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Massier M, Doco-Fenzy M, Egloff M, Le Guillou X, Le Guyader G, Redon S, Benech C, Le Millier K, Uguen K, Ropars J, Sacaze E, Audebert-Bellanger S, Apetrei A, Molin A, Gruchy N, Vincent-Devulder A, Spodenkiewicz M, Jacquin C, Loron G, Thibaud M, Delplancq G, Brisset S, Lesieur-Sebellin M, Malan V, Romana S, Rio M, Marlin S, Amiel J, Marquet V, Dauriat B, Moradkhani K, Mercier S, Isidor B, Arpin S, Pujalte M, Jedraszak G, Pebrel-Richard C, Salaun G, Laffargue F, Boudjarane J, Missirian C, Chelloug N, Toutain A, Chiesa J, Keren B, Mignot C, Gouy E, Jaillard S, Landais E, Poirsier C. 3q29 duplications: A cohort of 46 patients and a literature review. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63531. [PMID: 38421086 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Duplications of the 3q29 cytoband are rare chromosomal copy number variations (CNVs) (overlapping or recurrent ~1.6 Mb 3q29 duplications). They have been associated with highly variable neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) with various associated features or reported as a susceptibility factor to the development of learning disabilities and neuropsychiatric disorders. The smallest region of overlap and the phenotype of 3q29 duplications remain uncertain. We here report a French cohort of 31 families with a 3q29 duplication identified by chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), including 14 recurrent 1.6 Mb duplications, eight overlapping duplications (>1 Mb), and nine small duplications (<1 Mb). Additional genetic findings that may be involved in the phenotype were identified in 11 patients. Focusing on apparently isolated 3q29 duplications, patients present mainly mild NDD as suggested by a high rate of learning disabilities in contrast to a low proportion of patients with intellectual disabilities. Although some are de novo, most of the 3q29 duplications are inherited from a parent with a similar mild phenotype. Besides, the study of small 3q29 duplications does not provide evidence for any critical region. Our data suggest that the overlapping and recurrent 3q29 duplications seem to lead to mild NDD and that a severe or syndromic clinical presentation should warrant further genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Massier
- Department of Genetics, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Martine Doco-Fenzy
- Department of Genetics, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
- Department of Genetics, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Matthieu Egloff
- Department of Genetics, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
- University of Poitiers, INSERM, LNEC, Department of Genetics, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Xavier Le Guillou
- Department of Genetics, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
- University of Poitiers, CNRS, LMA, Department of Genetics, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Sylvia Redon
- Department of Genetics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
- Intellectual Disability Reference Center, Department of Pediatrics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
- University of Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
| | - Caroline Benech
- University of Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
| | | | - Kevin Uguen
- Department of Genetics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
- Intellectual Disability Reference Center, Department of Pediatrics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
- University of Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
| | - Juliette Ropars
- Intellectual Disability Reference Center, Department of Pediatrics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Elise Sacaze
- Intellectual Disability Reference Center, Department of Pediatrics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Séverine Audebert-Bellanger
- Department of Genetics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
- Intellectual Disability Reference Center, Department of Pediatrics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Andreea Apetrei
- University of Normandy, UNICAEN, RU7450 BioTARGen, Caen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Developmental Disorders and Malformative Syndromes, Anddi-Rares Network, Caen, France
| | - Arnaud Molin
- University of Normandy, UNICAEN, RU7450 BioTARGen, Caen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Developmental Disorders and Malformative Syndromes, Anddi-Rares Network, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Gruchy
- University of Normandy, UNICAEN, RU7450 BioTARGen, Caen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Developmental Disorders and Malformative Syndromes, Anddi-Rares Network, Caen, France
| | - Aline Vincent-Devulder
- University of Normandy, UNICAEN, RU7450 BioTARGen, Caen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Developmental Disorders and Malformative Syndromes, Anddi-Rares Network, Caen, France
| | | | - Clémence Jacquin
- Department of Genetics, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Gauthier Loron
- Department of Neonatal Medicine and Pediatric Intensive Care, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CReSTIC, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Marie Thibaud
- Department of Pediatrics, American Memorial Hospital, Reims, France
| | | | - Sophie Brisset
- Constitutional Genetics Unit, Versailles Hospital, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Marion Lesieur-Sebellin
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Malan
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Serge Romana
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marlène Rio
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Marlin
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Department of Genomic Medicine of Rare Disorders, Necker Hospital, APHP Center, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valentine Marquet
- Department of Cytogenetics, Clinical Genetics and Reproductive Biology, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Benjamin Dauriat
- Department of Cytogenetics, Clinical Genetics and Reproductive Biology, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | | | - Sandra Mercier
- Department of Genetics, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Department of Genetics, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphanie Arpin
- Department of Genetics, Tours University Hospital, UMR 1253, iBrain, University of Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | | | - Guillaume Jedraszak
- Constitutional Genetic Laboratory, University Hospital of Amiens & UR4666 HEMATIM, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Céline Pebrel-Richard
- Cytogenetic Medical Department; UIC Cytogenetics of Rare Diseases and Reproduction (GRUIC ADERGEN), Rare Diseases Reference Center (CRMR): Developmental Anomalies and Malformative Syndromes in the Auvergne Region, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gaëlle Salaun
- Cytogenetic Medical Department; UIC Cytogenetics of Rare Diseases and Reproduction (GRUIC ADERGEN), Rare Diseases Reference Center (CRMR): Developmental Anomalies and Malformative Syndromes in the Auvergne Region, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fanny Laffargue
- Department of Medical Genetics, UIC ADDIR (GRIUC ADERGEN), Constitutive Reference Center CLAD South-East: Developmental anomalies and malformative syndromes, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - John Boudjarane
- Medical Genetics Department, Timone Enfants University Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Missirian
- Medical Genetics Department, Timone Enfants University Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Nora Chelloug
- Department of Medical Genetics, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Annick Toutain
- Department of Genetics, Tours University Hospital, UMR 1253, iBrain, University of Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Jean Chiesa
- Department of Genetics, Nimes, University Hospital, Nimes University Hospital, Nimes, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Department of Genetics, APHP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Department of Genetics, APHP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Evan Gouy
- Department of Genetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Jaillard
- Department of Cytogenetics and Cell Biology, Rennes university hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Emilie Landais
- Department of Genetics, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Céline Poirsier
- Department of Genetics, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
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Urpa L, Kurki MI, Rahikkala E, Hämäläinen E, Salomaa V, Suvisaari J, Keski-Filppula R, Rauhala M, Korpi-Heikkilä S, Komulainen-Ebrahim J, Helander H, Vieira P, Uusimaa J, Moilanen JS, Körkkö J, Singh T, Kuismin O, Pietiläinen O, Palotie A, Daly MJ. Evidence for the additivity of rare and common variant burden throughout the spectrum of intellectual disability. Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:576-583. [PMID: 38467730 PMCID: PMC11061114 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a common disorder, yet there is a wide spectrum of impairment from mild to profoundly affected individuals. Mild ID is seen as the low extreme of the general distribution of intelligence, while severe ID is often seen as a monogenic disorder caused by rare, pathogenic, highly penetrant variants. To investigate the genetic factors influencing mild and severe ID, we evaluated rare and common variation in the Northern Finland Intellectual Disability cohort (n = 1096 ID patients), a cohort with a high percentage of mild ID (n = 550) and from a population bottleneck enriched in rare, damaging variation. Despite this enrichment, we found only a small percentage of ID was due to recessive Finnish-enriched variants (0.5%). A larger proportion was linked to dominant variation, with a significant burden of rare, damaging variation in both mild and severe ID. This rare variant burden was enriched in more severe ID (p = 2.4e-4), patients without a relative with ID (p = 4.76e-4), and in those with features associated with monogenic disorders. We also found a significant burden of common variants associated with decreased cognitive function, with no difference between mild and more severe ID. When we included common and rare variants in a joint model, the rare and common variants had additive effects in both mild and severe ID. A multimodel inference approach also found that common and rare variants together best explained ID status (ΔAIC = 16.8, ΔBIC = 10.2). Overall, we report evidence for the additivity of rare and common variant burden throughout the spectrum of intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Urpa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mitja I Kurki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisa Rahikkala
