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Tong Jia Ming S, Tan Yi Jun K, Carissimo G. Pathogenicity and virulence of O'nyong-nyong virus: A less studied Togaviridae with pandemic potential. Virulence 2024; 15:2355201. [PMID: 38797948 PMCID: PMC11135837 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2355201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) is a neglected mosquito-borne alphavirus belonging to the Togaviridae family. ONNV is known to be responsible for sporadic outbreaks of acute febrile disease and polyarthralgia in Africa. As climate change increases the geographical range of known and potential new vectors, recent data indicate a possibility for ONNV to spread outside of the African continent and grow into a greater public health concern. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on ONNV epidemiology, host-pathogen interactions, vector-virus responses, and insights into possible avenues to control risk of further epidemics. In this review, the limited ONNV literature is compared and correlated to other findings on mainly Old World alphaviruses. We highlight and discuss studies that investigate viral and host factors that determine viral-vector specificity, along with important mechanisms that determine severity and disease outcome of ONNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tong Jia Ming
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katrina Tan Yi Jun
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Carissimo
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Geng T, Yang D, Lin T, Harrison AG, Wang B, Cao Z, Torrance B, Fan Z, Wang K, Wang Y, Yang L, Haynes L, Cheng G, Vella AT, Flavell RA, Pereira JP, Fikrig E, Wang P. UBXN3B is crucial for B lymphopoiesis. EBioMedicine 2024; 106:105248. [PMID: 39018756 PMCID: PMC11287013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domain-containing proteins (UBXNs) are putative adaptors for ubiquitin ligases and valosin-containing protein; however, their in vivo physiological functions remain poorly characterised. We recently showed that UBXN3B is essential for activating innate immunity to DNA viruses and controlling DNA/RNA virus infection. Herein, we investigate its role in adaptive immunity. METHODS We evaluated the antibody responses to multiple viruses and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza in tamoxifen-inducible global and constitutive B cell-specific Ubxn3b knockout mice; quantified various immune populations, B lineage progenitors/precursors, B cell receptor (BCR) signalling and apoptosis by flow cytometry, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. We also performed bone marrow transfer, single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing. FINDINGS Both global and B cell-specific Ubxn3b knockout mice present a marked reduction in small precursor B-II (>60%), immature (>70%) and mature B (>95%) cell numbers. Transfer of wildtype bone marrow to irradiated global Ubxn3b knockouts restores normal B lymphopoiesis, while reverse transplantation does not. The mature B population shrinks rapidly with apoptosis and higher pro and activated caspase-3 protein levels were observed following induction of Ubxn3b knockout. Mechanistically, Ubxn3b deficiency leads to impaired pre-BCR signalling and cell cycle arrest. Ubxn3b knockout mice are highly vulnerable to respiratory viruses, with increased viral loads and prolonged immunopathology in the lung, and reduced production of virus-specific IgM/IgG. INTERPRETATION UBXN3B is essential for B lymphopoiesis by maintaining constitutive pre-BCR signalling and cell survival in a cell-intrinsic manner. FUNDING United States National Institutes of Health grants, R01AI132526 and R21AI155820.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Geng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Duomeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Andrew G Harrison
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Binsheng Wang
- Center on Aging and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Ziming Cao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Blake Torrance
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Kepeng Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Long Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Laura Haynes
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Joao P Pereira
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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3
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Wang P, Harrison A, Yang D, Cahoon J, Geng T, Cao Z, Karginov T, Chiari C, Li X, Qyang Y, Vella A, Fan Z, Vanaja SK, Rathinam V, Witczak C, Bogan J. UBXN9 governs GLUT4-mediated spatial confinement of RIG-I-like receptors and signaling. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3373803. [PMID: 38883790 PMCID: PMC11177981 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3373803/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) recognize viral RNA and initiate innate antiviral immunity. RLR signaling also triggers glycolytic reprogramming through glucose transporters (GLUTs), whose role in antiviral immunity is elusive. Here, we unveil that insulin-responsive GLUT4 inhibits RLR signaling independently of glucose uptake in adipose and muscle tissues. At steady state, GLUT4 is docked at the Golgi matrix by ubiquitin regulatory X domain 9 (UBXN9, TUG). Following RNA virus infection, GLUT4 is released and translocated to the cell surface where it spatially segregates a significant pool of cytosolic RLRs, preventing them from activating IFN-β responses. UBXN9 deletion prompts constitutive GLUT4 trafficking, sequestration of RLRs, and attenuation of antiviral immunity, whereas GLUT4 deletion heightens RLR signaling. Notably, reduced GLUT4 expression is uniquely associated with human inflammatory myopathies characterized by hyperactive interferon responses. Overall, our results demonstrate a noncanonical UBXN9-GLUT4 axis that controls antiviral immunity via plasma membrane tethering of cytosolic RLRs.
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Truong T, Martin K, Salemi M, Ray A, Phinney BS, Penn BH. The balance between antiviral and antibacterial responses during M. tuberculosis infection is regulated by the ubiquitin ligase CBL. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.15.594178. [PMID: 38798543 PMCID: PMC11118416 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.15.594178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
As a first line of host defense, macrophages must be able to effectively sense and respond to diverse types of pathogens, and while a particular type of immune response may be beneficial in some circumstances, it can be detrimental in others. Upon infecting a macrophage, M. tuberculosis (Mtb) induces proinflammatory cytokines that activate antibacterial responses. Surprisingly, Mtb also triggers antiviral responses that actually hinder the ability of macrophages to control Mtb infection. The ubiquitin ligase CBL suppresses these antiviral responses and shifts macrophages toward a more antibacterial state during Mtb infection, however, the mechanisms by which CBL regulates immune signaling are unknown. We found that CBL controls responses to multiple stimuli and broadly suppresses the expression of antiviral effector genes. We then used mass-spectrometry to investigate potential CBL substrates and identified over 46,000 ubiquitylated peptides in Mtb-infected macrophages, as well as roughly 400 peptides with CBL-dependent ubiquitylation. We then performed genetic interaction analysis of CBL and its putative substrates, and identified the Fas associated factor 2 (FAF2) adapter protein as a key signaling molecule protein downstream of CBL. Together, these analyses identify thousands of new ubiquitin-mediated signaling events during the innate immune response and reveal an important new regulatory hub in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Truong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Abigail Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Microbiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bennett H. Penn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Yang D, Geng T, Harrison AG, Cahoon JG, Xing J, Jiao B, Wang M, Cheng C, Hill RE, Wang H, Vella AT, Cheng G, Wang Y, Wang P. UBR5 promotes antiviral immunity by disengaging the transcriptional brake on RIG-I like receptors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:780. [PMID: 38278841 PMCID: PMC10817939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Retinoic acid-Inducible Gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) are the major viral RNA sensors essential for the initiation of antiviral immune responses. RLRs are subjected to stringent transcriptional and posttranslational regulations, of which ubiquitination is one of the most important. However, the role of ubiquitination in RLR transcription is unknown. Here, we screen 375 definite ubiquitin ligase knockout cell lines and identify Ubiquitin Protein Ligase E3 Component N-Recognin 5 (UBR5) as a positive regulator of RLR transcription. UBR5 deficiency reduces antiviral immune responses to RNA viruses, while increases viral replication in primary cells and mice. Ubr5 knockout mice are more susceptible to lethal RNA virus infection than wild type littermates. Mechanistically, UBR5 mediates the Lysine 63-linked ubiquitination of Tripartite Motif Protein 28 (TRIM28), an epigenetic repressor of RLRs. This modification prevents intramolecular SUMOylation of TRIM28, thus disengages the TRIM28-imposed brake on RLR transcription. In sum, UBR5 enables rapid upregulation of RLR expression to boost antiviral immune responses by ubiquitinating and de-SUMOylating TRIM28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duomeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Tingting Geng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Andrew G Harrison
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jason G Cahoon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jian Xing
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Baihai Jiao
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Mark Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert E Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4, 2XU, UK
| | - Huadong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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Zhang L, Jiao K, Liu Y, Xu G, Yang Z, Xiang L, Chen Z, Xu C, Zuo Y, Wu Z, Zheng N, Zhang X, Xia Q, Liu Y. UBXN9 inhibits the RNA exosome function to promote T cell control of liver tumorigenesis. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00672. [PMID: 38051955 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver tumorigenesis encompasses oncogenic activation and self-adaptation of various biological processes in premalignant hepatocytes to circumvent the pressure of cellular stress and host immune control. Ubiquitin regulatory X domain-containing proteins (UBXNs) participate in the regulation of certain signaling pathways. However, whether UBXN proteins function in the development of liver cancer remains unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we demonstrated that UBXN9 (Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma Chromosomal Region Candidate Gene 1 Protein/Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma Locus) expression was decreased in autochthonous oncogene-induced mouse liver tumors and ~47.7% of human HCCs, and associated with poor prognosis in patients with HCC. UBXN9 attenuated liver tumorigenesis induced by different oncogenic factors and tumor growth of transplanted liver tumor cells in immuno-competent mice. Mechanistically, UBXN9 significantly inhibited the function of the RNA exosome, resulting in increased expression of RLR-stimulatory RNAs and activation of the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-IFN-Ι signaling in tumor cells, and hence potentiated T cell recruitment and immune control of tumor growth. Abrogation of the CD8 + T cell response or inhibition of tumor cell retinoic acid-inducible gene-I signaling efficiently counteracted the UBXN9-mediated suppression of liver tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal a modality in which UBXN9 promotes the stimulatory RNA-induced retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-interferon signaling that induces anti-tumor T cell response in liver tumorigenesis. Targeted manipulation of the UBXN9-RNA exosome circuit may have the potential to reinstate the immune control of liver tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
| | - Guiqin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaojuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
| | - Lvzhu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
| | - Zehong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
| | - You Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
