Exerkines in health, resilience and disease

Exercise preconditioning alleviates ischemia-induced memory deficits by increasing circulating adiponectin

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202505000-00027/figure1/v/2024-07-28T173839Z/r/image-tiff Cerebral ischemia is a major health risk that requires preventive approaches in addition to drug therapy. Physical exercise enhances neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, and has been widely used for functional rehabilitation after stroke. In this study, we determined whether exercise training before disease onset can alleviate the severity of cerebral ischemia. We also examined the role of exercise-induced circulating factors in these effects. Adult mice were subjected to 14 days of treadmill exercise training before surgery for middle cerebral artery occlusion. We found that this exercise pre-conditioning strategy effectively attenuated brain infarct area, inhibited gliogenesis, protected synaptic proteins, and improved novel object and spatial memory function. Further analysis showed that circulating adiponectin plays a critical role in these preventive effects of exercise. Agonist activation of adiponectin receptors by AdipoRon mimicked the effects of exercise, while inhibiting receptor activation abolished the exercise effects. In summary, our results suggest a crucial role of circulating adiponectin in the effects of exercise pre-conditioning in protecting against cerebral ischemia and supporting the health benefits of exercise.

Charting the Molecular Terrain of Exercise: Energetics, Exerkines, and the Future of Multiomic Mapping

Physical activity plays a fundamental role in human health and disease. Exercise has been shown to improve a wide variety of disease states, and the scientific community is committed to understanding the precise molecular mechanisms that underlie the exquisite benefits. This review provides an overview of molecular responses to acute exercise and chronic training, particularly energy mobilization and generation, structural adaptation, inflammation, and immune regulation. Furthermore, it offers a detailed discussion of known molecular signals and systemic regulators activated during various forms of exercise and their role in orchestrating health benefits. Critically, the increasing use of multiomic technologies is explored with an emphasis on how multiomic and multitissue studies contribute to a more profound understanding of exercise biology. These data inform anticipated future advancement in the field and highlight the prospect of integrating exercise with pharmacology for personalized disease prevention and treatment.

The association between android-to-gynoid lean mass ratio and all-cause and specific-cause mortality in US adults: A prospective study

OBJECTIVE

The associations of lean mass distribution with mortality risk are not fully elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a new lean mass distribution indicator-android/gynoid lean mass ratio (AGLR) evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) on the risk of all-cause and specific-cause mortality in a NHANES cohort.

METHODS

This was a population-based cohort study, which included 18 542 subjects aged 20 years and older from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (US NHANES, 2003-2006 and 2011-2018). The primary outcomes of our study were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CVD) mortality and cancer mortality, which were obtained from the linkage to registries. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to investigate the association between lean mass distribution and mortality risk among the US NHANES general population. Restricted cubic spline nested in Cox regression was also used to test whether there was a non-linear association of AGLR as a continuous variable with the risk of mortality.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 6.9 years, 1412 participants died, of whom 435 were due to CVD and 340 were due to cancer. The multivariable-adjusted (Model 4) hazard ratios (HRs) for each SD increase in AGLR were 1.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40-1.67) for all-cause mortality, 1.56 (95% CI 1.30-1.87) for cancer mortality and 1.64 (95% CI 1.47-1.84) for CVD mortality. The associations were robust in sensitivity analyses and present in most subgroups.

CONCLUSIONS

AGLR evaluated by DXA was associated with a higher risk of all-cause and specific-cause mortality among the general population from the US NHANES cohort.

Acute exercise promotes WAT browning by remodeling mRNA m6A methylation

AIMS

Regular exercise promotes the beiging and metabolic adaptations of white adipose tissue (WAT) through the cumulative transcriptional responses that occur after each exercise session. However, the effects of a single bout of acute exercise and the role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in these adaptations remain unclear. We aim to investigate this further.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We constructed mouse models for chronic (8 weeks of running) and acute (single 1-hour run) exercise to study the effects on white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolism and beiging through metabolic phenotyping and transcriptome sequencing. Additionally, we explored the impact of acute exercise on WAT m6A modification and target genes, combining m6A regulators with cell models to elucidate the role of m6A in WAT exercise adaptation.

KEY FINDINGS

Here, we reveal that upregulated m6A modification after acute exercise induces the formation of glycolytic beige fat (g-beige fat) in WAT. Mechanistically, the metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) secreted after acute exercise upregulates m6A modification in WAT. This enhances m6A-dependent translation of the histone acetyltransferase CREBBP, promoting the transcription of key beiging genes by increasing chromatin accessibility. Pharmacologically elevating circulating BHBA mimics the metabolic response induced by acute exercise, upregulating m6A modification and its downstream signals. Additionally, BHBA exhibits long-term effects, improving metabolic homeostasis in obesity by promoting thermogenesis in WAT.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our results reveal the role of metabolites in WAT metabolic adaptation through m6A-mediated chromatin accessibility after acute exercise, providing a novel therapeutic target for regulating WAT metabolism from a nutritional epigenetics perspective.