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eija Hämäläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Riikka Keski-Filppula
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Merja Rauhala
- Oulu University Hospital, Center for Intellectual Disability Care, Oulu, Finland
- Intellectual Disability Department, Wellbeing services, County of Kainuu, Kajaani, Finland
| | - Satu Korpi-Heikkilä
- Oulu University Hospital, Center for Intellectual Disability Care, Oulu, Finland
- The Social Insurance Institution of Finland (KELA), Oulu, Finland
| | - Jonna Komulainen-Ebrahim
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heli Helander
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Päivi Vieira
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Uusimaa
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jukka S Moilanen
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarmo Körkkö
- Oulu University Hospital, Center for Intellectual Disability Care, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tarjinder Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavioral Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Outi Kuismin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- HiLIFE Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark J Daly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Kingdom R, Beaumont RN, Wood AR, Weedon MN, Wright CF. Genetic modifiers of rare variants in monogenic developmental disorder loci. Nat Genet 2024; 56:861-868. [PMID: 38637616 PMCID: PMC11096126 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Rare damaging variants in a large number of genes are known to cause monogenic developmental disorders (DDs) and have also been shown to cause milder subclinical phenotypes in population cohorts. Here, we show that carrying multiple (2-5) rare damaging variants across 599 dominant DD genes has an additive adverse effect on numerous cognitive and socioeconomic traits in UK Biobank, which can be partially counterbalanced by a higher educational attainment polygenic score (EA-PGS). Phenotypic deviators from expected EA-PGS could be partly explained by the enrichment or depletion of rare DD variants. Among carriers of rare DD variants, those with a DD-related clinical diagnosis had a substantially lower EA-PGS and more severe phenotype than those without a clinical diagnosis. Our results suggest that the overall burden of both rare and common variants can modify the expressivity of a phenotype, which may then influence whether an individual reaches the threshold for clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Caroline F Wright
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.
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Beaumont RN, Hawkes G, Gunning AC, Wright CF. Clustering of predicted loss-of-function variants in genes linked with monogenic disease can explain incomplete penetrance. Genome Med 2024; 16:64. [PMID: 38671509 PMCID: PMC11046769 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variants that severely alter protein products (e.g. nonsense, frameshift) are often associated with disease. For some genes, these predicted loss-of-function variants (pLoFs) are observed throughout the gene, whilst in others, they occur only at specific locations. We hypothesised that, for genes linked with monogenic diseases that display incomplete penetrance, pLoF variants present in apparently unaffected individuals may be limited to regions where pLoFs are tolerated. To test this, we investigated whether pLoF location could explain instances of incomplete penetrance of variants expected to be pathogenic for Mendelian conditions. METHODS We used exome sequence data in 454,773 individuals in the UK Biobank (UKB) to investigate the locations of pLoFs in a population cohort. We counted numbers of unique pLoF, missense, and synonymous variants in UKB in each quintile of the coding sequence (CDS) of all protein-coding genes and clustered the variants using Gaussian mixture models. We limited the analyses to genes with ≥ 5 variants of each type (16,473 genes). We compared the locations of pLoFs in UKB with all theoretically possible pLoFs in a transcript, and pathogenic pLoFs from ClinVar, and performed simulations to estimate the false-positive rate of non-uniformly distributed variants. RESULTS For most genes, all variant classes fell into clusters representing broadly uniform variant distributions, but genes in which haploinsufficiency causes developmental disorders were less likely to have uniform pLoF distribution than other genes (P < 2.2 × 10-6). We identified a number of genes, including ARID1B and GATA6, where pLoF variants in the first quarter of the CDS were rescued by the presence of an alternative translation start site and should not be reported as pathogenic. For other genes, such as ODC1, pLoFs were located approximately uniformly across the gene, but pathogenic pLoFs were clustered only at the end, consistent with a gain-of-function disease mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the potential benefits of localised constraint metrics and that the location of pLoF variants should be considered when interpreting variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin N Beaumont
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Gareth Hawkes
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Adam C Gunning
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Caroline F Wright
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
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Choi H, Kim JA, Cho KO, Kim HJ, Park MH. Case Report: Intellectual disability and borderline intellectual functioning in two sisters with a 12p11.22 loss. Front Genet 2024; 15:1355823. [PMID: 38628577 PMCID: PMC11018894 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1355823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple genome sequencing studies have identified genetic abnormalities as major causes of severe intellectual disability (ID). However, many children affected by mild ID and borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) lack a genetic diagnosis because known causative ID genetic mutations have not been identified or the role of genetic variants in mild cases is less understood. Genetic variant testing in mild cases is necessary to provide information on prognosis and risk of occurrence. In this study, we report two sibling patients who were 5 years 9 months old and 3 years 3 months old and presented to the hospital due to developmental delay. Clinical assessment and chromosomal microarray analysis were performed. The patients were diagnosed with mild intellectual disability (ID) and borderline intellectual functioning (BIF). Genetic analysis identified a loss of 12p11.22, including the OVCH1-AS1, OVCH1, and TMTC1 genes, which was the only variant that occurred in both sisters. Identical variants were found in their father with probable BIF. Neither patient presented any brain structural abnormalities or dysmorphism, and no exogenous factors or parenting problems were reported. Thus, loss of 12p11.22 may be associated with our patients' cognitive impairment. The OVCH1, OVCH1-AS1 and TMTC1 variants identified in this study are the most likely disease-causing genes in the sisters. Our findings may expand as yet limited knowledge on mild ID and BIF causative variants, which would further support the diagnosis even if the severity is mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haemi Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-A. Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ok Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Psychotic Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Min-Hyeon Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Suokas K, Kurkela O, Nevalainen J, Suvisaari J, Hakulinen C, Kampman O, Pirkola S. Geographical variation in treated psychotic and other mental disorders in Finland by region and urbanicity. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024; 59:37-49. [PMID: 37308692 PMCID: PMC10799825 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In Finland, prevalence of schizophrenia is higher in the eastern and northern regions and co-occurs with the distribution of schizophrenia polygenic risk scores. Both genetic and environmental factors have been hypothesized to contribute to this variation. We aimed to examine the prevalence of psychotic and other mental disorders by region and degree of urbanicity, and the impacts of socio-economic adjustments on these associations. METHODS Nationwide population registers from 2011 to 2017 and healthcare registers from 1975 to 2017. We used 19 administrative and three aggregate regions based on the distribution of schizophrenia polygenic risk scores, and a seven-level urban-rural classification. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were calculated by Poisson regression models and adjusted for gender, age, and calendar year (basic adjustments), and Finnish origin, residential history, urbanicity, household income, economic activity, and physical comorbidity (additional adjustments) on an individual level. Average marginal effects were used to visualize interaction effects between region and urbanicity. RESULTS A total of 5,898,180 individuals were observed. All mental disorders were slightly more prevalent (PR 1.03 [95% CI, 1.02-1.03]), and psychotic disorders (1.11 [1.10-1.12]) and schizophrenia (1.19 [1.17-1.21]) considerably more prevalent in eastern and northern than in western coastal regions. After the additional adjustments, however, the PRs were 0.95 (0.95-0.96), 1.00 (0.99-1.01), and 1.03 (1.02-1.04), respectively. Urban residence was associated with increased prevalence of psychotic disorders across all regions (adjusted PR 1.21 [1.20-1.22]). CONCLUSION After adjusting for socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors, the within-country distribution of mental disorders no longer followed the traditional east-west gradient. Urban-rural differences, on the other hand, persisted after the adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Suokas
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland, Arvo Ylpön katu 34 (Arvo 1), 33014.
