903866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Using data from the Seven Countries Study of Cardiovascular Diseases, the first study to conduct international comparisons of men in different European, USA, and Japanese cohorts, we examined the effect of diet-associated inflammation on prediction of coronary heart disease-, other major cardiovascular disease- and all-cause mortality after 50-years of follow-up. The energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index was used to quantify the effect of diet on systemic inflammation. Positive linear correlations were observed between the cohort-average energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index score and both overall death rates (R = 0.61, p = 0.0114) and major cardiovascular disease mortality rates (R = 0.51, p = 0.0337) but not cancer. Correlations for all-cause mortality were higher when the Belgrade outlier cohort was omitted (R = 0.72, p = 0.0024) or when analyses were adjusted for socioeconomic status (R = 0.67, p = 0.0065). There was also a significant reverse correlation between energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index score and age at death (R = –0.50 to –0.68, p = 0.0480 to 0.0012). Adjusting for systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, and smoking habits did not modify these correlations that were still significant. With control for these covariates a significant correlation emerged for coronary heart disease. Results obtained using a 25-year follow-up to allow unprojected data from all cohorts were similar. Results from this long-term follow-up study are consistent with a recommendation to increase consuming an anti-inflammatory diet characterized by high concentrations of fruits and vegetables and low consumption of simple carbohydrates and fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Puddu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrological, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
- Signalisation, Électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions d’Ischémie Reperfusion Myocardique, UNICAEN, France
- Association for Cardiac Research, Italy
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, USA
| | | | - James R Hébert
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Hanna Tolonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | | | - Hisashi Adachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University, Japan
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Capurso C, Bellanti F, Lo Buglio A, Vendemiale G. The Mediterranean Diet Slows Down the Progression of Aging and Helps to Prevent the Onset of Frailty: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010035. [PMID: 31877702 PMCID: PMC7019245 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging population is rapidly increasing all over the world. This results in significant implications for the planning and provision of health and social care. Aging is physiologically characterized by a decrease in lean mass, bone mineral density and, to a lesser extent, fat mass. The onset of sarcopenia leads to weakness and a further decrease in physical activity. An insufficient protein intake, which we often observe in patients of advanced age, certainly accelerates the progression of sarcopenia. In addition, many other factors (e.g., insulin resistance, impaired protein digestion and absorption of amino acids) reduce the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in the elderly, even if the protein intake is adequate. Inadequate intake of foods can also cause micronutrient deficiencies that contribute to the development of frailty. We know that a healthy eating style in middle age predisposes to so-called "healthy and successful" aging, which is the condition of the absence of serious chronic diseases or of an important decline in cognitive or physical functions, or mental health. The Mediterranean diet is recognized to be a "healthy food" dietary pattern; high adherence to this dietary pattern is associated with a lower incidence of chronic diseases and lower physical impairment in old age. The aim of our review was to analyze observational studies (cohort and case-control studies) that investigated the effects of following a healthy diet, and especially the effect of adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD), on the progression of aging and on onset of frailty.
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Association between Plasma N-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Levels and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in a Community-based Cohort Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19298. [PMID: 31848413 PMCID: PMC6917802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies support that saturated fatty acid replacement with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and put emphasis on the effects of N-3 PUFAs. The reported relationships between N-6 PUFAs and CVD risks vary. We aimed to examine the associations between N-6 PUFA concentrations and CVD risks. In this community-based prospective cohort study on CVD-free patients at baseline (N = 1835, age: 60.6 ± 10.5 years, women: 44.5%), we measured the fatty acid concentrations in the blood using gas chromatography. Four hundred twenty-four participants developed CVDs during follow up. The total N-6 PUFA concentration was inversely associated with the CVD risk, with a 48% lower risk in the highest N-6 PUFA concentration quartile (hazard ratio = 0.52; P for trend <0.001). The estimated population attributable risk of N-6 PUFAs indicated that approximately 20.7% of CVD events would have been prevented if the plasma N-6 PUFA concentration had been higher than the median value. The total N-6 PUFA concentration presented the highest net reclassification improvement (NRI = 7.2%, P = 0.03) for predicting incident CVD. Further studies on N-6 PUFAs, diet habits, and their relationships with healthcare are warranted.
