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Zha X, Zheng G, Skutella T, Kiening K, Unterberg A, Younsi A. Microglia: a promising therapeutic target in spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:454-463. [PMID: 38819048 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are present throughout the central nervous system and are vital in neural repair, nutrition, phagocytosis, immunological regulation, and maintaining neuronal function. In a healthy spinal cord, microglia are accountable for immune surveillance, however, when a spinal cord injury occurs, the microenvironment drastically changes, leading to glial scars and failed axonal regeneration. In this context, microglia vary their gene and protein expression during activation, and proliferation in reaction to the injury, influencing injury responses both favorably and unfavorably. A dynamic and multifaceted injury response is mediated by microglia, which interact directly with neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neural stem/progenitor cells. Despite a clear understanding of their essential nature and origin, the mechanisms of action and new functions of microglia in spinal cord injury require extensive research. This review summarizes current studies on microglial genesis, physiological function, and pathological state, highlights their crucial roles in spinal cord injury, and proposes microglia as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guoli Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Skutella
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Kiening
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Younsi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wang Y, Chang C, Wang R, Li X, Bao X. The advantages of multi-level omics research on stem cell-based therapies for ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1998-2003. [PMID: 38227528 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation is a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. However, despite many years of preclinical research, the application of stem cells is still limited to the clinical trial stage. Although stem cell therapy can be highly beneficial in promoting functional recovery, the precise mechanisms of action that are responsible for this effect have yet to be fully elucidated. Omics analysis provides us with a new perspective to investigate the physiological mechanisms and multiple functions of stem cells in ischemic stroke. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses have become important tools for discovering biomarkers and analyzing molecular changes under pathological conditions. Omics analysis could help us to identify new pathways mediated by stem cells for the treatment of ischemic stroke via stem cell therapy, thereby facilitating the translation of stem cell therapies into clinical use. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and discuss recent progress in the development of stem cell therapies for the treatment of ischemic stroke by applying multi-level omics. We also discuss changes in RNAs, proteins, and metabolites in the cerebral tissues and body fluids under stroke conditions and following stem cell treatment, and summarize the regulatory factors that play a key role in stem cell therapy. The exploration of stem cell therapy at the molecular level will facilitate the clinical application of stem cells and provide new treatment possibilities for the complete recovery of neurological function in patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Wang
- 4+4 Doctor Medical Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuheng Chang
- 4+4 Doctor Medical Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjie Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Petillo E, Veneruso V, Gragnaniello G, Brochier L, Frigerio E, Perale G, Rossi F, Cardia A, Orro A, Veglianese P. Targeted therapy and deep learning insights into microglia modulation for spinal cord injury. Mater Today Bio 2024; 27:101117. [PMID: 38975239 PMCID: PMC11225820 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that can cause significant motor and sensory impairment. Microglia, the central nervous system's immune sentinels, are known to be promising therapeutic targets in both SCI and neurodegenerative diseases. The most effective way to deliver medications and control microglial inflammation is through nanovectors; however, because of the variability in microglial morphology and the lack of standardized techniques, it is still difficult to precisely measure their activation in preclinical models. This problem is especially important in SCI, where the intricacy of the glia response following traumatic events necessitates the use of a sophisticated method to automatically discern between various microglial cell activation states that vary over time and space as the secondary injury progresses. We address this issue by proposing a deep learning-based technique for quantifying microglial activation following drug-loaded nanovector treatment in a preclinical SCI model. Our method uses a convolutional neural network to segment and classify microglia based on morphological characteristics. Our approach's accuracy and efficiency are demonstrated through evaluation on a collection of histology pictures from injured and intact spinal cords. This robust computational technique has potential for analyzing microglial activation across various neuropathologies and demonstrating the usefulness of nanovectors in modifying microglia in SCI and other neurological disorders. It has the ability to speed development in this crucial sector by providing a standardized and objective way to compare therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Petillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano 20156, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Valeria Veneruso
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano 20156, Italy
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Buffi 13, Lugano 6900, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Gragnaniello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Segrate 20054, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Brochier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Segrate 20054, Italy
| | - Enrico Frigerio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Buffi 13, Lugano 6900, Switzerland
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Regenera GmbH, Modecenterstrasse 22/D01, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Andrea Cardia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter of the Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Orro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Segrate 20054, Italy
| | - Pietro Veglianese
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano 20156, Italy
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Buffi 13, Lugano 6900, Switzerland
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Liu J, Kong G, Lu C, Wang J, Li W, Lv Z, Tong J, Liu Y, Xiong W, Li H, Fan J. IPSC-NSCs-derived exosomal let-7b-5p improves motor function after spinal cord Injury by modulating microglial/macrophage pyroptosis. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:403. [PMID: 38982427 PMCID: PMC11232148 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02697-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following spinal cord injury (SCI), the inflammatory storm initiated by microglia/macrophages poses a significant impediment to the recovery process. Exosomes play a crucial role in the transport of miRNAs, facilitating essential cellular communication through the transfer of genetic material. However, the miRNAs from iPSC-NSCs-Exos and their potential mechanisms leading to repair after SCI remain unclear. This study aims to explore the role of iPSC-NSCs-Exos in microglia/macrophage pyroptosis and reveal their potential mechanisms. METHODS iPSC-NSCs-Exos were characterized and identified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and Western blot. A mouse SCI model and a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to investigate the therapeutic effects of iPSC-NSCs-Exos. Subsequently, miRNA microarray analysis and rescue experiments were performed to confirm the role of miRNAs in iPSC-NSCs-Exos in SCI. Mechanistic studies were carried out using Western blot, luciferase activity assays, and RNA-ChIP. RESULTS Our findings revealed that iPSC-NSCs-derived exosomes inhibited microglia/macrophage pyroptosis at 7 days post-SCI, maintaining myelin integrity and promoting axonal growth, ultimately improving mice motor function. The miRNA microarray showed let-7b-5p to be highly enriched in iPSC-NSCs-Exos, and LRIG3 was identified as the target gene of let-7b-5p. Through a series of rescue experiments, we uncovered the connection between iPSC-NSCs and microglia/macrophages, revealing a novel target for treating SCI. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we discovered that iPSC-NSCs-derived exosomes can package and deliver let-7b-5p, regulating the expression of LRIG3 to ameliorate microglia/macrophage pyroptosis and enhance motor function in mice after SCI. This highlights the potential of combined therapy with iPSC-NSCs-Exos and let-7b-5p in promoting functional recovery and limiting inflammation following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, 366 Taihu Road, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guang Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenlin Lu
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, 366 Taihu Road, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of human anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengming Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, 366 Taihu Road, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Tong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, 366 Taihu Road, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Songjiang Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, 366 Taihu Road, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, 366 Taihu Road, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Ji H, Chu W, Yang Y, Peng X, Song X. Conditioned culture medium of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promotes phenotypic transformation of microglia by regulating mitochondrial autophagy. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17664. [PMID: 38974415 PMCID: PMC11227809 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the mechanism by which conditioned medium of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs-CM) facilitates the transition of pro-inflammatory polarized microglia to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Methods BV2 cells, a mouse microglia cell line, were transformed into a pro-inflammatory phenotype using lipopolysaccharide. The expression of phenotypic genes in BV2 cells was detected using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure inflammatory cytokine levels in BV2 cells co-cultured with BMSCs-CM. The expressions of mitophagy-associated proteins were determined using western blot. The mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels in BV2 cells were measured using JC-1 staining and an ATP assay kit, respectively. Additionally, we examined the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of C8-D1A cells, a mouse astrocyte cell line, co-cultured with BV2 cells. Results After co- culture with BMSCs -CM, the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase significantly decreased in pro-inflammatory BV2 cells, whereas the expression of CD206 and arginase-1 significantly increased. Moreover, TNF-α and interleukin-6 levels significantly decreased, whereas transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10 levels significantly increased. Furthermore, co-culture with BMSCs-CM increased mitophagy-associated protein expression, ATP levels, mitochondrial and lysosomal co-localization in these cells and decreased reactive oxygen species levels. Importantly, BMSCs-CM reversed the decrease in the proliferation and migration of C8-D1A cells co-cultured with pro-inflammatory BV2 cells and inhibited the apoptosis of C8-D1A cells. Conclusion BMSCs-CM may promote the transition of polarized microglia from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory phenotype by regulating mitophagy and influences the functional state of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Ji
- The Department of Orthopedics of ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University, Nan Jing, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiming Chu
- The Department of Orthopedics, Xishan People’s Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Yang
- The Department of Orthopedics, Xishan People’s Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Peng
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Lukomska A, Rheaume BA, Frost MP, Theune WC, Xing J, Damania A, Trakhtenberg EF. Augmenting fibronectin levels in injured adult CNS promotes axon regeneration in vivo. Exp Neurol 2024; 379:114877. [PMID: 38944331 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
In an attempt to repair injured central nervous system (CNS) nerves/tracts, immune cells are recruited into the injury site, but endogenous response in adult mammals is insufficient for promoting regeneration of severed axons. Here, we found that a portion of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) CNS projection neurons that survive after optic nerve crush (ONC) injury are enriched for and upregulate fibronectin (Fn)-interacting integrins Itga5 and ItgaV, and that Fn promotes long-term survival and long-distance axon regeneration of a portion of axotomized adult RGCs in culture. We then show that, Fn is developmentally downregulated in the axonal tracts of optic nerve and spinal cord, but injury-activated macrophages/microglia upregulate Fn while axon regeneration-promoting zymosan augments their recruitment (and thereby increases Fn levels) in the injured optic nerve. Finally, we found that Fn's RGD motif, established to interact with Itga5 and ItgaV, promotes long-term survival and long-distance axon regeneration of adult RGCs after ONC in vivo, with some axons reaching the optic chiasm when co-treated with Rpl7a gene therapy. Thus, experimentally augmenting Fn levels in the injured CNS is a promising approach for therapeutic neuroprotection and axon regeneration of at least a portion of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lukomska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Bruce A Rheaume
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Matthew P Frost
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - William C Theune
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jian Xing
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ashiti Damania
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ephraim F Trakhtenberg
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA..