Exercise-driven cellular autophagy: A bridge to systematic wellness

BACKGROUND

Exercise enhances health by supporting homeostasis, bolstering defenses, and aiding disease recovery. It activates autophagy, a conserved cellular process essential for maintaining balance, while dysregulated autophagy contributes to disease progression. Despite extensive research on exercise and autophagy independently, their interplay remains insufficiently understood.

AIM OF REVIEW

This review explores the molecular mechanisms of exercise-induced autophagy in various tissues, focusing on key transduction pathways. It examines how different types of exercise trigger specific autophagic responses, supporting cellular balance and addressing systemic dysfunctions. The review also highlights the signaling pathways involved, their roles in protecting organ function, reducing disease risk, and promoting longevity, offering a clear understanding of the link between exercise and autophagy.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

Exercise-induced autophagy is governed by highly coordinated and dynamic pathways integrating direct and indirect mechanical forces and biochemical signals, linking physical activity to cellular and systemic health across multiple organ systems. Its activation is influenced by exercise modality, intensity, duration, and individual biological characteristics, including age, sex, and muscle fiber composition. Aerobic exercises primarily engage AMPK and mTOR pathways, supporting mitochondrial quality and cellular homeostasis. Anaerobic training activates PI3K/Akt signaling, modulating molecules like FOXO3a and Beclin1 to drive muscle autophagy and repair. In pathological contexts, exercise-induced autophagy enhances mitochondrial function, proteostasis, and tissue regeneration, benefiting conditions like sarcopenia, neurodegeneration, myocardial ischemia, metabolic disorders, and cancer. However, excessive exercise may lead to autophagic overactivation, leading to muscle atrophy or pathological cardiac remodeling. This underscores the critical need for balanced exercise regimens to maximize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing risks. Future research should prioritize identifying reliable biomarkers, optimizing exercise protocols, and integrating exercise with pharmacological strategies to enhance therapeutic outcomes.

A feeding-induced myokine modulates glucose homeostasis

Maintaining blood glucose homeostasis during fasting and feeding is crucial for the prevention of dysregulation that can lead to either hypo- or hyperglycaemia. Here we identified feimin, encoded by a gene with a previously unknown function (B230219D22Rik in mice, C5orf24 in humans), as a key modulator of glucose homeostasis. Feimin is secreted from skeletal muscle during feeding and binds to its receptor, receptor protein tyrosine kinase Mer (MERTK), promoting glucose uptake and inhibiting glucose production by activation of AKT. Administration of feimin and insulin synergistically improves blood glucose homeostasis in both normal and diabetic mice. Notably, a specific single nucleotide polymorphism (rs7604639, G>A) within the MERTK gene, causing an amino acid substitution (R466K) within the feimin-MERTK binding region, leads to reduced association with feimin and elevated postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels in humans. Our findings underscore a role of the feimin-MERTK signalling axis in glucose homeostasis, providing valuable insights into potential therapeutic avenues for diabetes.

Intramuscular administration of fractalkine modulates mitochondrial properties and promotes fast glycolytic phenotype

A newly categorized myokine called fractalkine (CX3CL1) has been associated with divergent conditions such as obesity, tissue inflammation, and exercise. CX3CL1 works through specific membrane-bound receptors (CX3CR1) found in various tissues including skeletal muscles. Studies indicate CX3CL1 induces muscles to uptake energy substrates thereby improving glucose utilization and countering diabetes. Here, we tested if the administration of purified CX3CL1 directly into mice skeletal muscles affects its histoarchitecture, mitochondrial activity, and expression of metabolic proteins. We analyzed four muscles: two upper-limb (quadriceps, hamstrings) and two lower-limb (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius), contralateral leg muscles were taken as controls. The effects of CX3CL1 treatment on histoarchitecture, mitochondrial activity, and expression of metabolic proteins in muscles were characterized. We used histochemical staining succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)/cytochrome c oxidase (COX), myosin ATPase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to evaluate the mitochondrial activity, fiber types, and vascularization in the muscles, respectively. Western blotting was used to evaluate the expression of proteins associated with mitochondrial metabolism (OXPHOS), glycolysis, and vascularization. Overall, this study indicates CX3CL1 primarily modulates mitochondrial metabolism and shifts substrate preference toward glucose in the skeletal muscle. Evidence also supports that CX3CL1 stimulates the relative composition of fast fiber types, influencing selection of energy substrates in the skeletal muscle.