| | - Olli Kurkela
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland, Arvo Ylpön katu 34 (Arvo 1), 33014
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Jaakko Nevalainen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland, Arvo Ylpön katu 34 (Arvo 1), 33014
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Hakulinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health and Social Care Systems, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Kampman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, The Pirkanmaa Wellbeing Services County, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine (Psychiatry), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, The Wellbeing Services County of Ostrobothnia, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Sami Pirkola
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland, Arvo Ylpön katu 34 (Arvo 1), 33014
- Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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7
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Chen CY, Tian R, Ge T, Lam M, Sanchez-Andrade G, Singh T, Urpa L, Liu JZ, Sanderson M, Rowley C, Ironfield H, Fang T, Daly M, Palotie A, Tsai EA, Huang H, Hurles ME, Gerety SS, Lencz T, Runz H. The impact of rare protein coding genetic variation on adult cognitive function. Nat Genet 2023:10.1038/s41588-023-01398-8. [PMID: 37231097 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that human cognitive function is strongly influenced by genetics. Here, we conduct a large-scale exome study to examine whether rare protein-coding variants impact cognitive function in the adult population (n = 485,930). We identify eight genes (ADGRB2, KDM5B, GIGYF1, ANKRD12, SLC8A1, RC3H2, CACNA1A and BCAS3) that are associated with adult cognitive function through rare coding variants with large effects. Rare genetic architecture for cognitive function partially overlaps with that of neurodevelopmental disorders. In the case of KDM5B we show how the genetic dosage of one of these genes may determine the variability of cognitive, behavioral and molecular traits in mice and humans. We further provide evidence that rare and common variants overlap in association signals and contribute additively to cognitive function. Our study introduces the relevance of rare coding variants for cognitive function and unveils high-impact monogenic contributions to how cognitive function is distributed in the normal adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yen Chen
- Research and Development, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ruoyu Tian
- Research and Development, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dewpoint Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Max Lam
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | | | - Tarjinder Singh
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lea Urpa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jimmy Z Liu
- Research and Development, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
- GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Terry Fang
- Research and Development, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark Daly
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ellen A Tsai
- Research and Development, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Heiko Runz
- Research and Development, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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8
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Tallgren A, Kager L, O’Grady G, Tuominen H, Körkkö J, Kuismin O, Feucht M, Wilson C, Behunova J, England E, Kurki MI, Palotie A, Hallman M, Kaarteenaho R, Laccone F, Boztug K, Hinttala R, Uusimaa J. Novel patients with NHLRC2 variants expand the phenotypic spectrum of FINCA disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1123327. [PMID: 37179546 PMCID: PMC10173879 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1123327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose FINCA disease (Fibrosis, Neurodegeneration and Cerebral Angiomatosis, OMIM 618278) is an infantile-onset neurodevelopmental and multiorgan disease. Since our initial report in 2018, additional patients have been described. FINCA is the first human disease caused by recessive variants in the highly conserved NHLRC2 gene. Our previous studies have shown that Nhlrc2-null mouse embryos die during gastrulation, indicating the essential role of the protein in embryonic development. Defect in NHLRC2 leads to cerebral neurodegeneration and severe pulmonary, hepatic and cardiac fibrosis. Despite having a structure suggestive of an enzymatic role and the clinical importance of NHLRC2 in multiple organs, the specific physiological role of the protein is unknown. Methods The clinical histories of five novel FINCA patients diagnosed with whole exome sequencing were reviewed. Segregation analysis of the biallelic, potentially pathogenic NHLRC2 variants was performed using Sanger sequencing. Studies on neuropathology and NHLRC2 expression in different brain regions were performed on autopsy samples of three previously described deceased FINCA patients. Results One patient was homozygous for the pathogenic variant c.442G > T, while the other four were compound heterozygous for this variant and two other pathogenic NHLRC2 gene variants. All five patients presented with multiorgan dysfunction with neurodevelopmental delay, recurrent infections and macrocytic anemia as key features. Interstitial lung disease was pronounced in infancy but often stabilized. Autopsy samples revealed widespread, albeit at a lower intensity than the control, NHLRC2 expression in the brain. Conclusion This report expands on the characteristic clinical features of FINCA disease. Presentation is typically in infancy, and although patients can live to late adulthood, the key clinical and histopathological features are fibrosis, infection susceptibility/immunodeficiency/intellectual disability, neurodevelopmental disorder/neurodegeneration and chronic anemia/cerebral angiomatosis (hence the acronym FINCA) that enable an early diagnosis confirmed by genetic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Tallgren
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leo Kager
- St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gina O’Grady
- Paediatric Neuroservices, Starship Children’s Health, Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannu Tuominen
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarmo Körkkö
- Center for Intellectual Disability Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Outi Kuismin
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Martha Feucht
- Department of Paediatrics, Center for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Callum Wilson
- National Metabolic Service, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jana Behunova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleina England
- Mendelian Genomics, Programme in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mitja I. Kurki
- Programme in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Programme in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Hallman
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riitta Kaarteenaho
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Center of Internal Medicine and Respiratory Medicine and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Franco Laccone
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kaan Boztug
- St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reetta Hinttala
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Uusimaa
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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9
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Transition from Animal-Based to Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)-Based Models of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Opportunities and Challenges. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040538. [PMID: 36831205 PMCID: PMC9954744 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) arise from the disruption of highly coordinated mechanisms underlying brain development, which results in impaired sensory, motor and/or cognitive functions. Although rodent models have offered very relevant insights to the field, the translation of findings to clinics, particularly regarding therapeutic approaches for these diseases, remains challenging. Part of the explanation for this failure may be the genetic differences-some targets not being conserved between species-and, most importantly, the differences in regulation of gene expression. This prompts the use of human-derived models to study NDDS. The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSCs) added a new suitable alternative to overcome species limitations, allowing for the study of human neuronal development while maintaining the genetic background of the donor patient. Several hIPSC models of NDDs already proved their worth by mimicking several pathological phenotypes found in humans. In this review, we highlight the utility of hIPSCs to pave new paths for NDD research and development of new therapeutic tools, summarize the challenges and advances of hIPSC-culture and neuronal differentiation protocols and discuss the best way to take advantage of these models, illustrating this with examples of success for some NDDs.