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Rong Y, Wang J, Hu T, Shi Z, Lang C, Liu W, Cai W, Sun Y, Zhang F, Zhang W. Ginsenoside Rg1 Regulates Immune Microenvironment and Neurological Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury Through MYCBP2 Delivery via Neuronal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402114. [PMID: 38896802 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological condition that frequently leads to significant sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction. This study sought to delineate the potential mechanistic underpinnings of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from ginsenoside Rg1-pretreated neuronal cells (Rg1-EVs) in ameliorating SCI. These results demonstrated that treatment with Rg1-EVs substantially improved motor function in spinal cord-injured mice. Rg1-EVs enhance microglial polarization toward the M2 phenotype and repressed oxidative stress, thereby altering immune responses and decreasing inflammatory cytokine secretion. Moreover, Rg1-EVs substantially diminish reactive oxygen species accumulation and enhanced neural tissue repair by regulating mitochondrial function. Proteomic profiling highlighted a significant enrichment of MYCBP2 in Rg1-EVs, and functional assays confirmed that MYCBP2 knockdown counteracted the beneficial effects of Rg1-EVs in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, MYCBP2 is implicated in the ubiquitination and degradation of S100A9, thereby promoting microglial M2-phenotype polarization and reducing oxidative stress. Overall, these findings substantiated the pivotal role of Rg1-EVs in neuronal protection and functional recovery following SCI through MYCBP2-mediated ubiquitination of S100A9. This research offers novel mechanistic insights into therapeutic strategies against SCI and supports the clinical potential of Rg1-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuluo Rong
- Department of orthopaedics, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of orthopaedics, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Zhongming Shi
- Department of orthopaedics, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Chuandong Lang
- Department of orthopaedics, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Weihua Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yongjin Sun
- Department of orthopaedics, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of orthopaedics, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhang
- Department of orthopaedics, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
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8
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Lou Y, Li Z, Zheng H, Yuan Z, Li W, Zhang J, Shen W, Gao Y, Ran N, Kong X, Feng S. New strategy to treat spinal cord injury: Nafamostat mesilate suppressed NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis during acute phase. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112190. [PMID: 38703569 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition for which effective clinical treatment is currently lacking. During the acute phase of SCI, myriad pathological changes give rise to subsequent secondary injury. The results of our previous studies indicated that treating rats post-SCI with nafamostat mesilate (NM) protected the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) and exerted an antiapoptotic effect. However, the optimal dosage for mice with SCI and the underlying mechanisms potentially contributing to recovery, especially during the acute phase of SCI, have not been determined. In this study, we first determined the optimal dosage of NM for mice post-SCI (5 mg/kg/day). Subsequently, our RNA-seq findings revealed that NM has the potential to inhibit pyroptosis after SCI. These findings were further substantiated by subsequent Western blot (WB) and Immunofluorescence (IF) analyses in vivo. These results indicate that NM can alleviate NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3)-mediated pyroptosis by modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing the protein expression levels of NIMA-related kinase 7 (NEK7) and cathepsin B (CTSB). In vitro experimental results supported our in vivo findings, revealing the effectiveness of NM in suppressing pyroptosis induced by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV2 cells. These results underscore the potential of NM to regulate NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis following SCI. Notably, compared with other synthetic compounds, NM exhibits greater versatility, suggesting that it is a promising clinical treatment option for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Lou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Zonghao Li
- Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongze Yuan
- Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxiang Li
- Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London HA7 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Wenyuan Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Yiming Gao
- Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Ran
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China.
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9
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Li R, Feng J, Li L, Luo G, Shi Y, Shen S, Yuan X, Wu J, Yan B, Yang L. Recombinant fibroblast growth factor 4 ameliorates axonal regeneration and functional recovery in acute spinal cord injury through altering microglia/macrophage phenotype. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112188. [PMID: 38728880 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the extensive secondary injury processes that aggravate metabolic and cellular dysfunction and tissue loss following spinal cord injury (SCI). Thus, an anti-inflammatory strategy is crucial for modulating structural and functional restoration during the stage of acute and chronic SCI. Recombinant fibroblast growth factor 4 (rFGF4) has eliminated its mitogenic activity and demonstrated a metabolic regulator for alleviating hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and liver injury in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, it remains to be explored whether or not rFGF4 has a neuroprotective effect for restoring neurological disorders, such as SCI. Here, we identified that rFGF4 could polarize microglia/macrophages into the restorative M2 subtype, thus exerting an anti-inflammatory effect to promote neurological functional recovery and nerve fiber regeneration after SCI. Importantly, these effects by rFGF4 were related to triggering PI3K/AKT/GSK3β and attenuating TLR4/NF-κB signaling axes. Conversely, gene silencing of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling or pharmacological reactivation of the TLR4/NF-κB axis aggravated inflammatory reaction. Thus, our findings highlight rFGF4 as a potentially therapeutic regulator for repairing SCI, and its outstanding effect is associated with regulating macrophage/microglial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Juerong Feng
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liuxun Li
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guotian Luo
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yongpeng Shi
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shichao Shen
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinrong Yuan
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jianlong Wu
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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10
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Shaw DK, Saraswathy VM, McAdow AR, Zhou L, Park D, Mote R, Johnson AN, Mokalled MH. Elevated phagocytic capacity directs innate spinal cord repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598515. [PMID: 38915507 PMCID: PMC11195157 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Immune cells elicit a continuum of transcriptional and functional states after spinal cord injury (SCI). In mammals, inefficient debris clearance and chronic inflammation impede recovery and overshadow pro-regenerative immune functions. We found that, unlike mammals, zebrafish SCI elicits transient immune activation and efficient debris clearance, without causing chronic inflammation. Single-cell transcriptomics and inducible genetic ablation showed zebrafish macrophages are highly phagocytic and required for regeneration. Cross-species comparisons between zebrafish and mammalian macrophages identified transcription and immune response regulator ( tcim ) as a macrophage-enriched zebrafish gene. Genetic deletion of zebrafish tcim impairs phagocytosis and regeneration, causes aberrant and chronic immune activation, and can be rescued by transplanting wild-type immune precursors into tcim mutants. Conversely, genetic expression of human TCIM accelerates debris clearance and regeneration by reprogramming myeloid precursors into activated phagocytes. This study establishes a central requirement for elevated phagocytic capacity to achieve innate spinal cord repair.
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11
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Marangon D, Castro e Silva JH, Cerrato V, Boda E, Lecca D. Oligodendrocyte Progenitors in Glial Scar: A Bet on Remyelination. Cells 2024; 13:1024. [PMID: 38920654 PMCID: PMC11202012 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) represent a subtype of glia, giving rise to oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system (CNS). While OPCs are highly proliferative during development, they become relatively quiescent during adulthood, when their fate is strictly influenced by the extracellular context. In traumatic injuries and chronic neurodegenerative conditions, including those of autoimmune origin, oligodendrocytes undergo apoptosis, and demyelination starts. Adult OPCs become immediately activated; they migrate at the lesion site and proliferate to replenish the damaged area, but their efficiency is hampered by the presence of a glial scar-a barrier mainly formed by reactive astrocytes, microglia and the deposition of inhibitory extracellular matrix components. If, on the one hand, a glial scar limits the lesion spreading, it also blocks tissue regeneration. Therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing astrocyte or microglia activation and shifting them toward a neuroprotective phenotype have been proposed, whereas the role of OPCs has been largely overlooked. In this review, we have considered the glial scar from the perspective of OPCs, analysing their behaviour when lesions originate and exploring the potential therapies aimed at sustaining OPCs to efficiently differentiate and promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marangon
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (J.H.C.e.S.)
| | - Juliana Helena Castro e Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (J.H.C.e.S.)
| | - Valentina Cerrato
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (V.C.); (E.B.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Boda
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (V.C.); (E.B.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Lecca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (J.H.C.e.S.)
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12
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Brennan FH, Swarts EA, Kigerl KA, Mifflin KA, Guan Z, Noble BT, Wang Y, Witcher KG, Godbout JP, Popovich PG. Microglia promote maladaptive plasticity in autonomic circuitry after spinal cord injury in mice. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi3259. [PMID: 38865485 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Robust structural remodeling and synaptic plasticity occurs within spinal autonomic circuitry after severe high-level spinal cord injury (SCI). As a result, normally innocuous visceral or somatic stimuli elicit uncontrolled activation of spinal sympathetic reflexes that contribute to systemic disease and organ-specific pathology. How hyperexcitable sympathetic circuitry forms is unknown, but local cues from neighboring glia likely help mold these maladaptive neuronal networks. Here, we used a mouse model of SCI to show that microglia surrounded active glutamatergic interneurons and subsequently coordinated multi-segmental excitatory synaptogenesis and expansion of sympathetic networks that control immune, neuroendocrine, and cardiovascular functions. Depleting microglia during critical periods of circuit remodeling after SCI prevented maladaptive synaptic and structural plasticity in autonomic networks, decreased the frequency and severity of autonomic dysreflexia, and prevented SCI-induced immunosuppression. Forced turnover of microglia in microglia-depleted mice restored structural and functional indices of pathological dysautonomia, providing further evidence that microglia are key effectors of autonomic plasticity. Additional data show that microglia-dependent autonomic plasticity required expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) and α2δ-1-dependent synaptogenesis. These data suggest that microglia are primary effectors of autonomic neuroplasticity and dysautonomia after SCI in mice. Manipulating microglia may be a strategy to limit autonomic complications after SCI or other forms of neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith H Brennan
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Emily A Swarts
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kristina A Kigerl
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Katherine A Mifflin
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhen Guan
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin T Noble
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kristina G Witcher
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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13
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Zhao W, Jia Z, Bauman WA, Qin Y, Peng Y, Chen Z, Cardozo CP, Wang D, Qin W. Targeted-delivery of nanomedicine-enabled methylprednisolone to injured spinal cord promotes neuroprotection and functional recovery after acute spinal cord injury in rats. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2024; 60:102761. [PMID: 38871068 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2024.102761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
To date, no therapy has been proven to be efficacious in fully restoring neurological functions after spinal cord injury (SCI). Systemic high-dose methylprednisolone (MP) improves neurological recovery after acute SCI in both animal and human. MP therapy remains controversial due to its modest effect on functional recovery and significant adverse effects. To overcome the limitation of MP therapy, we have developed a N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymer-based MP prodrug nanomedicine (Nano-MP) that can selectively deliver MP to the SCI lesion when administered systemically in a rat model of acute SCI. Our in vivo data reveal that Nano-MP is significantly more effective than free MP in attenuating secondary injuries and neuronal apoptosis. Nano-MP is superior to free MP in improving functional recovery after acute SCI in rats. These data support Nano-MP as a promising neurotherapeutic candidate, which may provide potent neuroprotection and accelerate functional recovery with improved safety for patients with acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Zhenshan Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - William A Bauman
