1
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Jang E, Park KT, Yoon YJ, Jang KS, Kim MS, Kim K, Chung HY, Mazzola M, Cappelletti D, Lee BY. Seasonal dynamics of airborne biomolecules influence the size distribution of Arctic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 22:100458. [PMID: 39175511 PMCID: PMC11339251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2024.100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Organic matter is crucial in aerosol-climate interactions, yet the physicochemical properties and origins of organic aerosols remain poorly understood. Here we show the seasonal characteristics of submicron organic aerosols in Arctic Svalbard during spring and summer, emphasizing their connection to transport patterns and particle size distribution. Microbial-derived organic matter (MOM) and terrestrial-derived organic matter (TOM) accounted for over 90% of the total organic mass in Arctic aerosols during these seasons, comprising carbohydrate/protein-like and lignin/tannin-like compounds, respectively. In spring, aerosols showed high TOM and low MOM intensities due to biomass-burning influx in the central Arctic. In contrast, summer exhibited elevated MOM intensity, attributed to the shift in predominant atmospheric transport from the central Arctic to the biologically active Greenland Sea. MOM and TOM were associated with Aitken mode particles (<100 nm diameter) and accumulation mode particles (>100 nm diameter), respectively. This association is linked to the molecular size of biomolecules, impacting the number concentrations of corresponding aerosol classes. These findings highlight the importance of considering seasonal atmospheric transport patterns and organic source-dependent particle size distributions in assessing aerosol properties in the changing Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunho Jang
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Yoon
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Chung
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Mauro Mazzola
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - David Cappelletti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, 06123, Italy
| | - Bang Yong Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
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2
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Prophet AM, Polley K, Brown EK, Limmer DT, Wilson KR. Distinguishing Surface and Bulk Reactivity: Concentration-Dependent Kinetics of Iodide Oxidation by Ozone in Microdroplets. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:8970-8982. [PMID: 39360890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c05129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
Iodine oxidation reactions play an important role in environmental, biological, and industrial contexts. The multiphase reaction between aqueous iodide and ozone is of particular interest due to its prevalence in the marine atmosphere and unique reactivity at the air-water interface. Here, we explore the concentration dependence of the I- + O3 reaction in levitated microdroplets under both acidic and basic conditions. To interpret the experimental kinetics, molecular simulations are used to benchmark a kinetic model, which enables insight into the reactivity of the interface, the nanometer-scale subsurface region, and the bulk interior of the droplet. For all experiments, a kinetic description of gas- and liquid-phase diffusion is critical to interpreting the results. We find that the surface dominates the iodide oxidation kinetics under concentrated and acidic conditions, with the reactive uptake coefficient approaching an upper limit of 10-2 at pH 3. In contrast, reactions in the subsurface dominate under more dilute and alkaline conditions, with inhibition of the surface reaction at pH 12 and an uptake coefficient that is 10× smaller. The origin of a changing surface mechanism with pH is explored and compared to previous ozone-dependent measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Prophet
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kritanjan Polley
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emily K Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David T Limmer
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Li J, Ning A, Liu L, Zhang X. Atmospheric Bases-Enhanced Iodic Acid Nucleation: Altitude-Dependent Characteristics and Molecular Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39252395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c06053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Iodic acid (IA), the key driver of marine aerosols, is widely detected within the gas and particle phases in the marine boundary layer (MBL) and even the free troposphere (FT). Although atmospheric bases like dimethylamine (DMA) and ammonia (NH3) can enhance IA particles formation, their different efficiencies and spatial distributions make the dominant base-stabilization mechanisms of forming IA particles unclear. Herein, we investigated the IA-DMA-NH3 nucleation system through quantum chemical calculations at the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ(-PP)//ωB97X-D/6-311++G(3df,3pd) + aug-cc-pVTZ-PP level of theory and cluster dynamics simulations. We provide molecular-level evidence that DMA and NH3 can jointly stabilize the IA clusters. The formation rates of IA clusters initially decline before rising from the MBL to the FT, owing to variations in mechanism. In the MBL, IA-DMA nucleation predominates, while the contribution of IA-DMA-NH3 synergistic nucleation cannot be overlooked in polar and NH3-polluted regions. In the lower FT, IA-DMA-NH3 nucleation prevails, whereas in the upper FT, IA-NH3 nucleation dominates. The efficiency of IA-DMA-NH3 nucleation is comparable to that of IA-iodous acid nucleation in the MBL and sulfuric acid-NH3 nucleation in the FT. Hence, the IA-DMA-NH3 mechanism holds promise for revealing the missing sources of tropospheric IA particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - An Ning
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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4
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Ning A, Shen J, Zhao B, Wang S, Cai R, Jiang J, Yan C, Fu X, Zhang Y, Li J, Ouyang D, Sun Y, Saiz-Lopez A, Francisco JS, Zhang X. Overlooked significance of iodic acid in new particle formation in the continental atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404595121. [PMID: 39047040 PMCID: PMC11295062 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404595121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) substantially affects the global radiation balance and climate. Iodic acid (IA) is a key marine NPF driver that recently has also been detected inland. However, its impact on continental particle nucleation remains unclear. Here, we provide molecular-level evidence that IA greatly facilitates clustering of two typical land-based nucleating precursors: dimethylamine (DMA) and sulfuric acid (SA), thereby enhancing particle nucleation. Incorporating this mechanism into an atmospheric chemical transport model, we show that IA-induced enhancement could realize an increase of over 20% in the SA-DMA nucleation rate in iodine-rich regions of China. With declining anthropogenic pollution driven by carbon neutrality and clean air policies in China, IA could enhance nucleation rates by 1.5 to 50 times by 2060. Our results demonstrate the overlooked key role of IA in continental NPF nucleation and highlight the necessity for considering synergistic SA-IA-DMA nucleation in atmospheric modeling for correct representation of the climatic impacts of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ning
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Jiewen Shen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Runlong Cai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Science, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Daiwei Ouyang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yisheng Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104-6316
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104-6316
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
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5
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Engsvang M, Wu H, Elm J. Iodine Clusters in the Atmosphere I: Computational Benchmark and Dimer Formation of Oxyacids and Oxides. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:31521-31532. [PMID: 39072118 PMCID: PMC11270685 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The contribution of iodine-containing compounds to atmospheric new particle formation is still not fully understood, but iodic acid and iodous acid are thought to be significant contributors. While several quantum chemical studies have been carried out on clusters containing iodine, there is no comprehensive benchmark study quantifying the accuracy of the applied methods. Here, we present the first study in a series that investigate the role of iodine species in atmospheric cluster formation. In this work, we have studied the iodic acid, iodous acid, iodine tetroxide, and iodine pentoxide monomers and their dimers formed with common atmospheric precursors. We have tested the accuracy of commonly applied methods for calculating the geometry of the monomers, thermal corrections of monomers and dimers, the contribution of spin-orbit coupling to monomers and dimers, and finally, the accuracy of the electronic energy correction calculated at different levels of theory. We find that optimizing the structures either at the ωB97X-D3BJ/aug-cc-pVTZ-PP or the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ-PP level achieves the best thermal contribution to the binding free energy. The electronic energy correction can then be calculated at the ZORA-DLPNO-CCSD(T0) level with the SARC-ZORA-TZVPP basis for iodine and ma-ZORA-def2-TZVPP for non-iodine atoms. We applied this methodology to calculate the binding free energies of iodine-containing dimer clusters, where we confirm the qualitative trends observed in previous studies. However, we identify that previous studies overestimate the stability of the clusters by several kcal/mol due to the neglect of relativistic effects. This means that their contributions to the currently studied nucleation pathways of new particle formation are likely overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Engsvang
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Haide Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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6
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Zhao B, Donahue NM, Zhang K, Mao L, Shrivastava M, Ma PL, Shen J, Wang S, Sun J, Gordon H, Tang S, Fast J, Wang M, Gao Y, Yan C, Singh B, Li Z, Huang L, Lou S, Lin G, Wang H, Jiang J, Ding A, Nie W, Qi X, Chi X, Wang L. Global variability in atmospheric new particle formation mechanisms. Nature 2024; 631:98-105. [PMID: 38867037 PMCID: PMC11222162 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A key challenge in aerosol pollution studies and climate change assessment is to understand how atmospheric aerosol particles are initially formed1,2. Although new particle formation (NPF) mechanisms have been described at specific sites3-6, in most regions, such mechanisms remain uncertain to a large extent because of the limited ability of atmospheric models to simulate critical NPF processes1,7. Here we synthesize molecular-level experiments to develop comprehensive representations of 11 NPF mechanisms and the complex chemical transformation of precursor gases in a fully coupled global climate model. Combined simulations and observations show that the dominant NPF mechanisms are distinct worldwide and vary with region and altitude. Previously neglected or underrepresented mechanisms involving organics, amines, iodine oxoacids and HNO3 probably dominate NPF in most regions with high concentrations of aerosols or large aerosol radiative forcing; such regions include oceanic and human-polluted continental boundary layers, as well as the upper troposphere over rainforests and Asian monsoon regions. These underrepresented mechanisms also play notable roles in other areas, such as the upper troposphere of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Accordingly, NPF accounts for different fractions (10-80%) of the nuclei on which cloud forms at 0.5% supersaturation over various regions in the lower troposphere. The comprehensive simulation of global NPF mechanisms can help improve estimation and source attribution of the climate effects of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China.