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10
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Uusimaa J, Kettunen J, Varilo T, Järvelä I, Kallijärvi J, Kääriäinen H, Laine M, Lapatto R, Myllynen P, Niinikoski H, Rahikkala E, Suomalainen A, Tikkanen R, Tyynismaa H, Vieira P, Zarybnicky T, Sipilä P, Kuure S, Hinttala R. The Finnish genetic heritage in 2022 – from diagnosis to translational research. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:278566. [PMID: 36285626 PMCID: PMC9637267 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated populations have been valuable for the discovery of rare monogenic diseases and their causative genetic variants. Finnish disease heritage (FDH) is an example of a group of hereditary monogenic disorders caused by single major, usually autosomal-recessive, variants enriched in the population due to several past genetic drift events. Interestingly, distinct subpopulations have remained in Finland and have maintained their unique genetic repertoire. Thus, FDH diseases have persisted, facilitating vigorous research on the underlying molecular mechanisms and development of treatment options. This Review summarizes the current status of FDH, including the most recently discovered FDH disorders, and introduces a set of other recently identified diseases that share common features with the traditional FDH diseases. The Review also discusses a new era for population-based studies, which combine various forms of big data to identify novel genotype–phenotype associations behind more complex conditions, as exemplified here by the FinnGen project. In addition to the pathogenic variants with an unequivocal causative role in the disease phenotype, several risk alleles that correlate with certain phenotypic features have been identified among the Finns, further emphasizing the broad value of studying genetically isolated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Uusimaa
- Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital 1 , 90029 Oulu , Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu 2 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Computational Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu 3 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Finland 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu 5 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
| | - Teppo Varilo
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Finland 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki 6 , 00251 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Irma Järvelä
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki 6 , 00251 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jukka Kallijärvi
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center 7 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Helena Kääriäinen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare 4 , 00271 Helsinki
- Finland 4 , 00271 Helsinki
| | - Minna Laine
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki 9 , 00029 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Risto Lapatto
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital 10 , 00029 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Päivi Myllynen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu University Hospital 11 , 90029 Oulu , Finland
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku 12 , 20014 Turku , Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku 13 , 20014 Turku , Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital 14 , 20014 Turku , Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital 15 , 20014 Turku , Finland
| | - Elisa Rahikkala
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu 2 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital 16 , 90029 Oulu , Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- HUS Diagnostics, Helsinki University Hospital 17 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Ritva Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen 18 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Henna Tyynismaa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki 19 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Päivi Vieira
- Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital 1 , 90029 Oulu , Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu 2 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
| | - Tomas Zarybnicky
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki 20 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Petra Sipilä
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku 12 , 20014 Turku , Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku 21 , 20014 Turku , Finland
| | - Satu Kuure
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki 8 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
- GM-Unit, Laboratory Animal Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki 22 , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Reetta Hinttala
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu 2 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu 5 , 90014 Oulu , Finland
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11
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Ziegler A, Chung WK. Recent advances in understanding neuro. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 75:101938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Rahikkala E, Urpa L, Ghimire B, Topa H, Kurki MI, Koskela M, Airavaara M, Hämäläinen E, Pylkäs K, Körkkö J, Savolainen H, Suoranta A, Bertoli-Avella A, Rolfs A, Mattila P, Daly M, Palotie A, Pietiläinen O, Moilanen J, Kuismin O. A novel variant in SMG9 causes intellectual disability, confirming a role for nonsense-mediated decay components in neurocognitive development. Eur J Hum Genet 2022; 30:619-627. [PMID: 35087184 PMCID: PMC9090808 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic loss-of-function variants in the SMG9 gene, encoding a regulatory subunit of the mRNA nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) machinery, are reported to cause heart and brain malformation syndrome. Here we report five patients from three unrelated families with intellectual disability (ID) and a novel pathogenic SMG9 c.551 T > C p.(Val184Ala) homozygous missense variant, identified using exome sequencing. Sanger sequencing confirmed recessive segregation in each family. SMG9 c.551T > C p.(Val184Ala) is most likely an autozygous variant identical by descent. Characteristic clinical findings in patients were mild to moderate ID, intention tremor, pyramidal signs, dyspraxia, and ocular manifestations. We used RNA sequencing of patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls to assess the effect of the variant. RNA sequencing revealed that the SMG9 c.551T > C variant did not affect the splicing or expression level of SMG9 gene products, and allele-specific expression analysis did not provide evidence that the nonsense mRNA-induced NMD was affected. Differential gene expression analysis identified prevalent upregulation of genes in patients, including the genes SMOX, OSBP2, GPX3, and ZNF155. These findings suggest that normal SMG9 function may be involved in transcriptional regulation without affecting nonsense mRNA-induced NMD. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the SMG9 c.551T > C missense variant causes a neurodevelopmental disorder and impacts gene expression. NMD components have roles beyond aberrant mRNA degradation that are crucial for neurocognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rahikkala
- Department of Clinical Genetics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Lea Urpa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bishwa Ghimire
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hande Topa
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mitja I Kurki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maryna Koskela
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Hämäläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarmo Körkkö
- Center for Intellectual Disability Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Helena Savolainen
- Center for Intellectual Disability Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anu Suoranta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Arndt Rolfs
- Centogene GmbH, 18055, Rostock, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pirkko Mattila
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark Daly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jukka Moilanen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Outi Kuismin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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PIDD1 in cell cycle control, sterile inflammation and cell death. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:813-824. [PMID: 35343572 PMCID: PMC9162469 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The death fold domain-containing protein PIDD1 has recently attracted renewed attention as a regulator of the orphan cell death-related protease, Caspase-2. Caspase-2 can activate p53 to promote cell cycle arrest in response to centrosome aberrations, and its activation requires formation of the PIDDosome multi-protein complex containing multimers of PIDD1 and the adapter RAIDD/CRADD at its core. However, PIDD1 appears to be able to engage with multiple client proteins to promote an even broader range of biological responses, such as NF-κB activation, translesion DNA synthesis or cell death. PIDD1 shows features of inteins, a class of self-cleaving proteins, to create different polypeptides from a common precursor protein that allow it to serve these diverse functions. This review summarizes structural information and molecular features as well as recent experimental advances that highlight the potential pathophysiological roles of this unique death fold protein to highlight its drug-target potential.