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Yiwen Qin
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA; GCM Grosvenor, New York, USA
| | - Yuanzhen Peng
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Zihao Chen
- Departments of Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Christopher P Cardozo
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Weiping Qin
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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14
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Li M, Wang X, Qi B, Cui S, Zheng T, Guan Y, Ma L, Liu S, Li Q, Chen Z, Jian F. Treatment of Syringomyelia Characterized by Focal Dilatation of the Central Canal Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Neural Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:625-639. [PMID: 38578425 PMCID: PMC11087409 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-024-00637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syringomyelia is a progressive chronic disease that leads to nerve pain, sensory dissociation, and dyskinesia. Symptoms often do not improve after surgery. Stem cells have been widely explored for the treatment of nervous system diseases due to their immunoregulatory and neural replacement abilities. METHODS In this study, we used a rat model of syringomyelia characterized by focal dilatation of the central canal to explore an effective transplantation scheme and evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells and induced neural stem cells for the treatment of syringomyelia. RESULTS The results showed that cell transplantation could not only promote syrinx shrinkage but also stimulate the proliferation of ependymal cells, and the effect of this result was related to the transplantation location. These reactions appeared only when the cells were transplanted into the cavity. Additionally, we discovered that cell transplantation transformed activated microglia into the M2 phenotype. IGF1-expressing M2 microglia may play a significant role in the repair of nerve pain. CONCLUSION Cell transplantation can promote cavity shrinkage and regulate the local inflammatory environment. Moreover, the proliferation of ependymal cells may indicate the activation of endogenous stem cells, which is important for the regeneration and repair of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Boling Qi
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Shengyu Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Tianqi Zheng
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yunqian Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Longbing Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Sumei Liu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
| | - Fengzeng Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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15
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Liu T, Ma Z, Zhang W, Guan Y, Chen X. Upregulation of circ0000381 attenuates microglial/macrophage pyroptosis after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1360-1366. [PMID: 37905886 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.386399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202406000-00041/inline-graphic1/v/2023-10-30T152229Z/r/image-tiff
Neuroinflammation exacerbates secondary damage after spinal cord injury, while microglia/macrophage pyroptosis is important to neuroinflammation. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a role in the central nervous system. However, the functional role and mechanism of circRNAs in regulating microglia/macrophage pyroptosis after spinal cord injury are still poorly studied. In the present study, we detected microglia/macrophage pyroptosis in a female rat model of spinal cord injury, along with upregulated levels of circ0000381 in the spinal cord. Our further experimental results suggest that circ0000381 may function as a sponge to sequester endogenous microRNA423-3p (miR-423-3p), which can increase the expression of NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3), a pyroptosis marker. Therefore, upregulation of circ0000381 may be a compensatory change after spinal cord injury to attenuate microglia/macrophage pyroptosis. Indeed, knockdown of circ0000381 expression exacerbated microglia/macrophage pyroptosis. Collectively, our findings provide novel evidence for the upregulation of circ0000381, which may serve as a neuroprotective mechanism to attenuate microglia/macrophage pyroptosis after spinal cord injury. Accordingly, circ0000381 may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqian Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiu Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xueming Chen
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Zhang J, Li X, Guo L, Gao M, Wang Y, Xiong H, Xu T, Xu R. 3D hydrogel microfibers promote the differentiation of encapsulated neural stem cells and facilitate neuron protection and axon regrowth after complete transactional spinal cord injury. Biofabrication 2024; 16:035015. [PMID: 38565133 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad39a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause permanent impairment to motor or sensory functions. Pre-cultured neural stem cell (NSC) hydrogel scaffolds have emerged as a promising approach to treat SCI by promoting anti-inflammatory effects, axon regrowth, and motor function restoration. Here, in this study, we performed a coaxial extrusion process to fabricate a core-shell hydrogel microfiber with high NSC density in the core portion. Oxidized hyaluronic acid, carboxymethyl chitosan, and matrigel blend were used as a matrix for NSC growth and to facilitate the fabrication process. During thein vitrodifferentiation culture, it was found that NSC microfibers could differentiate into neurons and astrocytes with higher efficiency compared to NSC cultured in petri dishes. Furthermore, duringin vivotransplantation, NSC microfibers were coated with polylactic acid nanosheets by electrospinning for reinforcement. The coated NSC nanofibers exhibited higher anti-inflammatory effect and lesion cavity filling rate compared with the control group. Meanwhile, more neuron- and oligodendrocyte-like cells were visualized at the lesion epicenter. Finally, axon regrowth across the whole lesion site was observed, demonstrating that the microfiber could guide renascent axon regrowth. Experiment results indicate that the NSC microfiber is a promising bioactive treatment for complete SCI treatment with superior outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinda Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China
- Center for Bio-intelligent Manufacturing and Living Matter Bioprinting, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China
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17
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Li X, Ji R, Duan L, Hao Z, Su Y, Wang H, Guan F, Ma S. MG53/GMs/HA-Dex neural scaffold promotes the functional recovery of spinal cord injury by alleviating neuroinflammation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131520. [PMID: 38615859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The adverse microenvironment, including neuroinflammation, hinders the recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI). Regulating microglial polarization to alleviate neuroinflammation at the injury site is an effective strategy for SCI recovery. MG53 protein exerts obvious repair ability on multiple tissues damage, but with short half-life. In this study, we composited an innovative MG53/GMs/HA-Dex neural scaffold using gelatin microspheres (GMs), hyaluronic acid (HA), and dextran (Dex) loaded with MG53 protein. This novel neural scaffold could respond to MMP-2/9 protein and stably release MG53 protein with good physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. In addition, it significantly improved the motor function of SCI mice, suppressed M1 polarization of microglia and neuroinflammation, and promoted neurogenesis and axon regeneration. Further mechanistic experiments demonstrated that MG53/GMs/HA-Dex hydrogel inhibited the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Thus, this MG53/GMs/HA-Dex neural scaffold promotes the functional recovery of SCI mice by alleviating neuroinflammation, which provides a new intervention strategy for the neural regeneration and functional repair of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Rong Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Linyan Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhizhong Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yujing Su
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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18
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Stewart AN, Bosse-Joseph CC, Kumari R, Bailey WM, Park KA, Slone VK, Gensel JC. Non-resolving neuroinflammation regulates axon regeneration in chronic spinal cord injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.19.590106. [PMID: 38712123 PMCID: PMC11071389 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.19.590106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) lesions retain increased densities of microglia and macrophages. In acute SCI, macrophages induce growth cone collapse, facilitate axon retraction away from lesion boundaries, as well as play a key role in orchestrating the growth-inhibitory glial scar. Little is known about the role of sustained inflammation in chronic SCI, or whether chronic inflammation affects repair and regeneration. We performed transcriptional analysis using the Nanostring Neuropathology panel to characterize the resolution of inflammation into chronic SCI, to characterize the chronic SCI microenvironment, as well as to identify spinal cord responses to macrophage depletion and repopulation using the CSF1R inhibitor, PLX-5622. We determined the ability for macrophage depletion and repopulation to augment axon growth into chronic lesions both with and without regenerative stimulation using neuronal-specific PTEN knockout (PTEN-KO). PTEN-KO was delivered with spinal injections of retrogradely transported adeno associated viruses (AAVrg's). Both transcriptional analyses and immunohistochemistry revealed the ability for PLX-5622 to significantly deplete inflammation around and within chronic SCI lesions, with a return to pre-depleted inflammatory densities after treatment removal. Neuronal-specific transcripts were significantly elevated in mice after inflammatory repopulation, but no significant effects were observed with macrophage depletion alone. Axon densities significantly increased within the lesion after PLX-5622 treatment with a more consistent effect observed in mice with inflammatory repopulation. PTEN-KO did not further increase axon densities within the lesion beyond effects induced by PLX-5622. We identified that PLX-5622 increased axon densities within the lesion that are histologically identified as 5-HT+and CGRP+, both of which are not robustly transduced by AAVrg's. Our work identified that increased macrophage/microglia densities in the chronic SCI environment may be actively retained by homeostatic mechanisms likely affiliated with a sustained elevated expression of CSF1 and other chemokines. Finally, we identify a novel role of sustained inflammation as a prospective barrier to axon regeneration in chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Stewart
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Christopher C. Bosse-Joseph
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Reena Kumari
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - William M. Bailey
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Kennedy A. Park
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Victoria K. Slone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - John C. Gensel
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Rao Y, Li J, Qiao R, Luo J, Liu Y. Synergistic effects of tetramethylpyrazine and astragaloside IV on spinal cord injury via alteration of astrocyte A1/A2 polarization through the Sirt1-NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111686. [PMID: 38461631 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reactive astrocytes are hallmarks of traumatic spinal cord injury (T-SCI) and are associated with neuropathic pain (NP). Mediating the functional phenotype of reactive astrocytes helps neural repair and ameliorates NP in T-SCI. Here, we aimed to explore the role of tetramethylpyrazine (TMPZ) and astragaloside IV (AGS-IV) in astrocyte polarization and the underlying molecular mechanism in T-SCI. METHODS Primary cultured astrocytes from mice were treated with LPS or conditioned medium from "M1" polarized microglia (M1-CM), followed by TMPZ and/or AGS-IV administration. The expression levels of "A1" astrocyte-specific markers (including C3, GBP2, Serping1, iNOS), "A2" astrocyte-specific markers (including S100a10 and PTX3), Sirt1 and NF-κB were detected via western blotting. TNF-α and IL-1β levels were detected via ELISA. RT-PCR was used to evaluate OIP5-AS1 and miR-34a expression. si-OIP5-AS1 or the Sirt1 inhibitor EX-527 was administered to astrocytes. A spinal cord injury (SCI) model was constructed in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Alterations in astrocytic "A1/A2" polarization in the spinal cord tissues were evaluated. RESULTS LPS and M1-CM induced "A1" polarization of primary astrocytes. TMPZ and ASG IV could substantially reduce the expression of "A1"-related biomarkers but enhance "A2"-related biomarkers. OIP5-AS1 and Sirt1 levels were reduced in "A1"-polarized astrocytes, while miR-34a and p-NF-κB p65 were elevated. TMPZ and ASG IV enhanced OIP5-AS1 and Sirt1 levels and, in contrast, attenuated the changes in miR-34a and p-NF-κB p65 levels. Notably, the TMPZ and ASG IV combination had stronger effects on astrocyte polarization than the single treatment with TMPZ or ASG IV. OIP5-AS1 knockdown and Sirt1 inhibition both reversed the regulatory effects of TMPZ and ASG IV in astrocytic polarization. According to the in vivo experiments, the expression of "A1"-associated markers was enhanced in the spinal cords of SCI rats. The TMPZ and ASG IV combination reduced astrocytic "A1" polarization and enhanced astrocytic "A2" polarization. The expression of lncRNA OIP5-AS1 and Sirt1 was enhanced by TMPZ and ASG IV, while that of miR-34a and p-NF-κB p65 was inhibited. CONCLUSION The combination of TMPZ and ASG IV can ameliorate dysregulated astrocytic polarization induced by spinal cord injury by affecting the lncRNA OIP5-AS1-Sirt1-NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojian Rao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China.
