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Sun T. Light People: Prof. Juejun Hu, exploring the light. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:215. [PMID: 39191735 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01583-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
EDITORIAL Professor Juejun Hu was admitted by Tsinghua University as top scorer in the science college entrance examination of Fujian Province. After graduating, he went to MIT to pursue further studies, where he continued to excel and became a faculty member. Each step of his journey has been marked by extraordinary achievements, setting a standard that few can match. Today, Prof. Hu is recognized as a leading expert in integrated photonics and optical materials. His pioneering research has not only advanced the frontiers of academia but also made significant impacts on industrial applications. In this interview, we invite you to delve into Prof. Hu's research world, exploring his unique insights into technological innovation and how he uses the power of science to shape the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Sun
- Light Publishing Group, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3888 Dong Nanhu Road, Changchun, 130033, China.
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2
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Jung C, Lee E, Rho J. The rise of electrically tunable metasurfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado8964. [PMID: 39178252 PMCID: PMC11343036 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado8964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, which offer a diverse range of functionalities in a remarkably compact size, have captured the interest of both scientific and industrial sectors. However, their inherent static nature limits their adaptability for their further applications. Reconfigurable metasurfaces have emerged as a solution to this challenge, expanding the potential for diverse applications. Among the series of tunable devices, electrically controllable devices have garnered particular attention owing to their seamless integration with existing electronic equipment. This review presents recent progress reported with respect to electrically tunable devices, providing an overview of their technological development trajectory and current state of the art. In particular, we analyze the major tuning strategies and discuss the applications in spatial light modulators, tunable optical waveguides, and adaptable emissivity regulators. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities associated with their implementation are explored, thereby highlighting their potential to bridge the gap between electronics and photonics to enable the development of groundbreaking optical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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3
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Hu H, Lu W, Antonov A, Berté R, Maier SA, Tittl A. Environmental permittivity-asymmetric BIC metasurfaces with electrical reconfigurability. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7050. [PMID: 39147735 PMCID: PMC11327280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Achieving precise spectral and temporal light manipulation at the nanoscale remains a critical challenge in nanophotonics. While photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs) have emerged as a powerful means of controlling light, their reliance on geometrical symmetry breaking for obtaining tailored resonances makes them highly susceptible to fabrication imperfections, and their generally fixed asymmetry factor fundamentally limits applications in reconfigurable metasurfaces. Here, we introduce the concept of environmental symmetry breaking by embedding identical resonators into a surrounding medium with carefully placed regions of contrasting refractive indexes, activating permittivity-driven quasi-BIC resonances (ε-qBICs) without altering the underlying resonator geometry and unlocking an additional degree of freedom for light manipulation through active tuning of the surrounding dielectric environment. We demonstrate this concept by integrating polyaniline (PANI), an electro-optically active polymer, to achieve electrically reconfigurable ε-qBICs. This integration not only demonstrates rapid switching speeds and exceptional durability but also boosts the system's optical response to environmental perturbations. Our strategy significantly expands the capabilities of resonant light manipulation through permittivity modulation, opening avenues for on-chip optical devices, advanced sensing, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Hu
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, München, Germany
| | - Wenzheng Lu
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, München, Germany
| | - Alexander Antonov
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, München, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Berté
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, München, Germany
| | - Stefan A Maier
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, München, Germany.
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Kaissner R, Renz B, Neubrech F, Hu Y, Liu N. An Electrochemically Programmable Metasurface with Independently Controlled Metasurface Pixels at Optical Frequencies. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9961-9966. [PMID: 38994869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have revolutionized optical technologies by offering powerful, compact, and versatile solutions to control light. Conducting polymers, characterized by their conjugated molecular structures, facilitate charge transport and exhibit interesting electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Integrating conducting polymers with optical metasurfaces can unlock new opportunities and functionalities in modern optics. In this work, we demonstrate an electrochemically programmable metasurface with independently controlled metasurface pixels at optical frequencies. Electrochemical modulation of locally conjugated polyaniline on gold nanorods, which are arranged on addressable electrodes according to the Pancharatnam-Berry phase design, enables dynamic control over the metasurface pixels into programmable configurations. With the same metasurface device, we showcase diverse optical functions, including dynamic beam diffraction and varifocal lensing along and off the optical axis. The synergy between flat optics and conducting polymer science holds immense potential to enhance the performance and function versatility of metasurfaces, paving the way for innovative optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kaissner
- 2nd Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Renz
- 2nd Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Neubrech
- 2nd Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Na Liu
- 2nd Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Song H, Chen S, Sun X, Cui Y, Yildirim T, Kang J, Yang S, Yang F, Lu Y, Zhang L. Enhancing 2D Photonics and Optoelectronics with Artificial Microstructures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2403176. [PMID: 39031754 PMCID: PMC11348073 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
By modulating subwavelength structures and integrating functional materials, 2D artificial microstructures (2D AMs), including heterostructures, superlattices, metasurfaces and microcavities, offer a powerful platform for significant manipulation of light fields and functions. These structures hold great promise in high-performance and highly integrated optoelectronic devices. However, a comprehensive summary of 2D AMs remains elusive for photonics and optoelectronics. This review focuses on the latest breakthroughs in 2D AM devices, categorized into electronic devices, photonic devices, and optoelectronic devices. The control of electronic and optical properties through tuning twisted angles is discussed. Some typical strategies that enhance light-matter interactions are introduced, covering the integration of 2D materials with external photonic structures and intrinsic polaritonic resonances. Additionally, the influences of external stimuli, such as vertical electric fields, enhanced optical fields and plasmonic confinements, on optoelectronic properties is analysed. The integrations of these devices are also thoroughly addressed. Challenges and future perspectives are summarized to stimulate research and development of 2D AMs for future photonics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizeng Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional MaterialsZhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukou466001China
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsKey Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIITNanjing211106China
| | - Shuai Chen
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsKey Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIITNanjing211106China
| | - Xueqian Sun
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Sciencethe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Yichun Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Test Physics and Numerical MathematicsBeijing100190China
| | - Tanju Yildirim
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringSouthern Cross UniversityEast LismoreNSW2480Australia
| | - Jian Kang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsKey Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIITNanjing211106China
| | - Shunshun Yang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsKey Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIITNanjing211106China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsKey Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIITNanjing211106China
| | - Yuerui Lu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Sciencethe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Linglong Zhang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsKey Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIITNanjing211106China
- Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210093China
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Khalid R, Wu QYS, Mahmood N, Deng J, Nemati A, Sreekanth KV, Cabrera H, Mehmood MQ, Teng J, Zubair M. Fluid-responsive tunable metasurfaces for high-fidelity optical wireless communication. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38994895 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00592a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Optical wireless communication (OWC), with its blazing data transfer speed and unparalleled security, is a futuristic technology for wireless connectivity. Despite the significant advancements in OWC, the realization of tunable devices for on-demand and versatile connectivity still needs to be explored. This presents a considerable limitation in utilizing adaptive technologies to improve signal directivity and optimize data transfer. This study proposes a unique platform that utilizes tunable, fluid-responsive multifunctional metasurfaces offering dynamic and unprecedented control over electromagnetic wave manipulation to enhance the performance of OWC networks. We have achieved real-time, on-demand beam steering with vary-focusing capability by integrating the fabricated metasurfaces with different isotropic fluids. Furthermore, the designed metasurfaces are capable of polarization-based switching of the diffracted light beams to enhance overall productivity. Our research has showcased the potential of fluid-responsive tunable metasurfaces in revolutionizing OWC networks by significantly improving transmission reliability and signal quality through real-time adjustments. The proposed methodology is verified by designing and fabricating an all-dielectric metasurface measuring 500 μm × 500 μm and experimentally investigating its fluid-responsive vary-focal capability. By incorporating fluid-responsive properties into spin-decoupled metasurfaces, we aim to develop advanced high-tech optical devices and systems to simplify beam-steering and improve performance, adaptability, and functionality, making the devices suitable for various practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramna Khalid
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), 54000 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Qing Yang Steve Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), 54000 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Jie Deng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Arash Nemati
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Kandammathe Valiyaveedu Sreekanth
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Humberto Cabrera
- MLab, STI Unit, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, 34151, Italy
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), 54000 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), 54000 Lahore, Pakistan.
