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Ogrodzińska W, Szafran K, Łuszczyński M, Barczyk-Woźnicka O, Gabruk M. Molecular insights into the differences between cyanobacterial and plant LPORs and prolamellar body formation: In vitro studies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108935. [PMID: 39029308 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) has captivated the interest of the research community for decades. One reason is the photocatalytic nature of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme, and the other is the involvement of LPOR in the formation of a paracrystalline lattice called a prolamellar body (PLB) that disintegrates upon illumination, initiating a process of photosynthetic membrane formation. In this paper, we have integrated three traditional methods previously employed to study the properties of the enzyme: molecular biology, spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. We found that for cyanobacterial LPOR, substrates binding appears to be independent of lipids, with membrane interaction primarily affecting the enzyme post-reaction, with MGDG and PG having opposite effects on SynPOR. In contrast, plant isoforms exhibit sequence alterations, rendering the enzyme effective in substrate binding mainly in the presence of anionic lipids, depending on residues at positions 122, 312, and 318. Moreover, we demonstrated that the interaction with MGDG could initially serve as enhancement of the substrate specificity towards monovinyl-protochlorophyllide (Pchlide). We have shown that the second LPOR isoforms of eudicots and monocots accumulated mutations that made these variants less and more dependent on anionic lipids, respectively. Finally, we have shown that in the presence of Pchlide, NADP+, and the lipids, plant but not cyanobacterial LPOR homolog remodel membranes into the cubic phase. The cubic phase is preserved if samples supplemented with NADP + are enriched with NADPH. The results are discussed in the evolutionary context, and the model of PLB formation is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Ogrodzińska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szafran
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Łuszczyński
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Barczyk-Woźnicka
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Gabruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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2
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Xu HF, Yu C, Bai Y, Zuo AW, Ye YT, Liu YR, Li ZK, Dai GZ, Chen M, Qiu BS. Red-light-dependent chlorophyll synthesis kindles photosynthetic recovery of chlorotic dormant cyanobacteria using a dark-operative enzyme. Curr Biol 2024:S0960-9822(24)01022-4. [PMID: 39146941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Chlorosis dormancy resulting from nitrogen starvation and its resuscitation upon available nitrogen contributes greatly to the fitness of cyanobacterial population under nitrogen-fluctuating environments. The reinstallation of the photosynthetic machinery is a key process for resuscitation from a chlorotic dormant state; however, the underlying regulatory mechanism is still elusive. Here, we reported that red light is essential for re-greening chlorotic Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (a non-diazotrophic cyanobacterium) after nitrogen supplement under weak light conditions. The expression of dark-operative protochlorophyllide reductase (DPOR) governed by the transcriptional factor RpaB was strikingly induced by red light in chlorotic cells, and its deficient mutant lost the capability of resuscitation from a dormant state, indicating DPOR catalyzing chlorophyll synthesis is a key step in the photosynthetic recovery of dormant cyanobacteria. Although light-dependent protochlorophyllide reductase is widely considered as a master switch in photomorphogenesis, this study unravels the primitive DPOR as a spark to activate the photosynthetic recovery of chlorotic dormant cyanobacteria. These findings provide new insight into the biological significance of DPOR in cyanobacteria and even some plants thriving in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Yu
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Bai
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Ai-Wei Zuo
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Ying-Tong Ye
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Ru Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng-Ke Li
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Guo-Zheng Dai
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China.
| | - Min Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Bao-Sheng Qiu
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China.