Age-related changes of skeletal muscle metabolic response to contraction are also sex-dependent

Mitochondria adapt to increased energy demands during muscle contraction by acutely altering metabolite fluxes and substrate oxidation. With age, an impaired mitochondrial metabolic response may contribute to reduced exercise tolerance and decreased skeletal muscle mass, specific force, increased overall fatty depositions in the skeletal muscle, frailty and depressed energy maintenance. We hypothesized that elevated energy stress in mitochondria with age alters the capacity of mitochondria to utilize different substrates following muscle contraction. To test this hypothesis, we used in vivo electrical stimulation to simulate high-intensity intervals (HII) or low intensity steady-state (LISS) exercise in young (5-7 months) and aged (27-29 months) male and female mice to characterize effects of age and sex on mitochondrial substrate utilization in skeletal muscle following contraction. Mitochondrial respiration using glutamate decreased in aged males following HII and glutamate oxidation was inhibited following HII in both the contracted and non-stimulated muscle of aged female muscle. Analyses of the muscle metabolome of female mice indicated that changes in metabolic pathways induced by HII and LISS contractions in young muscle are absent in aged muscle. To test improved mitochondrial function on substrate utilization following HII, we treated aged females with elamipretide (ELAM), a mitochondrially-targeted peptide shown to improve mitochondrial bioenergetics and restore redox status in aged muscle. ELAM removed inhibition of glutamate oxidation and showed increased metabolic pathway changes following HII, suggesting rescuing redox status and improving bioenergetic function in mitochondria from aged muscle increases glutamate utilization and enhances the metabolic response to muscle contraction in aged muscle. KEY POINTS: Acute local contraction of gastrocnemius can systemically alter mitochondrial respiration in non-stimulated muscle. Age-related changes in mitochondrial respiration using glutamate or palmitoyl carnitine following contraction are sex-dependent. Respiration using glutamate after high-intensity contraction is inhibited in aged female muscle. Metabolite level and pathway changes following muscle contraction decrease with age in female mice. Treatment with the mitochondrially-targeted peptide elamipretide can partially rescue metabolite response to muscle contraction.

Housing temperature influences exercise-induced glucose regulation and expression of exerkines in mice

The impact of housing temperature on exercise-induced metabolic adaptations is not well understood, despite extensive research on the benefits of exercise for metabolic health. The aim of this study was to elucidate how housing temperatures influence the molecular responses and metabolic benefits of exercise in mice. Male C57BL/6N mice were housed at either room temperature (RT, 21°C) or in a thermoneutral environment (TN, 29°C) and subjected to either a 6-week or acute exercise regimen. The results demonstrated that chronic exercise in TN conditions significantly improved glucose tolerance, whereas no such improvement was observed in RT conditions. Exercise reduced adipocyte size in inguinal and epididymal white adipose tissue in RT conditions, but no significant exercise-induced browning of inguinal white adipose tissue was detected at either housing temperature. Additionally, housing temperature predominantly influenced key metabolic proteins in skeletal muscle, with exercise and temperature exhibiting interactive effects on glycogen synthase, Glut4 and Pgc-1α. Moreover, the regulation of exerkines, including Fgf21, fetuin-A, irisin, Gdf15, spexin and apelin, was temperature dependent after both long-term and acute exercise. Notably, expression of Metrnl was consistently upregulated in skeletal muscle after long-term exercise in both RT and TN environments, but was downregulated after acute exercise. These findings highlight that environmental temperature critically modulates the metabolic benefits of exercise and the expression of exerkines. The results of this study suggest that conventional RT conditions might obscure the full metabolic effects of exercise. We recommend the use of TN conditions in future research to reduce confounding factors and provide a more accurate assessment of the metabolic benefits of exercise.

The triad of physical activity: An optimal combination for cardiovascular health

The combination of moderate to vigorous physical activity with muscle-strengthening physical activity is increasingly recognized for its significant impact on cardiovascular health. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence to compare the cardiovascular benefits of combined physical activity versus singular forms, especially in primary prevention. The main focus is on hormonal, nervous, genetic, and molecular adaptations, critical mechanisms underlying the body's response to physical activity. Our findings endorse superior benefits for combined moderate to vigorous and muscle-strengthening physical activity for preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD). This combined approach synergistically enhances cardiovascular function and more effectively reduces risk factors than either activity alone. While more research is needed to distinguish between moderate and vigorous activity levels in combination with muscle-strengthening physical activity, current evidence supports comprehensive physical activity guidelines that maximize cardiovascular health. These findings highlight the importance of integrated physical activity regimens in public health strategies and clinical practice to mitigate the global CVD burden.