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Kim Y, Yao K, Ponce C, Zheng Y. Optical Actuation of Nanoparticle-Loaded Liquid-Liquid Interfaces for Active Photonics. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15627-15637. [PMID: 38850254 PMCID: PMC11299852 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid interfaces hold the potential to serve as versatile platforms for dynamic processes, due to their inherent fluidity and capacity to accommodate surface-active materials. This study explores laser-driven actuation of liquid-liquid interfaces with and without loading of gold nanoparticles and further exploits the laser-actuated interfaces with nanoparticles for tunable photonics. Upon laser exposure, gold nanoparticles were rearranged along the interface, enabling the reconfigurable, small-aperture modulation of light transmission and the tunable lensing effect. Adapting the principles of optical and optothermal tweezers, we interpreted the underlying mechanisms of actuation and modulation as a synergy of optomechanical and optothermal effects. Our findings provide an analytical framework for understanding microscopic interfacial behaviors, contributing to potential applications in tunable photonics and interfacial material engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kan Yao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Carolina Ponce
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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8
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Du T, Luo M, Ma H, Jiang X, Zhang Z, Peng Z, Huang P, Zou H, Yang J. Real-time channel selection in multi-mode multiplexing optical interconnection implemented by hybrid algorithm and material system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:21400-21411. [PMID: 38859494 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Multi-mode multiplexing optical interconnection (MMOI) has been widely used as a new technology that can significantly expand communication bandwidth. However, the constant-on state of each channel in the existing MMOI systems leads to serious interference for receivers when extracting and processing information, necessitating introducing real-time selective-on function for each channel in MMOI systems. To achieve this goal, combining several practical requirements, we propose a real-time selective mode switch based on phase-change materials, which can individually tune the passing/blocking of different modes in the bus waveguide. We utilize our proposed particle swarm optimization algorithm with embedded neural network surrogate models (NN-in-PSO) to design this mode switch. The proposed NN-in-PSO significantly reduces the optimization cost, enabling multi-dimensional simultaneous optimization. The resulting mode switch offers several advantages, including ultra-compactness, rapid tuning, nonvolatility, and large extinction ratio. Then, we demonstrate the real-time channel selection function by integrating the mode switch into the MMOI system. Finally, we prove the fabricating robustness of the proposed mode switch, which paves the way for its large-scale application.
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Kim J, Im JH, So S, Choi Y, Kang H, Lim B, Lee M, Kim YK, Rho J. Dynamic Hyperspectral Holography Enabled by Inverse-Designed Metasurfaces with Oblique Helicoidal Cholesterics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311785. [PMID: 38456592 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are flat arrays of nanostructures that allow exquisite control of phase and amplitude of incident light. Although metasurfaces offer new active element for both fundamental science and applications, the challenge still remains to overcome their low information capacity and passive nature. Here, by integrating an inverse-designed-metasurface with oblique helicoidal cholesteric liquid crystal (ChOH), simultaneous spatial and spectral tunable metasurfaces with a high information capacity for dynamic hyperspectral holography, are demonstrated. The inverse design facilitates a single-phase map encoding of ten independent holographic images at different wavelengths. ChOH provides precise spectral modulation with narrow bandwidth and wide tunable regime in response to programmed stimuli, thus enabling dynamic switching of the multicolor holography. The results provide simple and generalizable principles for the rational design of interactive metasurfaces that will find numerous applications, including security platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyung Im
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunae So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongseon Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bogyu Lim
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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10
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Cotrufo M, Sulejman SB, Wesemann L, Rahman MA, Bhaskaran M, Roberts A, Alù A. Reconfigurable image processing metasurfaces with phase-change materials. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4483. [PMID: 38802353 PMCID: PMC11130277 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces have enabled analog computing and image processing within sub-wavelength footprints, and with reduced power consumption and faster speeds. While various image processing metasurfaces have been demonstrated, most of the considered devices are static and lack reconfigurability. Yet, the ability to dynamically reconfigure processing operations is key for metasurfaces to be used within practical computing systems. Here, we demonstrate a passive edge-detection metasurface operating in the near-infrared regime whose response can be drastically modified by temperature variations smaller than 10 °C around a CMOS-compatible temperature of 65 °C. Such reconfigurability is achieved by leveraging the insulator-to-metal phase transition of a thin layer of vanadium dioxide, which strongly alters the metasurface nonlocal response. Importantly, this reconfigurability is accompanied by performance metrics-such as numerical aperture, efficiency, isotropy, and polarization-independence - close to optimal, and it is combined with a simple geometry compatible with large-scale manufacturing. Our work paves the way to a new generation of ultra-compact, tunable and passive devices for all-optical computation, with potential applications in augmented reality, remote sensing and bio-medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cotrufo
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
| | - Shaban B Sulejman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lukas Wesemann
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Madhu Bhaskaran
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ann Roberts
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Physics Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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11
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Sha X, Du K, Zeng Y, Lai F, Yin J, Zhang H, Song B, Han J, Xiao S, Kivshar Y, Song Q. Chirality tuning and reversing with resonant phase-change metasurfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn9017. [PMID: 38787955 PMCID: PMC11122676 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn9017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic control of circular dichroism in photonic structures is critically important for compact spectrometers, stereoscopic displays, and information processing exploiting multiple degrees of freedom. Metasurfaces can help miniaturize chiral devices but only produce static and limited chiral responses. While external stimuli can tune resonances, their modulations are often weak, and reversing continuously the sign of circular dichroism is extremely challenging. Here, we demonstrate the dynamically tunable chiral response of resonant metasurfaces supporting chiral bound states in the continuum combining them with phase-change materials. Phase transition between amorphous and crystalline phases allows for control of chiral response and varies chirality rapidly from -0.947 to +0.958 backward and forward via the chirality continuum. Our demonstrations underpin the rapid development of chiral photonics and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Sha
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Kang Du
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yixuan Zeng
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Fangxing Lai
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hanxu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Bo Song
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Jiecai Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Shumin Xiao
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macan Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Qinghai Song
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
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12
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Yuan X, Wei Z, Ma Q, Ding W, Guo J. Multitask Learning Deep Neural Networks Enable Embedded Design of Active Metamaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26500-26511. [PMID: 38739095 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we propose and implement a deep neural network framework based on multitask learning aimed at simplifying the forward modeling and inverse design process of photonic devices integrating active metasurfaces. We demonstrate and validate our approach by constructing a continuously tunable bandpass filter that is effective in the midwave infrared region. The key to this filter is the combination of a metasurface and Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity structure of the tunable phase-change material Ge2Sb2Se4Te (GSST) and the precise control of the crystallinity of the GSST by a silicon-based heater. With the help of a deep learning framework, we are able to independently model the crystallinity and geometric parameters of the filter to maximize the use of GSST tuning for bandpass filtering. Our model discusses the self-attention mechanism and the effect of noise and compares several existing popular algorithms, and the results show that a multitask deep learning strategy can better assist the on-demand reverse design of photonic structures with phase change materials. This opens up new possibilities for personalization and functional extension of optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogen Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongchao Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiongxiong Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Antenna and Radio Frequency Technology, Guangdong Shenglu Telecommunication Tech. Co., Ltd., Foshan, Guangdong 430072, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Education Center of Optoelectronic Information Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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13
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Popescu CC, Aryana K, Garud P, Dao KP, Vitale S, Liberman V, Bae HB, Lee TW, Kang M, Richardson KA, Julian M, Ocampo CAR, Zhang Y, Gu T, Hu J, Kim HJ. Electrically Reconfigurable Phase-Change Transmissive Metasurface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400627. [PMID: 38724020 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Programmable and reconfigurable optics hold significant potential for transforming a broad spectrum of applications, spanning space explorations to biomedical imaging, gas sensing, and optical cloaking. The ability to adjust the optical properties of components like filters, lenses, and beam steering devices could result in dramatic reductions in size, weight, and power consumption in future optoelectronic devices. Among the potential candidates for reconfigurable optics, chalcogenide-based phase change materials (PCMs) offer great promise due to their non-volatile and analogue switching characteristics. Although PCM have found widespread use in electronic data storage, these memory devices are deeply sub-micron-sized. To incorporate phase change materials into free-space optical components, it is essential to scale them up to beyond several hundreds of microns while maintaining reliable switching characteristics. This study demonstrated a non-mechanical, non-volatile transmissive filter based on low-loss PCMs with a 200 × 200 µm2 switching area. The device/metafilter can be consistently switched between low- and high-transmission states using electrical pulses with a switching contrast ratio of 5.5 dB. The device was reversibly switched for 1250 cycles before accelerated degradation took place. The work represents an important step toward realizing free-space reconfigurable optics based on PCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Constantin Popescu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Parth Garud
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Khoi Phuong Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Steven Vitale
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Vladimir Liberman
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Hyung-Bin Bae
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Myungkoo Kang
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics University of Central Florida Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Kathleen A Richardson
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics University of Central Florida Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | | | - Carlos A Ríos Ocampo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tian Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
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14