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Ruofei Qiao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jinxin Luo
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
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Guo H, Chen LQ, Zou ZR, Cheng S, Hu Y, Mao L, Tian H, Mei XF. Zinc remodels mitochondrial network through SIRT3/Mfn2-dependent mitochondrial transfer in ameliorating spinal cord injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 968:176368. [PMID: 38316246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic neuropathic condition that results in motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by primary trauma is one of the critical pathogenic mechanisms. Moderate levels of zinc have antioxidant effects, promote neurogenesis and immune responses. Zinc normalises mitochondrial morphology in neurons after SCI. However, how zinc protects mitochondria within neurons is unknown. In the study, we used transwell culture, Western blot, Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (QRT-PCR), ATP content detection, reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity assay, flow cytometry and immunostaining to investigate the relationship between zinc-treated microglia and injured neurons through animal and cell experiments. We found that zinc promotes mitochondrial transfer from microglia to neurons after SCI through Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) regulation of Mitofusin 2 protein (Mfn2). It can rescue mitochondria in damaged neurons and inhibit oxidative stress, increase ATP levels and promote neuronal survival. Therefore, it can improve the recovery of motor function in SCI mice. In conclusion, our work reveals a potential mechanism to describe the communication between microglia and neurons after SCI, which may provide a new idea for future therapeutic approaches to SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- School of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China; Liaoning Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Medical Testing and Drug Research, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zhi-Ru Zou
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - Shuai Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China; Liaoning Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Medical Testing and Drug Research, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yu Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - Liang Mao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - He Tian
- School of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China; Liaoning Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Medical Testing and Drug Research, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xi-Fan Mei
- Liaoning Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Medical Testing and Drug Research, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
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21
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Emmenegger TM, Pfyffer D, Curt A, Schading-Sassenhausen S, Hupp M, Ashburner J, Friston K, Weiskopf N, Thompson A, Freund P. Longitudinal motor system changes from acute to chronic spinal cord injury. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16196. [PMID: 38258488 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In acute spinal cord injury (SCI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals tissue bridges and neurodegeneration for 2 years. This 5-year study aims to track initial lesion changes, subsequent neurodegeneration, and their impact on recovery. METHODS This prospective longitudinal study enrolled acute SCI patients and healthy controls who were assessed clinically-and by MRI-regularly from 3 days postinjury up to 60 months. We employed histologically cross-validated quantitative MRI sequences sensitive to volume, myelin, and iron changes, thereby reflecting indirectly processes of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. General linear models tracked lesion and remote changes in volume, myelin- and iron-sensitive magnetic resonance indices over 5 years. Associations between lesion, degeneration, and recovery (using the Spinal Cord Independence Measure [SCIM] questionnaire and the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury total motor score) were assessed. RESULTS Patients' motor scores improved by an average of 12.86 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.70-19.00) points, and SCIM by 26.08 (95% CI = 17.00-35.20) points. Within 3-28 days post-SCI, lesion size decreased by more than two-thirds (3 days: 302.52 ± 185.80 mm2 , 28 days: 76.77 ± 88.62 mm2 ), revealing tissue bridges. Cervical cord and corticospinal tract volumes transiently increased in SCI patients by 5% and 3%, respectively, accompanied by cervical myelin decreases and iron increases. Over time, progressive atrophy was observed in both regions, which was linked to early lesion dynamics. Tissue bridges, reduced swelling, and myelin content decreases were predictive of long-term motor score recovery and improved SCIM score. CONCLUSIONS Studying acute changes and their impact on longer follow-up provides insights into SCI trajectory, highlighting the importance of acute intervention while indicating the potential to influence outcomes in the later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M Emmenegger
- Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Pfyffer
- Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Systems Neuroscience and Pain Lab, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Armin Curt
- Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Hupp
- Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John Ashburner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alan Thompson
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Freund
- Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Liu Y, Chu W, Ma H, Peng W, Li Q, Han L, Wang H, Wang L, Zhang B, Yang J, Lu X. Fisetin orchestrates neuroinflammation resolution and facilitates spinal cord injury recovery through enhanced autophagy in pro-inflammatory glial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111738. [PMID: 38428149 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation, a critical component of the secondary injury cascade post-spinal cord injury, involves the activation of pro-inflammatory cells and release of inflammatory mediators. Resolution of neuroinflammation is closely linked to cellular autophagy. This study investigates the potential of Fisetin, a natural anti-inflammatory compound, to ameliorate neuroinflammation and confer spinal cord injury protection through the regulation of autophagy in pro-inflammatory cells. METHODS Utilizing a rat T10 spinal cord injury model with distinct treatment groups (Sham, Fisetin-treated, and Fisetin combined with autophagy inhibitor), alongside in vitro models involving lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial cell activation and co-culture with neurons, we employed techniques such as transcriptomic sequencing, histological assessments (immunofluorescence staining, etc.), molecular analyses (PCR, WB, ELISA, etc.), and behavioral evaluations to discern differences in neuroinflammation, autophagy, neuronal apoptosis, and neurological function recovery. RESULTS Fisetin significantly augmented autophagic activity in injured spinal cord tissue, crucially contributing to neurological function recovery in spinal cord-injured rats. Fisetin's autophagy-dependent effects were associated with a reduction in neuronal apoptosis at the injury site. The treatment reduced the population of CD68+ and iNOS+ cells, coupled with decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α levels, through autophagy-dependent pathways. Fisetin pre-treatment attenuated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory polarization of microglial cells, with this protective effect partially blocked by autophagy inhibition. Fisetin-induced autophagy in the injured spinal cord and pro-inflammatory microglial cells was associated with significant activation of AMPK and inhibition of mTOR. CONCLUSION Fisetin orchestrates enhanced autophagy in pro-inflammatory microglial cells through the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, thereby mitigating neuroinflammation and reducing the apoptotic effects of neuroinflammation on neurons. This mechanistic insight significantly contributes to the protection and recovery of neurological function following spinal cord injury, underscoring the vital nature of Fisetin as a potential therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Spinal Surgery, Subei People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Yangzhou University Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenxiang Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongdao Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weilin Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qisheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bangke Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiandong Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Spinal Surgery, Subei People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Yangzhou University Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xuhua Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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23
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Wang XX, Li ZH, Du HY, Liu WB, Zhang CJ, Xu X, Ke H, Peng R, Yang DG, Li JJ, Gao F. The role of foam cells in spinal cord injury: challenges and opportunities for intervention. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368203. [PMID: 38545108 PMCID: PMC10965697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a large amount of tissue cell debris in the lesion site, which interacts with various cytokines, including inflammatory factors, and the intrinsic glial environment of the central nervous system (CNS) to form an inhibitory microenvironment that impedes nerve regeneration. The efficient clearance of tissue debris is crucial for the resolution of the inhibitory microenvironment after SCI. Macrophages are the main cells responsible for tissue debris removal after SCI. However, the high lipid content in tissue debris and the dysregulation of lipid metabolism within macrophages lead to their transformation into foamy macrophages during the phagocytic process. This phenotypic shift is associated with a further pro-inflammatory polarization that may aggravate neurological deterioration and hamper nerve repair. In this review, we summarize the phenotype and metabolism of macrophages under inflammatory conditions, as well as the mechanisms and consequences of foam cell formation after SCI. Moreover, we discuss two strategies for foam cell modulation and several potential therapeutic targets that may enhance the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Wang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Hui Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Yong Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wu-Bo Liu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Jia Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Han Ke
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Run Peng
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - De-Gang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Li P, Tao Q, Abuqeis IJA, Xiyang Y. Role and limitation of cell therapy in treating neurological diseases. IBRAIN 2024; 10:93-105. [PMID: 38682022 PMCID: PMC11045202 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The central role of the brain in governing systemic functions within human physiology underscores its paramount significance as the focal point of physiological regulation. The brain, a highly sophisticated organ, orchestrates a diverse array of physiological processes encompassing motor control, sensory perception, cognition, emotion, and the regulation of vital functions, such as heartbeat, respiration, and hormonal equilibrium. A notable attribute of neurological diseases manifests as the depletion of neurons and the occurrence of tissue necrosis subsequent to injury. The transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into the brain exhibits the potential for the replacement of lost neurons and the reconstruction of neural circuits. Furthermore, the transplantation of other types of cells in alternative locations can secrete nutritional factors that indirectly contribute to the restoration of nervous system equilibrium and the mitigation of neural inflammation. This review summarized a comprehensive investigation into the role of NSCs, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and support cells like astrocytes and microglia in alleviating neurological deficits after cell infusion. Moreover, a thorough assessment was undertaken to discuss extant constraints in cellular transplantation therapies, concurrently delineating indispensable model-based methodologies, specifically on organoids, which were essential for guiding prospective research initiatives in this specialized field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
| | - Peng‐Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
| | - Qian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
| | | | - Yan‐Bin Xiyang
- School of Basic MedicineKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of PharmacologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
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25
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Chen W, Gao X, Yang W, Xiao X, Pan X, Li H. Htr2b Promotes M1 Microglia Polarization and Neuroinflammation after Spinal Cord Injury via Inhibition of Neuregulin-1/ErbB Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1643-1654. [PMID: 37747614 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The secondary injury of spinal cord injury (SCI) is dominated by neuroinflammation, which was caused by microglia M1 polarization. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of Htr2b on neuroinflammation of SCI. The BV2 and HMC3 microglia were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon (IFN)-γ to simulate in vitro models of SCI. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the T10 laminectomy to induce animal model of SCI. Htr2b mRNA expression was measured by qRT-PCR. The expression of Htr2b and Iba-1 was detected by western blot and immunofluorescence. The expression of inflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo was also measured. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was employed to analyze Htr2b-regulated signaling pathways. Rat behavior was analyzed by the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) and inclined plane test. Rat dorsal horn tissues were stained by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Nissl to measure neuron loss. Htr2b was highly expressed in LPS- and IFN-γ-treated microglia and SCI rats. SCI modeling promoted M1 microglia polarization and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of Htr2b by Htr2b shRNA or RS-127445 reduced the expression of Htr2b, Iba-1, and iNOS and suppressed cytokine levels. KEGG showed that Htr2b inhibited ErbB signaling pathway. Inhibition of Htr2b increased protein expression of neuregulin-1 (Nrg-1) and p-ErbB4. Inhibition of the ErbB signaling pathway markedly reversed the effect of Htr2b shRNA on M1 microglia polarization and inflammatory cytokines. Htr2b promotes M1 microglia polarization and neuroinflammation after SCI by inhibiting Nrg-1/ErbB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Lixia District, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianlei Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Lixia District, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanliang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Lixia District, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Lixia District, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Lixia District, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Lixia District, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Lentilhas-Graça J, Santos DJ, Afonso J, Monteiro A, Pinho AG, Mendes VM, Dias MS, Gomes ED, Lima R, Fernandes LS, Fernandes-Amorim F, Pereira IM, de Sousa N, Cibrão JR, Fernandes AM, Serra SC, Rocha LA, Campos J, Pinho TS, Monteiro S, Manadas B, Salgado AJ, Almeida RD, Silva NA. The secretome of macrophages has a differential impact on spinal cord injury recovery according to the polarization protocol. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1354479. [PMID: 38444856 PMCID: PMC10912310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1354479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The inflammatory response after spinal cord injury (SCI) is an important contributor to secondary damage. Infiltrating macrophages can acquire a spectrum of activation states, however, the microenvironment at the SCI site favors macrophage polarization into a pro-inflammatory phenotype, which is one of the reasons why macrophage transplantation has failed. Methods In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of the macrophage secretome for SCI recovery. We investigated the effect of the secretome in vitro using peripheral and CNS-derived neurons and human neural stem cells. Moreover, we perform a pre-clinical trial using a SCI compression mice model and analyzed the recovery of motor, sensory and autonomic functions. Instead of transplanting the cells, we injected the paracrine factors and extracellular vesicles that they secrete, avoiding the loss of the phenotype of the transplanted cells due to local environmental cues. Results We demonstrated that different macrophage phenotypes have a distinct effect on neuronal growth and survival, namely, the alternative activation with IL-10 and TGF-β1 (M(IL-10+TGF-β1)) promotes significant axonal regeneration. We also observed that systemic injection of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles derived from M(IL-10+TGF-β1) macrophages promotes significant functional recovery after compressive SCI and leads to higher survival of spinal cord neurons. Additionally, the M(IL-10+TGF-β1) secretome supported the recovery of bladder function and decreased microglial activation, astrogliosis and fibrotic scar in the spinal cord. Proteomic analysis of the M(IL-10+TGF-β1)-derived secretome identified clusters of proteins involved in axon extension, dendritic spine maintenance, cell polarity establishment, and regulation of astrocytic activation. Discussion Overall, our results demonstrated that macrophages-derived soluble factors and extracellular vesicles might be a promising therapy for SCI with possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lentilhas-Graça
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo J. Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Afonso
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia G. Pinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vera M. Mendes
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta S. Dias
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- iBiMED- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduardo D. Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís S. Fernandes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernando Fernandes-Amorim
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês M. Pereira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nídia de Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge R. Cibrão
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Aline M. Fernandes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sofia C. Serra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís A. Rocha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jonas Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Tiffany S. Pinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António J. Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ramiro D. Almeida
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- iBiMED- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno A. Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Braga, Portugal
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Fang B, Wang L, Liu S, Zhou M, Ma H, Chang N, Ning G. Sarsasapogenin regulates the immune microenvironment through MAPK/NF-kB signaling pathway and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25145. [PMID: 38322941 PMCID: PMC10844052 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs as a result of traumatic events that damage the spinal cord, leading to motor, sensory, or autonomic function impairment. Sarsasapogenin (SA), a natural steroidal compound, has been reported to have various pharmacological applications, including the treatment of inflammation, diabetic nephropathy, and neuroprotection. However, the therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms of SA in the context of SCI are still unclear. This research aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of SA against SCI by integrating network pharmacology analysis and experimental verification. Network pharmacology results suggested that SA may effectively treat SCI by targeting key targets such as TNF, RELA, JUN, MAPK14, and MAPK8. The underlying mechanism of this treatment may involve the MAPK (JNK) signaling pathway and inflammation-related signaling pathways such as TNF and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of SA in SCI treatment and provide valuable insights into its molecular mechanisms of action. In vivo experiments confirmed the reparative effect of SA on SCI in rats and suggested that SA could repair SCI by modulating the immune microenvironment. In vitro experiments further investigated how SA regulates the immune microenvironment by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-kB pathways. Overall, this study successfully utilized a combination of network pharmacology and experimental verification to establish that SA can regulate the immune microenvironment via the MAPK/NF-kB signaling pathway, ultimately facilitating functional recovery from SCI. Furthermore, these findings emphasize the potential of natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicine as a viable therapy for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Fang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Othopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liyue Wang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Liu
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongpeng Ma
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nianwei Chang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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28
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Lan Y, Zhang X, Liu S, Guo C, Jin Y, Li H, Wang L, Zhao J, Hao Y, Li Z, Liu Z, Ginhoux F, Xie Q, Xu H, Jia JM, He D. Fate mapping of Spp1 expression reveals age-dependent plasticity of disease-associated microglia-like cells after brain injury. Immunity 2024; 57:349-363.e9. [PMID: 38309272 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglial reactivity to injury and disease is emerging as a heterogeneous, dynamic, and crucial determinant in neurological disorders. However, the plasticity and fate of disease-associated microglia (DAM) remain largely unknown. We established a lineage tracing system, leveraging the expression dynamics of secreted phosphoprotein 1(Spp1) to label and track DAM-like microglia during brain injury and recovery. Fate mapping of Spp1+ microglia during stroke in juvenile mice revealed an irreversible state of DAM-like microglia that were ultimately eliminated from the injured brain. By contrast, DAM-like microglia in the neonatal stroke models exhibited high plasticity, regaining a homeostatic signature and integrating into the microglial network after recovery. Furthermore, neonatal injury had a lasting impact on microglia, rendering them intrinsically sensitized to subsequent immune challenges. Therefore, our findings highlight the plasticity and innate immune memory of neonatal microglia, shedding light on the fate of DAM-like microglia in various neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangning Lan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaorui Liu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Stem Cell and Tumor Microenvironment lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxiao Jin
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linyixiao Wang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilin Hao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhicheng Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif 94800, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi Xie
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Stem Cell and Tumor Microenvironment lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie-Min Jia
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Danyang He
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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29
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Yue X, Gu M, Jia T. Upregulated miR-125b mitigates inflammation, astrocyte activation, and dysfunction of spinal cord injury by inactivating the MAPK pathway. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:225-237. [PMID: 37166139 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the abnormal expression of miR-125b in spinal cord injury (SCI) and the regulatory effect of miR-125b on the MAPK pathway have been expounded, we attempt to investigate whether miR-125b exerts a regulatory effect on SCI by modulating the MAPK pathway. METHOD A SCI rat model was established. The rats were treated with miR-125b antagomir or agomir, and their motor function affected by miR-125b was further detected by Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scoring. The histopathological changes and neuronal loss in the spinal cord were evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin and Nissl staining. Microglia-conditioned medium (MCM) was prepared and further used to treat the astrocytes, the activation of which was evaluated via immunofluorescence staining. The expressions of miR-125b, inflammation-related factors (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10), and MAPK pathway-related proteins (p38, ERK1/2, and JNK1/2 as well as their phosphorylated (p) forms) in the spinal cord, serum, and MCM-treated astrocytes of rats were determined by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot. RESULT MiR-125b was lowly expressed in SCI-modeled rats. MiR-125b downregulation aggravated the impaired motor function, the disorder within the tissue, astrocyte activation, and neuron loss in the spinal cord tissues of SCI-modeled rats, while miR-125b upregulation did oppositely. MiR-125b downregulation enhanced the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, p38, p-p38, p-ERK1/2, and p-JNK1/2, whilst reducing that of IL-10. Contrarily, miR-125b upregulation exerted the opposite effects in SCI-modeled rats and MCM-treated astrocytes. CONCLUSION Up-regulation of miR-125b mitigates inflammation, astrocyte activation, and dysfunction in SCI by inactivating the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhu Yue
- Department of Orthopedics, The 960th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mingyong Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The 960th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tanghong Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.
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30
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Yang R, Zhang Y, Kang J, Zhang C, Ning B. Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans Revisited: Its Mechanism of Generation and Action for Spinal Cord Injury. Aging Dis 2024; 15:153-168. [PMID: 37307832 PMCID: PMC10796098 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes (RAs) produce chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in large quantities after spinal cord injury (SCI) and inhibit axon regeneration through the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway. However, the mechanism of producing CSPGs by RAs and their roles in other aspects are often overlooked. In recent years, novel generation mechanisms and functions of CSPGs have gradually emerged. Extracellular traps (ETs), a new recently discovered phenomenon in SCI, can promote secondary injury. ETs are released by neutrophils and microglia, which activate astrocytes to produce CSPGs after SCI. CSPGs inhibit axon regeneration and play an important role in regulating inflammation as well as cell migration and differentiation; some of these regulations are beneficial. The current review summarized the process of ET-activated RAs to generate CSPGs at the cellular signaling pathway level. Moreover, the roles of CSPGs in inhibiting axon regeneration, regulating inflammation, and regulating cell migration and differentiation were discussed. Finally, based on the above process, novel potential therapeutic targets were proposed to eliminate the adverse effects of CSPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianning Kang
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Ning
- Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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31
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Raffaele S, Thougaard E, Laursen CCH, Gao H, Andersen KM, Nielsen PV, Ortí-Casañ N, Blichfeldt-Eckhardt M, Koch S, Deb-Chatterji M, Magnus T, Stubbe J, Madsen K, Meyer M, Degn M, Eisel ULM, Wlodarczyk A, Fumagalli M, Clausen BH, Brambilla R, Lambertsen KL. Microglial TNFR2 signaling regulates the inflammatory response after CNS injury in a sex-specific fashion. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:269-285. [PMID: 38142915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a major role in damage progression and tissue remodeling after acute CNS injury, including ischemic stroke (IS) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating microglial responses to injury may thus reveal novel therapeutic targets to promote CNS repair. Here, we investigated the role of microglial tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), a transmembrane receptor previously associated with pro-survival and neuroprotective responses, in shaping the neuroinflammatory environment after CNS injury. By inducing experimental IS and SCI in Cx3cr1CreER:Tnfrsf1bfl/fl mice, selectively lacking TNFR2 in microglia, and corresponding Tnfrsf1bfl/fl littermate controls, we found that ablation of microglial TNFR2 significantly reduces lesion size and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and favors infiltration of leukocytes after injury. Interestingly, these effects were paralleled by opposite sex-specific modifications of microglial reactivity, which was found to be limited in female TNFR2-ablated mice compared to controls, whereas it was enhanced in males. In addition, we show that TNFR2 protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of human subjects affected by IS and SCI, as well as healthy donors, significantly correlate with disease stage and severity, representing a valuable tool to monitor the inflammatory response after acute CNS injury. Hence, these results advance our understanding of the mechanisms regulating microglia reactivity after acute CNS injury, aiding the development of sex- and microglia-specific, personalized neuroregenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Estrid Thougaard
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Cathrine C H Laursen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 510630 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, 510630 Guangzhou, China
| | - Katrine M Andersen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Pernille V Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Natalia Ortí-Casañ
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands
| | - Morten Blichfeldt-Eckhardt
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Vejle Hospital, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Simon Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Milani Deb-Chatterji
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jane Stubbe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Madsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | | | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Bettina H Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL, USA.