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Lizhuo Mao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Po-Lun Ma
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jiewen Shen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hamish Gordon
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shuaiqi Tang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jerome Fast
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Zeqi Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lyuyin Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijia Lou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangxing Lin
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Vidović K, Hočevar S, Grgić I, Metarapi D, Dominović I, Mifka B, Gregorič A, Alfoldy B, Ciglenečki I. Do bromine and surface-active substances influence the coastal atmospheric particle growth? Heliyon 2024; 10:e31632. [PMID: 38828296 PMCID: PMC11140702 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) is considered a major source of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN); however, our understanding of NPF and the subsequent particle growth mechanisms in coastal areas remains limited. This study provides evidence of frequent NPF events followed by particle growth in the middle Adriatic Sea during the summer months at the coastal station of Rogoznica in Croatia. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report such events in this region. Our research aims to improve the understanding of NPF by investigating particle growth through detailed physicochemical characterization and event classification. We used a combination of online measurements and offline particle collection, followed by a thorough chemical analysis. Our results suggest the role of bromine in the particle growth process and provide evidence for its involvement in combination with organic compounds. In addition, we demonstrated the significant influence of surface-active substances (SAS) on particle growth. NPF and particle growth events have been observed in air masses originating from the Adriatic Sea, which can serve as an important source of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Our study shows an intricate interplay between bromine, organic carbon (OC), and SAS in atmospheric particle growth, contributing to a better understanding of coastal NPF processes. In this context, we also introduced a new approach using the semi-empirical 1st derivative method to determine the growth rate for each time point that is not sensitive to the nonlinear behavior of the particle growth over time. We observed that during NPF and particle growth event days, the OC concentration measured in the ultrafine mode particle fraction was higher compared to non-event days. Moreover, in contrast to non-event days, bromine compounds were detected in the ultrafine mode atmospheric particle fraction on nearly all NPF and particle growth event days. Regarding sulfuric acid, the measured sulfate concentration in the ultrafine mode atmospheric particle fraction on both NPF event and non-event days showed no significant differences. This suggests that sulfuric acid may not be the primary factor influencing the appearance of NPF and the particle growth process in the coastal region of Rogoznica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Vidović
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Physical Oceanography Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Samo Hočevar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dino Metarapi
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Dominović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Physical Oceanography Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Boris Mifka
- Faculty of Physics University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Asta Gregorič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Kamniška 39A, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica, Center for Atmospheric Research, Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | | | - Irena Ciglenečki
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Physical Oceanography Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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8
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Kumar A, Iyer S, Barua S, Brean J, Besic E, Seal P, Dall’Osto M, Beddows DCS, Sarnela N, Jokinen T, Sipilä M, Harrison RM, Rissanen M. Direct Measurements of Covalently Bonded Sulfuric Anhydrides from Gas-Phase Reactions of SO 3 with Acids under Ambient Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15562-15575. [PMID: 38771742 PMCID: PMC11157540 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) is an important oxide of sulfur and a key intermediate in the formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4, SA) in the Earth's atmosphere. This conversion to SA occurs rapidly due to the reaction of SO3 with a water dimer. However, gas-phase SO3 has been measured directly at concentrations that are comparable to that of SA under polluted mega-city conditions, indicating gaps in our current understanding of the sources and fates of SO3. Its reaction with atmospheric acids could be one such fate that can have significant implications for atmospheric chemistry. In the present investigation, laboratory experiments were conducted in a flow reactor to generate a range of previously uncharacterized condensable sulfur-containing reaction products by reacting SO3 with a set of atmospherically relevant inorganic and organic acids at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Specifically, key inorganic acids known to be responsible for most ambient new particle formation events, iodic acid (HIO3, IA) and SA, are observed to react promptly with SO3 to form iodic sulfuric anhydride (IO3SO3H, ISA) and disulfuric acid (H2S2O7, DSA). Carboxylic sulfuric anhydrides (CSAs) were observed to form by the reaction of SO3 with C2 and C3 monocarboxylic (acetic and propanoic acid) and dicarboxylic (oxalic and malonic acid)-carboxylic acids. The formed products were detected by a nitrate-ion-based chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (NO3--CI-APi-TOF; NO3--CIMS). Quantum chemical methods were used to compute the relevant SO3 reaction rate coefficients, probe the reaction mechanisms, and model the ionization chemistry inherent in the detection of the products by NO3--CIMS. Additionally, we use NO3--CIMS ambient data to report that significant concentrations of SO3 and its acid anhydride reaction products are present under polluted, marine and polar, and volcanic plume conditions. Considering that these regions are rich in the acid precursors studied here, the reported reactions need to be accounted for in the modeling of atmospheric new particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Shawon Barua
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - James Brean
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
| | - Emin Besic
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Prasenjit Seal
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Manuel Dall’Osto
- Institute
of Marine Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- National
Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental
Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Climate &
Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The
Cyprus Institute, P.O. Box 27456, Nicosia 1645, Cyprus
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Rörup B, He XC, Shen J, Baalbaki R, Dada L, Sipilä M, Kirkby J, Kulmala M, Amorim A, Baccarini A, Bell DM, Caudillo-Plath L, Duplissy J, Finkenzeller H, Kürten A, Lamkaddam H, Lee CP, Makhmutov V, Manninen HE, Marie G, Marten R, Mentler B, Onnela A, Philippov M, Scholz CW, Simon M, Stolzenburg D, Tham YJ, Tomé A, Wagner AC, Wang M, Wang D, Wang Y, Weber SK, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Baltensperger U, Curtius J, Donahue NM, El Haddad I, Flagan RC, Hansel A, Möhler O, Petäjä T, Volkamer R, Worsnop D, Lehtipalo K. Temperature, humidity, and ionisation effect of iodine oxoacid nucleation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2024; 4:531-546. [PMID: 38764888 PMCID: PMC11097302 DOI: 10.1039/d4ea00013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Iodine oxoacids are recognised for their significant contribution to the formation of new particles in marine and polar atmospheres. Nevertheless, to incorporate the iodine oxoacid nucleation mechanism into global simulations, it is essential to comprehend how this mechanism varies under various atmospheric conditions. In this study, we combined measurements from the CLOUD (Cosmic Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber at CERN and simulations with a kinetic model to investigate the impact of temperature, ionisation, and humidity on iodine oxoacid nucleation. Our findings reveal that ion-induced particle formation rates remain largely unaffected by changes in temperature. However, neutral particle formation rates experience a significant increase when the temperature drops from +10 °C to -10 °C. Running the kinetic model with varying ionisation rates demonstrates that the particle formation rate only increases with a higher ionisation rate when the iodic acid concentration exceeds 1.5 × 107 cm-3, a concentration rarely reached in pristine marine atmospheres. Consequently, our simulations suggest that, despite higher ionisation rates, the charged cluster nucleation pathway of iodic acid is unlikely to be enhanced in the upper troposphere by higher ionisation rates. Instead, the neutral nucleation channel is likely to be the dominant channel in that region. Notably, the iodine oxoacid nucleation mechanism remains unaffected by changes in relative humidity from 2% to 80%. However, under unrealistically dry conditions (below 0.008% RH at +10 °C), iodine oxides (I2O4 and I2O5) significantly enhance formation rates. Therefore, we conclude that iodine oxoacid nucleation is the dominant nucleation mechanism for iodine nucleation in the marine and polar boundary layer atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Rörup
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen Switzerland
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- CERN, European Organisation for Nuclear Research Geneva Switzerland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | | | - Andrea Baccarini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - David M Bell
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen Switzerland
| | - Lucía Caudillo-Plath
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Department of Chemistry & CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder USA
| | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen Switzerland
| | - Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Makhmutov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University Moscow Russia
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- CERN, European Organisation for Nuclear Research Geneva Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Antti Onnela
- CERN, European Organisation for Nuclear Research Geneva Switzerland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | | | - Mario Simon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Institute for Materials Chemistry, TU Wien Vienna Austria
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai China
| | - António Tomé
- IDL-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior Covilhã Portugal
| | - Andrea C Wagner
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Aerosol Physics, Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago Chicago USA
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen Switzerland
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Stefan K Weber