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14
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Yahia A, Ayed IB, Hamed AA, Mohammed IN, Elseed MA, Bakhiet AM, Guillot-Noel L, Abozar F, Adil R, Emad S, Abubaker R, Musallam MA, Eltazi IZM, Omer Z, Maaroof OM, Soussi A, Bouzid A, Kmiha S, Kamoun H, Salih MA, Ahmed AE, Elsayed L, Masmoudi S, Stevanin G. Genetic diagnosis in Sudanese and Tunisian families with syndromic intellectual disability through exome sequencing. Ann Hum Genet 2022; 86:181-194. [PMID: 35118659 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intellectual disability is a form of neurodevelopmental disorders that begin in childhood and is characterized by substantial intellectual difficulties as well as difficulties in conceptual, social, and practical areas of living. Several genetic and nongenetic factors contribute to its development; however, its most severe forms are generally attributed to single-gene defects. High-throughput technologies and data sharing contributed to the diagnosis of hundreds of single-gene intellectual disability subtypes. METHOD We applied exome sequencing to identify potential variants causing syndromic intellectual disability in six Sudanese patients from four unrelated families. Data sharing through the Varsome portal corroborated the diagnosis of one of these patients and a Tunisian patient investigated through exome sequencing. Sanger sequencing validated the identified variants and their segregation with the phenotypes in the five studied families. RESULT We identified three pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in CCDC82, ADAT3, and HUWE1 and variants of uncertain significance in HERC2 and ATP2B3. The patients with the CCDC82 variants had microcephaly and spasticity, two signs absent in the two previously reported families with CCDC82-related intellectual disability. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we report new patients with pathogenic mutations in the genes CCDC82, ADAT3, and HUWE1. We also highlight the possibility of extending the CCDC82-linked phenotype to include spastic paraplegia and microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Yahia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University, Khartoum, Sudan.,Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ikhlas Ben Ayed
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes (LPCMC), LR15CBS07, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.,Medical Genetic Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahlam A Hamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Inaam N Mohammed
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Maha A Elseed
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Aisha M Bakhiet
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Lena Guillot-Noel
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Fatima Abozar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rawaa Adil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sara Emad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rayan Abubaker
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,National University Biomedical Research Institute (NUBRI), National University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Isra Z M Eltazi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Zulfa Omer
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Omer M Maaroof
- Council of Diagnostic Radiology, Sudan Medical Specialization Board, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Amal Soussi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes (LPCMC), LR15CBS07, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amal Bouzid
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes (LPCMC), LR15CBS07, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sana Kmiha
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, LR33ES99, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.,Department of pediatrics, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hassen Kamoun
- Medical Genetic Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, LR33ES99, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mustafa A Salih
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, AlMughtaribeen University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ammar E Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Liena Elsayed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saber Masmoudi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes (LPCMC), LR15CBS07, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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15
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Yurko R, Roeder K, Devlin B, G'Sell M. An approach to gene-based testing accounting for dependence of tests among nearby genes. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6359004. [PMID: 34459489 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In genome-wide association studies (GWAS), it has become commonplace to test millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for phenotypic association. Gene-based testing can improve power to detect weak signal by reducing multiple testing and pooling signal strength. While such tests account for linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure of SNP alleles within each gene, current approaches do not capture LD of SNPs falling in different nearby genes, which can induce correlation of gene-based test statistics. We introduce an algorithm to account for this correlation. When a gene's test statistic is independent of others, it is assessed separately; when test statistics for nearby genes are strongly correlated, their SNPs are agglomerated and tested as a locus. To provide insight into SNPs and genes driving association within loci, we develop an interactive visualization tool to explore localized signal. We demonstrate our approach in the context of weakly powered GWAS for autism spectrum disorder, which is contrasted to more highly powered GWAS for schizophrenia and educational attainment. To increase power for these analyses, especially those for autism, we use adaptive $P$-value thresholding, guided by high-dimensional metadata modeled with gradient boosted trees, highlighting when and how it can be most useful. Notably our workflow is based on summary statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Yurko
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn Roeder
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Max G'Sell
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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Symonds JD, Elliott KS, Shetty J, Armstrong M, Brunklaus A, Cutcutache I, Diver LA, Dorris L, Gardiner S, Jollands A, Joss S, Kirkpatrick M, McLellan A, MacLeod S, O'Regan M, Page M, Pilley E, Pilz DT, Stephen E, Stewart K, Ashrafian H, Knight JC, Zuberi SM. Early childhood epilepsies: epidemiology, classification, aetiology, and socio-economic determinants. Brain 2021; 144:2879-2891. [PMID: 34687210 PMCID: PMC8557326 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsies of early childhood are frequently resistant to therapy and often associated with cognitive and behavioural comorbidity. Aetiology focused precision medicine, notably gene-based therapies, may prevent seizures and comorbidities. Epidemiological data utilizing modern diagnostic techniques including whole genome sequencing and neuroimaging can inform diagnostic strategies and therapeutic trials. We present a 3-year, multicentre prospective cohort study, involving all children under 3 years of age in Scotland presenting with epilepsies. We used two independent sources for case identification: clinical reporting and EEG record review. Capture-recapture methodology was then used to improve the accuracy of incidence estimates. Socio-demographic and clinical details were obtained at presentation, and 24 months later. Children were extensively investigated for aetiology. Whole genome sequencing was offered for all patients with drug-resistant epilepsy for whom no aetiology could yet be identified. Multivariate logistic regression modelling was used to determine associations between clinical features, aetiology, and outcome. Three hundred and ninety children were recruited over 3 years. The adjusted incidence of epilepsies presenting in the first 3 years of life was 239 per 100 000 live births [95% confidence interval (CI) 216-263]. There was a socio-economic gradient to incidence, with a significantly higher incidence in the most deprived quintile (301 per 100 000 live births, 95% CI 251-357) compared with the least deprived quintile (182 per 100 000 live births, 95% CI 139-233), χ2 odds ratio = 1.7 (95% CI 1.3-2.2). The relationship between deprivation and incidence was only observed in the group without identified aetiology, suggesting that populations living in higher deprivation areas have greater multifactorial risk for epilepsy. Aetiology was determined in 54% of children, and epilepsy syndrome was classified in 54%. Thirty-one per cent had an identified genetic cause for their epilepsy. We present novel data on the aetiological spectrum of the most commonly presenting epilepsies of early childhood. Twenty-four months after presentation, 36% of children had drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), and 49% had global developmental delay (GDD). Identification of an aetiology was the strongest determinant of both DRE and GDD. Aetiology was determined in 82% of those with DRE, and 75% of those with GDD. In young children with epilepsy, genetic testing should be prioritized as it has the highest yield of any investigation and is most likely to inform precision therapy and prognosis. Epilepsies in early childhood are 30% more common than previously reported. Epilepsies of undetermined aetiology present more frequently in deprived communities. This likely reflects increased multifactorial risk within these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Symonds
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK.,Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Katherine S Elliott
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jay Shetty
- Department of Paediatric Neurosciences, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Sciennes Road, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, UK
| | | | - Andreas Brunklaus
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK.,Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Louise A Diver
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Liam Dorris
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK.,Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sarah Gardiner
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Alice Jollands
- Paediatric Neurology, Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Shelagh Joss
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Martin Kirkpatrick
- Paediatric Neurology, Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Ailsa McLellan