| | - Ningqian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoren Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital,School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Xuan C, Hu R. Chemical Biology Perspectives on STING Agonists as Tumor Immunotherapy. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300405. [PMID: 37794702 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a crucial adaptor protein in the innate immune response. STING activation triggers cytokine secretion, including type I interferon and initiates T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. The activated immune system converts "cold tumors" into "hot tumors" that are highly responsive to T cells by recruiting them to the tumor microenvironment, ultimately leading to potent and long-lasting antitumor effects. Unlike most immune checkpoint inhibitors, STING agonists represent a groundbreaking class of innate immune agonists that hold great potential for effectively targeting various cancer populations and are poised to become a blockbuster in tumor immunotherapy. This review will focus on the correlation between the STING signaling pathway and tumor immunity, as well as explore the impact of STING activation on other biological processes. Ultimately, we will summarize the development and optimization of STING agonists from a medicinal chemistry perspective, evaluate their potential in cancer therapy, and identify possible challenges for future advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Xuan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24, TongJiaXiang, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24, TongJiaXiang, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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Su R, Yin J, Ruan X, Chen Y, Wan P, Luo Z. Featured interactome of homocysteine-inducible endoplasmic reticulum protein uncovers novel binding partners in response to ER stress. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4478-4487. [PMID: 37736299 PMCID: PMC10510068 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine-inducible endoplasmic reticulum protein (HERP) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein and important for the adaptation of cellular protein homeostasis by ER-associated degradation (ERAD) system. HERP interactors are critical for cellular viability and the reaction to ER stress. To explore the exact mechanisms by which HERP performed the biological functions, we conducted an interaction analysis of HERP protein in HeLa cells by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS)/MS coupled with label-free quantification (LFQ). Among the interactome results, 123 proteins significantly interacted with HERP, which leads to numerous biological processes including protein import into nucleus, ubiquitin-dependent ERAD pathway, negative regulation of apoptotic process, and protein transport from ER, along with multiple pathways including several diseases, protein processing in ER, fatty acid metabolism, and steroid biosynthesis. Furthermore, we selected several prey proteins from the interactome data and confirmed that HERP interacted with ancient ubiquitous protein 1 (AUP1), Fas-associated factor family member 2 (FAF2), tripartite motif containing 47 (TRIM47), acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3 (ACSL3), sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1), and poly(rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2) by Co-IP and confocal microscopy experiments, respectively. Moreover, the expression and location of several interacted proteins were obviously altered in response to ER stress induced by Thapsigargin stimulation and Enterovirus 71 infection. In conclusion, our findings revealed that the vital proteins interacted with HERP to mediate signaling transduction, thus providing novel clues for the mechanisms of HERP associated with ERAD and metabolism in response to ER stress under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Su
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jialing Yin
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaolan Ruan
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yanxi Chen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pin Wan
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan 528315, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan 528315, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China
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9
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Jin X, Wang W, Zhao X, Jiang W, Shao Q, Chen Z, Huang C. The battle between the innate immune cGAS-STING signaling pathway and human herpesvirus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1235590. [PMID: 37600809 PMCID: PMC10433641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1235590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human herpesvirus (HHVs) is gradually increasing and has affected a wide range of population. HHVs can result in serious consequences such as tumors, neonatal malformations, sexually transmitted diseases, as well as pose an immense threat to the human health. The cGAS-STING pathway is one of the innate immune pattern-recognition receptors discovered recently. This article discusses the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in human diseases, especially in human herpesvirus infections, as well as highlights how these viruses act on this pathway to evade the host immunity. Moreover, the author provides a comprehensive overview of modulators of the cGAS-STING pathway. By focusing on the small molecule compounds based on the cGAS-STING pathway, novel targets and concepts have been proposed for the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines, while also providing a reference for the investigation of disease models related to the cGAS-STING pathway. HHV is a double-stranded DNA virus that can trigger the activation of intracellular DNA sensor cGAS, after which the host cells initiate a cascade of reactions that culminate in the secretion of type I interferon to restrict the viral replication. Meanwhile, the viral protein can interact with various molecules in the cGAS-STING pathway. Viruses can evade immune surveillance and maintain their replication by inhibiting the enzyme activity of cGAS and reducing the phosphorylation levels of STING, TBK1 and IRF3 and suppressing the interferon gene activation. Activators and inhibitors of the cGAS-STING pathway have yielded numerous promising research findings in vitro and in vivo pertaining to cGAS/STING-related disease models. However, there remains a dearth of small molecule modulators that have been successfully translated into clinical applications, which serves as a hurdle to be overcome in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Jin
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhua Jiang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingqing Shao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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10
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Pan X, Zhang W, Guo H, Wang L, Wu H, Ding L, Yang B. Strategies involving STING pathway activation for cancer immunotherapy: Mechanism and agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115596. [PMID: 37201875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have expanded the known functions of cGAS-STING in inflammation to a role in cancer due to its participation in activating immune surveillance. In cancer cells, the cGAS-STING pathway can be activated by cytosolic dsDNA derived from genomic, mitochondrial and exogenous origins. The resulting immune-stimulatory factors from this cascade can either attenuate tumor growth or recruit immune cells for tumor clearance. Furthermore, STING-IRF3-induced type I interferon signaling can enforce tumor antigen presentation on dendritic cells and macrophages and thus cross-prime CD8+ T cells for antitumor immunity. Given the functions of the STING pathway in antitumor immunity, multiple strategies are being developed and tested with the rationale of activating STING in tumor cells or tumor-infiltrating immune cells to elicit immunostimulatory effects, either alone or in combination with a range of established chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic regimens. Based on the canonical molecular mechanism of STING activation, numerous strategies for inducing mitochondrial and nuclear dsDNA release have been used to activate the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Other noncanonical strategies that activate cGAS-STING signaling, including the use of direct STING agonists and STING trafficking facilitation, also show promise in type I interferon release and antitumor immunity priming. Here, we review the key roles of the STING pathway in different steps of the cancer-immunity cycle and characterize the canonical and noncanonical mechanisms of cGAS-STING pathway activation to understand the potential of cGAS-STING agonists for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Pan
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongjie Guo
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Longsheng Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Honghai Wu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ling Ding
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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11
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Coderch C, Arranz-Herrero J, Nistal-Villan E, de Pascual-Teresa B, Rius-Rocabert S. The Many Ways to Deal with STING. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109032. [PMID: 37240378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an adaptor protein involved in the activation of IFN-β and many other genes associated with the immune response activation in vertebrates. STING induction has gained attention from different angles such as the potential to trigger an early immune response against different signs of infection and cell damage, or to be used as an adjuvant in cancer immune treatments. Pharmacological control of aberrant STING activation can be used to mitigate the pathology of some autoimmune diseases. The STING structure has a well-defined ligand binding site that can harbor natural ligands such as specific purine cyclic di-nucleotides (CDN). In addition to a canonical stimulation by CDNs, other non-canonical stimuli have also been described, whose exact mechanism has not been well defined. Understanding the molecular insights underlying the activation of STING is important to realize the different angles that need to be considered when designing new STING-binding molecules as therapeutic drugs since STING acts as a versatile platform for immune modulators. This review analyzes the different determinants of STING regulation from the structural, molecular, and cell biology points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Coderch
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Javier Arranz-Herrero
- Transplant Immunology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Departamento CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villan
- Departamento CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Pascual-Teresa
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Departamento CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
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12
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Kong L, Sui C, Chen T, Zhang L, Zhao W, Zheng Y, Liu B, Cheng X, Gao C. The ubiquitin E3 ligase TRIM10 promotes STING aggregation and activation in the Golgi apparatus. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112306. [PMID: 36972172 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
STING is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein regulating innate immunity. After binding with cyclic guanosine monophosphate-AMP (cGAMP), STING translocates from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus to stimulate TBK1 and IRF3 activation, leading to expression of type I interferon. However, the exact mechanism concerning STING activation remains largely enigmatic. Here, we identify tripartite motif 10 (TRIM10) as a positive regulator of STING signaling. TRIM10-deficient macrophages exhibit reduced type I interferon production upon double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) or cGAMP stimulation and decreased resistance to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection. Additionally, TRIM10-deficient mice are more susceptible to HSV-1 infection and exhibit faster melanoma growth. Mechanistically, TRIM10 associates with STING and catalyzes K27- and K29-linked polyubiquitination of STING at K289 and K370, which promotes STING trafficking from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, formation of STING aggregates, and recruitment of TBK1 to STING, ultimately enhancing the STING-dependent type I interferon response. Our study defines TRIM10 as a critical activator in cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Kong
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Chao Sui
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Tian Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Bingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.