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Li C, Pan R, Gu C, Guo H, Li J. Reconfigurable Micro/Nano-Optical Devices Based on Phase Transitions: From Materials, Mechanisms to Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306344. [PMID: 38489745 PMCID: PMC11132080 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous efforts have been devoted to exploring innovative micro/nano-optical devices (MNODs) with reconfigurable functionality, which is highly significant because of the progressively increasing requirements for next-generation photonic systems. Fortunately, phase change materials (PCMs) provide an extremely competitive pathway to achieve this goal. The phase transitions induce significant changes to materials in optical, electrical properties or shapes, triggering great research interests in applying PCMs to reconfigurable micro/nano-optical devices (RMNODs). More specifically, the PCMs-based RMNODs can interact with incident light in on-demand or adaptive manners and thus realize unique functions. In this review, RMNODs based on phase transitions are systematically summarized and comprehensively overviewed from materials, phase change mechanisms to applications. The reconfigurable optical devices consisting of three kinds of typical PCMs are emphatically introduced, including chalcogenides, transition metal oxides, and shape memory alloys, highlighting the reversible state switch and dramatic contrast of optical responses along with designated utilities generated by phase transition. Finally, a comprehensive summary of the whole content is given, discussing the challenge and outlooking the potential development of the PCMs-based RMNODs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Ruhao Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Changzhi Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Haiming Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Junjie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
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15
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Fang Z, Chen R, Fröch JE, Tanguy QAA, Khan AI, Wu X, Tara V, Manna A, Sharp D, Munley C, Miller F, Zhao Y, Geiger S, Böhringer KF, Reynolds MS, Pop E, Majumdar A. Nonvolatile Phase-Only Transmissive Spatial Light Modulator with Electrical Addressability of Individual Pixels. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11245-11256. [PMID: 38639708 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Active metasurfaces with tunable subwavelength-scale nanoscatterers are promising platforms for high-performance spatial light modulators (SLMs). Among the tuning methods, phase-change materials (PCMs) are attractive because of their nonvolatile, threshold-driven, and drastic optical modulation, rendering zero-static power, crosstalk immunity, and compact pixels. However, current electrically controlled PCM-based metasurfaces are limited to global amplitude modulation, which is insufficient for SLMs. Here, an individual-pixel addressable, transmissive metasurface is experimentally demonstrated using the low-loss PCM Sb2Se3 and doped silicon nanowire heaters. The nanowires simultaneously form a diatomic metasurface, supporting a high-quality-factor (∼406) quasi-bound-state-in-the-continuum mode. A global phase-only modulation of ∼0.25π (∼0.2π) in simulation (experiment) is achieved, showing ten times enhancement. A 2π phase shift is further obtained using a guided-mode resonance with enhanced light-Sb2Se3 interaction. Finally, individual-pixel addressability and SLM functionality are demonstrated through deterministic multilevel switching (ten levels) and tunable far-field beam shaping. Our work presents zero-static power transmissive phase-only SLMs, enabled by electrically controlled low-loss PCMs and individual meta-molecule addressable metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Fang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Quentin A A Tanguy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Asir Intisar Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiangjin Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Virat Tara
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Arnab Manna
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David Sharp
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christopher Munley
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Forrest Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sarah Geiger
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karl F Böhringer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Institute for Nano-engineered Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthew S Reynolds
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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16
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Manio GAV, Kouchi MT, Dacuycuy SJ, Ohta AT, Shiroma WA. Rapid Prototyping of Anomalous Reflective Metasurfaces Using Spray-Coated Liquid Metal. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2003. [PMID: 38730810 PMCID: PMC11084623 DOI: 10.3390/ma17092003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have the potential to improve wireless communication links by dynamically redirecting signals to dead spots. Although a reconfigurable surface is best suited for environments in which the reflected signal must be dynamically steered, there are cases where a static, non-reconfigurable anomalous reflective metasurface can suffice. In this work, spray-coated liquid metal is used to rapidly prototype an anomalous reflective metasurface. Using a pressurized air gun and a plastic thin-film mask, a metasurface consisting of a 6 × 4 array of Galinstan liquid-metal elements is sprayed within minutes. The metasurface produces a reflected wave at an angle of 28° from normal in response to a normal incident 3.5-GHz electromagnetic plane wave. The spray-coated liquid-metal metasurface shows comparable results to an anomalous reflective metasurface with copper elements of the same dimensions, demonstrating that this liquid-metal fabrication process is a viable solution for the rapid prototyping of anomalous reflective metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wayne A. Shiroma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; (M.T.K.); (S.J.D.); (A.T.O.)
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17
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Sun J, Zhou S, Ye Z, Hu B, Zou Y. On-chip photonic convolution by phase-change in-memory computing cells with quasi-continuous tuning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:14994-15007. [PMID: 38859161 DOI: 10.1364/oe.519018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Matrix multiplication acceleration by on-chip photonic integrated circuits (PICs) is emerging as one of the attractive and promising solutions, offering outstanding benefits in speed and bandwidth as compared to non-photonic approaches. Incorporating nonvolatile phase-change materials into PICs or devices enables optical storage and computing, surpassing their electrical counterparts. In this paper, we propose a design of on-chip photonic convolution for optical in-memory computing by integrating the phase change chalcogenide of Ge2Sb2Se4Te1 (GSST) into an asymmetric directional coupler for constructions of an in-memory computing cell, marrying the advantages of both the large bandwidth of Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) and the small size of micro-ring resonators (MRRs). Through quasi-continuous electro-thermal tuning of the GSST-integrated in-memory computing cells, numerical calculations about the optical and electro-thermal behaviors during GSST phase transition confirm the tunability of the programmable elements stored in the in-memory computing cells within [-1, 1]. For proof-of-concept verification, we apply the proposed optical convolutional kernel to a typical image edge detection application. As evidenced by the evaluation results, the prototype achieves the same accuracy as the convolution kernel implemented on a common digital computer, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed scheme for on-chip photonic convolution and optical in-memory computing.
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18
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Leng R, Chen X, Liu P, Zhu Z, Zhang J. High Q lithium niobate metasurfaces with transparent electrodes for efficient amplitude and phase modulation. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:3156-3161. [PMID: 38856460 DOI: 10.1364/ao.514979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LN)-based metasurfaces have demonstrated remarkable potential in integrated electro-optically adjustable metadevices with the maturation of thin film LN on insulator (LNOI) technology. Here, we proposed a type of high Q factor tunable metasurface with etchless LN, which is electrically driven in the vertical direction by using transparent conductive film. A transmission amplitude modulation of over 60 dB at a voltage of 20 V is realized through guided mode resonances created at the LN layer with a Q factor of 1320. Meanwhile, phase modulation is also realized with a reflective design by adding a gold layer at the bottom of the metasurface. With a gate voltage of 80 V, about 1.75π phase modulation is achieved while keeping reflection over 92%. Our proposed device achieves effective modulation of optical amplitude and phase in the near-infrared band, which lays a good foundation for the development of high performance LN-based active nanophotonic devices.
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19
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Siegel J, Kim S, Fortman M, Wan C, Kats MA, Hon PWC, Sweatlock L, Jang MS, Brar VW. Electrostatic steering of thermal emission with active metasurface control of delocalized modes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3376. [PMID: 38643246 PMCID: PMC11032313 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We theoretically describe and experimentally demonstrate a graphene-integrated metasurface structure that enables electrically-tunable directional control of thermal emission. This device consists of a dielectric spacer that acts as a Fabry-Perot resonator supporting long-range delocalized modes bounded on one side by an electrostatically tunable metal-graphene metasurface. By varying the Fermi level of the graphene, the accumulated phase of the Fabry-Perot mode is shifted, which changes the direction of absorption and emission at a fixed frequency. We directly measure the frequency- and angle-dependent emissivity of the thermal emission from a fabricated device heated to 250 °C. Our results show that electrostatic control allows the thermal emission at 6.61 μm to be continuously steered over 16°, with a peak emissivity maintained above 0.9. We analyze the dynamic behavior of the thermal emission steerer theoretically using a Fano interference model, and use the model to design optimized thermal steerer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Siegel
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shinho Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Margaret Fortman
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chenghao Wan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mikhail A Kats
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Min Seok Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Victor Watson Brar
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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20
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Wu L, Huang J, You S, Gao C, Zhou C. Active strong coupling of exciton and nanocavity based on GSST-WSe 2 hybrid nanostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:14078-14089. [PMID: 38859363 DOI: 10.1364/oe.519134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The strong coupling between optical resonance microcavity and matter excitations provides a practical path for controlling light-matter interactions. However, conventional microcavity, whose functions are fixed at the fabrication stage, dramatically limits the modulation of light-matter interactions. Here, we investigate the active strong coupling of resonance mode and exciton in GSST-WSe2 hybrid nanostructures. It is demonstrated that significant spectral splitting is observed in single nanostructures, tetramers, and metasurfaces. We further confirm the strong coupling by calculating the enhanced fluorescence spectra. The coupling effect between the excited resonance and exciton is dramatically modulated during the change of GSST from amorphous to crystalline, thus realizing the strong coupling switching. This switching property has been fully demonstrated in several systems mentioned earlier. Our work is significant in guiding the study of actively tunable strong light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
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21
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Huang Y, Zhu Z, Dong Y, Tang H, Zheng B, Podolskiy VA, Zhang H. Eigendecomposition-free inverse design of meta-optics devices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:13986-13997. [PMID: 38859356 DOI: 10.1364/oe.514347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The inverse design of meta-optics has received much attention in recent years. In this paper, we propose a GPU-friendly inverse design framework based on improved eigendecomposition-free rigorous diffraction interface theory, which offers up to 16.2 × speedup over the traditional inverse design based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis. We further improve the framework's flexibility by introducing a hybrid parameterization combining neural-implicit and traditional shape optimization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework through intricate tasks, including the inverse design of reconfigurable free-form meta-atoms.