- CERN, European Organisation for Nuclear Research Geneva Switzerland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen Switzerland
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh USA
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen Switzerland
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena USA
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Ottmar Möhler
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry & CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder USA
| | - Douglas Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki Finland
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10
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Xavier C, de jonge RW, Jokinen T, Beck L, Sipilä M, Olenius T, Roldin P. Role of Iodine-Assisted Aerosol Particle Formation in Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7314-7324. [PMID: 38626432 PMCID: PMC11064213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
New particle formation via the ion-mediated sulfuric acid and ammonia molecular clustering mechanism remains the most widely observed and experimentally verified pathway. Recent laboratory and molecular level observations indicate iodine-driven nucleation as a potentially important source of new particles, especially in coastal areas. In this study, we assess the role of iodine species in particle formation using the best available molecular thermochemistry data and coupled to a detailed 1-d column model which is run along air mass trajectories over the Southern Ocean and the coast of Antarctica. In the air masses traversing the open ocean, ion-mediated SA-NH3 clustering appears insufficient to explain the observed particle size distribution, wherein the simulated Aitken mode is lacking. Including the iodine-assisted particle formation improves the modeled Aitken mode representation with an increase in the number of freshly formed particles. This implies that more particles survive and grow to Aitken mode sizes via condensation of gaseous precursors and heterogeneous reactions. Under certain meteorological conditions, iodine-assisted particle formation can increase cloud condensation nuclei concentrations by 20%-100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton Xavier
- Department
of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, Lund SE-22363, Sweden
- Swedish
Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping SE-60176, Sweden
| | | | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Climate
& Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, P.O. Box 27456, Nicosia 1645, Cyprus
| | - Lisa Beck
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt
am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tinja Olenius
- Swedish
Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping SE-60176, Sweden
| | - Pontus Roldin
- Department
of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, Lund SE-22363, Sweden
- Swedish
Environmental Research Institute IVL, Malmö SE-21119, Sweden
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11
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Seki T, Yu CC, Chiang KY, Yu X, Sun S, Bonn M, Nagata Y. Spontaneous Appearance of Triiodide Covering the Topmost Layer of the Iodide Solution Interface Without Photo-Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3830-3837. [PMID: 38353041 PMCID: PMC10902846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Ions containing iodine atoms at the vapor-aqueous solution interfaces critically affect aerosol growth and atmospheric chemistry due to their complex chemical nature and multivalency. While the surface propensity of iodide ions has been intensely discussed in the context of the Hofmeister series, the stability of various ions containing iodine atoms at the vapor-water interface has been debated. Here, we combine surface-specific sum-frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to examine the extent to which iodide ions cover the aqueous surface. The SFG probe of the free O-D stretch mode of heavy water indicates that the free O-D group density decreases drastically at the interface when the bulk NaI concentration exceeds ∼2 M. The decrease in the free O-D group density is attributed to the spontaneous appearance of triiodide that covers the topmost interface rather than to the surface adsorption of iodide. This finding demonstrates that iodide is not surface-active, yet the highly surface-active triiodide is generated spontaneously at the water-air interface, even under dark and oxygen-free conditions. Our study provides an important first step toward clarifying iodine chemistry and pathways for aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Seki
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Chun-Chieh Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kuo-Yang Chiang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shumei Sun
- Department of Physics, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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12
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Zhang R, Ma F, Zhang Y, Chen J, Elm J, He XC, Xie HB. HIO 3-HIO 2-Driven Three-Component Nucleation: Screening Model and Cluster Formation Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:649-659. [PMID: 38131199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Iodine oxoacids (HIO3 and HIO2)-driven nucleation has been suggested to efficiently contribute to new particle formation (NPF) in marine atmospheres. Abundant atmospheric nucleation precursors may further enhance HIO3-HIO2-driven nucleation through various multicomponent nucleation mechanisms. However, the specific enhancing potential (EP) of different precursors remains largely unknown. Herein, the EP-based screening model of precursors and enhancing mechanism of the precursor with the highest EP on HIO3-HIO2 nucleation were investigated. The formation free energies (ΔG), as critical parameters for evaluating EP, were calculated for the dimers of 63 selected precursors with HIO2. Based on the ΔG values, (1) a quantitative structure-activity relationship model was developed for evaluating ΔG of other precursors and (2) atmospheric concentrations of 63 (precursor)1(HIO2)1 dimer clusters were assessed to identify the precursors with the highest EP for HIO3-HIO2-driven nucleation by combining with earlier results for the nucleation with HIO3 as the partner. Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) was found to be one of the precursors with the highest EP. Finally, we found that MSA can effectively enhance HIO3-HIO2 nucleation at atmospheric conditions by studying larger MSA-HIO3-HIO2 clusters. These results augment our current understanding of HIO3-HIO2 and MSA-driven nucleation and may suggest a larger impact of HIO2 in atmospheric aerosol nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yangjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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13
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Chamba G, Rissanen M, Barthelmeß T, Saiz-Lopez A, Rose C, Iyer S, Saint-Macary A, Rocco M, Safi K, Deppeler S, Barr N, Harvey M, Engel A, Dunne E, Law CS, Sellegri K. Evidence of nitrate-based nighttime atmospheric nucleation driven by marine microorganisms in the South Pacific. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308696120. [PMID: 37991941 PMCID: PMC10691324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308696120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of ocean-cloud interactions and their effect on climate lacks insight into a key pathway: do biogenic marine emissions form new particles in the open ocean atmosphere? Using measurements collected in ship-borne air-sea interface tanks deployed in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean, we identified new particle formation (NPF) during nighttime that was related to plankton community composition. We show that nitrate ions are the only species for which abundance could support NPF rates in our semicontrolled experiments. Nitrate ions also prevailed in the natural pristine marine atmosphere and were elevated under higher sub-10 nm particle concentrations. We hypothesize that these nucleation events were fueled by complex, short-term biogeochemical cycling involving the microbial loop. These findings suggest a new perspective with a previously unidentified role of nitrate of marine biogeochemical origin in aerosol nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chamba
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere33720, Finland
- Chemistry Department, Molecular Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Theresa Barthelmeß
- Research Center for Marine Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel24105, Germany
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Clémence Rose
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere33720, Finland
| | - Alexia Saint-Macary
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington6021, New Zealand
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| | - Manon Rocco
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - Karl Safi
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton3216, New Zealand
| | - Stacy Deppeler
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington6021, New Zealand
| | - Neill Barr
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington6021, New Zealand
| | - Mike Harvey
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington6021, New Zealand
| | - Anja Engel
- Research Center for Marine Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel24105, Germany
| | - Erin Dunne
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Environment, AspendaleVIC3195, Australia
| | - Cliff S. Law
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington6021, New Zealand
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| | - Karine Sellegri
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
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14
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Heutte B, Bergner N, Beck I, Angot H, Dada L, Quéléver LLJ, Laurila T, Boyer M, Brasseur Z, Daellenbach KR, Henning S, Kuang C, Kulmala M, Lampilahti J, Lampimäki M, Petäjä T, Shupe MD, Sipilä M, Uin J, Jokinen T, Schmale J. Measurements of aerosol microphysical and chemical properties in the central Arctic atmosphere during MOSAiC. Sci Data 2023; 10:690. [PMID: 37821470 PMCID: PMC10567811 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arctic environment is transforming rapidly due to climate change. Aerosols' abundance and physicochemical characteristics play a crucial, yet uncertain, role in these changes due to their influence on the surface energy budget through direct interaction with solar radiation and indirectly via cloud formation. Importantly, Arctic aerosol properties are also changing in response to climate change. Despite their importance, year-round measurements of their characteristics are sparse in the Arctic and often confined to lower latitudes at Arctic land-based stations and/or short high-latitude summertime campaigns. Here, we present unique aerosol microphysics and chemical composition datasets collected during the year-long Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition, in the central Arctic. These datasets, which include aerosol particle number concentrations, size distributions, cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, fluorescent aerosol concentrations and properties, and aerosol bulk chemical composition (black carbon, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride, and organics) will serve to improve our understanding of high-Arctic aerosol processes, with relevance towards improved modelling of the future Arctic (and global) climate.