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13
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Wan W, Qian C, Wang Q, Li J, Zhang H, Wang L, Pu M, Huang Y, He Z, Zhou T, Shen H, Liu W. STING directly recruits WIPI2 for autophagosome formation during STING-induced autophagy. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112387. [PMID: 36872914 PMCID: PMC10106988 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway plays an important role in host defense by sensing pathogen DNA, inducing type I IFNs, and initiating autophagy. However, the molecular mechanism of autophagosome formation in cGAS-STING pathway-induced autophagy is still unclear. Here, we report that STING directly interacts with WIPI2, which is the key protein for LC3 lipidation in autophagy. Binding to WIPI2 is necessary for STING-induced autophagosome formation but does not affect STING activation and intracellular trafficking. In addition, the specific interaction between STING and the PI3P-binding motif of WIPI2 leads to the competition of WIPI2 binding between STING and PI3P, and mutual inhibition between STING-induced autophagy and canonical PI3P-dependent autophagy. Furthermore, we show that the STING-WIPI2 interaction is required for the clearance of cytoplasmic DNA and the attenuation of cGAS-STING signaling. Thus, the direct interaction between STING and WIPI2 enables STING to bypass the canonical upstream machinery to induce LC3 lipidation and autophagosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wan
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Chuying Qian
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Maomao Pu
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuChina
| | - Yewei Huang
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuChina
| | - Zhengfu He
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Han‐Ming Shen
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauChina
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuChina
- Joint Institute of Genetics and Genomics Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of TorontoHangzhouChina
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14
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Kim J, Kim HS, Chung JH. Molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial DNA release and activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:510-519. [PMID: 36964253 PMCID: PMC10037406 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to constituting the genetic material of an organism, DNA is a tracer for the recognition of foreign pathogens and a trigger of the innate immune system. cGAS functions as a sensor of double-stranded DNA fragments and initiates an immune response via the adaptor protein STING. The cGAS-STING pathway not only defends cells against various DNA-containing pathogens but also modulates many pathological processes caused by the immune response to the ectopic localization of self-DNA, such as cytosolic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and extranuclear chromatin. In addition, macrophages can cause inflammation by forming a class of protein complexes called inflammasomes, and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome requires the release of oxidized mtDNA. In innate immunity related to inflammasomes, mtDNA release is mediated by macropores that are formed on the outer membrane of mitochondria via VDAC oligomerization. These macropores are specifically formed in response to mitochondrial stress and tissue damage, and the inhibition of VDAC oligomerization mitigates this inflammatory response. The rapidly expanding area of research on the mechanisms by which mtDNA is released and triggers inflammation has revealed new treatment strategies not only for inflammation but also, surprisingly, for neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
| | - Ho-Shik Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Jay H Chung
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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15
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Li Y, Li X, Yi J, Cao Y, Qin Z, Zhong Z, Yang W. Nanoparticle-Mediated STING Activation for Cancer Immunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2300260. [PMID: 36905358 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
As the first line of host defense against pathogenic infections, innate immunity plays a key role in antitumor immunotherapy. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) (cGAS-STING) pathway has attracted much attention because of the secretion of various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Many STING agonists have been identified and applied into preclinical or clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy. However, the fast excretion, low bioavailability, nonspecificity, and adverse effects of the small molecule STING agonists limit their therapeutic efficacy and in vivo application. Nanodelivery systems with appropriate size, charge, and surface modification are capable of addressing these dilemmas. In this review, the mechanism of the cGAS-STING pathway is discussed and the STING agonists, focusing on nanoparticle-mediated STING therapy and combined therapy for cancers, are summarized. Finally, the future direction and challenges of nano-STING therapy are expounded, emphasizing the pivotal scientific problems and technical bottlenecks and hoping to provide general guidance for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Li
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.,The Center of Infection and Immunity, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.,The Center of Infection and Immunity, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Jinmeng Yi
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.,The Center of Infection and Immunity, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yongjian Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.,The Center of Infection and Immunity, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Weijing Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
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16
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The Functions of TRIM56 in Antiviral Innate Immunity and Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055046. [PMID: 36902478 PMCID: PMC10003129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As a member of the TRIM (tripartite motif) protein family, TRIM56 can function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. In addition, TRIM56 has been shown to possess deubiquitinase activity and the ability to bind RNA. This adds to the complexity of the regulatory mechanism of TRIM56. TRIM56 was initially found to be able to regulate the innate immune response. In recent years, its role in direct antiviral and tumor development has also attracted the interest of researchers, but there is no systematic review on TRIM56. Here, we first summarize the structural features and expression of TRIM56. Then, we review the functions of TRIM56 in TLR and cGAS-STING pathways of innate immune response, the mechanisms and structural specificity of TRIM56 against different types of viruses, and the dual roles of TRIM56 in tumorigenesis. Finally, we discuss the future research directions regarding TRIM56.
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17
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Guo Z, Liang J. Role of ubiquitin regulatory X domain‑containing protein 3B in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncol Rep 2023; 49:57. [PMID: 36799187 PMCID: PMC9942258 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of new cases and fatalities from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occur in China; however, the overall morbidity and mortality rates are decreasing. A major risk factor due to the evolving epidemiology is improper lipid metabolism. Although investigations on aberrant lipid metabolism are numerous, there are only a limited number of studies available on proteasomal degradation processes. The degradation process is mainly involved in endoplasmic reticulum stabilization, the balance of lipid metabolism, and physiological functions of Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and other organelles, however, this process has been little studied in the development of tumorigenesis. In order to provide some theoretical support for future research on ubiquitin regulatory X domain‑containing protein 3B (UBXN3B), the present review focuses on the role of UBXN3B, which is involved in the stabilization of the endoplasmic reticulum and the maintenance of lipid homeostasis, as well as in the promotion and development of non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Jun Liang, Department of Medical Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Life Park Road, Life Science Park of Zhong Guancun Chang Ping, Beijing 102206, P.R. China, E-mail:
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18
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Pan J, Fei CJ, Hu Y, Wu XY, Nie L, Chen J. Current understanding of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway: Structure, regulatory mechanisms, and related diseases. Zool Res 2023; 44:183-218. [PMID: 36579404 PMCID: PMC9841179 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system protects the host from external pathogens and internal damage in various ways. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway, comprised of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), and downstream signaling adaptors, plays an essential role in protective immune defense against microbial DNA and internal damaged-associated DNA and is responsible for various immune-related diseases. After binding with DNA, cytosolic cGAS undergoes conformational change and DNA-linked liquid-liquid phase separation to produce 2'3'-cGAMP for the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized STING. However, further studies revealed that cGAS is predominantly expressed in the nucleus and strictly tethered to chromatin to prevent binding with nuclear DNA, and functions differently from cytosolic-localized cGAS. Detailed delineation of this pathway, including its structure, signaling, and regulatory mechanisms, is of great significance to fully understand the diversity of cGAS-STING activation and signaling and will be of benefit for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here, we review recent progress on the above-mentioned perspectives of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and discuss new avenues for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Chen-Jie Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Li Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China. E-mail:
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China. E-mail:
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19
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Zhang Z, Zhou H, Ouyang X, Dong Y, Sarapultsev A, Luo S, Hu D. Multifaceted functions of STING in human health and disease: from molecular mechanism to targeted strategy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:394. [PMID: 36550103 PMCID: PMC9780328 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) as an important pivot for cytosolic DNA sensation and interferon (IFN) induction, intensive efforts have been endeavored to clarify the molecular mechanism of its activation, its physiological function as a ubiquitously expressed protein, and to explore its potential as a therapeutic target in a wide range of immune-related diseases. With its orthodox ligand 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3'-cGAMP) and the upstream sensor 2'3'-cGAMP synthase (cGAS) to be found, STING acquires its central functionality in the best-studied signaling cascade, namely the cGAS-STING-IFN pathway. However, recently updated research through structural research, genetic screening, and biochemical assay greatly extends the current knowledge of STING biology. A second ligand pocket was recently discovered in the transmembrane domain for a synthetic agonist. On its downstream outputs, accumulating studies sketch primordial and multifaceted roles of STING beyond its cytokine-inducing function, such as autophagy, cell death, metabolic modulation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and RNA virus restriction. Furthermore, with the expansion of the STING interactome, the details of STING trafficking also get clearer. After retrospecting the brief history of viral interference and the milestone events since the discovery of STING, we present a vivid panorama of STING biology taking into account the details of the biochemical assay and structural information, especially its versatile outputs and functions beyond IFN induction. We also summarize the roles of STING in the pathogenesis of various diseases and highlight the development of small-molecular compounds targeting STING for disease treatment in combination with the latest research. Finally, we discuss the open questions imperative to answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohu Ouyang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Yalan Dong
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Shanshan Luo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Clinical Research Center of Cancer Immunotherapy, 430022, Hubei, Wuhan, China.