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3
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Hancock J, Livingston SJ, Samuels L. Building a biofactory: Constructing glandular trichomes in Cannabis sativa. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 80:102549. [PMID: 38761520 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Flowers of Cannabis sativa L. are densely covered with glandular trichomes containing cannabis resin that is used for medicinal and recreational purposes. The highly productive glandular trichomes have been described as 'biofactories.' In this review, we use this analogy to highlight recent advances in cannabis cell biology, metabolomics, and transcriptomics. The biofactory is built by epidermal outgrowths that differentiate into peltate-like glandular trichome heads, consisting of a disc of interconnected secretory cells with unique cellular structures. Cannabinoid and terpenoid products are warehoused in the extracellular storage cavity. Finally, multicellular stalks raise the glandular heads above the epidermis, giving cannabis flower their frosty appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hancock
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Samuel J Livingston
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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4
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Yong S, Chen Q, Xu F, Fu H, Liang G, Guo Q. Exploring the interplay between angiosperm chlorophyll metabolism and environmental factors. PLANTA 2024; 260:25. [PMID: 38861219 PMCID: PMC11166782 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In this review, we summarize how chlorophyll metabolism in angiosperm is affected by the environmental factors: light, temperature, metal ions, water, oxygen, and altitude. The significance of chlorophyll (Chl) in plant leaf morphogenesis and photosynthesis cannot be overstated. Over time, researchers have made significant advancements in comprehending the biosynthetic pathway of Chl in angiosperms, along with the pivotal enzymes and genes involved in this process, particularly those related to heme synthesis and light-responsive mechanisms. Various environmental factors influence the stability of Chl content in angiosperms by modulating Chl metabolic pathways. Understanding the interplay between plants Chl metabolism and environmental factors has been a prominent research topic. This review mainly focuses on angiosperms, provides an overview of the regulatory mechanisms governing Chl metabolism, and the impact of environmental factors such as light, temperature, metal ions (iron and magnesium), water, oxygen, and altitude on Chl metabolism. Understanding these effects is crucial for comprehending and preserving the homeostasis of Chl metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyuan Yong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Qigao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Pesara P, Szafran K, Nguyen HC, Sirohiwal A, Pantazis DA, Gabruk M. Elucidating substrate binding in the light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7767-7780. [PMID: 38784751 PMCID: PMC11110527 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase (LPOR) catalyzes a crucial step in chlorophyll biosynthesis: the rare biological photocatalytic reduction of the double C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond in the precursor, protochlorophyllide (Pchlide). Despite its fundamental significance, limited structural insights into the active complex have hindered understanding of its reaction mechanism. Recently, a high-resolution cryo-EM structure of LPOR in its active conformation challenged our view of pigment binding, residue interactions, and the catalytic process. Surprisingly, this structure contrasts markedly with previous assumptions, particularly regarding the orientation of the bound Pchlide. To gain insights into the substrate binding puzzle, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations, quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics (QM/MM) calculations, and site-directed mutagenesis. Two Pchlide binding modes were considered, one aligning with historical proposals (mode A) and another consistent with the recent experimental data (mode B). Binding energy calculations revealed that in contrast to the non-specific interactions found for mode A, mode B exhibits distinct stabilizing interactions that support more thermodynamically favorable binding. A comprehensive analysis incorporating QM/MM-based local energy decomposition unraveled a complex interaction network involving Y177, H319, and the C131 carboxy group, influencing the pigment's excited state energy and potentially contributing to substrate specificity. Importantly, our results uniformly favor mode B, challenging established interpretations and emphasizing the need for a comprehensive re-evaluation of the LPOR reaction mechanism in a way that incorporates accurate structural information on pigment interactions and substrate-cofactor positioning in the binding pocket. The results shed light on the intricacies of LPOR's catalytic mechanism and provide a solid foundation for further elucidating the secrets of chlorophyll biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Pesara
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Katarzyna Szafran
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Cracow Poland
| | - Henry C Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Abhishek Sirohiwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Dimitrios A Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Michal Gabruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Cracow Poland
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Vedalankar P, Tripathy BC. Light dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase: a succinct look. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:719-731. [PMID: 38846463 PMCID: PMC11150229 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Reducing protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide) is a major regulatory step in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. This reaction is catalyzed by light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) in oxygenic phototrophs, particularly angiosperms. LPOR-NADPH and Pchlide form a ternary complex to be efficiently photo-transformed to synthesize Chlide and, subsequently, chlorophyll during the transition from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. Besides lipids, carotenoids and poly-cis xanthophylls influence the formation of the photoactive LPOR complexes and the PLBs. The crystal structure of LPOR reveals evolutionarily conserved cysteine residues implicated in the Pchlide binding and catalysis around the active site. Different isoforms of LPOR viz PORA, PORB, and PORC expressed at different stages of chloroplast development play a photoprotective role by quickly transforming the photosensitive Pchlide to Chlide. Non-photo-transformed Pchlide acts as a photosensitizer to generate singlet oxygen that causes oxidative stress and cell death. Therefore, different isoforms of LPOR have evolved and differentially expressed during plant development to protect plants from photodamage and thus play a pivotal role during photomorphogenesis. This review brings out the salient features of LPOR structure, structure-function relationships, and ultra-fast photo transformation of Pchlide to Chlide by oligomeric and polymeric forms of LPOR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baishnab C. Tripathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
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7