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Grants
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- AWI_PS122_00 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (Alfred-Wegener- Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
- 1010003826 EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
- 101003826 EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
- 101003826 EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
- 101003826 EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
- DE-SC0022046 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-SC0022046 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-SC0022046 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-SC0019251 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-SC0019251 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-SC0019251 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- DE-SC0022046 DOE | Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy - U.S. Department of Energy)
- 200021_188478 Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)
- 200021_188478 Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)
- 200021_188478 Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337552 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 333397 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- 337549 Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)
- Swiss Polar Institute (grant no. DIRCR-2018-004) Ferring Pharmaceuticals (sponsor)
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heutte
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Nora Bergner
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Beck
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Angot
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Lubna Dada
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Lauriane L J Quéléver
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiia Laurila
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew Boyer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zoé Brasseur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Henning
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04138, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chongai Kuang
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Lampilahti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Lampimäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew D Shupe
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janek Uin
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, P.O. Box 27456, Nicosia, 1645, Cyprus
| | - Julia Schmale
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland.
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15
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Saiz-Lopez A, Fernandez RP, Li Q, Cuevas CA, Fu X, Kinnison DE, Tilmes S, Mahajan AS, Gómez Martín JC, Iglesias-Suarez F, Hossaini R, Plane JMC, Myhre G, Lamarque JF. Natural short-lived halogens exert an indirect cooling effect on climate. Nature 2023; 618:967-973. [PMID: 37380694 PMCID: PMC10307623 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Observational evidence shows the ubiquitous presence of ocean-emitted short-lived halogens in the global atmosphere1-3. Natural emissions of these chemical compounds have been anthropogenically amplified since pre-industrial times4-6, while, in addition, anthropogenic short-lived halocarbons are currently being emitted to the atmosphere7,8. Despite their widespread distribution in the atmosphere, the combined impact of these species on Earth's radiative balance remains unknown. Here we show that short-lived halogens exert a substantial indirect cooling effect at present (-0.13 ± 0.03 watts per square metre) that arises from halogen-mediated radiative perturbations of ozone (-0.24 ± 0.02 watts per square metre), compensated by those from methane (+0.09 ± 0.01 watts per square metre), aerosols (+0.03 ± 0.01 watts per square metre) and stratospheric water vapour (+0.011 ± 0.001 watts per square metre). Importantly, this substantial cooling effect has increased since 1750 by -0.05 ± 0.03 watts per square metre (61 per cent), driven by the anthropogenic amplification of natural halogen emissions, and is projected to change further (18-31 per cent by 2100) depending on climate warming projections and socioeconomic development. We conclude that the indirect radiative effect due to short-lived halogens should now be incorporated into climate models to provide a more realistic natural baseline of Earth's climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Douglas E Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anoop S Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | | | - Fernando Iglesias-Suarez
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Ryan Hossaini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Gunnar Myhre
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-François Lamarque
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
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16
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Ning A, Zhong J, Li L, Li H, Liu J, Liu L, Liang Y, Li J, Zhang X, Francisco JS, He H. Chemical Implications of Rapid Reactive Absorption of I 2O 4 at the Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10817-10825. [PMID: 37133920 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosol formation involving iodine-bearing species significantly affects the global climate and radiation balance. Although recent studies outline the critical role of iodine oxide in nucleation, much less is known about its contribution to aerosol growth. This paper presents molecular-level evidence that the air-water interfacial reaction of I2O4 mediated by potent atmospheric chemicals, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and amines [e.g., dimethylamine (DMA) and trimethylamine (TMA)], can occur rapidly on a picosecond time scale by Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations. The interfacial water bridges the reactants while facilitating the DMA-mediated proton transfer and stabilizing the ionic products of H2SO4-involved reactions. The identified heterogeneous mechanisms exhibit the dual contribution to aerosol growth: (i) the ionic products (e.g., IO3-, DMAH+, TMAH+, and HSO4-) formed by reactive adsorption possess less volatility than the reactants and (ii) these ions, such as alkylammonium salts (e.g., DMAH+), are also highly hydrophilic, further facilitating hygroscopic growth. This investigation enhances not only our understanding of heterogeneous iodine chemistry but also the impact of iodine oxide on aerosol growth. Also, these findings can bridge the gap between the abundance of I2O4 in the laboratory and its absence in field-collected aerosols and provide an explanation for the missing source of IO3-, HSO4-, and DMAH+ in marine aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ning
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, Shandong, China
| | - Liwen Li
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, United States
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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17
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Kecorius S, Hoffmann EH, Tilgner A, Barrientos-Velasco C, van Pinxteren M, Zeppenfeld S, Vogl T, Madueño L, Lovrić M, Wiedensohler A, Kulmala M, Paasonen P, Herrmann H. Rapid growth of Aitken-mode particles during Arctic summer by fog chemical processing and its implication. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad124. [PMID: 37152675 PMCID: PMC10156171 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the Arctic, new particle formation (NPF) and subsequent growth processes are the keys to produce Aitken-mode particles, which under certain conditions can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs). The activation of Aitken-mode particles increases the CCN budget of Arctic low-level clouds and, accordingly, affects Arctic climate forcing. However, the growth mechanism of Aitken-mode particles from NPF into CCN range in the summertime Arctic boundary layer remains a subject of current research. In this combined Arctic cruise field and modeling study, we investigated Aitken-mode particle growth to sizes above 80 nm. A mechanism is suggested that explains how Aitken-mode particles can become CCN without requiring high water vapor supersaturation. Model simulations suggest the formation of semivolatile compounds, such as methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in fog droplets. When the fog droplets evaporate, these compounds repartition from CCNs into the gas phase and into the condensed phase of nonactivated Aitken-mode particles. For MSA, a mass increase factor of 18 is modeled. The postfog redistribution mechanism of semivolatile acidic and basic compounds could explain the observed growth of >20 nm h-1 for 60-nm particles to sizes above 100 nm. Overall, this study implies that the increasing frequency of NPF and fog-related particle processing can affect Arctic cloud properties in the summertime boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik H Hoffmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Carola Barrientos-Velasco
- Department of Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Processes, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Manuela van Pinxteren
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zeppenfeld
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Teresa Vogl
- Institute of Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Leizel Madueño
- Atmospheric Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Mario Lovrić
- Department of Methods and Algorithms for AI, Know-Center, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Alfred Wiedensohler
- Atmospheric Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Pauli Paasonen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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18
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Ayoubi D, Knattrup Y, Elm J. Clusteromics V: Organic Enhanced Atmospheric Cluster Formation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9621-9629. [PMID: 36936339 PMCID: PMC10018713 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Formic acid (FA) is a prominent candidate for organic enhanced nucleation due to its high abundance and stabilizing effect on smaller clusters. Its role in new particle formation is studied through the use of state-of-the-art quantum chemical methods on the cluster systems (acid)1-2(FA)1(base)1-2 with the acids being sulfuric acid (SA)/methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and the bases consisting of ammonia (A), methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA), and ethylenediamine (EDA). A funneling approach is used to determine the cluster structures with initial configurations generated through the ABCluster program, followed by semiempirical PM7 and ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) calculations. The final binding free energy is calculated at the DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ//ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory using the quasi-harmonic approximation. Cluster dynamics simulations show that FA has a minuscule or negligible effect on the MSA-FA-base systems as well as most of the SA-FA-base systems. The SA-FA-DMA cluster system shows the highest influence from FA with an enhancement of 21%, compared to its non-FA counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ayoubi
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yosef Knattrup
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry, iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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19