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20
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Geng T, Yang D, Lin T, Cahoon JG, Wang P. UBXN3B Controls Immunopathogenesis of Arthritogenic Alphaviruses by Maintaining Hematopoietic Homeostasis. mBio 2022; 13:e0268722. [PMID: 36377866 PMCID: PMC9765034 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02687-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin regulatory X domain-containing proteins (UBXN) might be involved in diverse cellular processes. However, their in vivo physiological functions remain largely elusive. We recently showed that UBXN3B positively regulated stimulator-of-interferon-genes (STING)-mediated innate immune responses to DNA viruses. Herein, we reported the essential role of UBXN3B in the control of infection and immunopathogenesis of two arthritogenic RNA viruses, Chikungunya (CHIKV) and O'nyong'nyong (ONNV) viruses. Ubxn3b deficient (Ubxn3b-/-) mice presented higher viral loads, more severe foot swelling and immune infiltrates, and slower clearance of viruses and resolution of inflammation than the Ubxn3b+/+ littermates. While the serum cytokine levels were intact, the virus-specific immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibody levels were lower in the Ubxn3b-/- mice. The Ubxn3b-/- mice had more neutrophils and macrophages, but much fewer B cells in the ipsilateral feet. Of note, this immune dysregulation was also observed in the spleens and blood of uninfected Ubxn3b-/- mice. UBXN3B restricted CHIKV replication in a cell-intrinsic manner but independent of type I IFN signaling. These results demonstrated a dual role of UBXN3B in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and control of RNA virus replication. IMPORTANCE The human genome encodes 13 ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domain-containing proteins (UBXN) that might participate in diverse cellular processes. However, their in vivo physiological functions remain largely elusive. Herein, we reported an essential role of UBXN3B in the control of infection and immunopathogenesis of arthritogenic alphaviruses, including Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which causes acute and chronic crippling arthralgia, long-term neurological disorders, and poses a significant public health problem in the tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. However, there are no approved vaccines or specific antiviral drugs. This was partly due to a poor understanding of the protective and detrimental immune responses elicited by CHIKV. We showed that UBXN3B was critical for the control of CHIKV replication in a cell-intrinsic manner in the acute phase and persistent immunopathogenesis in the post-viremic stage. Mechanistically, UBXN3B was essential for the maintenance of hematopoietic homeostasis during viral infection and in steady-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Geng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Duomeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jason G. Cahoon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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21
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Liu J, Rui K, Peng N, Luo H, Zhu B, Zuo X, Lu L, Chen J, Tian J. The cGAS-STING pathway: Post-translational modifications and functional implications in diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 68:69-80. [PMID: 36151014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have illustrated the functional significance of DNA recognition in the activation of innate immune responses among a variety of diseases. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway has been found to be modulated by post-translational modifications and can regulate the immune response via type I IFNs. Accumulating evidence indicates a pivotal role of cGAS-STING signaling, being protective or pathogenic, in the development of diseases. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the post-translational modifications of cGAS-STING pathway and their role in disease development will provide insights in predicting individual disease outcomes and developing appropriate therapies. In this review, we will discuss the regulation of the cGAS-STING pathway and its implications in disease pathologies, as well as pharmacologic strategies to target the cGAS-STING pathway for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke Rui
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Na Peng
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second People's Hospital, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology and immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong; Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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22
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Wu J, Liu Q, Zhang X, Tan M, Li X, Liu P, Wu L, Jiao F, Lin Z, Wu X, Wang X, Zhao Y, Ren J. The interaction between STING and NCOA4 exacerbates lethal sepsis by orchestrating ferroptosis and inflammatory responses in macrophages. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:653. [PMID: 35902564 PMCID: PMC9334269 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of STING-related innate immunity has recently provided a deep mechanistic understanding of immunopathy. While the detrimental effects of STING during sepsis had been well documented, the exact mechanism by which STING causes lethal sepsis remains obscure. Through single-cell RNA sequence, genetic approaches, and mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that STING promotes sepsis-induced multiple organ injury by inducing macrophage ferroptosis in a cGAS- and interferon-independent manner. Mechanistically, Q237, E316, and S322 in the CBD domain of STING are critical binding sites for the interaction with the coiled-coil domain of NCOA4. Their interaction not only triggers ferritinophagy-mediated ferroptosis, but also maintains the stability of STING dimers leading to enhanced inflammatory response, and reduces the nuclear localization of NCOA4, which impairs the transcription factor coregulator function of NCOA4. Meanwhile, we identified HET0016 by high throughput screening, a selective 20-HETE synthase inhibitor, decreased STING-induced ferroptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with sepsis and mortality in septic mice model. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism by which the interaction between STING and NCOA4 regulates innate immune response and ferroptosis, which can be reversed by HET0016, providing mechanistic and promising targets insights into sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinjie Liu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XResearch Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xufei Zhang
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Miaomiao Tan
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China ,grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Kowloon Tong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China ,grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuanheng Li
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XResearch Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peizhao Liu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XResearch Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XResearch Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Jiao
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoyu Lin
- grid.428392.60000 0004 1800 1685MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XResearch Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China ,grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China ,grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Kowloon Tong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China ,grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianan Ren
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XResearch Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China ,grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Kang J, Wu J, Liu Q, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ren J. Post-Translational Modifications of STING: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2022; 13:888147. [PMID: 35603197 PMCID: PMC9120648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.888147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an endoplasmic-reticulum resident protein, playing essential roles in immune responses against microbial infections. However, over-activation of STING is accompanied by excessive inflammation and results in various diseases, including autoinflammatory diseases and cancers. Therefore, precise regulation of STING activities is critical for adequate immune protection while limiting abnormal tissue damage. Numerous mechanisms regulate STING to maintain homeostasis, including protein-protein interaction and molecular modification. Among these, post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key to accurately orchestrating the activation and degradation of STING by temporarily changing the structure of STING. In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of PTMs that regulate activation and inhibition of STING, and provide insights into the roles of the PTMs of STING in disease pathogenesis and as potential targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Kang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinjie Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Zhao, ; Jianan Ren, ; Xiuwen Wu,
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Zhao, ; Jianan Ren, ; Xiuwen Wu,
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Zhao, ; Jianan Ren, ; Xiuwen Wu,
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24
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Abstract
Inflammation plays indispensable roles in building the immune responses such as acquired immunity against harmful pathogens. Furthermore, it is essential for maintaining biological homeostasis in ever-changing conditions. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) reside in cell membranes, endosomes or cytoplasm, and function as triggers for inflammatory responses. Binding of pathogen- or self-derived components, such as DNA, to PRRs activates downstream signaling cascades, resulting in the production of a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs). While these series of responses are essential for host defense, the unexpected release of DNA from the nucleus or mitochondria of host cells can lead to autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on DNA-sensing mechanisms via PRRs and the disorders and extraordinary conditions caused by self-derived DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ori
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
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25