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Dong CS, Liu L. Fluorination of a conserved tyrosine in POR offers new clues for proton transfer. FEBS J 2024; 291:1400-1403. [PMID: 38297957 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Reduction of the 17,18-double bond in the D-ring during chlorophyll biosynthesis is catalyzed by the rare, naturally occurring photoenzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR). A conserved tyrosine residue has been suggested to donate a proton to C18 of the substrate in the past decades. Taylor and colleagues scrutinized the model with a powerful tool that utilized a modified genetic code to introduce fluorinated tyrosine analogues into POR. The presented results show that the suggested catalytically critical tyrosine is unlikely to participate in the reaction chemistry but is required for substrate binding, and instead, a cysteine residue preceding the lid helix is proposed to have the role of proton donor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, China
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8
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Taylor A, Zhang S, Johannissen LO, Sakuma M, Phillips RS, Green AP, Hay S, Heyes DJ, Scrutton NS. Mechanistic implications of the ternary complex structural models for the photoenzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. FEBS J 2024; 291:1404-1421. [PMID: 38060334 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The photoenzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) is an important enzyme for understanding biological H-transfer mechanisms. It uses light to catalyse the reduction of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide, a key step in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Although a wealth of spectroscopic data have provided crucial mechanistic insight, a structural rationale for POR photocatalysis has proved challenging and remains hotly debated. Recent structural models of the ternary enzyme-substrate complex, derived from crystal and electron microscopy data, show differences in the orientation of the protochlorophyllide substrate and the architecture of the POR active site, with significant implications for the catalytic mechanism. Here, we use a combination of computational and experimental approaches to investigate the compatibility of each structural model with the hypothesised reaction mechanisms and propose an alternative structural model for the cyanobacterial POR ternary complex. We show that a strictly conserved tyrosine, previously proposed to act as the proton donor in POR photocatalysis, is unlikely to be involved in this step of the reaction but is crucial for Pchlide binding. Instead, an active site cysteine is important for both hydride and proton transfer reactions in POR and is proposed to act as the proton donor, either directly or through a water-mediated network. Moreover, a conserved glutamine is important for Pchlide binding and ensuring efficient photochemistry by tuning its electronic properties, likely by interacting with the central Mg atom of the substrate. This optimal 'binding pose' for the POR ternary enzyme-substrate complex illustrates how light energy can be harnessed to facilitate enzyme catalysis by this unique enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Taylor
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Shaowei Zhang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Linus O Johannissen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michiyo Sakuma
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Robert S Phillips
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anthony P Green
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Derren J Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
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9
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Yoshihara A, Kobayashi K, Nagata N, Fujii S, Wada H, Kobayashi K. Anionic lipids facilitate membrane development and protochlorophyllide biosynthesis in etioplasts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1692-1704. [PMID: 37962588 PMCID: PMC10904342 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Dark-germinated angiosperm seedlings develop chloroplast precursors called etioplasts in cotyledon cells. Etioplasts develop lattice membrane structures called prolamellar bodies (PLBs), where the chlorophyll intermediate protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) forms a ternary complex with NADPH and light-dependent NADPH:Pchlide oxidoreductase (LPOR). The lipid bilayers of etioplast membranes are mainly composed of galactolipids, which play important roles in membrane-associated processes in etioplasts. Although etioplast membranes also contain 2 anionic lipids, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), their roles are unknown. To determine the roles of PG and SQDG in etioplast development, we characterized etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants deficient in PG and SQDG biosynthesis. A partial deficiency in PG biosynthesis loosened the lattice structure of PLBs and impaired the insertion of Mg2+ into protoporphyrin IX, leading to a substantial decrease in Pchlide content. Although a complete lack of SQDG biosynthesis did not notably affect PLB formation and Pchlide biosynthesis, lack of SQDG in addition to partial PG deficiency strongly impaired these processes. These results suggested that PG is required for PLB formation and Pchlide biosynthesis, whereas SQDG plays an auxiliary role in these processes. Notably, PG deficiency and lack of SQDG oppositely affected the dynamics of LPOR complexes after photoconversion, suggesting different involvements of PG and SQDG in LPOR complex organization. Our data demonstrate pleiotropic roles of anionic lipids in etioplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yoshihara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku,Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Sho Fujii
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 1 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku,Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Science and Global Education, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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10
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Aronsson H, Solymosi K. Diversification of Plastid Structure and Function in Land Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2776:63-88. [PMID: 38502498 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3726-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Plastids represent a largely diverse group of organelles in plant and algal cells that have several common features but also a broad spectrum of morphological, ultrastructural, biochemical, and physiological differences. Plastids and their structural and metabolic diversity significantly contribute to the functionality and developmental flexibility of the plant body throughout its lifetime. In addition to the multiple roles of given plastid types, this diversity is accomplished in some cases by interconversions between different plastids as a consequence of developmental and environmental signals that regulate plastid differentiation and specialization. In addition to basic plastid structural features, the most important plastid types, the newly characterized peculiar plastids, and future perspectives in plastid biology are also provided in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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11