- Department of Paediatric Neurosciences, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Sciennes Road, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, UK
| | - Stewart MacLeod
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Mary O'Regan
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK.,Paediatric Neurology, Crumlin Children's Hospital, Cooley Rd, Crumlin, Dublin D12 N512, Ireland
| | | | - Elizabeth Pilley
- Department of Paediatric Neurosciences, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Sciennes Road, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, UK.,Paediatric Neurology, Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Daniela T Pilz
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Elma Stephen
- Paediatric Neurology, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Aberdeen AB25 2ZG, UK
| | - Kirsty Stewart
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Houman Ashrafian
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sameer M Zuberi
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK.,Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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17
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Wang X, Lin T, Yengo L, Sidorenko J, Wray NR, Levinson DF. Polygenic burden could explain high rates of affective disorders in a community with restricted founder population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2021; 186:367-375. [PMID: 34632698 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates if genetic factors could contribute to the high rate of mood disorders reported in a U.S. community known to have a restricted early founder population (confirmed here through runs of homozygosity analysis). Polygenic scores (PGSs) for eight common diseases, disorders, or traits, including psychiatric disorders, were calculated in 274 participants (125 mood disorder cases) who each reported three or four grandparents born in the community. Ancestry-matched controls were selected from the UK Biobank (UKB; three sets of N = 1,822 each). The mean PGSs were significantly higher in the community for major depression PRS (p = 2.1 × 10-19 , 0.56 SD units), bipolar disorder (p = 2.5 × 10-15 , 0.56 SD units), and schizophrenia (p = 3.8 × 10-21 , 0.64 SD units). The PGSs were not significantly different between the community participants and UKB controls for the traits of body mass index, Type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and chronotype. The mean PGSs for height were significantly lower in the community sample compared to controls (-0.21 SD units, p = 1.2 × 10-5 ). The results are consistent with enrichment of polygenic risk factors for psychiatric disorders in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tian Lin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Loic Yengo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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18
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Kozel BA, Barak B, Ae Kim C, Mervis CB, Osborne LR, Porter M, Pober BR. Williams syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:42. [PMID: 34140529 PMCID: PMC9437774 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a relatively rare microdeletion disorder that occurs in as many as 1:7,500 individuals. WS arises due to the mispairing of low-copy DNA repetitive elements at meiosis. The deletion size is similar across most individuals with WS and leads to the loss of one copy of 25-27 genes on chromosome 7q11.23. The resulting unique disorder affects multiple systems, with cardinal features including but not limited to cardiovascular disease (characteristically stenosis of the great arteries and most notably supravalvar aortic stenosis), a distinctive craniofacial appearance, and a specific cognitive and behavioural profile that includes intellectual disability and hypersociability. Genotype-phenotype evidence is strongest for ELN, the gene encoding elastin, which is responsible for the vascular and connective tissue features of WS, and for the transcription factor genes GTF2I and GTF2IRD1, which are known to affect intellectual ability, social functioning and anxiety. Mounting evidence also ascribes phenotypic consequences to the deletion of BAZ1B, LIMK1, STX1A and MLXIPL, but more work is needed to understand the mechanism by which these deletions contribute to clinical outcomes. The age of diagnosis has fallen in regions of the world where technological advances, such as chromosomal microarray, enable clinicians to make the diagnosis of WS without formally suspecting it, allowing earlier intervention by medical and developmental specialists. Phenotypic variability is considerable for all cardinal features of WS but the specific sources of this variability remain unknown. Further investigation to identify the factors responsible for these differences may lead to mechanism-based rather than symptom-based therapies and should therefore be a high research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Kozel
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Boaz Barak
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience and The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolyn B. Mervis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
| | - Lucy R. Osborne
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie Porter
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barbara R. Pober
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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19
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Martinelli A, Rice ML, Talcott JB, Diaz R, Smith S, Raza MH, Snowling MJ, Hulme C, Stein J, Hayiou-Thomas ME, Hawi Z, Kent L, Pitt SJ, Newbury DF, Paracchini S. A rare missense variant in the ATP2C2 gene is associated with language impairment and related measures. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1160-1171. [PMID: 33864365 PMCID: PMC8188402 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
At least 5% of children present unexpected difficulties in expressing and understanding spoken language. This condition is highly heritable and often co-occurs with other neurodevelopmental disorders such as dyslexia and ADHD. Through an exome sequencing analysis, we identified a rare missense variant (chr16:84405221, GRCh38.p12) in the ATP2C2 gene. ATP2C2 was implicated in language disorders by linkage and association studies, and exactly the same variant was reported previously in a different exome sequencing study for language impairment (LI). We followed up this finding by genotyping the mutation in cohorts selected for LI and comorbid disorders. We found that the variant had a higher frequency in LI cases (1.8%, N = 360) compared with cohorts selected for dyslexia (0.8%, N = 520) and ADHD (0.7%, N = 150), which presented frequencies comparable to reference databases (0.9%, N = 24 046 gnomAD controls). Additionally, we observed that carriers of the rare variant identified from a general population cohort (N = 42, ALSPAC cohort) presented, as a group, lower scores on a range of reading and language-related measures compared to controls (N = 1825; minimum P = 0.002 for non-word reading). ATP2C2 encodes for an ATPase (SPCA2) that transports calcium and manganese ions into the Golgi lumen. Our functional characterization suggested that the rare variant influences the ATPase activity of SPCA2. Thus, our results further support the role of ATP2C2 locus in language-related phenotypes and pinpoint the possible effects of a specific rare variant at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mabel L Rice
- Child Language Doctoral Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Joel B Talcott
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebeca Diaz
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Shelley Smith
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Margaret J Snowling
- Department of Experimental Psychology and St John's College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles Hulme
- Department of Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Stein
- Department of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ziarih Hawi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lindsey Kent
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Samantha J Pitt
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Dianne F Newbury
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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20
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Hus Y, Segal O. Challenges Surrounding the Diagnosis of Autism in Children. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:3509-3529. [PMID: 34898983 PMCID: PMC8654688 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s282569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive thematic review aims to highlight and familiarize readers with the challenges and pitfalls encountered in differential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children to facilitate the process of accurate identification by stakeholders. Accordingly, articles that best answer our questions and highlight our concerns were chosen from well-established publishers with prime peer reviewed journals. Included are studies showing alternate views of the issues so as to point readers to other possibilities. ASD, a complex dynamic biological-neurodevelopmental disorder, is underscored by its heterogeneous symptomology, severity, and phenotypes - all characterized by social communication deficits and presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviours (RRBs), the core symptoms in ASD. Language and intellectual capacities do not form ASD core symptoms although vary considerably. Accurate identification is challenging as ASD is often enmeshed with other neurodevelopmental disorders, and medical comorbidities, a situation now recognized as the rule rather than the exception in child psychiatry and developmental medicine. ASD is a disorder with varying performance and severity of symptoms over time, including unexpected loss of early skills, and lost diagnosis in some children following treatment. The review reiterates the urgency in accurate diagnosis in face of the rapid rise in ASD prevalence globally, and risk-increase in delayed or denied treatment with undesirable life-long consequences for most of the affected children. In addition, a call for change is advised to circumvent the ethical dilemma posed by the present "deficit model" in ASD diagnosis. Here, ASD prevalence is presented first, followed by emphasis on importance of accurate early diagnosis, and challenges in its accomplishment due to flaws in diagnostic instruments and other contributing factors. Next follow the required criteria for accurate identification, and its difficulties attributed to comorbid conditions, gender differences, and socio-economic and cultural influences. The conclusion includes future directions and a take away message.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Hus