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Chan CP, Jin DY. Cytoplasmic RNA sensors and their interplay with RNA-binding partners in innate antiviral response: theme and variations. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:449-477. [PMID: 35031583 PMCID: PMC8925969 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns including viral RNA by innate immunity represents the first line of defense against viral infection. In addition to RIG-I-like receptors and NOD-like receptors, several other RNA sensors are known to mediate innate antiviral response in the cytoplasm. Double-stranded RNA-binding protein PACT interacts with prototypic RNA sensor RIG-I to facilitate its recognition of viral RNA and induction of host interferon response, but variations of this theme are seen when the functions of RNA sensors are modulated by other RNA-binding proteins to impinge on antiviral defense, proinflammatory cytokine production and cell death programs. Their discrete and coordinated actions are crucial to protect the host from infection. In this review, we will focus on cytoplasmic RNA sensors with an emphasis on their interplay with RNA-binding partners. Classical sensors such as RIG-I will be briefly reviewed. More attention will be brought to new insights on how RNA-binding partners of RNA sensors modulate innate RNA sensing and how viruses perturb the functions of RNA-binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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26
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Wang Z, Lu C, Zhang K, Lin C, Wu F, Tang X, Wu D, Dou Y, Han R, Wang Y, Hou C, Ouyang Q, Feng M, He Y, Li L. Metformin Combining PD-1 Inhibitor Enhanced Anti-Tumor Efficacy in STK11 Mutant Lung Cancer Through AXIN-1-Dependent Inhibition of STING Ubiquitination. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:780200. [PMID: 35281267 PMCID: PMC8905189 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.780200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with STK11 mutation showed primary resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The glucose-lowering drug metformin exerted anti-cancer effect and enhanced efficacy of chemotherapy in NSCLC with KRAS/STK11 co-mutation, yet it is unknown whether metformin may enhance ICI efficacy in STK11 mutant NSCLC.Methods: We studied the impact of metformin on ICI efficacy in STK11 mutant NSCLC in vitro and in vivo using colony formation assay, cell viability assay, Ki67 staining, ELISA, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout, and animal experiments.Results: Through colony formation assay, Ki67 incorporation assay, and CCK-8 assay, we found that metformin significantly enhanced the killing of H460 cells and A549 cells by T cells. In NOD-SCID xenografts, metformin in combination with PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab effectively decreased tumor growth and increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Metformin enhanced stabilization of STING and activation of its downstream signaling pathway. siRNA-mediated knockdown of STING abolished the effect of metformin on T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. Next, we found that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of the scaffold protein AXIN-1 abolished the effect of metformin on T cell-mediated killing and STING stabilization. Immunoprecipitation and confocal macroscopy revealed that metformin enhanced the interaction and colocalization between AXIN-1 and STING. Protein-protein interaction modeling indicated that AXIN-1 may directly bind to STING at its K150 site. Next, we found that metformin decreased K48-linked ubiquitination of STING and inhibited the interaction of E3-ligand RNF5 and STING. Moreover, in AXIN-1−/− H460 cells, metformin failed to alter the interaction of RNF5 and STING.Conclusion: Metformin combining PD-1 inhibitor enhanced anti-tumor efficacy in STK11 mutant lung cancer through inhibition of RNF5-mediated K48-linked ubiquitination of STING, which was dependent on AXIN-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Conghua Lu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kejun Zhang
- Department of Outpatients, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Caiyu Lin
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy in Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaolin Tang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyao Dou
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Hou
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Mingxia Feng
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Mingxia Feng, ; Yong He, ; Li Li,
| | - Yong He
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Mingxia Feng, ; Yong He, ; Li Li,
| | - Li Li
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Mingxia Feng, ; Yong He, ; Li Li,
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27
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Li S, Qian N, Jiang C, Zu W, Liang A, Li M, Elledge SJ, Tan X. Gain-of-function genetic screening identifies the antiviral function of TMEM120A via STING activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:105. [PMID: 35013224 PMCID: PMC8748537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection can be associated with neurological pathologies, such as microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. Effective therapeutics are currently not available. As such, a comprehensive understanding of virus-host interactions may guide the development of medications for ZIKV. Here we report a human genome-wide overexpression screen to identify host factors that regulate ZIKV infection and find TMEM120A as a ZIKV restriction factor. TMEM120A overexpression significantly inhibits ZIKV replication, while TMEM120A knockdown increases ZIKV infection in cell lines. Moreover, Tmem120a knockout in mice facilitates ZIKV infection in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) cells. Mechanistically, the antiviral activity of TMEM120A is dependent on STING, as TMEM120A interacts with STING, promotes the translocation of STING from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and enhances the phosphorylation of downstream TBK1 and IRF3, resulting in the expression of multiple antiviral cytokines and interferon-stimulated genes. In summary, our gain-of-function screening identifies TMEM120A as a key activator of the antiviral signaling of STING. Understanding the interplay between host and viral factors during infection is essential for the interactome of infection. Here the authors perform a gain-of-function screen to identify factors involved during Zika virus infection and identify TMEM120A as a key factor in the STING mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Nianchao Qian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenhong Zu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Anthony Liang
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02120, USA
| | - Mamie Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02120, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02120, USA
| | - Xu Tan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China.
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28
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Su H, Zheng W, Pan J, Lv X, Xin S, Xu T. Circular RNA circSamd4a Regulates Antiviral Immunity in Teleost Fish by Upregulating STING through Sponging miR-29a-3p. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2770-2784. [PMID: 34697227 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a subgroup of endogenous noncoding RNA that is covalently closed rings and widely expressed. In recent years, there is accumulating evidence indicating that circRNAs are a class of important regulators, which play an important role in various biological processes. However, the biological functions and regulation mechanism of circRNAs in lower vertebrates are little known. In this study, we discovered a circRNA Samd4a (circSamd4a) that is related to the antiviral immune response of teleost fish. It can act as a key regulator of the host's antiviral response and play a key role in inhibiting Sininiperca chuatsi rhabdovirus replication. Further studies have shown that circSamd4a may act as a competing endogenous RNA, which can enhance the STING-mediated NF-κB/IRF3 signaling pathway by adsorbing miR-29a-3p, thereby enhancing the antiviral immune response. Therefore, circSamd4a plays an active regulatory role in the antiviral immune response of bony fish. Our research results provide a strong foundation for circular RNA to play a regulatory role in the antiviral immune response of teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Su
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Pan
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Lv
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiying Xin
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; .,Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; and.,National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Chathuranga K, Weerawardhana A, Dodantenna N, Lee JS. Regulation of antiviral innate immune signaling and viral evasion following viral genome sensing. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1647-1668. [PMID: 34782737 PMCID: PMC8592830 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A harmonized balance between positive and negative regulation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-initiated immune responses is required to achieve the most favorable outcome for the host. This balance is crucial because it must not only ensure activation of the first line of defense against viral infection but also prevent inappropriate immune activation, which results in autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have shown how signal transduction pathways initiated by PRRs are positively and negatively regulated by diverse modulators to maintain host immune homeostasis. However, viruses have developed strategies to subvert the host antiviral response and establish infection. Viruses have evolved numerous genes encoding immunomodulatory proteins that antagonize the host immune system. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding key host factors that regulate innate immune signaling molecules upon viral infection and discusses evidence showing how specific viral proteins counteract antiviral responses via immunomodulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Asela Weerawardhana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Niranjan Dodantenna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
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Geng T, Yang D, Lin T, Harrison AG, Wang B, Torrance B, Wang K, Wang Y, Yang L, Haynes L, Cheng G, Vella AT, Fikrig E, Wang P. An Essential Role of UBXN3B in B Lymphopoiesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34462748 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.04.433919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is finely regulated to enable timely production of the right numbers and types of mature immune cells to maintain tissue homeostasis. Dysregulated hematopoiesis may compromise antiviral immunity and/or exacerbate immunopathogenesis. Herein, we report an essential role of UBXN3B in maintenance of hematopoietic homeostasis and restriction of immunopathogenesis during respiratory viral infection. Ubxn3b deficient ( Ubxn3b -/- ) mice are highly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A infection, characterized by more severe lung immunopathology, lower virus-specific IgG, significantly fewer B cells, but more myeloid cells than Ubxn3b +/+ littermates. This aberrant immune compartmentalization is recapitulated in uninfected Ubxn3b -/- mice. Mechanistically, UBXN3B controls precursor B-I (pre-BI) transition to pre-BII and subsequent proliferation in a cell-intrinsic manner, by maintaining BLNK protein stability and pre-BCR signaling. These results reveal an essential role of UBXN3B for the early stage of B cell development.