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Ji S, Grimm B, Wang P. Chloroplast SRP43 and SRP54 independently promote thermostability and membrane binding of light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1583-1598. [PMID: 37269173 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR), which converts protochlorophyllide into chlorophyllide, is the only light-dependent enzyme in chlorophyll biosynthesis. While its catalytic reaction and importance for chloroplast development are well understood, little is known about the post-translational control of PORs. Here, we show that cpSRP43 and cpSRP54, two components of the chloroplast signal recognition particle pathway, play distinct roles in optimizing the function of PORB, the predominant POR isoform in Arabidopsis. The chaperone cpSRP43 stabilizes the enzyme and provides appropriate amounts of PORB during leaf greening and heat shock, whereas cpSRP54 enhances its binding to the thylakoid membrane, thereby ensuring adequate levels of metabolic flux in late chlorophyll biosynthesis. Furthermore, cpSRP43 and the DnaJ-like protein CHAPERONE-LIKE PROTEIN of POR1 concurrently act to stabilize PORB. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of the coordinating role of cpSPR43 and cpSRP54 in the post-translational control of chlorophyll synthesis and assembly of photosynthetic chlorophyll-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiling Ji
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr.13, Building 12, 10099, Berlin, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr.13, Building 12, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr.13, Building 12, 10099, Berlin, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Liu R, Wang L, Meng Y, Tian Y, Li F, Lu H. Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Plant Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase as a Novel Target for Searching Potential Herbicides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37467369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide resistance is a prevalent problem that has posed a foremost challenge to crop production worldwide. Light-dependent enzyme NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) in plants is a metabolic target that could satisfy this unmet demand. Herein, for the first time, we embarked on proposing a new mode of action of herbicides by performing structure-based virtual screening targeting multiple LPOR binding sites, with the determination of further bioactivity on the lead series. The feasibility of exploiting high selectivity and safety herbicides targeting LPOR was discussed from the perspective of the origin and phylogeny. Besides, we revealed the structural rearrangement and the selection key for NADPH cofactor binding to LPOR. Based on these, multitarget virtual screening was performed and the result identified compounds 2 affording micromolar inhibition, in which the IC50 reached 4.74 μM. Transcriptome analysis revealed that compound 2 induced more genes related to chlorophyll synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, especially the LPOR genes. Additionally, we clarified that these compounds binding to the site enhanced the overall stability and local rigidity of the complex systems from molecular dynamics simulation. This study delivers a guideline on how to assess activity-determining features of inhibitors to LPOR and how to translate this knowledge into the design of novel and effective inhibitors against malignant weed that act by targeting LPOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyuan Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Leng Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Meng
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiyi Tian
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huizhe Lu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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13
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Kim DH, Lim SH, Lee JY. Expression of RsPORB Is Associated with Radish Root Color. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112214. [PMID: 37299194 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus) plants exhibit varied root colors due to the accumulation of chlorophylls and anthocyanins compounds that are beneficial for both human health and visual quality. The mechanisms of chlorophyll biosynthesis have been extensively studied in foliar tissues but remain largely unknown in other tissues. In this study, we examined the role of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases (PORs), which are key enzymes in chlorophyll biosynthesis, in radish roots. The transcript level of RsPORB was abundantly expressed in green roots and positively correlated with chlorophyll content in radish roots. Sequences of the RsPORB coding region were identical between white (948) and green (847) radish breeding lines. Additionally, virus-induced gene silencing assay with RsPORB exhibited reduced chlorophyll contents, verifying that RsPORB is a functional enzyme for chlorophyll biosynthesis. Sequence comparison of RsPORB promoters from white and green radishes showed several insertions and deletions (InDels) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Promoter activation assays using radish root protoplasts verified that InDels of the RsPORB promoter contribute to its expression level. These results suggested that RsPORB is one of the key genes underlying chlorophyll biosynthesis and green coloration in non-foliar tissues, such as roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of International Technology and Information, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of International Technology and Information, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
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14
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Liang M, Gu D, Lie Z, Yang Y, Lu L, Dai G, Peng T, Deng L, Zheng F, Liu X. Regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis by light-dependent acetylation of NADPH:protochlorophyll oxidoreductase A in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 330:111641. [PMID: 36806610 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophylls are the major pigments that harvest light energy during photosynthesis in plants. Although reactions in chlorophyll biogenesis have been largely known, little attention has been paid to the post-translational regulation mechanism of this process. In this study, we found that four lysine sites (K128/340/350/390) of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A (PORA), which catalyzes the only light-triggered step in chlorophyll biosynthesis, were acetylated after dark-grown seedlings transferred to light via acetylomics analysis. Etiolated seedlings with K390 mutation of PORA had a lower greening rate and decreased PORA acetylation after illumination. Importantly, K390 of PORA was found extremely conserved in plants and cyanobacteria via bioinformatics analysis. We further demonstrated that the acetylation level of PORA was increased by exposing the dark-grown seedlings to the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor TSA. Thus, the HDACs probably regulate the acetylation of PORA, thereby controlling this non-histone substrate to catalyze the reduction of Pchlide to produce chlorophyllide, which provides a novel regulatory mechanism by which the plant actively tunes chlorophyll biosynthesis during the conversion from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minting Liang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Dachuan Gu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Zhiyang Lie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yongyi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Longxin Lu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guangyi Dai