| | - Kate L Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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32
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Wang D, Qian W, Wu D, Wu Y, Lu K, Zou G. METTL3 promotes microglial inflammation via MEF2C in spinal cord injury. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 395:189-197. [PMID: 38180567 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant contributor to disability in contemporary society, resulting in substantial psychological and economic burdens for patients and their family. Microglia-mediated inflammation is an important factor affecting the nerve repair of SCI patients. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a prevalent epigenetic modification in mammals, which shows a strong association with inflammation. However, the mechanism of m6A modification regulating microglia-mediated inflammation is still unclear. Here, we observed that METTL3, a m6A methylase, was increased in SCI mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed BV2 cells. Knockdown of METTL3 inhibited the increased expression of iNOS and IL-1β induced by LPS in vitro. Subsequently, MEF2C, myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C, was decreased in SCI mice and LPS-exposed BV2 cells. Knockdown of MEF2C promoted the expression of iNOS and IL-1β. Sequence analysis showed that there were multiple highly confident m6A modification sites on the MEF2C mRNA. METTL3 antibody could pull down a higher level of MEF2C mRNA than the IgG in RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation assay. Knockdown of METTL3 promoted MEF2C protein expression and MEF2C mRNA expression, accompanied by a reduced m6A modification level on the MEF2C mRNA. Knockdown of MEF2C inhibited the anti-inflammatory effect of METTL3 siRNA. Our results suggest that METTL3 promotes microglia inflammation via regulating MEF2C mRNA m6A modification induced by SCI and LPS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Yancheng First People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224006, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Duanrong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yancheng First People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224006, China
| | - Ya Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yancheng First People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224006, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yancheng First People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224006, China
| | - Guoyou Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Yancheng First People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224006, China.
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Fisher KM, Garner JP, Darian-Smith C. Chronic Adaptations in the Dorsal Horn Following a Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Primates. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0877232023. [PMID: 38233220 PMCID: PMC10860610 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0877-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is devastating, with limited treatment options and variable outcomes. Most in vivo SCI research has focused on the acute and early post-injury periods, and the promotion of axonal growth, so little is understood about the clinically stable chronic state, axonal growth over time, and what plasticity endures. Here, we followed animals into the chronic phase following SCI, to address this gap. Male macaques received targeted deafferentation, affecting three digits of one hand, and were divided into short (4-6 months) or long-term (11-12 months) groups, based on post-injury survival times. Monkeys were assessed behaviorally, where possible, and all exhibited an initial post-injury deficit in manual dexterity, with gradual functional recovery over 2 months. We previously reported extensive sprouting of somatosensory corticospinal (S1 CST) fibers in the dorsal horn in the first five post-injury months. Here, we show that by 1 year, the S1 CST sprouting is pruned, with the terminal territory resembling control animals. This was reflected in the number of putatively "functional" synapses observed, which increased over the first 4-5 months, and then returned to baseline by 1 year. Microglia density also increased in the affected dorsal horn at 4-6 months and then decreased, but did not return to baseline by 1 year, suggesting refinement continues beyond this time. Overall, there is a long period of reorganization and consolidation of adaptive circuitry in the dorsal horn, extending well beyond the initial behavioral recovery. This provides a potential window to target therapeutic opportunities during the chronic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Fisher
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford 94305-5342, California
| | - Joseph P Garner
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford 94305-5342, California
| | - Corinna Darian-Smith
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford 94305-5342, California
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Kent SA, Miron VE. Microglia regulation of central nervous system myelin health and regeneration. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:49-63. [PMID: 37452201 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system that have key functions in its development, homeostasis and response to damage and infection. Although microglia have been increasingly implicated in contributing to the pathology that underpins neurological dysfunction and disease, they also have crucial roles in neurological homeostasis and regeneration. This includes regulation of the maintenance and regeneration of myelin, the membrane that surrounds neuronal axons, which is required for axonal health and function. Myelin is damaged with normal ageing and in several neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer disease. Given the lack of approved therapies targeting myelin maintenance or regeneration, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms by which microglia support and restore myelin health to identify potential therapeutic approaches. However, the mechanisms by which microglia regulate myelin loss or integrity are still being uncovered. In this Review, we discuss recent work that reveals the changes in white matter with ageing and neurodegenerative disease, how this relates to microglia dynamics during myelin damage and regeneration, and factors that influence the regenerative functions of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Kent
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veronique E Miron
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Barlo Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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DiSabato DJ, Marion CM, Mifflin KA, Alfredo AN, Rodgers KA, Kigerl KA, Popovich PG, McTigue DM. System failure: Systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2250274. [PMID: 37822141 PMCID: PMC10919103 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects hundreds of thousands of people in the United States, and while some effects of the injury are broadly recognized (deficits to locomotion, fine motor control, and quality of life), the systemic consequences of SCI are less well-known. The spinal cord regulates systemic immunological and visceral functions; this control is often disrupted by the injury, resulting in viscera including the gut, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and kidneys experiencing local tissue inflammation and physiological dysfunction. The extent of pathology depends on the injury level, severity, and time post-injury. In this review, we describe immunological and metabolic consequences of SCI across several organs. Since infection and metabolic disorders are primary reasons for reduced lifespan after SCI, it is imperative that research continues to focus on these deleterious aspects of SCI to improve life span and quality of life for individuals with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon J. DiSabato
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Christina M. Marion
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine A. Mifflin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anthony N. Alfredo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyleigh A. Rodgers
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristina A. Kigerl
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Phillip G. Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dana M. McTigue
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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36
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Mishra S, Aziz T, Toppo AJ, Kumar D, Tirkey MP, Beck P, Anjum N, Sharma D, Khan MM, Kumari S, Sahu PR, Nitin M. Genomics and Drug Discovery Strategies: The Role of Natural Compounds and Its Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. Cureus 2024; 16:e52423. [PMID: 38371064 PMCID: PMC10870247 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a special class of neurodegenerative diseases demarcated as a progressive disorder affecting especially older adults globally. The AD-infected brain shows declination in cognitive functions, memory loss, and other exhausting symptoms. In this study, we focused on using advanced bioinformatics and next-generation sequencing to explore essential clusters of genes from various diversified Alzheimer's, Parkinson and Frontotemporal Dementia diseased cases. The significant differential expression analysis of genes (p-value ≤ 0.05, log fold change ≤ 0.05) was carried out, followed by meta-analysis, which resulted in the identification of 20 conserved genes across variable case studies. Out of 20 conserved genes, CASP8 and PTPN11 were observed to show essential regulatory mechanisms in AD metabolic pathways and proceeded further for docking analysis. Moreover, the natural compounds were screened for ligand library preparation based on extensive scientific literature and (ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity)) property check. Molecular docking was carried out with screened ligands and target receptors, resulting in the identification of Rosmarinic acid (RA) with CASP8 having docked score (∆G = -8.0 kcal/mol); Donepezil (FDA drug) dock score (∆G = -7.3 kcal/mol) (control). PTPN11 receptor with Carnosol ligand resulted in docking score (∆G = -9.1 kcal/mol) w.r.t Tacrine (FDA drug) docked score (∆G = -8.0 kcal/mol) followed by MD simulation. This research will aid in the identification of potential natural compounds that future researchers can use for further validation as a potential candidate drug in combating various neurodegenerative diseases highlighting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mishra
- Genetics, Digianalix, Ranchi, IND
- Biotechnology, Marwari College, Ranchi, IND
| | - Tarique Aziz
- Biochemistry, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | | | - Daksh Kumar
- Genetics, Digianalix, Ranchi, IND
- Biotechnology, Marwari College, Ranchi, IND
| | | | | | - Nawed Anjum
- Biochemistry, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Dipanjali Sharma
- Genetics, Digianalix, Ranchi, IND
- Biotechnology, Marwari College, Ranchi, IND
| | - Md Mahfooz Khan
- Genetics, Digianalix, Ranchi, IND
- Biotechnology, Marwari College, Ranchi, IND
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Veneruso V, Petillo E, Pizzetti F, Orro A, Comolli D, De Paola M, Verrillo A, Baggiolini A, Votano S, Castiglione F, Sponchioni M, Forloni G, Rossi F, Veglianese P. Synergistic Pharmacological Therapy to Modulate Glial Cells in Spinal Cord Injury. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307747. [PMID: 37990971 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Current treatments for modulating the glial-mediated inflammatory response after spinal cord injury (SCI) have limited ability to improve recovery. This is quite likely due to the lack of a selective therapeutic approach acting on microgliosis and astrocytosis, the glia components most involved after trauma, while maximizing efficacy and minimizing side effects. A new nanogel that can selectively release active compounds in microglial cells and astrocytes is developed and characterized. The degree of selectivity and subcellular distribution of the nanogel is evaluated by applying an innovative super-resolution microscopy technique, expansion microscopy. Two different administration schemes are then tested in a SCI mouse model: in an early phase, the nanogel loaded with Rolipram, an anti-inflammatory drug, achieves significant improvement in the animal's motor performance due to the increased recruitment of microglia and macrophages that are able to localize the lesion. Treatment in the late phase, however, gives opposite results, with worse motor recovery because of the widespread degeneration. These findings demonstrate that the nanovector can be selective and functional in the treatment of the glial component in different phases of SCI. They also open a new therapeutic scenario for tackling glia-mediated inflammation after neurodegenerative events in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Veneruso
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Buffi 13, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
| | - Emilia Petillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizzetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences National Research Council, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20054, Italy
| | - Davide Comolli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
| | - Massimiliano De Paola
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
| | - Antonietta Verrillo
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Buffi 13, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), BIOS+, Via Francesco Chiesa 5, Bellinzona, 6500, Switzerland
| | - Arianna Baggiolini
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Buffi 13, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), BIOS+, Via Francesco Chiesa 5, Bellinzona, 6500, Switzerland
| | - Simona Votano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Franca Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Mattia Sponchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Pietro Veglianese
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Buffi 13, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
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Perez JC, Poulen G, Cardoso M, Boukhaddaoui H, Gazard CM, Courtand G, Bertrand SS, Gerber YN, Perrin FE. CSF1R inhibition at chronic stage after spinal cord injury modulates microglia proliferation. Glia 2023; 71:2782-2798. [PMID: 37539655 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces irreversible autonomic and sensory-motor impairments. A large number of patients exhibit chronic SCI and no curative treatment is currently available. Microglia are predominant immune players after SCI, they undergo highly dynamic processes, including proliferation and morphological modification. In a translational aim, we investigated whether microglia proliferation persists at chronic stage after spinal cord hemisection and whether a brief pharmacological treatment could modulate microglial responses. We first carried out a time course analysis of SCI-induced microglia proliferation associated with morphological analysis up to 84 days post-injury (dpi). Second, we analyzed outcomes on microglia of an oral administration of GW2580, a colony stimulating factor-1 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor reducing selectively microglia proliferation. After SCI, microglia proliferation remains elevated at 84 dpi. The percentage of proliferative microglia relative to proliferative cells increases over time reaching almost 50% at 84 dpi. Morphological modifications of microglia processes are observed up to 84 dpi and microglia cell body area is transiently increased up to 42 dpi. A transient post-injury GW2580-delivery at two chronic stages after SCI (42 and 84 dpi) reduces microglia proliferation and modifies microglial morphology evoking an overall limitation of secondary inflammation. Finally, transient GW2580-delivery at chronic stage after SCI modulates myelination processes. Together our study shows that there is a persistent microglia proliferation induced by SCI and that a pharmacological treatment at chronic stage after SCI modulates microglial responses. Thus, a transient oral GW2580-delivery at chronic stage after injury may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for chronic SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaetan Poulen
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Maida Cardoso
- UMR 5221, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Florence Evelyne Perrin
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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Deng H, Liu Y, Shi Z, Yang J, Liu C, Mei X. Zinc regulates a specific subpopulation of VEGFA + microglia to improve the hypoxic microenvironment for functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111092. [PMID: 37883817 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system injury that is primarily traumatic and manifests as autonomic dysfunction below the level of injury. Our previous studies have found that zinc ions have important effects on the nervous system and nerve repair, promoting autophagy and reducing inflammatory responses. However, the role of zinc ions in vascular regeneration is unclear. AIMS We investigated the effect of zinc ions after spinal cord injury from the perspective of a hypoxic microenvironment, and elucidated the role of VEGF-A secreted by microglia for vascular regeneration after spinal cord injury, providing new ideas for the treatment of spinal cord injury. RESULTS Zinc promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury by regulating VEGF-A secretion from microglia. On the one hand, VEGF-A secreted by microglia promotes angiogenesis through the PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 pathway and improves the hypoxic microenvironment after spinal cord injury. On the other hand, VEGF-A secreted by microglia was positively correlated with platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31), and zinc could increase the association between microglia and blood vessels. CONCLUSION Zinc promoted microglia secretion of VEGF-A, increased vascular endothelial cell proliferation and migration through the PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 pathway, and inhibited microglia apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zuqiang Shi
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Xifan Mei
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China.