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31
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Wang Z, Chen N, Li Z, Xu G, Zhan X, Tang J, Xiao X, Bai Z. The Cytosolic DNA-Sensing cGAS-STING Pathway in Liver Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:717610. [PMID: 34386500 PMCID: PMC8353273 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.717610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is regulated by the host and is a protective response activated by the evolutionarily conserved immune system in response to harmful stimuli, such as dead cells or pathogens. cGAS-STING pathway is a vital natural sensor of host immunity that can defend various tissues and organs against pathogenic infection, metabolic syndrome, cellular stress and cancer metastasis. The potential impact of cGAS-STING pathway in hepatic ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, alcoholic/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), hepatic B virus infection, and other liver diseases has recently attracted widespread attention. In this review, the relationship between cGAS-STING pathway and the pathophysiological mechanisms and progression of liver diseases is summarized. Additionally, we discuss various pharmacological agonists and antagonists of cGAS-STING signaling as novel therapeutics for the treatment of liver diseases. A detailed understanding of mechanisms and biology of this pathway will lay a foundation for the development and clinical application of therapies for related liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Wang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Liver Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Nian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guang Xu
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyuan Tang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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32
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Yang D, Lin T, Li C, Harrison AG, Geng T, Wang P. A critical role for MSR1 in vesicular stomatitis virus infection of the central nervous system. iScience 2021; 24:102678. [PMID: 34169243 PMCID: PMC8208900 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) plays an important role in host defense to bacterial infections, M2 macrophage polarization, and lipid homeostasis. However, its physiological function in viral pathogenesis remains poorly defined. Herein, we report that MSR1 facilitates vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection in the central nervous system. Msr1-deficient (Msr1−/−) mice presented reduced morbidity, mortality, and viral loads in the spinal cord following lethal VSV infection, along with normal viremia and innate immune responses, compared to Msr1+/− littermates and wild-type mice. Msr1 expression was most significantly upregulated in the spinal cord, the predominant target of VSV. Mechanistically, through its extracellular domains, MSR1 interacted with VSV surface glycoprotein and facilitated its cellular entry in a low-density lipoprotein receptor-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that MSR1 serves as a cofactor for VSV cellular entry and facilitates its infection preferentially in the spinal cord. MSR1 contributes to VSV pathogenesis in mice MSR1 is highly upregulated and facilitates VSV infection in the central nervous system MSR1 facilitates cellular entry of VSV in an LDLR family-dependent manner MSR1 interacts with VSV glycoprotein G via its extracellular domains
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Affiliation(s)
- Duomeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Cen Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Andrew G Harrison
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Tingting Geng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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33
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Ketkar H, Harrison AG, Graziano VR, Geng T, Yang L, Vella AT, Wang P. UBX Domain Protein 6 Positively Regulates JAK-STAT1/2 Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2682-2691. [PMID: 34021047 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Type I/III IFNs induce expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes through the JAK/STAT pathway to combat viral infections. Although JAK/STAT signaling is seemingly straightforward, it is nevertheless subjected to complex cellular regulation. In this study, we show that an ubiquitination regulatory X (UBX) domain-containing protein, UBXN6, positively regulates JAK-STAT1/2 signaling. Overexpression of UBXN6 enhanced type I/III IFNs-induced expression of IFN-stimulated genes, whereas deletion of UBXN6 inhibited their expression. RNA viral replication was increased in human UBXN6-deficient cells, accompanied by a reduction in both type I/III IFN expression, when compared with UBXN6-sufficient cells. Mechanistically, UBXN6 interacted with tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) and inhibited IFN-β-induced degradation of both TYK2 and type I IFNR. These results suggest that UBXN6 maintains normal JAK-STAT1/2 signaling by stabilizing key signaling components during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshada Ketkar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; and
| | - Andrew G Harrison
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Vincent R Graziano
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Tingting Geng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Long Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT; .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; and
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34
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Prabakaran T, Troldborg A, Kumpunya S, Alee I, Marinković E, Windross SJ, Nandakumar R, Narita R, Zhang BC, Carstensen M, Vejvisithsakul P, Marqvorsen MHS, Iversen MB, Holm CK, Østergaard LJ, Pedersen FS, Pisitkun T, Behrendt R, Pisitkun P, Paludan SR. A STING antagonist modulating the interaction with STIM1 blocks ER-to-Golgi trafficking and inhibits lupus pathology. EBioMedicine 2021; 66:103314. [PMID: 33813142 PMCID: PMC8047499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleic acids are potent stimulators of type I interferon (IFN-I) and antiviral defense, but may also promote pathological inflammation. A range of diseases are characterized by elevated IFN-I, including systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). The DNA-activated cGAS-STING pathway is a major IFN-I-inducing pathway, and activation of signaling is dependent on trafficking of STING from the ER to the Golgi. METHODS Here we used cell culture systems, a mouse lupus model, and material from lupus patients, to explore the mode of action of a STING antagonistic peptide, and its ability to modulate disease processes. FINDINGS We report that the peptide ISD017 selectively inhibits all known down-stream activities of STING, including IFN-I, inflammatory cytokines, autophagy, and apoptosis. ISD017 blocks the essential trafficking of STING from the ER to Golgi through a mechanism dependent on the STING ER retention factor STIM1. Importantly, ISD017 blocks STING activity in vivo and ameliorates disease development in a mouse model for lupus. Finally, ISD017 treatment blocks pathological cytokine responses in cells from lupus patients with elevated IFN-I levels. INTERPRETATION These data hold promise for beneficial use of STING-targeting therapy in lupus. FUNDING The Novo Nordisk Foundation, The European Research Council, The Lundbeck Foundation, European Union under the Horizon 2020 Research, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Chulalongkorn University.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Troldborg
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark; Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Sarinya Kumpunya
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Isara Alee
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Emilija Marinković
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Samuel J Windross
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Ramya Nandakumar
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Ryo Narita
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Bao-Cun Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Carstensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Pichpisith Vejvisithsakul
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark; Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Marie B Iversen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Christian K Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Lars J Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Finn Skou Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Prapaporn Pisitkun
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark.
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35
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Takahashi M, Lio CWJ, Campeau A, Steger M, Ay F, Mann M, Gonzalez DJ, Jain M, Sharma S. The tumor suppressor kinase DAPK3 drives tumor-intrinsic immunity through the STING-IFN-β pathway. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:485-496. [PMID: 33767426 PMCID: PMC8300883 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Evasion of host immunity is a hallmark of cancer; however, mechanisms linking oncogenic mutations and immune escape are incompletely understood. Through loss-of-function screening of 1,001 tumor suppressor genes, we identified death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3) as a previously unrecognized driver of anti-tumor immunity through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway of cytosolic DNA sensing. Loss of DAPK3 expression or kinase activity impaired STING activation and interferon (IFN)-β-stimulated gene induction. DAPK3 deficiency in IFN-β-producing tumors drove rapid growth and reduced infiltration of CD103+CD8α+ dendritic cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes, attenuating the response to cancer chemo-immunotherapy. Mechanistically, DAPK3 coordinated post-translational modification of STING. In unstimulated cells, DAPK3 inhibited STING K48-linked poly-ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. After cGAMP stimulation, DAPK3 was required for STING K63-linked poly-ubiquitination and STING-TANK-binding kinase 1 interaction. Comprehensive phospho-proteomics uncovered a DAPK3-specific phospho-site on the E3 ligase LMO7, critical for LMO7-STING interaction and STING K63-linked poly-ubiquitination. Thus, DAPK3 is an essential kinase for STING activation that drives tumor-intrinsic innate immunity and tumor immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chan-Wang J Lio
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anaamika Campeau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martin Steger
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Evotec München GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ferhat Ay
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Mann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Sharma
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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36
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Yang D, Geng T, Harrison AG, Wang P. Differential roles of RIG-I-like receptors in SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.10.430677. [PMID: 33594370 PMCID: PMC7885922 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.10.430677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) are the major viral RNA sensors that are essential for activation of antiviral immune responses. However, their roles in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-causing coronavirus (CoV) infection are largely unknown. Herein we investigate their functions in human epithelial cells, the primary and initial target of SARS-CoV-2, and the first line of host defense. A deficiency in MDA5 ( MDA5 -/- ), RIG-I or mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) greatly enhanced viral replication. Expression of the type I/III interferons (IFN) was upregulated following infection in wild-type cells, while this upregulation was severely abolished in MDA5 -/- and MAVS -/- , but not in RIG-I -/- cells. Of note, ACE2 expression was ~2.5 fold higher in RIG-I -/- than WT cells. These data demonstrate a dominant role of MDA5 in activating the type I/III IFN response to SARS-CoV-2, and an IFN-independent anti-SARS-CoV-2 role of RIG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duomeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Tingting Geng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Andrew G. Harrison
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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37
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Okude H, Ori D, Kawai T. Signaling Through Nucleic Acid Sensors and Their Roles in Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 11:625833. [PMID: 33633744 PMCID: PMC7902034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.625833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) is essential for eliciting antiviral immune responses by inducing the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. Such responses are a prerequisite for mounting innate and pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses. However, host cells also use nucleic acids as carriers of genetic information, and the aberrant recognition of self-nucleic acids by PRRs is associated with the onset of autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of nucleic acid sensing by PRRs, including Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and DNA sensor molecules, and their signaling pathways as well as the disorders caused by uncontrolled or unnecessary activation of these PRRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Okude