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ling Deng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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15
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Moss FR, Lincoff J, Tucker M, Mohammed A, Grabe M, Frost A. Brominated lipid probes expose structural asymmetries in constricted membranes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:167-175. [PMID: 36624348 PMCID: PMC9935397 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipids in biological membranes are thought to be functionally organized, but few experimental tools can probe nanoscale membrane structure. Using brominated lipids as contrast probes for cryo-EM and a model ESCRT-III membrane-remodeling system composed of human CHMP1B and IST1, we observed leaflet-level and protein-localized structural lipid patterns within highly constricted and thinned membrane nanotubes. These nanotubes differed markedly from protein-free, flat bilayers in leaflet thickness, lipid diffusion rates and lipid compositional and conformational asymmetries. Simulations and cryo-EM imaging of brominated stearoyl-docosahexanenoyl-phosphocholine showed how a pair of phenylalanine residues scored the outer leaflet with a helical hydrophobic defect where polyunsaturated docosahexaenoyl tails accumulated at the bilayer surface. Combining cryo-EM of halogenated lipids with molecular dynamics thus enables new characterizations of the composition and structure of membranes on molecular length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Moss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Altos Labs, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - James Lincoff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell Tucker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arshad Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Altos Labs, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Michael Grabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Adam Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Altos Labs, Redwood City, CA, USA.
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16
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Liu R, Wang L, Meng Y, Li F, Nie H, Lu H. Role of Thylakoid Lipids in Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase Activation: Allosteric Mechanism Elucidated by a Computational Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010307. [PMID: 36613752 PMCID: PMC9820216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) is a chlorophyll synthetase that catalyzes the reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide) with indispensable roles in regulating photosynthesis processes. A recent study confirmed that thylakoid lipids (TL) were able to allosterically enhance modulator-induced LPOR activation. However, the allosteric modulation mechanism of LPOR by these compounds remains unclear. Herein, we integrated multiple computational approaches to explore the potential cavities in the Arabidopsis thaliana LPOR and an allosteric site around the helix-G region where high affinity for phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) was identified. Adopting accelerated molecular dynamics simulation for different LPOR states, we rigorously analyzed binary LPOR/PG and ternary LPOR/NADPH/PG complexes in terms of their dynamics, energetics, and attainable allosteric regulation. Our findings clarify the experimental observation of increased NADPH binding affinity for LPOR with PGs. Moreover, the simulations indicated that allosteric regulators targeting LPOR favor a mechanism involving lid opening upon binding to an allosteric hinge pocket mechanism. This understanding paves the way for designing novel LPOR activators and expanding the applications of LPOR.
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17
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Li C, Ran M, Liu J, Wang X, Wu Q, Zhang Q, Yang J, Yi F, Zhang H, Zhu JK, Zhao C. Functional analysis of CqPORB in the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis in Chenopodium quinoa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1083438. [PMID: 36578328 PMCID: PMC9791128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1083438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) plays a key role in catalyzing the light-dependent reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide), and thus promotes the transit from etiolated seedlings to green plants. In this study, by exploring ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mediated mutagenesis in Chenopodium quinoa NL-6 variety, we identified a mutant nl6-35 that displays faded green leaf and reduced chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid contents. Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) revealed that a mutation in CqPORB gene is genetically associated with the faded green leaf of the nl6-35 mutant. Further study indicates that the nl6-35 mutant exhibits abnormal grana stacks and compromised conversion of Pchlide to Chlide upon illumination, suggesting the important role of CqPORB in producing photoactive Pchlide. Totally three CqPOR isoforms, including CqPORA, CqPORA-like, and CqPORB are identified in NL-6 variety. Transcriptional analysis shows that the expression of all these three CqPOR isoforms is regulated in light- and development-dependent manners, and in mature quinoa plants only CqPORB isoform is predominantly expressed. Subcellular localization analysis indicates that CqPORB is exclusively localized in chloroplast. Together, our study elucidates the important role of CqPORB in the regulation of Chl biosynthesis and chloroplast development in quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Minyuan Ran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbing Wu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Bright Agricultural Development (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Bright Agricultural Development (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Yi
- Bright Agricultural Development (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Institute of Advanced Biotechnology and School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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18
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Cryo-electron tomography reveals structural insights into the membrane remodeling mode of dynamin-like EHD filaments. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7641. [PMID: 36496453 PMCID: PMC9741607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eps15-homology domain containing proteins (EHDs) are eukaryotic, dynamin-related ATPases involved in cellular membrane trafficking. They oligomerize on membranes into filaments that induce membrane tubulation. While EHD crystal structures in open and closed conformations were previously reported, little structural information is available for the membrane-bound oligomeric form. Consequently, mechanistic insights into the membrane remodeling mechanism have remained sparse. Here, by using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging, we determined structures of nucleotide-bound EHD4 filaments on membrane tubes of various diameters at an average resolution of 7.6 Å. Assembly of EHD4 is mediated via interfaces in the G-domain and the helical domain. The oligomerized EHD4 structure resembles the closed conformation, where the tips of the helical domains protrude into the membrane. The variation in filament geometry and tube radius suggests a spontaneous filament curvature of approximately 1/70 nm-1. Combining the available structural and functional data, we suggest a model for EHD-mediated membrane remodeling.