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St-Pierre MK, González Ibáñez F, Kroner A, Tremblay MÈ. Microglia/macrophages are ultrastructurally altered by their proximity to spinal cord injury in adult female mice. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:273. [PMID: 37990235 PMCID: PMC10664529 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury can cause immediate physical damage to the spinal cord and result in severe neurological deficits. The primary, mechanical tissue damage triggers a variety of secondary damage mechanisms at the injury site which significantly contribute to a larger lesion size and increased functional damage. Inflammatory mechanisms which directly involve both microglia (MG) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) play important roles in the post-injury processes, including inflammation and debris clearing. In the current study, we investigated changes in the structure and function of MG/MDM in the injured spinal cord of adult female mice, 7 days after a thoracic contusion SCI. With the use of chip mapping scanning electron microscopy, which allows to image large samples at the nanoscale, we performed an ultrastructural comparison of MG/MDM located near the lesion vs adjacent regions to provide novel insights into the mechanisms at play post-injury. We found that MG/MDM located near the lesion had more mitochondria overall, including mitochondria with and without morphological alterations, and had a higher proportion of altered mitochondria. MG/MDM near the lesion also showed an increased number of phagosomes, including phagosomes containing myelin and partiallydigested materials. MG/MDM near the injury interacted differently with the spinal cord parenchyma, as shown by their reduced number of direct contacts with synaptic elements, axon terminals and dendritic spines. In this study, we characterized the ultrastructural changes of MG/MDM in response to spinal cord tissue damage in mice, uncovering changes in phagocytic activity, mitochondrial ultrastructure, and inter-cellular interactions within the spinal cord parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Antje Kroner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 5000 W. National Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA.
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC) and Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health (IALH), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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Peng C, Luo J, Wang K, Li J, Ma Y, Li J, Yang H, Chen T, Zhang G, Ji X, Liao Y, Lin H, Ji Z. Iridium metal complex targeting oxidation resistance 1 protein attenuates spinal cord injury by inhibiting oxidative stress-associated reactive oxygen species. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102913. [PMID: 37857001 PMCID: PMC10587759 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key factor leading to profound neurological deficits following spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, we present the development and potential application of an iridium (iii) complex, (CpxbiPh) Ir (N^N) Cl, where CpxbiPh represents 1-biphenyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethyl cyclopentadienyl, and N^N denotes 2-(3-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl) pyridine chelating agents, to address this challenge through a mechanism governed by the regulation of an antioxidant protein. This iridium complex, IrPHtz, can modulate the Oxidation Resistance 1 (OXR1) protein levels within spinal cord tissues, thus showcasing its antioxidative potential. By eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preventing apoptosis, the IrPHtz demonstrated neuroprotective and neural healing characteristics on injured neurons. Our molecular docking analysis unveiled the presence of π stacking within the IrPHtz-OXR1 complex, an interaction that enhanced OXR1 expression, subsequently diminishing oxidative stress, thwarting neuroinflammation, and averting neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, in in vivo experimentation with SCI-afflicted mice, IrPHtz was efficacious in shielding spinal cord neurons, promoting their regrowth, restoring electrical signaling, and improving motor performance. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of employing the iridium metal complex in a novel, protein-regulated antioxidant strategy, presenting a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Jianxian Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Anatomy, Shaoyang University Puai Medical College, Shaoyang, Hunan, 422099, China
| | - Yanming Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Tianjun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Xin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yuhui Liao
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Hongsheng Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
| | - Zhisheng Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
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Wu X, Liu J, Li W, Khan MF, Dai H, Tian J, Priya R, Tian DJ, Wu W, Yaacoub A, Gu J, Syed F, Yu CH, Gao X, Yu Q, Xu XM, Brutkiewicz RR. CD1d-dependent neuroinflammation impairs tissue repair and functional recovery following a spinal cord injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.13.562047. [PMID: 37905092 PMCID: PMC10614755 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.13.562047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue damage resulting from a spinal cord injury (SCI) is primarily driven by a robust neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory response. This intricate process is mainly governed by a multitude of cytokines and cell surface proteins in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the critical components of the neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory response during SCI are still not well-defined. In this study, we investigated the impact of CD1d, an MHC class I-like molecule mostly known for presenting lipid antigens to natural killer T (NKT) cells and regulating immune/inflammatory responses, on neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory responses induced by SCI. We observed an increased expression of CD1d on various cell types within the spinal cord, including microglia/macrophages, oligodendrocytes (ODCs), and endothelial cells (DCs), but not on neurons or astrocytes post-SCI. In comparison to wildtype (WT) mice, a T10 contusive SCI in CD1d knockout (CD1dKO or Cd1d -/- ) mice resulted in markedly reduced proinflammatory cytokine release, microglia/macrophage activation and proliferation. Following SCI, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and activation/proliferation of microglia/macrophages were dramatically reduced, while anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and growth factors like VEGF were substantially increased in the spinal cord tissues of CD1dKO mice when compared to WT mice. In the post-acute phase of SCI (day 7 post-SCI), CD1dKO mice had a significantly higher frequency of tissue-repairing macrophages, but not other types of immune cells, in the injured spinal cord tissues compared to WT mice. Moreover, CD1d-deficiency protected spinal cord neuronal cells and tissue, promoting functional recovery after a SCI. However, the neuroinflammation in WT mouse spinal cords was independent of the canonical CD1d/NKT cell axis. Finally, treatment of injured mice with a CD1d-specific monoclonal antibody significantly enhanced neuroprotection and improved functional recovery. Therefore, CD1d promotes the proinflammatory response following a SCI and represents a potential therapeutic target for spinal cord repair. Significance Statement The cell surface molecule, CD1d, is known to be recognized by cells of the immune system. To our knowledge, this is the first observation that the CD1d molecule significantly contributes to neuroinflammation following a spinal cord injury (SCI) in a manner independent of the CD1d/NKT cell axis. This is important, because this work reveals CD1d as a potential therapeutic target following an acute SCI for which there are currently no effective treatments.