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ori
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
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38
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Vashi N, Bakhoum SF. The Evolution of STING Signaling and Its Involvement in Cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:446-460. [PMID: 33461879 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway has been primarily characterized as an inflammatory mechanism in higher eukaryotes in response to cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Since its initial discovery, detailed mechanisms delineating the dynamic subcellular localization of its different components and downstream signaling have been uncovered, leading to attempts to harness its proinflammatory properties for therapeutic benefit in cancer. Emerging evidence, however, indicates that a crucial primordial function of STING is to promote autophagy, and that downstream interferon (IFN) signaling emerged recently in its evolutionary history. Furthermore, studies suggest that this pathway is a crucial regulator of cellular metabolism that potentially couples inflammation to nutrient availability. We focus on the evolutionarily conserved functions of STING, and we discuss how a broader understanding of this pathway can help us to better appreciate its potential role in cancer and harness it for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimi Vashi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Samuel F Bakhoum
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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39
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Balka KR, De Nardo D. Molecular and spatial mechanisms governing STING signalling. FEBS J 2020; 288:5504-5529. [PMID: 33237620 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Detection of microbial nucleic acids via innate immune receptors is critical for establishing host defence against pathogens. The DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway has gained increasing attention in the last decade as a key pathway for combating viral and bacterial infections. cGAS-STING activation primarily promotes the secretion of antiviral type I IFNs via the key transcription factor, IRF3. In addition, cGAS-STING signalling also elicits proinflammatory cytokines through NF-κB activity. Activation of IRF3 and NF-κB is mediated by the chief signalling receptor protein STING. Interestingly, STING undergoes significant trafficking events across multiple subcellular locations, which regulates both the activation of downstream signalling pathways, as well as appropriate termination of the responses. Studies to date have provided a comprehensive view of the regulation and role of the IRF3-IFN pathway downstream of STING. However, many aspects of STING signalling remain relatively poorly defined. This review will explore the current understanding of the mechanisms through which STING elicits inflammatory and antimicrobial responses, focusing on the precise signalling and intracellular trafficking events that occur. We will also discuss exciting and emerging concepts in the field, including the importance of IFN-independent STING responses for host defence and during STING-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Balka
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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40
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Geng T, Lin T, Yang D, Harrison AG, Vella AT, Fikrig E, Wang P. A Critical Role for STING Signaling in Limiting Pathogenesis of Chikungunya Virus. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:2186-2196. [PMID: 33161431 PMCID: PMC8205639 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon gene (STING) pathway controls both DNA and RNA virus infection. STING is essential for induction of innate immune responses during DNA virus infection, while its mechanism against RNA virus remains largely elusive. We show that STING signaling is crucial for restricting chikungunya virus infection and arthritis pathogenesis. Sting-deficient mice (Stinggt/gt) had elevated viremia throughout the viremic stage and viral burden in feet transiently, with a normal type I IFN response. Stinggt/gt mice presented much greater foot swelling, joint damage, and immune cell infiltration than wild-type mice. Intriguingly, expression of interferon-γ and Cxcl10 was continuously upregulated by approximately 7 to 10-fold and further elevated in Stinggt/gt mice synchronously with arthritis progression. However, expression of chemoattractants for and activators of neutrophils, Cxcl5, Cxcl7, and Cxcr2 was suppressed in Stinggt/gt joints. These results demonstrate that STING deficiency leads to an aberrant chemokine response that promotes pathogenesis of CHIKV arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Geng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Duomeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew G Harrison
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA,Correspondence: Penghua Wang, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut 29 Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 ()
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41
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Yang L, Geng T, Yang G, Ma J, Wang L, Ketkar H, Yang D, Lin T, Hwang J, Zhu S, Wang Y, Dai J, You F, Cheng G, Vella AT, Flavell RA, Fikrig E, Wang P. Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 controls Chikungunya virus infection through autophagy in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:556. [PMID: 33033362 PMCID: PMC7545163 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) mediates the endocytosis of modified low-density lipoproteins and plays an important antiviral role. However, the molecular mechanism underlying MSR1 antiviral actions remains elusive. We report that MSR1 activates autophagy to restrict infection of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arthritogenic alphavirus that causes acute and chronic crippling arthralgia. Msr1 expression was rapidly upregulated after CHIKV infection in mice. Msr1 knockout mice had elevated viral loads and increased susceptibility to CHIKV arthritis along with a normal type I IFN response. Induction of LC3 lipidation by CHIKV, a marker of autophagy, was reduced in Msr1-/- cells. Mechanistically, MSR1 interacted with ATG12 through its cytoplasmic tail and this interaction was enhanced by CHIKV nsP1 protein. MSR1 repressed CHIKV replication through ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1 and this was dependent on the FIP200-and-WIPI2-binding domain, but not the WD40 domain of ATG16L1. Our results elucidate an antiviral role for MSR1 involving the autophagic function of ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Tingting Geng
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Guang Yang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA ,grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Leilei Wang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Harshada Ketkar
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Duomeng Yang
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Tao Lin
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Jesse Hwang
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Shu Zhu
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Present Address: Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuping You
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Richard. A. Flavell
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ,grid.413575.10000 0001 2167 1581Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ,grid.413575.10000 0001 2167 1581Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD USA
| | - Penghua Wang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA ,grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
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Wang C, Wang X, Veleeparambil M, Kessler PM, Willard B, Chattopadhyay S, Sen GC. EGFR-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of STING determines its trafficking route and cellular innate immunity functions. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104106. [PMID: 32926474 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019104106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STING (STimulator of INterferon Genes) mediates protective cellular response to microbial infection and tissue damage, but its aberrant activation can lead to autoinflammatory diseases. Upon ligand stimulation, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein STING translocates to endosomes for induction of interferon production, while an alternate trafficking route delivers it directly to the autophagosomes. Here, we report that phosphorylation of a specific tyrosine residue in STING by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is required for directing STING to endosomes, where it interacts with its downstream effector IRF3. In the absence of EGFR-mediated phosphorylation, STING rapidly transits into autophagosomes, and IRF3 activation, interferon production, and antiviral activity are compromised in cell cultures and mice, while autophagic activity is enhanced. Our observations illuminate a new connection between the tyrosine kinase activity of EGFR and innate immune functions of STING and suggest new experimental and therapeutic approaches for selective regulation of STING functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyao Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Manoj Veleeparambil
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Patricia M Kessler
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ganes C Sen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Heidary F, Gharebaghi R. Systematic review of the antiviral properties of TRIM56: a potential therapeutic intervention for COVID-19. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:973-984. [PMID: 32903131 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1822168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tripartite motif (TRIM) plays various roles in pathological and physiological functions, including neurological diseases, genetic disorders, carcinogenesis, innate immune signaling, and antiviral activity. TRIM56 is a cytoplasmic protein whose expression is stimulated by type I interferon and may function as an antiviral agent. Here, the authors conducted a systematic search on papers that reported antiviral effects of TRIM56. AREAS COVERED The authors conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed database without time or language limitation, after using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Database terms. Initially, a structured search and full article review yielded 31 papers. Relevant original and review articles on TRIM56 were included. The reference lists were then reviewed, and the cited articles were added. Expert opinion: TRIM56 has been shown to have direct antiviral actions against positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses from the families Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae, and Retroviridae. Moreover, it may be effective against negative-sense single-strand RNA viruses from the families Paramyxoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae, as well as a DNA virus, Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). These studies could suggest the potential of a TRIM56-based antiviral against COVID-19 from the family Coronaviridae, containing single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. However, its efficacy and antiviral mechanisms need to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Heidary
- Head of Ophthalmology Division, Taleghani Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz, Iran.,Clinician Scientist Program Department, Shahed University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Gharebaghi
- Kish International Campus, University of Tehran , Tehran, Iran.,Research Department, International Virtual Ophthalmic Research Center (IVORC) , Austin, Texas, United States
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are a large group of E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in different cellular functions. Of special interest are their roles in innate immunity, inflammation, and virus replication. We discuss novel roles of TRIM proteins during virus infections that lead to increased pathogenicity. Recent Findings TRIM proteins regulate different antiviral and inflammatory signaling pathways, mostly by promoting ubiquitination of important factors including pattern recognition receptors, adaptor proteins, kinases, and transcription factors that are involved in type I interferon and NF-κB pathways. Therefore, viruses have developed mechanisms to target TRIMs for immune evasion. New evidence is emerging indicating that viruses have the ability to directly use TRIMs and the ubiquitination process to enhance the viral replication cycle and cause increased pathogenesis. A new report on TRIM7 also highlights the potential pro-viral role of TRIMs via ubiquitination of viral proteins and suggests a novel mechanism by which ubiquitination of virus envelope protein may provide determinants of tissue and species tropism. Summary TRIM proteins have important functions in promoting host defense against virus infection; however, viruses have adapted to evade TRIM-mediated immune responses and can hijack TRIMs to ultimately increase virus pathogenesis. Only by understanding specific TRIM-virus interactions and by using more in vivo approaches can we learn how to harness TRIM function to develop therapeutic approaches to reduce virus pathogenesis.