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19
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Liu M, Ma W, Su X, Zhang X, Lu Y, Zhang S, Yan J, Feng D, Ma L, Taylor A, Ge Y, Cheng Q, Xu K, Wang Y, Li N, Gu A, Zhang J, Luo S, Xuan S, Chen X, Scrutton NS, Li C, Zhao J, Shen S. Mutation in a chlorophyll-binding motif of Brassica ferrochelatase enhances both heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111758. [PMID: 36476857 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis contributes to the regulation of chlorophyll levels. However, the mechanism underlying the balance between chlorophyll and heme synthesis remains elusive. Here, we identify a dark green leaf mutant, dg, from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutant library of Chinese cabbage. The dg phenotype is caused by an amino acid substitution in the conserved chlorophyll a/b-binding motif (CAB) of ferrochelatase 2 (BrFC2). This mutation increases the formation of BrFC2 homodimer to promote heme production. Moreover, wild-type BrFC2 and dBrFC2 interact with protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase B1 and B2 (BrPORB1 and BrPORB2), and dBrFC2 exhibits higher binding ability to substrate Pchlide, thereby promoting BrPORBs-catalyzed production of chlorophyllide (Chlide), which can be directly converted into chlorophyll. Our results show that dBrFC2 is a gain-of-function mutation contributing to balancing heme and chlorophyll synthesis via a regulatory mechanism in which dBrFC2 promotes BrPORB enzymatic reaction to enhance chlorophyll synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xiangjie Su
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shaowei Zhang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jinghui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Daling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Aoife Taylor
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Yunjia Ge
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Kedong Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Aixia Gu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Shuangxia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shuxin Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Chengwei Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Shuxing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
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20
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Taylor A, Heyes DJ, Scrutton NS. Catalysis by Nature's photoenzymes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 77:102491. [PMID: 36323132 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photoenzymes use light to initiate biochemical reactions. Although rarely found in nature, their study has advanced understanding of how light energy can be harnessed to facilitate enzyme catalysis, which is also of importance to the design and engineering of man-made photocatalysts. Natural photoenzymes can be assigned to one of two families, based broadly on the nature of the light-sensing chromophores used, those being chlorophyll-like tetrapyrroles or flavins. In all cases, light absorption leads to excited state electron transfer, which in turn initiates photocatalysis. Reviewed here are recent findings relating to the structures and mechanisms of known photoenzymes. We highlight recent advances that have deepened understanding of mechanisms in biological photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Taylor
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Derren J Heyes
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom. https://twitter.com/DerrenHeyes
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom.
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21
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Weik M, Domratcheva T. Insight into the structural dynamics of light sensitive proteins from time-resolved crystallography and quantum chemical calculations. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 77:102496. [PMID: 36462226 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The structural dynamics underlying molecular mechanisms of light-sensitive proteins can be studied by a variety of experimental and computational biophysical techniques. Here we review recent progress in combining time-resolved crystallography at X-ray free electron lasers and quantum chemical calculations to study structural changes in photoenzymes, photosynthetic proteins, photoreceptors, and photoswitchable fluorescent proteins following photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Weik
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France.