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22
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Xiong Y, Zhang G, Tian Y, Wang JL, Wang Y, Zhuo Z, Zhao X. Optimization of a Ge 2Sb 2Te 5-Based Electrically Tunable Phase-Change Thermal Emitter for Dynamic Thermal Camouflage. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1641. [PMID: 38612154 PMCID: PMC11012450 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Controlling infrared thermal radiations can significantly improve the environmental adaptability of targets and has attracted increasing attention in the field of thermal camouflage. Thermal emitters based on Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) can flexibly change their radiation energy by controlling the reversible phase transition of GST, which possesses fast switching speed and low power consumption. However, the feasibility of the dynamic regulation of GST emitters lacks experimental and simulation verification. In this paper, we propose an electrically tunable thermal emitter consisting of a metal-insulator-metal plasmonic metasurface based on GST. Both optical and thermal simulations are conducted to optimize the structural parameters of the GST emitter. The results indicate that this emitter possesses large emissivity tunability, wide incident angle, polarization insensitivity, phase-transition feasibility, and dynamic thermal camouflage capability. Therefore, this work proposes a reliable optimization method to design viable GST-based thermal emitters. Moreover, it provides theoretical support for the practical application of phase-change materials in dynamic infrared thermal camouflage technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Xiong
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Guoxu Zhang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yaolan Tian
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jun-Lei Wang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yunzheng Wang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhuang Zhuo
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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23
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Hui J, Hu Q, Yuan H, Shi R, Huang X, Wu Y, Ren Y, Zhang Z, Wang H. High-Throughput Study of Amorphous Stability and Optical Properties of Superlattice-Like Ge-Sb-Te Thin Films. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307792. [PMID: 38037483 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput ion beam sputtering system is used to synthesize compositional gradient superlattice-like (SLL) thin film libraries of Ge-Sb-Te alloys over the entire phase diagram. The optical properties and structural evolution of the Ge-Sb-Te combinatorial SLL thin film are investigated. A systematic screening over the annealing temperature, annealing time, and modulation period has elucidated the critical factors that affect the stability of the metastable phase and optical properties. It is found that amorphous stability and optical constant are highly dependent on the modulation period and chemical composition of the thin film. This data-driven approach offers new perspectives for accelerating the development of new materials with excellent optical and amorphous stability and for exploring their mechanisms, by greatly expanding the dataset of Ge-Sb-Te alloys with SLL structures through high-throughput experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qingyun Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hongjian Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ruiqian Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Boyue Instruments Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Yang Ren
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 9999077, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Materials and Precision Forming, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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24
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Ko JH, Seo DH, Jeong HH, Kim S, Song YM. Sub-1-Volt Electrically Programmable Optical Modulator Based on Active Tamm Plasmon. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310556. [PMID: 38174820 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Reconfigurable optical devices hold great promise for advancing high-density optical interconnects, photonic switching, and memory applications. While many optical modulators based on active materials have been demonstrated, it is challenging to achieve a high modulation depth with a low operation voltage in the near-infrared (NIR) range, which is a highly sought-after wavelength window for free-space communication and imaging applications. Here, electrically switchable Tamm plasmon coupled with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is introduced. The device allows for a high modulation depth across the entire NIR range by fully absorbing incident light even under epsilon near zero conditions. Optical modulation exceeding 88% is achieved using a CMOS-compatible voltage of ±1 V. This modulation is facilitated by precise electrical control of the charge carrier density through an electrochemical doping/dedoping process. Additionally, the potential applications of the device are extended for a non-volatile multi-memory state optical device, capable of rewritable optical memory storage and exhibiting long-term potentiation/depression properties with neuromorphic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hwan Ko
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Seo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ho Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Semiconductor Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science AND Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Semiconductor Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science AND Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- AI Graduate School, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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25
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Zheng Q, Liang L, Quan Y, Nan X, Sun D, Tan Y, Hu X, Yu Q, Fang Z. Multi-band reprogrammable phase-change metasurface spectral filters for on-chip spectrometers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:11548-11559. [PMID: 38570999 DOI: 10.1364/oe.519530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Active optical metasurfaces provide a platform for dynamic and real-time manipulation of light at subwavelength scales. However, most active metasurfaces are unable to simultaneously possess a wide wavelength tuning range and narrow resonance peaks, thereby limiting further advancements in the field of high-precision sensing or detection. In the paper, we proposed a reprogrammable active metasurface that employs the non-volatile phase change material Ge2Sb2Te5 and demonstrated its excellent performance in on-chip spectrometer. The active metasurfaces support magnetic modes and feature Friedrich-Wintgen quasi bound states in the continuum, capable of achieving multi-resonant near-perfect absorption, a multilevel tuning range, and narrowband performance in the infrared band. Meanwhile, we numerically investigated the coupling phenomenon and the intrinsic relationship between different resonance modes under various structural parameters. Furthermore, using the active metasurfaces as tunable filters and combined with compressive sensing algorithms, we successfully reconstructed various types of spectral signals with an average fidelity rate exceeding 0.99, utilizing only 51 measurements with a single nanostructure. A spectral resolution of 0.5 nm at a center wavelength 2.538 µm is predicted when the crystallization fractions of GST change from 0 to 20%. This work has promising potential in on-site matter inspection and point-of-care (POC) testing.
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26
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Chae HU, Shrewsbury B, Ahsan R, Povinelli ML, Kapadia R. GaAs Mid-IR Electrically Tunable Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2581-2588. [PMID: 38349389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we explore III-V based metal-semiconductor-metal structures for tunable metasurfaces. We use an epitaxial transfer technique to transfer a III-V thin film directly on metallic surfaces, realizing III-V metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structures without heavily doped semiconductors as substitutes for metal layers. The device platform consists of gold metal layers with a p-i-n GaAs junction. The target resonance wavelength can be tuned by modifying the geometry of the top metal grating on the GaAs, while systematic resonance tunability has been shown through the modulation of various carrier concentration injections in the mid-IR range. Electrically tunable metasurfaces with multilevel biasing can serve as a fundamental building block for electrically tunable metasurfaces. We believe that our demonstration can contribute to understanding the optical tuning of III-V under various biased conditions, inducing changes in metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Uk Chae
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California 90089, United States
| | - Bo Shrewsbury
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California 90089, United States
| | - Ragib Ahsan
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California 90089, United States
| | - Michelle L Povinelli
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California 90089, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California 90089, United States
| | - Rehan Kapadia
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California 90089, United States
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27
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Cheng Y, Zhang J, Zhou T, Wang Y, Xu Z, Yuan X, Fang L. Photonic neuromorphic architecture for tens-of-task lifelong learning. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:56. [PMID: 38403652 PMCID: PMC10894876 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Scalable, high-capacity, and low-power computing architecture is the primary assurance for increasingly manifold and large-scale machine learning tasks. Traditional electronic artificial agents by conventional power-hungry processors have faced the issues of energy and scaling walls, hindering them from the sustainable performance improvement and iterative multi-task learning. Referring to another modality of light, photonic computing has been progressively applied in high-efficient neuromorphic systems. Here, we innovate a reconfigurable lifelong-learning optical neural network (L2ONN), for highly-integrated tens-of-task machine intelligence with elaborated algorithm-hardware co-design. Benefiting from the inherent sparsity and parallelism in massive photonic connections, L2ONN learns each single task by adaptively activating sparse photonic neuron connections in the coherent light field, while incrementally acquiring expertise on various tasks by gradually enlarging the activation. The multi-task optical features are parallelly processed by multi-spectrum representations allocated with different wavelengths. Extensive evaluations on free-space and on-chip architectures confirm that for the first time, L2ONN avoided the catastrophic forgetting issue of photonic computing, owning versatile skills on challenging tens-of-tasks (vision classification, voice recognition, medical diagnosis, etc.) with a single model. Particularly, L2ONN achieves more than an order of magnitude higher efficiency than the representative electronic artificial neural networks, and 14× larger capacity than existing optical neural networks while maintaining competitive performance on each individual task. The proposed photonic neuromorphic architecture points out a new form of lifelong learning scheme, permitting terminal/edge AI systems with light-speed efficiency and unprecedented scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Sigma Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- Sigma Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tiankuang Zhou
- Sigma Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhihao Xu
- Sigma Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yuan
- Sigma Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Science, Tsinghua University (THUIBCS), Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Sigma Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, 100084, China.