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Theralab Research Collaborator, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Osnat Segal
- Tel Aviv University, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Department of Communication Disorders, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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21
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Saarentaus EC, Havulinna AS, Mars N, Ahola-Olli A, Kiiskinen TTJ, Partanen J, Ruotsalainen S, Kurki M, Urpa LM, Chen L, Perola M, Salomaa V, Veijola J, Männikkö M, Hall IM, Pietiläinen O, Kaprio J, Ripatti S, Daly M, Palotie A. Polygenic burden has broader impact on health, cognition, and socioeconomic outcomes than most rare and high-risk copy number variants. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4884-4895. [PMID: 33526825 PMCID: PMC8589645 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) are associated with syndromic and severe neurological and psychiatric disorders (SNPDs), such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Although considered high-impact, CNVs are also observed in the general population. This presents a diagnostic challenge in evaluating their clinical significance. To estimate the phenotypic differences between CNV carriers and non-carriers regarding general health and well-being, we compared the impact of SNPD-associated CNVs on health, cognition, and socioeconomic phenotypes to the impact of three genome-wide polygenic risk score (PRS) in two Finnish cohorts (FINRISK, n = 23,053 and NFBC1966, n = 4895). The focus was on CNV carriers and PRS extremes who do not have an SNPD diagnosis. We identified high-risk CNVs (DECIPHER CNVs, risk gene deletions, or large [>1 Mb] CNVs) in 744 study participants (2.66%), 36 (4.8%) of whom had a diagnosed SNPD. In the remaining 708 unaffected carriers, we observed lower educational attainment (EA; OR = 0.77 [95% CI 0.66-0.89]) and lower household income (OR = 0.77 [0.66-0.89]). Income-associated CNVs also lowered household income (OR = 0.50 [0.38-0.66]), and CNVs with medical consequences lowered subjective health (OR = 0.48 [0.32-0.72]). The impact of PRSs was broader. At the lowest extreme of PRS for EA, we observed lower EA (OR = 0.31 [0.26-0.37]), lower-income (OR = 0.66 [0.57-0.77]), lower subjective health (OR = 0.72 [0.61-0.83]), and increased mortality (Cox's HR = 1.55 [1.21-1.98]). PRS for intelligence had a similar impact, whereas PRS for schizophrenia did not affect these traits. We conclude that the majority of working-age individuals carrying high-risk CNVs without SNPD diagnosis have a modest impact on morbidity and mortality, as well as the limited impact on income and educational attainment, compared to individuals at the extreme end of common genetic variation. Our findings highlight that the contribution of traditional high-risk variants such as CNVs should be analyzed in a broader genetic context, rather than evaluated in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmo Christian Saarentaus
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki Samuli Havulinna
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.14758.3f0000 0001 1013 0499Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Mars
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Ahola-Olli
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | - Juulia Partanen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanni Ruotsalainen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mitja Kurki
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Lea Martta Urpa
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lei Chen
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Markus Perola
- grid.14758.3f0000 0001 1013 0499Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- grid.14758.3f0000 0001 1013 0499Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Veijola
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu & Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Minna Männikkö
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ira M. Hall
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XStem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark Daly
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Fóthi Á, Soorya L, Lőrincz A. The Autism Palette: Combinations of Impairments Explain the Heterogeneity in ASD. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:503462. [PMID: 33343403 PMCID: PMC7738611 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.503462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric condition traditionally defined by core symptoms in social behavior, speech/communication, repetitive behavior, and restricted interests. Beyond the core symptoms, autism has strong association with other disorders such as intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, schizophrenia among many others. This paper outlines a theory of ASD with capacity to connect heterogeneous "core" symptoms, medical and psychiatric comorbidities as well as other etiological theories of autism in a unifying cognitive framework rooted in neuroscience and genetics. Cognition is embedded into an ever-developing structure modified by experiences, including the outcomes of environment influencing behaviors. The key constraint of cognition is that the brain can handle only 7±2 relevant variables at a time, whereas sensory variables, i.e., the number of sensory neurons is orders of magnitude larger. As a result, (a) the extraction, (b) the encoding, and (c) the capability for the efficient cognitive manipulation of the relevant variables, and (d) the compensatory mechanisms that counteract computational delays of the distributed components are critical. We outline our theoretical model to describe a Cartesian Factor (CF) forming, autoencoder-like cognitive mechanism which breaks combinatorial explosion and is accelerated by internal reinforcing machineries and discuss the neural processes that support CF formation. Impairments in any of these aspects may disrupt learning, cognitive manipulation, decisions on interactions, and execution of decisions. We suggest that social interactions are the most susceptible to combinations of diverse small impairments and can be spoiled in many ways that pile up. Comorbidity is experienced, if any of the many potential impairments is relatively strong. We consider component spoiling impairments as the basic colors of autism, whereas the combinations of individual impairments make the palette of autism. We put forth arguments on the possibility of dissociating the different main elements of the impairments that can appear together. For example, impairments of generalization (domain general learning) and impairments of dealing with many variable problems, such as social situations may appear independently and may mutually enhance their impacts. We also consider mechanisms that may lead to protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ábel Fóthi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Latha Soorya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - András Lőrincz
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders: From Genetics to Functional Pathways. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:608-621. [PMID: 32507511 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a class of disorders affecting brain development and function and are characterized by wide genetic and clinical variability. In this review, we discuss the multiple factors that influence the clinical presentation of NDDs, with particular attention to gene vulnerability, mutational load, and the two-hit model. Despite the complex architecture of mutational events associated with NDDs, the various proteins involved appear to converge on common pathways, such as synaptic plasticity/function, chromatin remodelers and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms behind these pathways will hopefully lead to the identification of candidates that could be targeted for treatment approaches.
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Sladky VC, Villunger A. Uncovering the PIDDosome and caspase-2 as regulators of organogenesis and cellular differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2037-2047. [PMID: 32415279 PMCID: PMC7308375 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The PIDDosome is a multiprotein complex that drives activation of caspase-2, an endopeptidase originally implicated in apoptosis. Yet, unlike other caspases involved in cell death and inflammation, caspase-2 seems to exert additional versatile functions unrelated to cell death. These emerging roles range from control of transcription factor activity to ploidy surveillance. Thus, caspase-2 and the PIDDosome act as a critical regulatory unit controlling cellular differentiation processes during organogenesis and regeneration. These newly established functions of the PIDDosome and its downstream effector render its components attractive targets for drug-development aiming to prevent fatty liver diseases, neurodegenerative disorders or osteoporosis. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina C Sladky
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Thurm A, Farmer C, Salzman E, Lord C, Bishop S. State of the Field: Differentiating Intellectual Disability From Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:526. [PMID: 31417436 PMCID: PMC6683759 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The topic of this special issue on secondary versus idiopathic autism allows for discussion of how different groups may come to manifest autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or ASD-like symptoms despite important etiological differences. A related issue is that, because many of the social communication deficits that define ASD represent a failure to acquire developmentally expected skills, these same deficits would be expected to occur to some extent in all individuals with intellectual disability (ID). Thus, regardless of etiology, ASD symptoms may appear across groups of individuals with vastly different profiles of underlying deficits and strengths. In this focused review, we consider the impact of ID on the diagnosis of ASD. We discuss behavioral distinctions between ID and ASD, in light of the diagnostic criterion mandating that ASD should not be diagnosed if symptoms are accounted for by ID or general developmental delay. We review the evolution of the autism diagnosis and ASD diagnostic tools to understand how this distinction has been conceptualized previously. We then consider ways that operationalized criteria may be beneficial for making the clinical distinction between ID with and without ASD. Finally, we consider the impact of the blurred diagnostic boundaries between ID and ASD on the study of secondary versus idiopathic ASD. Especially pertinent to this discussion are findings that a diagnosis of ID in the context of an ASD diagnosis may be one of the strongest indicators that an associated condition or specific etiological factor is present (i.e., secondary autism).