| | - Tatiana Domratcheva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Liang Z, Yeung WT, Ma J, Mai KKK, Liu Z, Chong YLF, Cai X, Kang BH. Electron tomography of prolamellar bodies and their transformation into grana thylakoids in cryofixed Arabidopsis cotyledons. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3830-3843. [PMID: 35876816 PMCID: PMC9516191 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The para-crystalline structures of prolamellar bodies (PLBs) and light-induced etioplast-to-chloroplast transformation have been investigated via electron microscopy. However, such studies suffer from chemical fixation artifacts and limited volumes of 3D reconstruction. Here, we examined Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledon cells by electron tomography (ET) to visualize etioplasts and their conversion into chloroplasts. We employed scanning transmission ET to image large volumes and high-pressure freezing to improve sample preservation. PLB tubules were arranged in a zinc blende-type lattice-like carbon atoms in diamonds. Within 2 h after illumination, the lattice collapsed from the PLB exterior and the disorganized tubules merged to form thylakoid sheets (pre-granal thylakoids), which folded and overlapped with each other to create grana stacks. Since the nascent pre-granal thylakoids contained curved membranes in their tips, we examined the expression and localization of CURT1 (CURVATURE THYLAKOID1) proteins. CURT1A transcripts were most abundant in de-etiolating cotyledon samples, and CURT1A was concentrated at the PLB periphery. In curt1a etioplasts, PLB-associated thylakoids were swollen and failed to form grana stacks. In contrast, PLBs had cracks in their lattices in curt1c etioplasts. Our data provide evidence that CURT1A is required for pre-granal thylakoid assembly from PLB tubules during de-etiolation, while CURT1C contributes to cubic crystal growth in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai-Tsun Yeung
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juncai Ma
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keith Ka Ki Mai
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yau-Lun Felix Chong
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohao Cai
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, The University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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23
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Johannissen LO, Taylor A, Hardman SJ, Heyes DJ, Scrutton NS, Hay S. How Photoactivation Triggers Protochlorophyllide Reduction: Computational Evidence of a Stepwise Hydride Transfer during Chlorophyll Biosynthesis. ACS Catal 2022; 12:4141-4148. [PMID: 35574213 PMCID: PMC9098174 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical reaction catalyzed by enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR), a rare example of a photoactivated enzyme, is a crucial step during chlorophyll biosynthesis and involves the fastest known biological hydride transfer. Structures of the enzyme with bound substrate protochlorophyllide (PChlide) and coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) have recently been published, opening up the possibility of using computational approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of the excited state chemistry. Herein, we propose a complete mechanism for the photochemistry between PChlide and NADPH based on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations that is consistent with recent experimental data. In this multi-step mechanism, photoexcitation of PChlide leads to electron transfer from NADPH to PChlide, which in turn facilitates hydrogen atom transfer by weakening the breaking C-H bond. This work rationalizes how photoexcitation facilitates hydride transfer in POR and has more general implications for biological hydride transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus O. Johannissen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
and Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Aoife Taylor
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
and Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Samantha J.O. Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
and Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Derren J. Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
and Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
and Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
and Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
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24
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Quiles C, Viera I, Roca M. Multiomics Approach To Decipher the Origin of Chlorophyll Content in Virgin Olive Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3807-3817. [PMID: 35290057 PMCID: PMC8972264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The color of virgin olive oils, ranging from intense green to brown-yellow, is one of the main selection factors for consumers and a quality criterion in specific legislations. Such coloration is due to their chlorophyll content and depends on the composition of the olive fruit. Through analytical chemistry (HPLC-hrMSn), biochemistry (enzymatic activity), and molecular biology (qRT-PCR) approaches, we have analyzed the origin of the differences in the chlorophyll content among several varieties of olive fruit throughout their ripening process. The higher chlorophyll biosynthetic capacity in olive fruits is due to the enzyme protochlorophyllide reductase, whereas chlorophyll degradation is accomplished through the stay-green and pheophytinase pathways. For the first time, the implication of chlorophyll dephytylase during the turnover of chlorophylls in fruit is shown to be responsible for the exclusive accumulation of dephytylated chlorophyll in Arbequina fruit. The multiomics results excluded the in vivo participation of chlorophyllase in chlorophyll degradation in olive fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Roca
- . Tel.: +00 34 954.61.15.50. Fax: +00 34 954.61.67.90
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25
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Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Secretion of Protochlorophyllide in the Cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya boryana. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070910. [PMID: 35406890 PMCID: PMC9003413 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) reduction in the late stage of chlorophyll a (Chl) biosynthesis is catalyzed by two enzymes: light-dependent Pchlide oxidoreductase (LPOR) and dark-operative Pchlide oxidoreductase (DPOR). The differential operation of LPOR and DPOR enables a stable supply of Chl in response to changes in light conditions and environmental oxygen levels. When a DPOR-deficient mutant (YFC2) of the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya boryana is grown heterotrophically in the dark, Pchlide accumulates in the cells and is secreted into the culture medium. In this study, we demonstrated the extracellular vesicle-mediated secretion of Pchlide. Pchlide fractions were isolated from the culture medium using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the Pchlide fractions contained porin isoforms, TolC, and FG-GAP repeat-containing protein, which are localized in the outer membrane. Transmission electron microscopy revealed extracellular vesicle-like structures in the vicinity of YFC2 cells and the Pchlide fractions. These findings suggested that the Pchlide secretion is mediated by extracellular vesicles in dark-grown YFC2 cells.