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Liu L, Li S, Zu H, Zhang X. Unexpectedly significant stabilizing mechanism of iodous acid on iodic acid nucleation under different atmospheric conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:159832. [PMID: 36404466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Iodous acid (HIO2) has been shown to play a stabilizing role in the nucleation of iodic acid (HIO3) (He et al., 2021). However, the stabilization effect and specific stabilizing mechanism of HIO2 on HIO3 nucleation under different atmospheric conditions remain unclear. Therefore, we studied these two issues under different temperatures and nucleation precursor concentrations using density functional theory combined with the Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code. We found that HIO2 can form clusters with HIO3 via strong hydrogen bonds, halogen bonds, and proton-transfer, substantially enhancing the stability of HIO3 clusters and decreasing the energy barrier of HIO3-based cluster formation at different temperatures and nucleation precursor concentrations. The particle formation rate and cluster concentrations of HIO3-HIO2 nucleation were negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with HIO2 concentration. The enhancements by HIO2 on the particle formation rate and cluster concentration of HIO3 nucleation were positively correlated with temperature and HIO2 concentration. Interestingly, even at a low HIO2 concentration (1.0 × 105 molecules cm-3), the enhancement on the particle formation rate and cluster concentration of HIO3 nucleation by HIO2 were both unexpectedly up to 4.1 × 104-fold at 283 K. Therefore, HIO3-HIO2 nucleation can be extremely rapid in cold regions, and the enhancement by HIO2 can be significant, especially in warm regions even at relatively high HIO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuning Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; National Supercomputer Center in Tianjin, Tianjin 300451, China
| | - Haotian Zu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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20
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Frederiks NC, Heaney DD, Kreinbihl JJ, Johnson CJ. The Competition between Hydrogen, Halogen, and Covalent Bonding in Atmospherically Relevant Ammonium Iodate Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1165-1175. [PMID: 36595580 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Iodine-containing clusters are expected to be central to new particle formation (NPF) events in polar and midlatitude coastal regions. Iodine oxoacids and iodine oxides are observed in newly formed clusters, and in more polluted midlatitude settings, theoretical studies suggest ammonia may increase growth rates. Structural information was obtained via infrared (IR) spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations for a series of clusters containing ammonia, iodic acid, and iodine pentoxide. Structures for five of the smallest cationic clusters present in the mass spectrum were identified, and four of the structures were found to preferentially form halogen and/or covalent bonds over hydrogen bonds. Ammonia is important in proton transfer from iodic acid components and also provides a scaffold to template the formation of a halogen and covalent bonded backbone. The calculations executed for the two largest clusters studied suggested the formation of a covalent I3O8- anion within the clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline C Frederiks
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd., Stony Brook, New York11794, United States
| | - Danika D Heaney
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd., Stony Brook, New York11794, United States
| | - John J Kreinbihl
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd., Stony Brook, New York11794, United States
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd., Stony Brook, New York11794, United States
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21
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The gas-phase formation mechanism of iodic acid as an atmospheric aerosol source. Nat Chem 2023; 15:129-135. [PMID: 36376388 PMCID: PMC9836935 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Iodine is a reactive trace element in atmospheric chemistry that destroys ozone and nucleates particles. Iodine emissions have tripled since 1950 and are projected to keep increasing with rising O3 surface concentrations. Although iodic acid (HIO3) is widespread and forms particles more efficiently than sulfuric acid, its gas-phase formation mechanism remains unresolved. Here, in CLOUD atmospheric simulation chamber experiments that generate iodine radicals at atmospherically relevant rates, we show that iodooxy hypoiodite, IOIO, is efficiently converted into HIO3 via reactions (R1) IOIO + O3 → IOIO4 and (R2) IOIO4 + H2O → HIO3 + HOI + (1)O2. The laboratory-derived reaction rate coefficients are corroborated by theory and shown to explain field observations of daytime HIO3 in the remote lower free troposphere. The mechanism provides a missing link between iodine sources and particle formation. Because particulate iodate is readily reduced, recycling iodine back into the gas phase, our results suggest a catalytic role of iodine in aerosol formation.
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22
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Siegel K, Neuberger A, Karlsson L, Zieger P, Mattsson F, Duplessis P, Dada L, Daellenbach K, Schmale J, Baccarini A, Krejci R, Svenningsson B, Chang R, Ekman AML, Riipinen I, Mohr C. Using Novel Molecular-Level Chemical Composition Observations of High Arctic Organic Aerosol for Predictions of Cloud Condensation Nuclei. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13888-13899. [PMID: 36112784 PMCID: PMC9535938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Predictions of cloud droplet activation in the late summertime (September) central Arctic Ocean are made using κ-Köhler theory with novel observations of the aerosol chemical composition from a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols (FIGAERO-CIMS) and an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), deployed during the Arctic Ocean 2018 expedition onboard the Swedish icebreaker Oden. We find that the hygroscopicity parameter κ of the total aerosol is 0.39 ± 0.19 (mean ± std). The predicted activation diameter of ∼25 to 130 nm particles is overestimated by 5%, leading to an underestimation of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration by 4-8%. From this, we conclude that the aerosol in the High Arctic late summer is acidic and therefore highly cloud active, with a substantial CCN contribution from Aitken mode particles. Variability in the predicted activation diameter is addressed mainly as a result of uncertainties in the aerosol size distribution measurements. The organic κ was on average 0.13, close to the commonly assumed κ of 0.1, and therefore did not significantly influence the predictions. These conclusions are supported by laboratory experiments of the activation potential of seven organic compounds selected as representative of the measured aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Siegel
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Department
of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Almuth Neuberger
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Linn Karlsson
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Paul Zieger
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Mattsson
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Patrick Duplessis
- Department
of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie
University, Halifax CA-B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
- Extreme
Environments
Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar Daellenbach
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Julia Schmale
- Extreme
Environments
Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Extreme
Environments
Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Radovan Krejci
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | | | - Rachel Chang
- Department
of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie
University, Halifax CA-B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Annica M. L. Ekman
- Department
of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Claudia Mohr
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
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23
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Zhang R, Xie HB, Ma F, Chen J, Iyer S, Simon M, Heinritzi M, Shen J, Tham YJ, Kurtén T, Worsnop DR, Kirkby J, Curtius J, Sipilä M, Kulmala M, He XC. Critical Role of Iodous Acid in Neutral Iodine Oxoacid Nucleation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14166-14177. [PMID: 36126141 PMCID: PMC9536010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nucleation of neutral iodine particles has recently been found to involve both iodic acid (HIO3) and iodous acid (HIO2). However, the precise role of HIO2 in iodine oxoacid nucleation remains unclear. Herein, we probe such a role by investigating the cluster formation mechanisms and kinetics of (HIO3)m(HIO2)n (m = 0-4, n = 0-4) clusters with quantum chemical calculations and atmospheric cluster dynamics modeling. When compared with HIO3, we find that HIO2 binds more strongly with HIO3 and also more strongly with HIO2. After accounting for ambient vapor concentrations, the fastest nucleation rate is predicted for mixed HIO3-HIO2 clusters rather than for pure HIO3 or HIO2 ones. Our calculations reveal that the strong binding results from HIO2 exhibiting a base behavior (accepting a proton from HIO3) and forming stronger halogen bonds. Moreover, the binding energies of (HIO3)m(HIO2)n clusters show a far more tolerant choice of growth paths when compared with the strict stoichiometry required for sulfuric acid-base nucleation. Our predicted cluster formation rates and dimer concentrations are acceptably consistent with those measured by the Cosmic Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment. This study suggests that HIO2 could facilitate the nucleation of other acids beyond HIO3 in regions where base vapors such as ammonia or amines are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- . Phone: +86-411-84707251
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Mario Simon
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- School
of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Aerodyne
Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- CERN,
the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Aerosol
and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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24
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Dada L, Angot H, Beck I, Baccarini A, Quéléver LLJ, Boyer M, Laurila T, Brasseur Z, Jozef G, de Boer G, Shupe MD, Henning S, Bucci S, Dütsch M, Stohl A, Petäjä T, Daellenbach KR, Jokinen T, Schmale J. A central arctic extreme aerosol event triggered by a warm air-mass intrusion. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5290. [PMID: 36075920 PMCID: PMC9458659 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency and intensity of warm and moist air-mass intrusions into the Arctic have increased over the past decades and have been related to sea ice melt. During our year-long expedition in the remote central Arctic Ocean, a record-breaking increase in temperature, moisture and downwelling-longwave radiation was observed in mid-April 2020, during an air-mass intrusion carrying air pollutants from northern Eurasia. The two-day intrusion, caused drastic changes in the aerosol size distribution, chemical composition and particle hygroscopicity. Here we show how the intrusion transformed the Arctic from a remote low-particle environment to an area comparable to a central-European urban setting. Additionally, the intrusion resulted in an explosive increase in cloud condensation nuclei, which can have direct effects on Arctic clouds' radiation, their precipitation patterns, and their lifetime. Thus, unless prompt actions to significantly reduce emissions in the source regions are taken, such intrusion events are expected to continue to affect the Arctic climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Dada
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, 1951, Sion, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Hélène Angot
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Beck
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Lauriane L J Quéléver
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew Boyer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiia Laurila
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zoé Brasseur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gina Jozef
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gijs de Boer
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Integrated Remote and In Situ Sensing, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Matthew D Shupe
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Silvia Henning
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Silvia Bucci
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marina Dütsch
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Stohl
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, P.O. Box 27456, Nicosia, 1645, Cyprus
| | - Julia Schmale
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Wallis, 1951, Sion, Switzerland.