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Abstract
STING is essential for control of infections and for tumor immunosurveillance, but can also drive pathological inflammation. STING resides on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and traffics following stimulation to ERGIC/Golgi where signaling occurs. Although STING ER exit is the rate-limiting step in STING signaling, the mechanism that drives this process is not understood. Here we identify STEEP as a positive regulator of STING signaling. STEEP was associated with STING and promoted trafficking from the ER. This was mediated through stimulation of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) production and ER membrane curvature formation, thus inducing COPII-mediated ER-to-Golgi trafficking of STING. Depletion of STEEP impaired STING-driven gene expression in response to virus infection in brain tissue and in cells from patients with STING-associated diseases. Interestingly, STING gain-of-function mutants from patients interacted strongly with STEEP leading to increased ER PI3P levels and membrane curvature. Thus, STEEP enables STING signaling by promoting ER exit.
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46
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Hage A, Rajsbaum R. To TRIM or not to TRIM: the balance of host-virus interactions mediated by the ubiquitin system. J Gen Virol 2020; 100:1641-1662. [PMID: 31661051 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system responds rapidly to protect against viral infections, but an overactive response can cause harmful damage. To avoid this, the response is tightly regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). The ubiquitin system represents a powerful PTM machinery that allows for the reversible linkage of ubiquitin to activate and deactivate a target's function. A precise enzymatic cascade of ubiquitin-activating, conjugating and ligating enzymes facilitates ubiquitination. Viruses have evolved to take advantage of the ubiquitin pathway either by targeting factors to dampen the antiviral response or by hijacking the system to enhance their replication. The tripartite motif (TRIM) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases has garnered attention as a major contributor to innate immunity. Many TRIM family members limit viruses either indirectly as components in innate immune signalling, or directly by targeting viral proteins for degradation. In spite of this, TRIMs and other ubiquitin ligases can be appropriated by viruses and repurposed as valuable tools in viral replication. This duality of function suggests a new frontier of research for TRIMs and raises new challenges for discerning the subtleties of these pro-viral mechanisms. Here, we review current findings regarding the involvement of TRIMs in host-virus interactions. We examine ongoing developments in the field, including novel roles for unanchored ubiquitin in innate immunity, the direct involvement of ubiquitin ligases in promoting viral replication, recent controversies on the role of ubiquitin and TRIM25 in activation of the pattern recognition receptor RIG-I, and we discuss the implications these studies have on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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47
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Landman SL, Ressing ME, van der Veen AG. Balancing STING in antimicrobial defense and autoinflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:1-14. [PMID: 32563552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of microbes is crucial for eliciting an effective immune response. Innate immune receptors survey the intracellular and extracellular environment for signs of a microbial infection. When they detect a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), such as viral DNA, they alarm the cell about the ongoing infection. The central signaling hub in sensing of viral DNA is the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Upon activation, STING induces downstream signaling events that ultimately result in the production of type I interferons (IFN I), important cytokines in antimicrobial defense, in particular towards viruses. In this review, we describe the molecular features of STING, including its upstream sensors and ligands, its sequence and structural conservation, common polymorphisms, and its localization. We further highlight how STING activation requires a careful balance: its activity is essential for antiviral defense, but unwanted activation through mutations or accidental recognition of self-derived DNA causes autoinflammatory diseases. Several mechanisms, such as post-translational modifications, ensure this balance by fine-tuning STING activation. Finally, we discuss how viruses evade detection of their genomes by either exploiting cells that lack a functional DNA sensing pathway as a niche or by interfering with STING activation through viral evasion molecules. Insight into STING's exact mechanisms in health and disease will guide the development of novel clinical interventions for microbial infections, autoinflammatory diseases, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L Landman
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Ressing
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Annemarthe G van der Veen
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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48
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Flood BA, Higgs EF, Li S, Luke JJ, Gajewski TF. STING pathway agonism as a cancer therapeutic. Immunol Rev 2020; 290:24-38. [PMID: 31355488 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fact that a subset of human cancers showed evidence for a spontaneous adaptive immune response as reflected by the T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment phenotype led to the search for candidate innate immune pathways that might be driving such endogenous responses. Preclinical studies indicated a major role for the host STING pathway, a cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, as a proximal event required for optimal type I interferon production, dendritic cell activation, and priming of CD8+ T cells against tumor-associated antigens. STING agonists are therefore being developed as a novel cancer therapeutic, and a greater understanding of STING pathway regulation is leading to a broadened list of candidate immune regulatory targets. Early phase clinical trials of intratumoral STING agonists are already showing promise, alone and in combination with checkpoint blockade. Further advancement will derive from a deeper understanding of STING pathway biology as well as mechanisms of response vs resistance in individual cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Flood
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emily F Higgs
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shuyin Li
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason J Luke
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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49
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Cui X, Zhang R, Cen S, Zhou J. STING modulators: Predictive significance in drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111591. [PMID: 31419779 PMCID: PMC7172983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) - stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway plays the critical role in the immune response to DNA. Pharmacological modulation of the STING pathway has been well characterized both from structural and functional perspectives, which paves the way for the drug design of small modulators by medicinal chemists. Here, we outline recent progress in studies on the STING pathway, the structure and biological function of STING, the STING related disease, as well as the rationale and progress in the development of STING modulators. Our review demonstrates that STING is a promising drug target, and providing clues for the discovery of novel STING agonists and antagonists for the potential treatment of various disease including microbial infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Rongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China,Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China.
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50
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Endogenous Retrovirus-Derived Long Noncoding RNA Enhances Innate Immune Responses via Derepressing RELA Expression. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00937-19. [PMID: 31363026 PMCID: PMC6667616 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00937-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses are transposable genetic elements comprising 8% to 10% of the human and mouse genomes. Although most ERVs have been inactivated due to deleterious mutations, some are still transcribed. However, the biological functions of transcribed ERVs are largely unknown. Here, we identified a full-length ERV-derived lncRNA, designated lnc-EPAV, as a positive regulator of host innate immune responses. We found that silencing lnc-EPAV impaired virus-induced cytokine production, resulting in increased viral replication in cells. The lnc-EPAV-deficient mice exhibited enhanced susceptibility to viral challenge. We also found that lnc-EPAV regulated expression of RELA, an NF-κB subunit that plays a critical role in antiviral responses. ERV-derived lncRNA coordinated with a transcription repressor, SFPQ, to control Rela transcription. Our report provides new insights into the previously unrecognized immune gene regulatory mechanism of ERV-derived lncRNAs. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are transposable elements that cause host genome instability and usually play deleterious roles in disease such as tumorigenesis. Recent advances also suggest that this “enemy within” may encode a viral mimic to induce antiviral immune responses through viral sensors. Here, through whole-genome transcriptome analysis with RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), we discovered that a full-length ERV-derived long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), designated lnc-EPAV (ERV-derived lncRNA positively regulates antiviral responses), was a positive regulator of NF-κB signaling. lnc-EPAV expression was rapidly upregulated by viral RNA mimics or RNA viruses to facilitate the expression of RELA, an NF-κB subunit that plays a crucial role in antiviral responses. Transcriptome analysis of lnc-EPAV-silenced macrophages showed that lnc-EPAV was critical for RELA target gene expression and innate immune responses. Consistently, lnc-EPAV-deficient mice exhibited reduced expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and, consequently, increased viral loads and mortality following lethal RNA virus infection. Mechanistically, lnc-EPAV promoted expression of RELA by competitively binding to and displacing SFPQ, a transcriptional repressor of Rela. Altogether, our work demonstrates an alternative mechanism by which ERVs regulate antiviral immune responses.
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