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Science, Tsinghua University (THUIBCS), Beijing, 100084, China.
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28
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Kim HJ, Julian M, Williams C, Bombara D, Hu J, Gu T, Aryana K, Sauti G, Humphreys W. Versatile spaceborne photonics with chalcogenide phase-change materials. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:20. [PMID: 38378811 PMCID: PMC10879159 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent growth in space systems has seen increasing capabilities packed into smaller and lighter Earth observation and deep space mission spacecraft. Phase-change materials (PCMs) are nonvolatile, reconfigurable, fast-switching, and have recently shown a high degree of space radiation tolerance, thereby making them an attractive materials platform for spaceborne photonics applications. They promise robust, lightweight, and energy-efficient reconfigurable optical systems whose functions can be dynamically defined on-demand and on-orbit to deliver enhanced science or mission support in harsh environments on lean power budgets. This comment aims to discuss the recent advances in rapidly growing PCM research and its potential to transition from conventional terrestrial optoelectronics materials platforms to versatile spaceborne photonic materials platforms for current and next-generation space and science missions. Materials International Space Station Experiment-14 (MISSE-14) mission-flown PCMs outside of the International Space Station (ISS) and key results and NASA examples are highlighted to provide strong evidence of the applicability of spaceborne photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Calum Williams
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - David Bombara
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tian Gu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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29
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Zheng T, Gu Y, Kwon H, Roberts G, Faraon A. Dynamic light manipulation via silicon-organic slot metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1557. [PMID: 38378672 PMCID: PMC10879521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Active metasurfaces provide the opportunity for fast spatio-temporal control of light. Among various tuning methods, organic electro-optic materials provide some unique advantages due to their fast speed and large nonlinearity, along with the possibility of using fabrication techniques based on infiltration. In this letter, we report a silicon-organic platform where organic electro-optic material is infiltrated into the narrow gaps of slot-mode metasurfaces with high quality factors. The mode confinement into the slot enables the placement of metallic electrodes in close proximity, thus enabling tunability at lower voltages. We demonstrate the maximum tuning sensitivity of 0.16nm/V, the maximum extinction ratio of 38% within ± 17V voltage at telecommunication wavelength. The device has 3dB bandwidth of 3MHz. These results provide a path towards tunable silicon-organic hybrid metasurfaces at CMOS-level voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhe Zheng
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Gu
- Department of Applied Physics and Material Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Hyounghan Kwon
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Center for Quantum Information at Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory Roberts
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Tech4Health Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Andrei Faraon
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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30
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Dittrich G, Cencha LG, Steinhart M, Wehrspohn RB, Berli CLA, Urteaga R, Huber P. Polymeric liquids in mesoporous photonic structures: From precursor film spreading to imbibition dynamics at the nanoscale. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:064903. [PMID: 38341790 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymers are known to wet nanopores with high surface energy through an atomically thin precursor film followed by slower capillary filling. We present here light interference spectroscopy using a mesoporous membrane-based chip that allows us to observe the dynamics of these phenomena in situ down to the sub-nanometer scale at milli- to microsecond temporal resolution. The device consists of a mesoporous silicon film (average pore size 6 nm) with an integrated photonic crystal, which permits to simultaneously measure the phase shift of thin film interference and the resonance of the photonic crystal upon imbibition. For a styrene dimer, we find a flat fluid front without a precursor film, while the pentamer forms an expanding molecular thin film moving in front of the menisci of the capillary filling. These different behaviors are attributed to a significantly faster pore-surface diffusion compared to the imbibition dynamics for the pentamer and vice versa for the dimer. In addition, both oligomers exhibit anomalously slow imbibition dynamics, which could be explained by apparent viscosities of six and eleven times the bulk value, respectively. However, a more consistent description of the dynamics is achieved by a constriction model that emphasizes the increasing importance of local undulations in the pore radius with the molecular size and includes a sub-nanometer hydrodynamic dead, immobile zone at the pore wall but otherwise uses bulk fluid parameters. Overall, our study illustrates that interferometric, opto-fluidic experiments with mesoporous media allow for a remarkably detailed exploration of the nano-rheology of polymeric liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Dittrich
- Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg-Harburg, Germany
| | - Luisa G Cencha
- IFIS-Litoral (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Guemes 3450, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Martin Steinhart
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ralf B Wehrspohn
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), 21 Kentech-gil, Naju 58330, South Korea
| | - Claudio L A Berli
- INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Predio CCT CONICET Santa Fe, RN 168, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Raul Urteaga
- IFIS-Litoral (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Guemes 3450, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Patrick Huber
- Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg-Harburg, Germany
- Center for X-Ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Han W, Dai Y, Wei D, Zhang X, Han L, Peng B, Jiao S, Weng S, Zuo P, Jiang L. Active Property-Structure Integrated Reconfiguration of Individual Resonant Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:2836-2846. [PMID: 38189158 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Property-structure reconfigurable nanoparticles (NPs) provide additional flexibility for effectively and flexibly manipulating light at the nanoscale. This has facilitated the development of various multifunctional and high-performance nanophotonic devices. Resonant NPs based on dielectric active materials, especially phase change materials, are particularly promising for achieving reconfigurability. However, the on-demand control of the properties, especially the morphology, in individual dielectric resonant NP remains a significant challenge. In this study, we present an all-optical approach for one-step fabrication of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) hemispherical NPs, integrated active reversible phase-state switching, and morphology reshaping. Reversible optical switching is demonstrated, attributed to reversible phase-state changes, along with unidirectional modifications to their scattering intensity resulting from morphology reshaping. This novel technology allows the precise adjustment of each structural pixel without affecting the overall functionality of the switchable nanophotonic device. It is highly suitable for applications in single-pixel-addressable active optical devices, structural color displays, and information storage, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Han
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Yuling Dai
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Donghui Wei
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingyi Zhang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Luna Han
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Biye Peng
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Shuhui Jiao
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shayuan Weng
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Pei Zuo
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
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32
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Sreekanth KV, Perumal J, Dinish US, Prabhathan P, Liu Y, Singh R, Olivo M, Teng J. Tunable Tamm plasmon cavity as a scalable biosensing platform for surface enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7085. [PMID: 37925522 PMCID: PMC10625559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface enhanced Resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) is a powerful technique for enhancing Raman spectra by matching the laser excitation wavelength with the plasmonic resonance and the absorption peak of biomolecules. Here, we propose a tunable Tamm plasmon polariton (TPP) cavity based on a metal on distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) as a scalable sensing platform for SERRS. We develop a gold film-coated ultralow-loss phase change material (Sb2S3) based DBR, which exhibits continuously tunable TPP resonances in the optical wavelengths. We demonstrate SERRS by matching the TPP resonance with the absorption peak of the chromophore molecule at 785 nm wavelength. We use this platform to detect cardiac Troponin I protein (cTnI), a biomarker for early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, achieving a detection limit of 380 fM. This scalable substrate shows great promise as a next-generation tunable biosensing platform for detecting disease biomarkers in body fluids for routine real-time clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandammathe Valiyaveedu Sreekanth
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Jayakumar Perumal
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #07-01, Singapore, 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - U S Dinish
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #07-01, Singapore, 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Patinharekandy Prabhathan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Republic of Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yuanda Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Republic of Singapore.