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Thurm
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cristan Farmer
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Emma Salzman
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Catherine Lord
- Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Somer Bishop
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Kerminen S, Martin AR, Koskela J, Ruotsalainen SE, Havulinna AS, Surakka I, Palotie A, Perola M, Salomaa V, Daly MJ, Ripatti S, Pirinen M. Geographic Variation and Bias in the Polygenic Scores of Complex Diseases and Traits in Finland. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:1169-1181. [PMID: 31155286 PMCID: PMC6562021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygenic scores (PSs) are becoming a useful tool to identify individuals with high genetic risk for complex diseases, and several projects are currently testing their utility for translational applications. It is also tempting to use PSs to assess whether genetic variation can explain a part of the geographic distribution of a phenotype. However, it is not well known how the population genetic properties of the training and target samples affect the geographic distribution of PSs. Here, we evaluate geographic differences, and related biases, of PSs in Finland in a geographically well-defined sample of 2,376 individuals from the National FINRISK study. First, we detect geographic differences in PSs for coronary artery disease (CAD), rheumatoid arthritis, schizophrenia, waist-hip ratio (WHR), body-mass index (BMI), and height, but not for Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis. Second, we use height as a model trait to thoroughly assess the possible population genetic biases in PSs and apply similar approaches to the other phenotypes. Most importantly, we detect suspiciously large accumulations of geographic differences for CAD, WHR, BMI, and height, suggesting bias arising from the population's genetic structure rather than from a direct genotype-phenotype association. This work demonstrates how sensitive the geographic patterns of current PSs are for small biases even within relatively homogeneous populations and provides simple tools to identify such biases. A thorough understanding of the effects of population genetic structure on PSs is essential for translational applications of PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini Kerminen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Alicia R Martin
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jukka Koskela
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sanni E Ruotsalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Mark J Daly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute for Information Technology and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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27
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Phenotypic spectrum associated with a CRADD founder variant underlying frontotemporal predominant pachygyria in the Finnish population. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1235-1243. [PMID: 30914828 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID), megalencephaly, frontal predominant pachygyria, and seizures, previously called "thin" lissencephaly, are reported to be caused by recessive variants in CRADD. Among five families of different ethnicities identified, one homozygous missense variant, c.509G>A p.(Arg170His), was of Finnish ancestry. Here we report on the phenotypic variability associated for this potential CRADD founder variant in 22 Finnish individuals. Exome sequencing was used to identify candidate genes in Finnish patients presenting with ID. Targeted Sanger sequencing and restriction enzyme analysis were applied to screen for the c.509G>A CRADD variant in cohorts from Finland. Detailed phenotyping and genealogical studies were performed. Twenty two patients were identified with the c.509G>A p.(Arg170His) homozygous variant in CRADD. The majority of the ancestors originated from Northeastern Finland indicating a founder effect. The hallmark of the disease is frontotemporal predominant pachygyria with mild cortical thickening. All patients show ID of variable severity. Aggressive behavior was found in nearly half of the patients, EEG abnormalities in five patients and megalencephaly in three patients. This study provides detailed data about the phenotypic spectrum of patients with lissencephaly due to a CRADD variant that affects function. High inter- and intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity was identified in patients with pachygyria caused by the homozygous CRADD founder variant. The phenotype variability suggests that additional genetic and/or environmental factors play a role in the clinical presentation. Since frontotemporal pachygyria is the hallmark of the disease, brain imaging studies are essential to support the molecular diagnosis for individuals with ID and a CRADD variant.
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28
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Kaasinen E, Kuismin O, Rajamäki K, Ristolainen H, Aavikko M, Kondelin J, Saarinen S, Berta DG, Katainen R, Hirvonen EAM, Karhu A, Taira A, Tanskanen T, Alkodsi A, Taipale M, Morgunova E, Franssila K, Lehtonen R, Mäkinen M, Aittomäki K, Palotie A, Kurki MI, Pietiläinen O, Hilpert M, Saarentaus E, Niinimäki J, Junttila J, Kaikkonen K, Vahteristo P, Skoda RC, Seppänen MRJ, Eklund KK, Taipale J, Kilpivaara O, Aaltonen LA. Impact of constitutional TET2 haploinsufficiency on molecular and clinical phenotype in humans. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1252. [PMID: 30890702 PMCID: PMC6424975 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis driven by somatic heterozygous TET2 loss is linked to malignant degeneration via consequent aberrant DNA methylation, and possibly to cardiovascular disease via increased cytokine and chemokine expression as reported in mice. Here, we discover a germline TET2 mutation in a lymphoma family. We observe neither unusual predisposition to atherosclerosis nor abnormal pro-inflammatory cytokine or chemokine expression. The latter finding is confirmed in cells from three additional unrelated TET2 germline mutation carriers. The TET2 defect elevates blood DNA methylation levels, especially at active enhancers and cell-type specific regulatory regions with binding sequences of master transcription factors involved in hematopoiesis. The regions display reduced methylation relative to all open chromatin regions in four DNMT3A germline mutation carriers, potentially due to TET2-mediated oxidation. Our findings provide insight into the interplay between epigenetic modulators and transcription factor activity in hematological neoplasia, but do not confirm the putative role of TET2 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eevi Kaasinen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Outi Kuismin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90029, Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Rajamäki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Ristolainen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mervi Aavikko
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kondelin
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Silva Saarinen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Davide G Berta
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku Katainen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina A M Hirvonen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Auli Karhu
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aurora Taira
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomas Tanskanen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amjad Alkodsi
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Taipale
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Morgunova
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaarle Franssila
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Lehtonen
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA
| | - Mitja I Kurki
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA
| | - Morgane Hilpert
- Department of Biomedicine, Experimental Hematology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, CH-4031, Switzerland
| | - Elmo Saarentaus
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Niinimäki
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juhani Junttila
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kari Kaikkonen
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pia Vahteristo
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Radek C Skoda
- Department of Biomedicine, Experimental Hematology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, CH-4031, Switzerland
| | - Mikko R J Seppänen
- Adult Immunodeficiency Unit, Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029, Helsinki, Finland
- Rare Diseases Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari K Eklund
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029, Helsinki, Finland
- ORTON Orthopaedic Hospital, FI-00280, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Taipale
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Outi Kilpivaara
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Lauri A Aaltonen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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