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25
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Knattrup Y, Elm J. Clusteromics IV: The Role of Nitric Acid in Atmospheric Cluster Formation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31551-31560. [PMID: 36092558 PMCID: PMC9453938 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitric acid (NA) has previously been shown to affect atmospheric new particle formation; however, its role still remains highly uncertain. Through the employment of state-of-the-art quantum chemical methods, we study the (acid)1-2(base)1-2 and (acid)3(base)2 clusters containing at least one nitric acid (NA) and sulfuric acid (SA) or methanesulfonic acid (MSA) with bases ammonia (A), methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA), and ethylenediamine (EDA). The initial cluster configurations are generated using the ABCluster program. PM7 and ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) calculations are used to reduce the number of relevant configurations. The thermochemical parameters are calculated at the ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory with the quasi-harmonic approximation, and the final single-point energies are calculated with high-level DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations. The enhancing effect from the presence of nitric acid on cluster formation is studied using the calculated thermochemical data and cluster dynamics simulations. We find that when NA is in excess compared with the other acids, it has a substantial enhancing effect on the cluster formation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Knattrup
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry, iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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26
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Song C, Becagli S, Beddows DCS, Brean J, Browse J, Dai Q, Dall’Osto M, Ferracci V, Harrison RM, Harris N, Li W, Jones AE, Kirchgäßner A, Kramawijaya AG, Kurganskiy A, Lupi A, Mazzola M, Severi M, Traversi R, Shi Z. Understanding Sources and Drivers of Size-Resolved Aerosol in the High Arctic Islands of Svalbard Using a Receptor Model Coupled with Machine Learning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11189-11198. [PMID: 35878000 PMCID: PMC9386907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are important drivers of Arctic climate change through aerosol-cloud-climate interactions. However, large uncertainties remain on the sources and processes controlling particle numbers in both fine and coarse modes. Here, we applied a receptor model and an explainable machine learning technique to understand the sources and drivers of particle numbers from 10 nm to 20 μm in Svalbard. Nucleation, biogenic, secondary, anthropogenic, mineral dust, sea salt and blowing snow aerosols and their major environmental drivers were identified. Our results show that the monthly variations in particles are highly size/source dependent and regulated by meteorology. Secondary and nucleation aerosols are the largest contributors to potential cloud condensation nuclei (CCN, particle number with a diameter larger than 40 nm as a proxy) in the Arctic. Nonlinear responses to temperature were found for biogenic, local dust particles and potential CCN, highlighting the importance of melting sea ice and snow. These results indicate that the aerosol factors will respond to rapid Arctic warming differently and in a nonlinear fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congbo Song
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Silvia Becagli
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Torino 155, Venice-Mestre 30172, Italy
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- National
Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), School of Geography, Earth
and Environmental Sciences, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - James Brean
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Jo Browse
- Centre
for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, U.K.
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental
Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter
Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Manuel Dall’Osto
- Institute
of Marine Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Valerio Ferracci
- Centre
for Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, School of Water, Energy
& Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, U.K.
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment
and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neil Harris
- Centre
for Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, School of Water, Energy
& Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, U.K.
| | - Weijun Li
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Anna E. Jones
- British
Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, U.K.
| | - Amélie Kirchgäßner
- British
Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, U.K.
| | - Agung Ghani Kramawijaya
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Alexander Kurganskiy
- Centre
for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, U.K.
| | - Angelo Lupi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute
of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Mazzola
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute
of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Severi
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Torino 155, Venice-Mestre 30172, Italy
| | - Rita Traversi
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Torino 155, Venice-Mestre 30172, Italy
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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27
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Abstract
The gas-phase formation of new particles less than 1 nm in size and their subsequent growth significantly alters the availability of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN, >30-50 nm), leading to impacts on cloud reflectance and the global radiative budget. However, this growth cannot be accounted for by condensation of typical species driving the initial nucleation. Here, we present evidence that nucleated iodine oxide clusters provide unique sites for the accelerated growth of organic vapors to overcome the coagulation sink. Heterogeneous reactions form low-volatility organic acids and alkylaminium salts in the particle phase, while further oligomerization of small α-dicarbonyls (e.g., glyoxal) drives the particle growth. This identified heterogeneous mechanism explains the occurrence of particle production events at organic vapor concentrations almost an order of magnitude lower than those required for growth via condensation alone. A notable fraction of iodine associated with these growing particles is recycled back into the gas phase, suggesting an effective transport mechanism for iodine to remote regions, acting as a "catalyst" for nucleation and subsequent new particle production in marine air.
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28
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Annual cycle observations of aerosols capable of ice formation in central Arctic clouds. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3537. [PMID: 35725737 PMCID: PMC9209516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arctic is warming faster than anywhere else on Earth, prompting glacial melt, permafrost thaw, and sea ice decline. These severe consequences induce feedbacks that contribute to amplified warming, affecting weather and climate globally. Aerosols and clouds play a critical role in regulating radiation reaching the Arctic surface. However, the magnitude of their effects is not adequately quantified, especially in the central Arctic where they impact the energy balance over the sea ice. Specifically, aerosols called ice nucleating particles (INPs) remain understudied yet are necessary for cloud ice production and subsequent changes in cloud lifetime, radiative effects, and precipitation. Here, we report observations of INPs in the central Arctic over a full year, spanning the entire sea ice growth and decline cycle. Further, these observations are size-resolved, affording valuable information on INP sources. Our results reveal a strong seasonality of INPs, with lower concentrations in the winter and spring controlled by transport from lower latitudes, to enhanced concentrations of INPs during the summer melt, likely from marine biological production in local open waters. This comprehensive characterization of INPs will ultimately help inform cloud parameterizations in models of all scales. The Arctic is changing faster than anywhere else on Earth. Interactions between clouds and aerosols play a role in these changes. We report how the quantities and origins of aerosols that affect cloud ice formation change over a full sea ice cycle
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29
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Olenius T, Roldin P. Role of gas-molecular cluster-aerosol dynamics in atmospheric new-particle formation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10135. [PMID: 35710742 PMCID: PMC9203563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
New-particle formation from vapors through molecular cluster formation is a central process affecting atmospheric aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei numbers, and a significant source of uncertainty in assessments of aerosol radiative forcing. While advances in experimental and computational methods provide improved assessments of particle formation rates from different species, the standard approach to implement these data in aerosol models rests on highly simplifying assumptions concerning gas-cluster-aerosol dynamics. To quantify the effects of the simplifications, we develop an open-source tool for explicitly simulating the dynamics of the complete particle size spectrum from vapor molecules and molecular clusters to larger aerosols for multi-compound new-particle formation. We demonstrate that the simplified treatment is a reasonable approximation for particle formation from weakly clustering chemical compounds, but results in overprediction of particle numbers and of the contribution of new-particle formation to cloud condensation nuclei for strongly clustering, low-concentration trace gases. The new explicit approach circumvents these issues, thus enabling robust model-measurement comparisons, improved assessment of the importance of different particle formation agents, and construction of optimal simplifications for large-scale models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinja Olenius
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, 60176, Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Pontus Roldin
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, P. O. Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
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30