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Malini Olivo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #07-01, Singapore, 138669, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
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33
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Nagashima S, Yahagi Y, Nishino M, Yamaoka T, Nakagawa K, Wang J, Ohkoshi SI, Tokoro H. Direct Observation of Magnetic Domain and Magnetization Reversal on Prussian Blue-Based Magnetic Films. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22934-22944. [PMID: 37824191 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the magnetic domain is indispensable for understanding the magnetostatic properties of magnets. However, to date, the magnetic domain has not yet been reported in the field of molecule-based magnets. Herein, we study the magnetic domains of molecule-based magnets. Two magnetic films of iron/chromium hexacyanidochromate FexCr1-x[Cr(CN)6]2/3·5H2O (x = 0; Film 1 and x = 0.2; Film 2) were prepared for investigation. The temperature evolution of surface magnetization was measured using magnetic force microscopy. Film 1 showed a magnetic domain below Curie temperature (TC) and its positive-magnetic polarization increased monotonously with decreasing temperature, while Film 2 showed positive magnetic polarization below TC and switches from positive to negative magnetization through a demagnetization state at 146 K. This study originally reports the temperature variation of the magnetization state at the magnetization reversal. The magnetic domains appeared as a maze pattern with an approximate domain size of one-to-several micrometers. This work shows that research on molecule-based magnets can be expanded from magnetochemistry to the magnetostatic engineering of bulk magnets, molecule-based magnetostatic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Nagashima
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yuji Yahagi
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nishino
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yamaoka
- Analysis Systems Solution Development Department, Metrology and Analysis Systems Product Division, Hitachi High-Tech Co. 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nakagawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junhao Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ohkoshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tokoro
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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34
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Prabhathan P, Sreekanth KV, Teng J, Ko JH, Yoo YJ, Jeong HH, Lee Y, Zhang S, Cao T, Popescu CC, Mills B, Gu T, Fang Z, Chen R, Tong H, Wang Y, He Q, Lu Y, Liu Z, Yu H, Mandal A, Cui Y, Ansari AS, Bhingardive V, Kang M, Lai CK, Merklein M, Müller MJ, Song YM, Tian Z, Hu J, Losurdo M, Majumdar A, Miao X, Chen X, Gholipour B, Richardson KA, Eggleton BJ, Sharda K, Wuttig M, Singh R. Roadmap for phase change materials in photonics and beyond. iScience 2023; 26:107946. [PMID: 37854690 PMCID: PMC10579438 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) have demonstrated tremendous potential as a platform for achieving diverse functionalities in active and reconfigurable micro-nanophotonic devices across the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from terahertz to visible frequencies. This comprehensive roadmap reviews the material and device aspects of PCMs, and their diverse applications in active and reconfigurable micro-nanophotonic devices across the electromagnetic spectrum. It discusses various device configurations and optimization techniques, including deep learning-based metasurface design. The integration of PCMs with Photonic Integrated Circuits and advanced electric-driven PCMs are explored. PCMs hold great promise for multifunctional device development, including applications in non-volatile memory, optical data storage, photonics, energy harvesting, biomedical technology, neuromorphic computing, thermal management, and flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patinharekandy Prabhathan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Kandammathe Valiyaveedu Sreekanth
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Joo Hwan Ko
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ho Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yubin Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Shoujun Zhang
- DELL, Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tun Cao
- DELL, School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Cosmin-Constantin Popescu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brian Mills
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tian Gu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhuoran Fang
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Hao Tong
- Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang He
- Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yitao Lu
- Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Yu
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Avik Mandal
- Nanoscale Optics Lab, ECE Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yihao Cui
- Nanoscale Optics Lab, ECE Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Abbas Sheikh Ansari
- Nanoscale Optics Lab, ECE Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Viraj Bhingardive
- Nanoscale Optics Lab, ECE Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Myungkoo Kang
- CREOL, College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Choon Kong Lai
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Moritz Merklein
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Anti-Viral Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- AI Graduate School, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhen Tian
- DELL, Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria Losurdo
- Istituto di Chimica della Materia Condensata e di Tecnologie per l'Energia, CNR-ICMATE, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Xiangshui Miao
- Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Behrad Gholipour
- Nanoscale Optics Lab, ECE Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kathleen A. Richardson
- CREOL, College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Eggleton
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kanudha Sharda
- iScience, Cell Press, 125 London Wall, Barbican, London EC2Y 5AJ, UK
- iScience, Cell Press, RELX India Pvt Ltd., 14th Floor, Building No. 10B, DLF Cyber City, Phase II, Gurugram, Haryana 122002, India
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics IA, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI 10), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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35
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Nobile N, Erickson JR, Ríos C, Zhang Y, Hu J, Vitale SA, Xiong F, Youngblood N. Time-Resolved Temperature Mapping Leveraging the Strong Thermo-Optic Effect in Phase-Change Materials. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3576-3585. [PMID: 37869555 PMCID: PMC10588450 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical phase-change materials are highly promising for emerging applications such as tunable metasurfaces, reconfigurable photonic circuits, and non-von Neumann computing. However, these materials typically require both high melting temperatures and fast quenching rates to reversibly switch between their crystalline and amorphous phases: a significant challenge for large-scale integration. In this work, we use temperature-dependent ellipsometry to study the thermo-optic effect in GST and use these results to demonstrate an experimental technique that leverages the thermo-optic effect in GST to enable both spatial and temporal thermal measurements of two common electro-thermal microheater designs currently used by the phase-change community. Our approach shows excellent agreement between experimental results and numerical simulations and provides a noninvasive method for rapid characterization of electrically programmable phase-change devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas
A. Nobile
- University
of Pittsburgh, Deppartments of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - John R. Erickson
- University
of Pittsburgh, Deppartments of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Carlos Ríos
- University
of Maryland, Departments of
Materials Science and Engineering, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- University
of Maryland, Institute for Research
in Electronics and Applied Physics, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yifei Zhang
- MIT, Departments of
Materials Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Juejun Hu
- MIT, Departments of
Materials Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Steven A. Vitale
- Advanced
Materials and Microsystems Group, MIT Lincoln
Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Feng Xiong
- University
of Pittsburgh, Deppartments of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Nathan Youngblood
- University
of Pittsburgh, Deppartments of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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36
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Ling YC, Yoo SJB. Review: tunable nanophotonic metastructures. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:3851-3870. [PMID: 38013926 PMCID: PMC10566255 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Tunable nanophotonic metastructures offer new capabilities in computing, networking, and imaging by providing reconfigurability in computer interconnect topologies, new optical information processing capabilities, optical network switching, and image processing. Depending on the materials and the nanostructures employed in the nanophotonic metastructure devices, various tuning mechanisms can be employed. They include thermo-optical, electro-optical (e.g. Pockels and Kerr effects), magneto-optical, ionic-optical, piezo-optical, mechano-optical (deformation in MEMS or NEMS), and phase-change mechanisms. Such mechanisms can alter the real and/or imaginary parts of the optical susceptibility tensors, leading to tuning of the optical characteristics. In particular, tunable nanophotonic metastructures with relatively large tuning strengths (e.g. large changes in the refractive index) can lead to particularly useful device applications. This paper reviews various tunable nanophotonic metastructures' tuning mechanisms, tuning characteristics, tuning speeds, and non-volatility. Among the reviewed tunable nanophotonic metastructures, some of the phase-change-mechanisms offer relatively large index change magnitude while offering non-volatility. In particular, Ge-Sb-Se-Te (GSST) and vanadium dioxide (VO2) materials are popular for this reason. Mechanically tunable nanophotonic metastructures offer relatively small changes in the optical losses while offering large index changes. Electro-optically tunable nanophotonic metastructures offer relatively fast tuning speeds while achieving relatively small index changes. Thermo-optically tunable nanophotonic metastructures offer nearly zero changes in optical losses while realizing modest changes in optical index at the expense of relatively large power consumption. Magneto-optically tunable nanophotonic metastructures offer non-reciprocal optical index changes that can be induced by changing the magnetic field strengths or directions. Tunable nanophotonic metastructures can find a very wide range of applications including imaging, computing, communications, and sensing. Practical commercial deployments of these technologies will require scalable, repeatable, and high-yield manufacturing. Most of these technology demonstrations required specialized nanofabrication tools such as e-beam lithography on relatively small fractional areas of semiconductor wafers, however, with advanced CMOS fabrication and heterogeneous integration techniques deployed for photonics, scalable and practical wafer-scale fabrication of tunable nanophotonic metastructures should be on the horizon, driven by strong interests from multiple application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Ling
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA95616, USA
| | - Sung Joo Ben Yoo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA95616, USA
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37
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Tripathi D, Vyas HS, Kumar S, Panda SS, Hegde R. Recent developments in Chalcogenide phase change material-based nanophotonics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:502001. [PMID: 37595569 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acf1a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