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Verkhratsky A, Butt A, Li B, Illes P, Zorec R, Semyanov A, Tang Y, Sofroniew MV. Astrocytes in human central nervous system diseases: a frontier for new therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:396. [PMID: 37828019 PMCID: PMC10570367 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroglia are a broad class of neural parenchymal cells primarily dedicated to homoeostasis and defence of the central nervous system (CNS). Astroglia contribute to the pathophysiology of all neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders in ways that can be either beneficial or detrimental to disorder outcome. Pathophysiological changes in astroglia can be primary or secondary and can result in gain or loss of functions. Astroglia respond to external, non-cell autonomous signals associated with any form of CNS pathology by undergoing complex and variable changes in their structure, molecular expression, and function. In addition, internally driven, cell autonomous changes of astroglial innate properties can lead to CNS pathologies. Astroglial pathophysiology is complex, with different pathophysiological cell states and cell phenotypes that are context-specific and vary with disorder, disorder-stage, comorbidities, age, and sex. Here, we classify astroglial pathophysiology into (i) reactive astrogliosis, (ii) astroglial atrophy with loss of function, (iii) astroglial degeneration and death, and (iv) astrocytopathies characterised by aberrant forms that drive disease. We review astroglial pathophysiology across the spectrum of human CNS diseases and disorders, including neurotrauma, stroke, neuroinfection, autoimmune attack and epilepsy, as well as neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders. Characterising cellular and molecular mechanisms of astroglial pathophysiology represents a new frontier to identify novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Arthur Butt
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Baoman Li
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peter Illes
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica Biomedical, Lab Cell Engineering, Technology Park, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Department of Physiology, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, 314033, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture for Senile Disease (Chengdu University of TCM), Ministry of Education/Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Sámano C, Mazzone GL. The role of astrocytes response triggered by hyperglycaemia during spinal cord injury. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37798949 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2264538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This manuscript aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological, molecular, and cellular mechanisms triggered by reactive astrocytes (RA) in the context of spinal cord injury (SCI), with a particular focus on cases involving hyperglycaemia.Methods: The compilation of articles related to astrocyte responses in neuropathological conditions, with a specific emphasis on those related to SCI and hyperglycaemia, was conducted by searching through databases including Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed.Results and Conclusions: This article explores the dual role of astrocytes in both neurophysiological and neurodegenerative conditions within the central nervous system (CNS). In the aftermath of SCI and hyperglycaemia, astrocytes undergo a transformation into RA, adopting a distinct phenotype. While there are currently no approved therapies for SCI, various therapeutic strategies have been proposed to alleviate the detrimental effects of RAs following SCI and hyperglycemia. These strategies show promising potential in the treatment of SCI and its likely comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sámano
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa (UAM-C), Ciudad de México, México
| | - G L Mazzone
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Walsh CM, Wychowaniec JK, Costello L, Brougham DF, Dooley D. An In Vitro and Ex Vivo Analysis of the Potential of GelMA Hydrogels as a Therapeutic Platform for Preclinical Spinal Cord Injury. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300951. [PMID: 37114899 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with no curative therapy currently available. Immunomodulation can be applied as a therapeutic strategy to drive alternative immune cell activation and promote a proregenerative injury microenvironment. Locally injected hydrogels carrying immunotherapeutic cargo directly to injured tissue offer an encouraging treatment approach from an immunopharmacological perspective. Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels are promising in this regard, however, detailed analysis on the immunogenicity of GelMA in the specific context of the SCI microenvironment is lacking. Here, the immunogenicity of GelMA hydrogels formulated with a translationally relevant photoinitiator is analyzed in vitro and ex vivo. 3% (w/v) GelMA, synthesized from gelatin type-A, is first identified as the optimal hydrogel formulation based on mechanical properties and cytocompatibility. Additionally, 3% GelMA-A does not alter the expression profile of key polarization markers in BV2 microglia or RAW264.7 macrophages after 48 h. Finally, it is shown for the first time that 3% GelMA-A can support the ex vivo culture of primary murine organotypic spinal cord slices for 14 days with no direct effect on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+ ) astrocyte or ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1+ ) microglia reactivity. This provides evidence that GelMA hydrogels can act as an immunotherapeutic hydrogel-based platform for preclinical SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara M Walsh
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Jacek K Wychowaniec
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos, 7270, Switzerland
| | - Louise Costello
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Dermot F Brougham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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Fu J, Wu C, Xu G, Zhang J, Chen J, Chen C, Hong H, Xue P, Jiang J, Huang J, Ji C, Cui Z. Protective effect of TNIP2 on the inflammatory response of microglia after spinal cord injury in rats. Neuropeptides 2023; 101:102351. [PMID: 37329819 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease that can lead to tissue loss and neurological dysfunction. TNIP2 is a negative regulator of NF-κB signaling due to its capacity to bind A20 and suppress inflammatory cytokines-induced NF-κB activation. However, the anti-inflammatory role of TNIP2 in SCI remains unclear. Our study's intention was to evaluate the effect of TNIP2 on the inflammatory response of microglia after spinal cord injury in rats. METHODS HE staining and Nissl staining were performed on day 3 following SCI to analyze the histological changes. To further investigate the functional changes of TNIP2 after SCI, we performed immunofluorescence staining experiments. The effect of LPS on TNIP2 expression in BV2 cells was examined by western blot. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in spinal cord tissues of rats with SCI and in BV2 cells with LPS were measured by using qPCR. RESULTS TNIP2 expression was closely associated with the pathophysiology of SCI in rats, and TNIP2 was involved in regulating functional changes in microglia. TNIP2 expression was increased during SCI in rats and that overexpression of TNIP2 inhibited M1 polarization and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in microglia, which might ultimately protect against inflammatory responses through the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence for a role of TNIP2 in the regulation of inflammation in SCI and suggests that induction of TNIP2 expression alleviated the inflammatory response of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Fu
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Restoration Mechanism and Clinical Translation of Spinal Cord Injury, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Research institute for Spine and spinal cord disease of Nantong University, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshuai Wu
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Restoration Mechanism and Clinical Translation of Spinal Cord Injury, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Research institute for Spine and spinal cord disease of Nantong University, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Restoration Mechanism and Clinical Translation of Spinal Cord Injury, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Research institute for Spine and spinal cord disease of Nantong University, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Hong
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Xue
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Huang
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Restoration Mechanism and Clinical Translation of Spinal Cord Injury, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Research institute for Spine and spinal cord disease of Nantong University, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Restoration Mechanism and Clinical Translation of Spinal Cord Injury, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Research institute for Spine and spinal cord disease of Nantong University, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Manesco C, Saavedra-Villanueva O, Martin M, de Lizaraga J, Varga B, Cloitre T, Gerber YN, Perrin FE, Gergely C. Organization of collagen fibers and tissue hardening: Markers of fibrotic scarring after spinal cord injury in mice revealed by multiphoton-atomic force microscopy imaging. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 53:102699. [PMID: 37572769 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a dramatic disease leading to severe motor, sensitive and autonomic impairments. After injury the axonal regeneration is partly inhibited by the glial scar, acting as a physical and chemical barrier. The scarring process involves microglia, astrocytes and extracellular matrix components, such as collagen, constructing the fibrotic component of the scar. To investigate the role of collagen, we used a multimodal label-free imaging approach combining multiphoton and atomic force microscopy. The second harmonic generation signal exhibited by fibrillar collagen enabled to specifically monitor it as a biomarker of the lesion. An increase in collagen density and the formation of more tortuous fibers over time after injury are observed. Nano-mechanical investigations revealed a noticeable hardening of the injured area, correlated with collagen fibers' formation. These observations indicate the concomitance of important structural and mechanical modifications during the fibrotic scar evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Martin
- L2C, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Béla Varga
- L2C, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Yannick Nicolas Gerber
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France; IUF, Intitut Universitaire de, France, Paris
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Hamel R, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Ridley K, Testa V, Yu B, Rowitch D, Marioni JC, Pluchino S. Time-resolved single-cell RNAseq profiling identifies a novel Fabp5+ subpopulation of inflammatory myeloid cells with delayed cytotoxic profile in chronic spinal cord injury. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18339. [PMID: 37636454 PMCID: PMC10450865 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI) are a group of highly debilitating pathologies affecting thousands annually, and adversely affecting quality of life. Currently, no fully restorative therapies exist, and SCI still results in significant personal, societal and financial burdens. Inflammation plays a major role in the evolution of SCI, with myeloid cells, including bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) and microglia (MG) being primary drivers of both early secondary pathogenesis and delayed wound healing events. The precise role of myeloid cell subsets is unclear as upon crossing the blood-spinal cord barrier, infiltrating bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) may take on the morphology of resident microglia, and upregulate canonical microglia markers, thus making the two populations difficult to distinguish. Here, we used time-resolved scRNAseq and transgenic fate-mapping to chart the transcriptional profiles of tissue-resident and -infiltrating myeloid cells in a mouse model of thoracic contusion SCI. Our work identifies a novel subpopulation of foam cell-like inflammatory myeloid cells with increased expression of Fatty Acid Binding Protein 5 (Fabp5) and comprise both tissue-resident and -infiltrating cells. Fabp5+ inflammatory myeloid cells display a delayed cytotoxic profile that is predominant at the lesion epicentre and extends into the chronic phase of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan Hamel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Veronica Testa
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bryan Yu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Rowitch
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - John C. Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Toro CA, Hansen J, Siddiq MM, Johnson K, Cao J, Pero A, Iyengar R, Cai D, Cardozo CP. Synaptojanin 1 Modulates Functional Recovery After Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury in Male Apolipoprotein E Epsilon 4 Mice. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:464-477. [PMID: 37528868 PMCID: PMC10389254 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (ApoE4) is the second most common variant of ApoE, being present in ∼14% of the population. Clinical reports identify ApoE4 as a genetic risk factor for poor outcomes after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal cord diseases such as cervical myelopathy. To date, there is no intervention to promote recovery of function after SCI/spinal cord diseases that is specifically targeted at ApoE4-associated impairment. Studies in the human and mouse brain link ApoE4 to elevated levels of synaptojanin 1 (synj1), a lipid phosphatase that degrades phosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into inositol 4-monophosphate. Synj1 regulates rearrangements of the cytoskeleton as well as endocytosis and trafficking of synaptic vesicles. We report here that, as compared to ApoE3 mice, levels of synj1 messenger RNA and protein were elevated in spinal cords of healthy ApoE4 mice associated with lower PIP2 levels. Using a moderate-severity model of contusion SCI in mice, we found that genetic reduction of synj1 improved locomotor function recovery at 14 days after SCI in ApoE4 mice without altering spared white matter. Genetic reduction of synj1 did not alter locomotor recovery of ApoE3 mice after SCI. Bulk RNA sequencing revealed that at 14 days after SCI in ApoE4 mice, genetic reduction of synj1 upregulated genes involved in glutaminergic synaptic transmission just above and below the lesion. Overall, our findings provide evidence for a link between synj1 to poor outcomes after SCI in ApoE4 mice, up to 14 days post-injury, through mechanisms that may involve the function of excitatory glutaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Toro
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jens Hansen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mustafa M. Siddiq
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kaitlin Johnson
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jiqing Cao
- Research and Development, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adriana Pero
- Research and Development, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dongming Cai
- Neurology Service, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Research and Development, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher P. Cardozo
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Salvador AFM, Dykstra T, Rustenhoven J, Gao W, Blackburn SM, Bhasiin K, Dong MQ, Guimarães RM, Gonuguntla S, Smirnov I, Kipnis J, Herz J. Age-dependent immune and lymphatic responses after spinal cord injury. Neuron 2023; 111:2155-2169.e9. [PMID: 37148871 PMCID: PMC10523880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes lifelong debilitating conditions. Previous works demonstrated the essential role of the immune system in recovery after SCI. Here, we explored the temporal changes of the response after SCI in young and aged mice in order to characterize multiple immune populations within the mammalian spinal cord. We revealed substantial infiltration of myeloid cells to the spinal cord in young animals, accompanied by changes in the activation state of microglia. In contrast, both processes were blunted in aged mice. Interestingly, we discovered the formation of meningeal lymphatic structures above the lesion site, and their role has not been examined after contusive injury. Our transcriptomic data predicted lymphangiogenic signaling between myeloid cells in the spinal cord and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in the meninges after SCI. Together, our findings delineate how aging affects the immune response following SCI and highlight the participation of the spinal cord meninges in supporting vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Francesca M Salvador
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Taitea Dykstra
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Wenqing Gao
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan M Blackburn
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kesshni Bhasiin
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael Q Dong
- Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Rafaela Mano Guimarães
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sriharsha Gonuguntla
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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