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Karlsson L, Baccarini A, Duplessis P, Baumgardner D, Brooks IM, Chang RY, Dada L, Dällenbach KR, Heikkinen L, Krejci R, Leaitch WR, Leck C, Partridge DG, Salter ME, Wernli H, Wheeler MJ, Schmale J, Zieger P. Physical and Chemical Properties of Cloud Droplet Residuals and Aerosol Particles During the Arctic Ocean 2018 Expedition. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD036383. [PMID: 35859907 PMCID: PMC9285477 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd036383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the physical and chemical properties and sources of particles that form clouds is especially important in pristine areas like the Arctic, where particle concentrations are often low and observations are sparse. Here, we present in situ cloud and aerosol measurements from the central Arctic Ocean in August-September 2018 combined with air parcel source analysis. We provide direct experimental evidence that Aitken mode particles (particles with diameters ≲70 nm) significantly contribute to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) or cloud droplet residuals, especially after the freeze-up of the sea ice in the transition toward fall. These Aitken mode particles were associated with air that spent more time over the pack ice, while size distributions dominated by accumulation mode particles (particles with diameters ≳70 nm) showed a stronger contribution of oceanic air and slightly different source regions. This was accompanied by changes in the average chemical composition of the accumulation mode aerosol with an increased relative contribution of organic material toward fall. Addition of aerosol mass due to aqueous-phase chemistry during in-cloud processing was probably small over the pack ice given the fact that we observed very similar particle size distributions in both the whole-air and cloud droplet residual data. These aerosol-cloud interaction observations provide valuable insight into the origin and physical and chemical properties of CCN over the pristine central Arctic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Karlsson
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique fédérale de LausanneSionSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Duplessis
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric ScienceDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNSCanada
| | | | - Ian M. Brooks
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Rachel Y.‐W. Chang
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric ScienceDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNSCanada
| | - Lubna Dada
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique fédérale de LausanneSionSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | | | - Liine Heikkinen
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Radovan Krejci
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - W. Richard Leaitch
- Climate Research DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaTorontoONCanada
| | - Caroline Leck
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Daniel G. Partridge
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Matthew E. Salter
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Heini Wernli
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Michael J. Wheeler
- Air Quality Research DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaTorontoONCanada
| | - Julia Schmale
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique fédérale de LausanneSionSwitzerland
| | - Paul Zieger
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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31
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Gómez Martín JC, Lewis TR, James AD, Saiz-Lopez A, Plane JMC. Insights into the Chemistry of Iodine New Particle Formation: The Role of Iodine Oxides and the Source of Iodic Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9240-9253. [PMID: 35604404 PMCID: PMC9164234 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Iodine chemistry
is an important driver of new particle formation
in the marine and polar boundary layers. There are, however, conflicting
views about how iodine gas-to-particle conversion proceeds. Laboratory
studies indicate that the photooxidation of iodine produces iodine
oxides (IxOy), which are well-known particle precursors. By contrast, nitrate
anion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) observations in
field and environmental chamber studies have been interpreted as evidence
of a dominant role of iodic acid (HIO3) in iodine-driven
particle formation. Here, we report flow tube laboratory experiments
that solve these discrepancies by showing that both IxOy and HIO3 are involved in atmospheric new particle formation. I2Oy molecules (y = 2,
3, and 4) react with nitrate core ions to generate mass spectra similar
to those obtained by CIMS, including the iodate anion. Iodine pentoxide
(I2O5) produced by photolysis of higher-order
IxOy is hydrolyzed,
likely by the water dimer, to yield HIO3, which also contributes
to the iodate anion signal. We estimate that ∼50% of the iodate
anion signals observed by nitrate CIMS under atmospheric water vapor
concentrations originate from I2Oy. Under such conditions, iodine-containing clusters and particles
are formed by aggregation of I2Oy and HIO3, while under dry laboratory conditions,
particle formation is driven exclusively by I2Oy. An updated mechanism for iodine gas-to-particle
conversion is provided. Furthermore, we propose that a key iodine
reservoir species such as iodine nitrate, which we observe as a product
of the reaction between iodine oxides and the nitrate anion, can also
be detected by CIMS in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas R Lewis
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | | | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - John M C Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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32
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Corella JP, Maffezzoli N, Spolaor A, Vallelonga P, Cuevas CA, Scoto F, Müller J, Vinther B, Kjær HA, Cozzi G, Edwards R, Barbante C, Saiz-Lopez A. Climate changes modulated the history of Arctic iodine during the Last Glacial Cycle. Nat Commun 2022; 13:88. [PMID: 35013214 PMCID: PMC8748508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine has a significant impact on promoting the formation of new ultrafine aerosol particles and accelerating tropospheric ozone loss, thereby affecting radiative forcing and climate. Therefore, understanding the long-term natural evolution of iodine, and its coupling with climate variability, is key to adequately assess its effect on climate on centennial to millennial timescales. Here, using two Greenland ice cores (NEEM and RECAP), we report the Arctic iodine variability during the last 127,000 years. We find the highest and lowest iodine levels recorded during interglacial and glacial periods, respectively, modulated by ocean bioproductivity and sea ice dynamics. Our sub-decadal resolution measurements reveal that high frequency iodine emission variability occurred in pace with Dansgaard/Oeschger events, highlighting the rapid Arctic ocean-ice-atmosphere iodine exchange response to abrupt climate changes. Finally, we discuss if iodine levels during past warmer-than-present climate phases can serve as analogues of future scenarios under an expected ice-free Arctic Ocean. We argue that the combination of natural biogenic ocean iodine release (boosted by ongoing Arctic warming and sea ice retreat) and anthropogenic ozone-induced iodine emissions may lead to a near future scenario with the highest iodine levels of the last 127,000 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Corella
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
- CIEMAT, Environmental Department, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Niccolo Maffezzoli
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Paul Vallelonga
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Scoto
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, S.P Lecce-Monteroni km1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Juliane Müller
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
- MARUM Research Faculty, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Bo Vinther
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Helle A Kjær
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Giulio Cozzi
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Ross Edwards
- Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UW-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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33
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Jang E, Park KT, Yoon YJ, Kim K, Gim Y, Chung HY, Lee K, Choi J, Park J, Park SJ, Koo JH, Fernandez RP, Saiz-Lopez A. First-year sea ice leads to an increase in dimethyl sulfide-induced particle formation in the Antarctic Peninsula. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150002. [PMID: 34482143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) produced by marine algae represents the largest natural emission of sulfur to the atmosphere. The oxidation of DMS is a key process affecting new particle formation that contributes to the radiative forcing of the Earth. In this study, atmospheric DMS and its major oxidation products (methanesulfonic acid, MSA; non-sea-salt sulfate, nss-SO42-) and particle size distributions were measured at King Sejong station located in the Antarctic Peninsula during the austral spring-summer period in 2018-2020. The observatory was surrounded by open ocean and first-year and multi-year sea ice. Importantly, oceanic emissions and atmospheric oxidation of DMS showed distinct differences depending on source regions. A high mixing ratio of atmospheric DMS was observed when air masses were influenced by the open ocean and first-year sea ice due to the abundance of DMS producers such as pelagic phaeocystis and ice algae. However, the concentrations of MSA and nss-SO42- were distinctively increased for air masses originating from first-year sea ice as compared to those originating from the open ocean and multi-year sea ice, suggesting additional influences from the source regions of atmospheric oxidants. Heterogeneous chemical processes that actively occur over first-year sea ice tend to accelerate the release of bromine monoxide (BrO), which is the most efficient DMS oxidant in Antarctica. Model-estimates for surface BrO confirmed that high BrO mixing ratios were closely associated with first-year sea ice, thus enhancing DMS oxidation. Consequently, the concentration of newly formed particles originated from first-year sea ice, which was a strong source area for both DMS and BrO was greater than from open ocean (high DMS but low BrO). These results indicate that first-year sea ice plays an important yet overlooked role in DMS-induced new particle formation in polar environments, where warming-induced sea ice changes are pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunho Jang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
| | | | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yeontae Gim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Young Chung
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kitack Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | | | - Ja-Ho Koo
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Koenig TK, Volkamer R, Apel EC, Bresch JF, Cuevas CA, Dix B, Eloranta EW, Fernandez RP, Hall SR, Hornbrook RS, Pierce RB, Reeves JM, Saiz-Lopez A, Ullmann K. Ozone depletion due to dust release of iodine in the free troposphere. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj6544. [PMID: 34936464 PMCID: PMC8694599 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj6544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is an atmospheric trace element emitted from oceans that efficiently destroys ozone (O3). Low O3 in airborne dust layers is frequently observed but poorly understood. We show that dust is a source of gas-phase iodine, indicated by aircraft observations of iodine monoxide (IO) radicals inside lofted dust layers from the Atacama and Sechura Deserts that are up to a factor of 10 enhanced over background. Gas-phase iodine photochemistry, commensurate with observed IO, is needed to explain the low O3 inside these dust layers (below 15 ppbv; up to 75% depleted). The added dust iodine can explain decreases in O3 of 8% regionally and affects surface air quality. Our data suggest that iodate reduction to form volatile iodine species is a missing process in the geochemical iodine cycle and presents an unrecognized aeolian source of iodine. Atmospheric iodine has tripled since 1950 and affects ozone layer recovery and particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore K. Koenig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James F. Bresch
- Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara Dix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Edwin W. Eloranta
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rafael P. Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, National Research Council (ICB-CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R. Bradley Pierce
- The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), Madison, WI, USA
| | - J. Michael Reeves
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
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35
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Orellana MV, Hansell DA, Matrai PA, Leck C. Marine Polymer-Gels' Relevance in the Atmosphere as Aerosols and CCN. Gels 2021; 7:185. [PMID: 34842644 PMCID: PMC8628772 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine polymer gels play a critical role in regulating ocean basin scale biogeochemical dynamics. This brief review introduces the crucial role of marine gels as a source of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in cloud formation processes, emphasizing Arctic marine microgels. We review the gel's composition and relation to aerosols, their emergent properties, and physico-chemical processes that explain their change in size spectra, specifically in relation to aerosols and CCN. Understanding organic aerosols and CCN in this context provides clear benefits to quantifying the role of marine nanogel/microgel in microphysical processes leading to cloud formation. This review emphasizes the DOC-marine gel/aerosolized gel-cloud link, critical to developing accurate climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V. Orellana
- Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dennis A. Hansell
- Department of Ocean Sciences, RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA;
| | | | - Caroline Leck
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden;
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36
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Antarctic ozone hole modifies iodine geochemistry on the Antarctic Plateau. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5836. [PMID: 34611165 PMCID: PMC8492625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar stratospheric ozone has decreased since the 1970s due to anthropogenic emissions of chlorofluorocarbons and halons, resulting in the formation of an ozone hole over Antarctica. The effects of the ozone hole and the associated increase in incoming UV radiation on terrestrial and marine ecosystems are well established; however, the impact on geochemical cycles of ice photoactive elements, such as iodine, remains mostly unexplored. Here, we present the first iodine record from the inner Antarctic Plateau (Dome C) that covers approximately the last 212 years (1800-2012 CE). Our results show that the iodine concentration in ice remained constant during the pre-ozone hole period (1800-1974 CE) but has declined twofold since the onset of the ozone hole era (~1975 CE), closely tracking the total ozone evolution over Antarctica. Based on ice core observations, laboratory measurements and chemistry-climate model simulations, we propose that the iodine decrease since ~1975 is caused by enhanced iodine re-emission from snowpack due to the ozone hole-driven increase in UV radiation reaching the Antarctic Plateau. These findings suggest the potential for ice core iodine records from the inner Antarctic Plateau to be as an archive for past stratospheric ozone trends.
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37
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Lei Y, Zhang G, Zhang Q, Yu L, Li H, Yu H, He Y. Visualization of gaseous iodine adsorption on single zeolitic imidazolate framework-90 particles. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4483. [PMID: 34301926 PMCID: PMC8302588 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are very useful as high-capacity iodine (I2) adsorbents. The adsorption performance is usually probed by measuring a statistical average property over an entire sample consisting of a large number of ZIF particles, leaving the interparticle heterogeneity information among individuals. Here we report a dark-field microscopy (DFM) method to visualize gaseous I2 adsorption on single ZIF-90 particles in situ and in real time. The adsorption of I2 is found to alter the scattering spectrum of ZIF-90 particles, inducing a distinct color change from bluewhite to yellow. According to correlating the adsorption amount of gaseous I2 with the change of B value from DFM images, we quantitatively image the adsorption process and estimate the related kinetic parameters at the single particle level. Single particle measurements clarify the large particle-to-particle heterogeneity in adsorption reactivity and significant adsorption activity improvement of ZIF-90 after introduction of linker defects, which provides a microscopic understanding of the structure-activity relationship. We further demonstrate the capacity of this strategy for studying gaseous I2 adsorption on single ZIF-91 particle as a derivative of ZIF-90 to illustrate the generality. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks are promising as high-capacity iodine adsorbents. Here the authors image the gaseous I2 adsorption on single ZIF-90 particles, clarifying the inter-particle heterogeneity in adsorption reactivity and performance improvement after introduction of linker defects .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lei
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, PR China
| | - Guihua Zhang
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, PR China
| | - Qinglan Zhang
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, PR China
| | - Ling Yu
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, PR China
| | - Hua Li
- SUSTech Core Research Facilities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Haili Yu
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, PR China.
| | - Yi He
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, PR China.
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38
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He XC, Tham YJ, Dada L, Wang M, Finkenzeller H, Stolzenburg D, Iyer S, Simon M, Kürten A, Shen J, Rörup B, Rissanen M, Schobesberger S, Baalbaki R, Wang DS, Koenig TK, Jokinen T, Sarnela N, Beck LJ, Almeida J, Amanatidis S, Amorim A, Ataei F, Baccarini A, Bertozzi B, Bianchi F, Brilke S, Caudillo L, Chen D, Chiu R, Chu B, Dias A, Ding A, Dommen J, Duplissy J, El Haddad I, Gonzalez Carracedo L, Granzin M, Hansel A, Heinritzi M, Hofbauer V, Junninen H, Kangasluoma J, Kemppainen D, Kim C, Kong W, Krechmer JE, Kvashin A, Laitinen T, Lamkaddam H, Lee CP, Lehtipalo K, Leiminger M, Li Z, Makhmutov V, Manninen HE, Marie G, Marten R, Mathot S, Mauldin RL, Mentler B, Möhler O, Müller T, Nie W, Onnela A, Petäjä T, Pfeifer J, Philippov M, Ranjithkumar A, Saiz-Lopez A, Salma I, Scholz W, Schuchmann S, Schulze B, Steiner G, Stozhkov Y, Tauber C, Tomé A, Thakur RC, Väisänen O, Vazquez-Pufleau M, Wagner AC, Wang Y, Weber SK, Winkler PM, Wu Y, Xiao M, Yan C, Ye Q, Ylisirniö A, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Zha Q, Zhou P, Flagan RC, Curtius J, Baltensperger U, Kulmala M, Kerminen VM, Kurtén T, Donahue NM, Volkamer R, Kirkby J, Worsnop DR, Sipilä M. Role of iodine oxoacids in atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Science 2021; 371:589-595. [PMID: 33542130 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Iodic acid (HIO3) is known to form aerosol particles in coastal marine regions, but predicted nucleation and growth rates are lacking. Using the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber, we find that the nucleation rates of HIO3 particles are rapid, even exceeding sulfuric acid-ammonia rates under similar conditions. We also find that ion-induced nucleation involves IO3 - and the sequential addition of HIO3 and that it proceeds at the kinetic limit below +10°C. In contrast, neutral nucleation involves the repeated sequential addition of iodous acid (HIO2) followed by HIO3, showing that HIO2 plays a key stabilizing role. Freshly formed particles are composed almost entirely of HIO3, which drives rapid particle growth at the kinetic limit. Our measurements indicate that iodine oxoacid particle formation can compete with sulfuric acid in pristine regions of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mario Simon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Theodore K Koenig
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lisa J Beck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - João Almeida
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Amanatidis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - António Amorim
- CENTRA and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Farnoush Ataei
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertozzi
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sophia Brilke
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dexian Chen
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Randall Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Biwu Chu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - António Dias
- CENTRA and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Josef Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Manuel Granzin
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Ionicon Analytik Ges.m.b.H., 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victoria Hofbauer
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Heikki Junninen
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kangasluoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Deniz Kemppainen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Changhyuk Kim
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Weimeng Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Aleksander Kvashin
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Totti Laitinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Leiminger
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Ionicon Analytik Ges.m.b.H., 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zijun Li
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vladimir Makhmutov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Serge Mathot
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Roy L Mauldin
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ottmar Möhler
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Müller
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Antti Onnela
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joschka Pfeifer
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Imre Salma
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Ionicon Analytik Ges.m.b.H., 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone Schuchmann
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schulze
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Gerhard Steiner
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yuri Stozhkov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - António Tomé
- Institute Infante Dom Luíz, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Roseline C Thakur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Väisänen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Andrea C Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan K Weber
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Paul M Winkler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mao Xiao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qing Ye
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Arttu Ylisirniö
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Qiaozhi Zha
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Putian Zhou
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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