There is now a deep interest in actively reconfigurable nanophotonics as they will enable the next generation of optical devices. Of the various alternatives being explored for reconfigurable nanophotonics, Chalcogenide phase change materials (PCMs) are considered highly promising owing to the nonvolatile nature of their phase change. Chalcogenide PCM nanophotonics can be broadly classified into integrated photonics (with guided wave light propagation) and Meta-optics (with free space light propagation). Despite some early comprehensive reviews, the pace of development in the last few years has shown the need for a topical review. Our comprehensive review covers recent progress on nanophotonic architectures, tuning mechanisms, and functionalities in tunable PCM Chalcogenides. In terms of integrated photonics, we identify novel PCM nanoantenna geometries, novel material utilization, the use of nanostructured waveguides, and sophisticated excitation pulsing schemes. On the meta-optics front, the breadth of functionalities has expanded, enabled by exploring design aspects for better performance. The review identifies immediate, and intermediate-term challenges and opportunities in (1) the development of novel chalcogenide PCM, (2) advance in tuning mechanism, and (3) formal inverse design methods, including machine learning augmented inverse design, and provides perspectives on these aspects. The topical review will interest researchers in further advancing this rapidly growing subfield of nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devdutt Tripathi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, 382355, India
| | | | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, 382355, India
| | | | - Ravi Hegde
- Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, 382355, India
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38
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Zheng M, Shen Y, Zheng L, She X, Jin C. Transfer-Printing Hydrogel-Based Platform for Moisture-Driven Dynamic Display and Optical Anti-Counterfeiting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45239-45248. [PMID: 37703469 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Humidity-responsive materials offer a promising approach to achieving tunable metasurface systems due to their fast and reversible swelling responses to moisture, which enables many important applications, such as real-time humidity sensing, optical switches, dynamic displays, and optical information encryption. However, the humidity-responsive structural coloration generally cannot provide a high spatial resolution and requires a complex patterning process. Here, we present a scalable moisture-driven color-changing Fabry-Pérot (FP)-like cavity composed of a polyvinyl alcohol layer sandwiched between an upper gold nanoparticles assembly and a bottom gold mirror. Through nanoparticle contact printing, we pixelated these cavities with sub-micrometer sizes without crosstalk and achieved an ultrahigh display resolution of ∼400 nm. Meanwhile, these nanoparticle-based FP (NBFP) cavities exhibit more vibrant colors than those of conventional film-based ones due to broadband absorption of the disordered nanoparticle assembly. Moreover, the NBFP cavities exhibit a rapid response (<300 ms), benefiting from the membrane pores formed in the gaps between the adjacent nanoparticles. Finally, we demonstrated the applications of the NBFP cavities in optical anti-counterfeiting and dynamic multi-color printing. These results suggest that our approach will help to realize a colorful, fast, and ultrahigh-resolution dynamic display device in optical security and colorimetric sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manchun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaoyi She
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chongjun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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39
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Wu X, Xu J, Yang L, Chen D. Dynamic modulation of electric and magnetic toroidal dipole resonance and light trapping in Si-GSST hybrid metasurfaces. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:6850-6856. [PMID: 37707021 DOI: 10.1364/ao.496674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The weak coupling of a toroidal dipole (TD) to an electromagnetic field offers great potential for the advanced design of photonic devices. However, simultaneous excitation of electric toroidal dipoles (ETDs) and magnetic toroidal dipoles (MTDs) is currently difficult to achieve. In this work, we propose a hybrid metasurface based on Si and phase transition material G e 2 S b 2 S e 4 T e 1 (GSST), which is formed by four Si columns surrounding a GSST column and can simultaneously excite two different TD (ETD and MTD) resonances. We also calculated the electric field distribution, magnetic field distribution, and multipole decomposition of the two resonances, and the results show that the two modes are ETD resonance and MTD resonance, respectively. The polarization characteristics of these two modes are also investigated, and the average field enhancement factor (EF) of the two modes is calculated. The dynamic modulation of the relative transmission and EF is also achieved based on the tunable properties of the phase change material GSST. Our work provides a way to realize actively tunable TD optical nanodevices.
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40
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Aryana K, Kim HJ, Popescu CC, Vitale S, Bae HB, Lee T, Gu T, Hu J. Toward Accurate Thermal Modeling of Phase Change Material-Based Photonic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2304145. [PMID: 37649187 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable or programmable photonic devices are rapidly growing and have become an integral part of many optical systems. The ability to selectively modulate electromagnetic waves through electrical stimuli is crucial in the advancement of a variety of applications from data communication and computing devices to environmental science and space explorations. Chalcogenide-based phase-change materials (PCMs) are one of the most promising material candidates for reconfigurable photonics due to their large optical contrast between their different solid-state structural phases. Although significant efforts have been devoted to accurate simulation of PCM-based devices, in this paper, three important aspects which have often evaded prior models yet having significant impacts on the thermal and phase transition behavior of these devices are highlighted: the enthalpy of fusion, the heat capacity change upon glass transition, as well as the thermal conductivity of liquid-phase PCMs. The important topic of switching energy scaling in PCM devices, which also helps explain why the three above-mentioned effects have long been overlooked in electronic PCM memories but only become important in photonics, is further investigated. These findings offer insight to facilitate accurate modeling of PCM-based photonic devices and can inform the development of more efficient reconfigurable optics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
| | - Cosmin-Constantin Popescu
- Department of Materials & Science Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Steven Vitale
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Hyung Bin Bae
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Taewoo Lee
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Tian Gu
- Department of Materials & Science Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials & Science Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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41
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Wu GB, Dai JY, Shum KM, Chan KF, Cheng Q, Cui TJ, Chan CH. A universal metasurface antenna to manipulate all fundamental characteristics of electromagnetic waves. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5155. [PMID: 37620303 PMCID: PMC10449906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces have promising potential to revolutionize a variety of photonic and electronic device technologies. However, metasurfaces that can simultaneously and independently control all electromagnetics (EM) waves' properties, including amplitude, phase, frequency, polarization, and momentum, with high integrability and programmability, are challenging and have not been successfully attempted. Here, we propose and demonstrate a microwave universal metasurface antenna (UMA) capable of dynamically, simultaneously, independently, and precisely manipulating all the constitutive properties of EM waves in a software-defined manner. Our UMA further facilitates the spatial- and time-varying wave properties, leading to more complicated waveform generation, beamforming, and direct information manipulations. In particular, the UMA can directly generate the modulated waveforms carrying digital information that can fundamentally simplify the architecture of information transmitter systems. The proposed UMA with unparalleled EM wave and information manipulation capabilities will spark a surge of applications from next-generation wireless systems, cognitive sensing, and imaging to quantum optics and quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jun Yan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Kam Man Shum
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ka Fai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Chi Hou Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Big Data Imaging and Communication, Shenzhen, 518048, China.
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42
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Moitra P, Wang Y, Liang X, Lu L, Poh A, Mass TWW, Simpson RE, Kuznetsov AI, Paniagua-Dominguez R. Programmable Wavefront Control in the Visible Spectrum Using Low-Loss Chalcogenide Phase-Change Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205367. [PMID: 36341483 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
All-dielectric metasurfaces provide unique solutions for advanced wavefront manipulation of light with complete control of amplitude and phase at sub-wavelength scales. One limitation, however, for most of these devices is the lack of any post-fabrication tunability of their response. To break this limit, a promising approach is employing phase-change materials (PCMs), which provide fast, low energy, and non-volatile means to endow metasurfaces with a switching mechanism. In this regard, great advancements have been done in the mid-infrared and near-infrared spectrum using different chalcogenides. In the visible spectral range, however, very few devices have demonstrated full phase manipulation, high efficiencies, and reversible optical modulation. In this work, a programmable all-dielectric Huygens' metasurface made of antimony sulfide (Sb2 S3 ) PCM is experimentally demonstrated, a low loss and high-index material in the visible spectral range with a large contrast (≈0.5) between its amorphous and crystalline states. ≈2π phase modulation is shown with high associated transmittance and it is used to create programmable beam-steering devices. These novel chalcogenide PCM metasurfaces have the potential to emerge as a platform for next-generation spatial light modulators and to impact application areas such as programmable and adaptive flat optics, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and many more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parikshit Moitra
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Yunzheng Wang
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
- Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xinan Liang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Li Lu
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Alyssa Poh
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Tobias W W Mass
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Robert E Simpson
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ramon Paniagua-Dominguez
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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43
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Wang Z, Sebek M, Liang X, Elbanna A, Nemati A, Zhang N, Goh CHK, Jiang M, Pan J, Shen Z, Su X, Thanh NTK, Sun H, Teng J. Greatly Enhanced Resonant Exciton-Trion Conversion in Electrically Modulated Atomically Thin WS 2 at Room Temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302248. [PMID: 37165546 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Excitonic resonance in atomically thin semiconductors offers a favorite platform to study 2D nanophotonics in both classical and quantum regimes and promises potentials for highly tunable and ultra-compact optical devices. The understanding of charge density dependent exciton-trion conversion is the key for revealing the underlaying physics of optical tunability. Nevertheless, the insufficient and inefficient light-matter interactions hinder the observation of trionic phenomenon and the development of excitonic devices for dynamic power-efficient electro-optical applications. Here, by engaging an optical cavity with atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), greatly enhanced exciton-trion conversion is demonstrated at room temperature (RT) and achieve electrical modulation of reflectivity of ≈40% at exciton and 7% at trion state, which correspondingly enables a broadband large phase tuning in monolayer tungsten disulfide. Besides the absorptive conversion, ≈100% photoluminescence conversion from excitons to trions is observed at RT, illustrating a clear physical mechanism of an efficient exciton-trion conversion for extraordinary optical performance. The results indicate that both excitons and trions can play significant roles in electrical modulation of the optical parameters of TMDCs at RT. The work shows the real possibility for realizing electrical tunable and multi-functional ultra-thin optical devices using 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Matej Sebek