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26
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Hain TM, Bykowski M, Saba M, Evans ME, Schröder-Turk GE, Kowalewska Ł. SPIRE-a software tool for bicontinuous phase recognition: application for plastid cubic membranes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:81-96. [PMID: 34662407 PMCID: PMC8774748 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bicontinuous membranes in cell organelles epitomize nature's ability to create complex functional nanostructures. Like their synthetic counterparts, these membranes are characterized by continuous membrane sheets draped onto topologically complex saddle-shaped surfaces with a periodic network-like structure. Their structure sizes, (around 50-500 nm), and fluid nature make transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the analysis method of choice to decipher their nanostructural features. Here we present a tool, Surface Projection Image Recognition Environment (SPIRE), to identify bicontinuous structures from TEM sections through interactive identification by comparison to mathematical "nodal surface" models. The prolamellar body (PLB) of plant etioplasts is a bicontinuous membrane structure with a key physiological role in chloroplast biogenesis. However, the determination of its spatial structural features has been held back by the lack of tools enabling the identification and quantitative analysis of symmetric membrane conformations. Using our SPIRE tool, we achieved a robust identification of the bicontinuous diamond surface as the dominant PLB geometry in angiosperm etioplasts in contrast to earlier long-standing assertions in the literature. Our data also provide insights into membrane storage capacities of PLBs with different volume proportions and hint at the limited role of a plastid ribosome localization directly inside the PLB grid for its proper functioning. This represents an important step in understanding their as yet elusive structure-function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Hain
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
- Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Michał Bykowski
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matthias Saba
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Myfanwy E Evans
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
| | - Gerd E Schröder-Turk
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Australian National University, Research School of Physics, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Wang YT, Yang CH, Huang KS, Shaw JF. Chlorophyllides: Preparation, Purification, and Application. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081115. [PMID: 34439782 PMCID: PMC8392590 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyllides can be found in photosynthetic organisms. Generally, chlorophyllides have a-, b-, c-, d-, and f-type derivatives, and all chlorophyllides have a tetrapyrrole structure with a Mg ion at the center and a fifth isocyclic pentanone. Chlorophyllide a can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a, divinyl chlorophyllide a, or chlorophyll. In addition, chlorophyllide a can be transformed into chlorophyllide b, chlorophyllide d, or chlorophyllide f. Chlorophyllide c can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a or divinyl protochlorophyllide a. Chlorophyllides have been extensively used in food, medicine, and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, chlorophyllides exhibit many biological activities, such as anti-growth, antimicrobial, antiviral, antipathogenic, and antiproliferative activity. The photosensitivity of chlorophyllides that is applied in mercury electrodes and sensors were discussed. This article is the first detailed review dedicated specifically to chlorophyllides. Thus, this review aims to describe the definition of chlorophyllides, biosynthetic routes of chlorophyllides, purification of chlorophyllides, and applications of chlorophyllides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Chih-Hui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Pharmacy Department of E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 106214, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Shiang Huang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.-S.H.); (J.-F.S.); Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7063) (K.-S.H.); +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7310) (J.-F.S.); Fax: +886-7-6151959 (J.-F.S.)
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.-S.H.); (J.-F.S.); Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7063) (K.-S.H.); +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7310) (J.-F.S.); Fax: +886-7-6151959 (J.-F.S.)
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28
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Solymosi K, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. The Role of Membranes and Lipid-Protein Interactions in the Mg-Branch of Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663309. [PMID: 33995458 PMCID: PMC8113382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is essential for photosynthesis and needs to be produced throughout the whole plant life, especially under changing light intensity and stress conditions which may result in the destruction and elimination of these pigments. All steps of the Mg-branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis leading to Chl formation are carried out by enzymes associated with plastid membranes. Still the significance of these protein-membrane and protein-lipid interactions in Chl synthesis and chloroplast differentiation are not very well-understood. In this review, we provide an overview on Chl biosynthesis in angiosperms with emphasis on its association with membranes and lipids. Moreover, the last steps of the pathway including the reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide), the biosynthesis of the isoprenoid phytyl moiety and the esterification of Chlide are also summarized. The unique biochemical and photophysical properties of the light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) enzyme catalyzing Pchlide photoreduction and located to peculiar tubuloreticular prolamellar body (PLB) membranes of light-deprived tissues of angiosperms and to envelope membranes, as well as to thylakoids (especially grana margins) are also reviewed. Data about the factors influencing tubuloreticular membrane formation within cells, the spectroscopic properties and the in vitro reconstitution of the native LPOR enzyme complexes are also critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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29
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin D Engel
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
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