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Puddu PE. Are healthy workers made equal to the general young to middle-aged population in Spain, a southern European country? Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 28:174-176. [PMID: 33611452 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319887472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Puddu
- Equipe d'Accueil 4650: Signalisation, électrophysiologie et imagerie des lésions d'ischémie reperfusion myocardique, Université de Caen, France.,Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrological, Anesthesiological and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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Menotti A, Puddu PE, Kromhout D, Kafatos A, Tolonen H. Coronary heart disease mortality trends during 50 years as explained by risk factor changes: The European cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 27:988-998. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487318821250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to relate risk factor changes during decades with 50-year coronary heart disease mortality in European cohorts of middle-aged men of the Seven Countries Study. Material and methods In the 1950s–early 1960s, nine cohorts of 6518 men aged 40–59 years were examined in five European countries. Smoking habits, systolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol were measured at entry and five times during the next 35 years and a comprehensive Risk Factor Change Score was created. Coronary heart disease mortality data was collected during a 50-year follow-up, modelled by the Weibull distribution, whose shape (Weibull shape) was related to the Risk Factor Change Score by linear regression. Results The Risk Factor Change Score showed slight declines in the Finnish and Dutch cohorts, moderate or large increases in the other cohorts. These effects were related to a decrease of smoking habits in all cohorts, an increase of blood pressure in all cohorts except East Finland, a decrease of serum cholesterol in Finland and the Netherlands, whereas serum cholesterol increases were slight in Italy and large in Serbia and Greece. Weibull distribution shape for coronary heart disease mortality showed slight deceleration in one Finnish and the Dutch cohorts, large acceleration in the Serbian and Greek cohorts. The correlation coefficient of the Risk Factor Change Score versus Weibull shape for the nine cohorts was 0.78 ( R2 = 0.60; p = 0.0132). Conclusions Spontaneous long-term changes of major coronary risk factor levels were associated with changes in the same direction of coronary heart disease mortality risk modelled by the Weibull distribution, expressing a kind of ‘natural experiment’ with an outcome that matches those of controlled preventive trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo E Puddu
- Signalisation, électrophysiologie et imagerie des lésions d’ischémie reperfusion myocardique, Université de Caen, France
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrological, Anesthesiological and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Daan Kromhout
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hanna Tolonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
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Menotti A, Puddu PE. Comparison Of Four Dietary Scores As Determinants Of Coronary Heart Disease Mortality. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15001. [PMID: 30301921 PMCID: PMC6177415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed at comparing 2 a-priori -Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI), the Median Score (MED) - versus 2 a-posteriori, -Factor Analysis (FA2) and Principal Components analysis (PC2)- dietary scores in 1214 CHD-free men aged 45-64 belonging to the Italian Rural Areas of the Seven Countries Study examined in 1965 and followed-up for mortality during 40 years. CHD death was the end-point. Collection of dietary history allowed to define 17 main food groups expressed in gr/day and to compare dietary scores, each divided into 3 classes. Kaplan-Meier curves showed higher survival for classes 2 and 3 (healthy) versus class 1 (unhealthy), but the log-rank test was not significant for the 2 a-priori scores. Cox proportional hazards models showed similar significant findings comparing class 3 with class 1 in the a-posteriori scores FA2 and PC2, with hazards ratios of 0.48 and 0.43, that became 0.65 and 0.53 respectively after adjusting for six specific risk factors for CHD (age, cigarette smoking, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, body mass index and physical activity). Food intake of class 3 in all 4 scores matched rather well the characteristics of the Mediterranean Diet. The poor performance of a-priori dietary scores was partly explained by the unexpected and direct relationship of fruit intake with CHD deaths. The superiority of a-posteriori dietary patterns could be in turn due to the specificity of the study population. External validations and comparisons of a-priori versus a-posteriori dietary patterns in larger cohorts, using the same 17 food groups explored here, are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Emilio Puddu
- EA 4650, Signalisation, électrophysiologie et imagerie des lésions d'ischémie reperfusion myocardique, Université de Caen, Normandie, France.
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrological, Anesthesiological and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Sivakumar G, Uccella NA, Gentile L. Probing Downstream Olive Biophenol Secoiridoids. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102892. [PMID: 30249049 PMCID: PMC6212805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous bioactive biophenol secoiridoids (BPsecos) are found in the fruit, leaves, and oil of olives. These BPsecos play important roles in both the taste of food and human health. The main BPseco bioactive from green olive fruits, leaves, and table olives is oleuropein, while olive oil is rich in oleuropein downstream pathway molecules. The aim of this study was to probe olive BPseco downstream molecular pathways that are alike in biological and olive processing systems at different pHs and reaction times. The downstream molecular pathway were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MS) and typed neglected of different overlap (TNDO) computational methods. Our study showed oleuropein highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and HOMO-1 triggered the free radical processes, while HOMO-2 and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) were polar reactions of glucoside and ester groups. Olive BPsecos were found to be stable under acid and base catalylic experiments. Oleuropein aglycone opened to diales and rearranged to hydroxytyrosil-elenolate under strong reaction conditions. The results suggest that competition among olive BPseco HOMOs could induce glucoside hydrolysis during olive milling due to native olive β-glucosidases. The underlined olive BPsecos downstream molecular mechanism herein could provide new insights into the olive milling process to improve BPseco bioactives in olive oil and table olives, which would enhance both the functional food and the nutraceuticals that are produced from olives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganapathy Sivakumar
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Nicola A Uccella
- IRESMO Foundation Group, via Petrozza 16A, 87040 Montalto Uffugo, Italy.
- Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering (DIMEG), University of Calabria, P. Bucci 42C, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Luigi Gentile
- Chemistry and Chemical Technology Department, University of Calabria, P. Bucci 12C, 87036 Rende, Italy.
- Molecular Ecology, Microbial Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics (MEMEG) unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden.
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Ecological diet and heart disease studies—a challenge for policy makers. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:929-930. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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