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories, London, W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Xinan Liang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ahmed Elbanna
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Arash Nemati
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Choon Hwa Ken Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Mengting Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jisheng Pan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zexiang Shen
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories, London, W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Handong Sun
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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44
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Bernstein L, Sludds A, Panuski C, Trajtenberg-Mills S, Hamerly R, Englund D. Single-shot optical neural network. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg7904. [PMID: 37343096 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg7904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Analog optical and electronic hardware has emerged as a promising alternative to digital electronics to improve the efficiency of deep neural networks (DNNs). However, previous work has been limited in scalability (input vector length K ≈ 100 elements) or has required nonstandard DNN models and retraining, hindering widespread adoption. Here, we present an analog, CMOS-compatible DNN processor that uses free-space optics to reconfigurably distribute an input vector and optoelectronics for static, updatable weighting and the nonlinearity-with K ≈ 1000 and beyond. We demonstrate single-shot-per-layer classification of the MNIST, Fashion-MNIST, and QuickDraw datasets with standard fully connected DNNs, achieving respective accuracies of 95.6, 83.3, and 79.0% without preprocessing or retraining. We also experimentally determine the fundamental upper bound on throughput (∼0.9 exaMAC/s), set by the maximum optical bandwidth before substantial increase in error. Our combination of wide spectral and spatial bandwidths enables highly efficient computing for next-generation DNNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Bernstein
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexander Sludds
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Lightmatter Inc., 100 Summer St, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Christopher Panuski
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sivan Trajtenberg-Mills
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ryan Hamerly
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- NTT Research Inc., Physics and Informatics Laboratories, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Dirk Englund
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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45
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Yang Y, Seong J, Choi M, Park J, Kim G, Kim H, Jeong J, Jung C, Kim J, Jeon G, Lee KI, Yoon DH, Rho J. Integrated metasurfaces for re-envisioning a near-future disruptive optical platform. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:152. [PMID: 37339970 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have been continuously garnering attention in both scientific and industrial fields, owing to their unprecedented wavefront manipulation capabilities using arranged subwavelength artificial structures. To date, research has mainly focused on the full control of electromagnetic characteristics, including polarization, phase, amplitude, and even frequencies. Consequently, versatile possibilities of electromagnetic wave control have been achieved, yielding practical optical components such as metalenses, beam-steerers, metaholograms, and sensors. Current research is now focused on integrating the aforementioned metasurfaces with other standard optical components (e.g., light-emitting diodes, charged-coupled devices, micro-electro-mechanical systems, liquid crystals, heaters, refractive optical elements, planar waveguides, optical fibers, etc.) for commercialization with miniaturization trends of optical devices. Herein, this review describes and classifies metasurface-integrated optical components, and subsequently discusses their promising applications with metasurface-integrated optical platforms including those of augmented/virtual reality, light detection and ranging, and sensors. In conclusion, this review presents several challenges and prospects that are prevalent in the field in order to accelerate the commercialization of metasurfaces-integrated optical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyeong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeon Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoseon Jeon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Lee
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yoon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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46
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Matos R, Pala N. A Review of Phase-Change Materials and Their Potential for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1259. [PMID: 37374844 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Phase-change materials (PCMs) and metal-insulator transition (MIT) materials have the unique feature of changing their material phase through external excitations such as conductive heating, optical stimulation, or the application of electric or magnetic fields, which, in turn, results in changes to their electrical and optical properties. This feature can find applications in many fields, particularly in reconfigurable electrical and optical structures. Among these applications, the reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has emerged as a promising platform for both wireless RF applications as well as optical ones. This paper reviews the current, state-of-the-art PCMs within the context of RIS, their material properties, their performance metrics, some applications found in the literature, and how they can impact the future of RIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Matos
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Nezih Pala
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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47
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Chen B, Yang S, Chen J, Wu J, Chen K, Li W, Tan Y, Wang Z, Qiu H, Fan K, Zhang C, Wang H, Feng Y, He Y, Jin B, Wu X, Chen J, Wu P. Directional terahertz holography with thermally active Janus metasurface. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:136. [PMID: 37271759 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic manipulation of electromagnetic (EM) waves with multiple degrees of freedom plays an essential role in enhancing information processing. Currently, an enormous challenge is to realize directional terahertz (THz) holography. Recently, it was demonstrated that Janus metasurfaces could produce distinct responses to EM waves from two opposite incident directions, making multiplexed dynamic manipulation of THz waves possible. Herein, we show that thermally activated THz Janus metasurfaces integrating with phase change materials on the meta-atoms can produce asymmetric transmission with the designed phase delays. Such reconfigurable Janus metasurfaces can achieve asymmetric focusing of THz wave and directional THz holography with free-space image projections, and particularly the information can be manipulated via temperature and incident THz wave direction. This work not only offers a common strategy for realizing the reconfigurability of Janus metasurfaces, but also shows possible applications in THz optical information encryption, data storage, and smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benwen Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Shengxin Yang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jingbo Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China.
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Weili Li
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Yihui Tan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhaosong Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongsong Qiu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kebin Fan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Caihong Zhang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Yijun Feng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunbin He
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Biaobing Jin
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China.
| | - Xinglong Wu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
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Chung H, Hwang I, Yu J, Boehm G, Belkin MA, Lee J. Electrical Phase Modulation Based on Mid-Infrared Intersubband Polaritonic Metasurfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207520. [PMID: 37029461 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrically reconfigurable metasurfaces that overcome the static limitations in controlling the fundamental properties of scattered light are opening new avenues for functional flat optics. This work proposes and experimentally demonstrates electrically phase-tunable mid-infrared metasurfaces based on the polaritonic coupling of Stark-tunable intersubband transitions in semiconductor heterostructures and electromagnetic modes in plasmonic nanoresonators. In the applied voltage range of -3 to +3 V, the local phase tuning of the light reflects from the metasurface, which enables the electrical control of the polarization state and wavefront of the reflected wave. Electrical beam polarization control, electrical beam diffraction control, and electrical beam steering are experimentally demonstrated as applications for local phase tunability. The proposed electrically tunable metasurfaces can easily tune the operating wavelength and function at relatively low voltages, which will enable various applications in the mid-infrared region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongju Chung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyong Hwang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Gerhard Boehm
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Mikhail A Belkin
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jongwon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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49
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Ma H, Du T, Jiang X, Peng Z, Cheng W, Zhang Y, Wei X, Zhang Z, He X, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Han Y, Chen H, Peng Y, Fang L, Yang J. Three-dimensional mode-division multiplexing system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:18555-18566. [PMID: 37381565 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Blindly increasing the channels of the mode (de)multiplexer on the single-layer chip can cause the device structure to be too complex to optimize. The three-dimensional (3D) mode division multiplexing (MDM) technology is a potential solution to extend the data capacity of the photonic integrated circuit by assembling the simple devices in the 3D space. In our work, we propose a 16 × 16 3D MDM system with a compact footprint of about 100 µm × 5.0 µm × 3.7 µm. It can realize 256 mode routes by converting the fundamental transverse electric (TE0) modes in arbitrary input waveguides into the expected modes in arbitrary output waveguides. To illustrate its mode-routing principle, the TE0 mode is launched in one of the sixteen input waveguides, and converted into corresponding modes in four output waveguides. The simulated results indicate that the ILs and CTs of the 16 × 16 3D MDM system are less than 3.5 dB and lower than -14.2 dB at 1550 nm, respectively. In principle, the 3D design architecture can be scaled to realize arbitrary network complexity levels.
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50
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Prabhathan P, Sreekanth KV, Teng J, Singh R. Electrically Tunable Steganographic Nano-Optical Coatings. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37200154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thin film coatings with tunable colors have a broad range of applications, from solid-state reflective displays to steganography. Here, we propose a novel approach to chalcogenide phase change material (PCM)-incorporated steganographic nano-optical coatings (SNOC) as thin film color reflectors for optical steganography. The proposed SNOC design combines a broad-band and a narrow-band absorber made up of PCMs to achieve tunable optical Fano resonance in the visible wavelength, which is a scalable platform for accessing the full-color range. We demonstrate that the line width of the Fano resonance can be dynamically tuned by switching the structural phase of PCM from amorphous to crystalline, which is crucial for obtaining high-purity colors. For steganography applications, the cavity layer of SNOC is divided into an ultralow loss PCM and a high index dielectric material with identical optical thickness. We show that electrically tunable color pixels can be fabricated using the SNOC on a microheater device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patinharekandy Prabhathan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kandammathe Valiyaveedu Sreekanth
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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