Oxidative balance score is associated with the risk of diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: evidence from NHANES 2007-2018

Objective

The oxidative balance score (OBS) is a comprehensive measure of oxidative stress that is calculated from the combined prooxidant and antioxidant scores of 16 dietary components and four lifestyle factors. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between OBS and the risk of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

Data were obtained from the NHANES. A cross-sectional study was conducted using multiple logistic regression. Covariate effects of this relationship were also examined using subgroup analysis.

Results

We evaluated 3,669 T2DM participants, among whom DKD prevalence was 30.87%. In a fully adjusted logistic regression model, the risk of DKD among participants with OBS, lifestyle OBS, and dietary OBS in the highest quartile group was 0.50 times (95% CI: 0.39 to 0.65), 0.54 times (95% CI: 0.41-0.71), and 0.45 times (95% CI: 0.32-0.63), respectively, than that in the lowest quartile group, respectively. In addition, participants who scored in the top quartiles of OBS were more likely to possess higher levels of education and income. A stratified analysis demonstrated the robustness of these findings.

Conclusion

OBS negatively correlates with the risk of DKD among individuals with T2DM.

Spatial transcriptomic clocks reveal cell proximity effects in brain ageing

Old age is associated with a decline in cognitive function and an increase in neurodegenerative disease risk1. Brain ageing is complex and is accompanied by many cellular changes2. Furthermore, the influence that aged cells have on neighbouring cells and how this contributes to tissue decline is unknown. More generally, the tools to systematically address this question in ageing tissues have not yet been developed. Here we generate a spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomics brain atlas of 4.2 million cells from 20 distinct ages across the adult lifespan and across two rejuvenating interventions-exercise and partial reprogramming. We build spatial ageing clocks, machine learning models trained on this spatial transcriptomics atlas, to identify spatial and cell-type-specific transcriptomic fingerprints of ageing, rejuvenation and disease, including for rare cell types. Using spatial ageing clocks and deep learning, we find that T cells, which increasingly infiltrate the brain with age, have a marked pro-ageing proximity effect on neighbouring cells. Surprisingly, neural stem cells have a strong pro-rejuvenating proximity effect on neighbouring cells. We also identify potential mediators of the pro-ageing effect of T cells and the pro-rejuvenating effect of neural stem cells on their neighbours. These results suggest that rare cell types can have a potent influence on their neighbours and could be targeted to counter tissue ageing. Spatial ageing clocks represent a useful tool for studying cell-cell interactions in spatial contexts and should allow scalable assessment of the efficacy of interventions for ageing and disease.

High-intensity interval training or lactate administration combined with aerobic training enhances visceral fat loss while promoting VMH neuroplasticity in female rats

BACKGROUND

High-intensity interval training (HIT) does not burn fat during exercise. However, it significantly reduces visceral adipose after long-term training. The underlying mechanism may be related to the elevation of fat consumption during the post-exercise recovery period, which is regulated by the hypothalamus-adipose axis. Lactate is a hallmark metabolite of high-intensity exercise, which could mediate significant neuroplasticity through the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway. However, whether HIT could enhance hypothalamus activity and adipose catabolism in the recovery period remains to be elucidated. Also, it is worth exploring whether adding lactate administration to prolonged, continuous submaximal aerobic training (AT) could simulate HIT-induced neuroplastic effects and fat loss.

METHODS

First, we compared the influence of 4-week HIT and aerobic training (AT) on the electrophysiology of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), which is deeply involved in the regulation of lipolysis, as well as the 24-hour excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), the fat oxidation rate and lipolysis. To further confirm whether excess lactate during AT could reproduce the effect of HIT, we also observed the effects of lactate infusion during AT (AT + Lac) on neuroplasticity and metabolism.

RESULTS

Four-week HIT induced higher BDNF expression and a higher neuronal spike firing rate in VMH than AT, accompanied by elevated EPOC, fat oxidation and visceral fat lipolysis. AT + Lac and HITT could induce similar hypothalamic and metabolic changes. However, power spectral density analysis of local field potentials (LFPs) showed that the AT + Lac group was affected in fewer frequency bands than the HIT group.

CONCLUSION

HIT-induced reduction of visceral fat was accompanied by increased VMH activity. Adding lactate administration to AT could partially reproduce hypothalamic plasticity and the metabolic effects of HIT. However, different band changes of LFPs implied that the neuronal subpopulations or pathways influenced by these two methods were not entirely consistent.

The Role of Behavioral Factors on Chronic Diseases-Practice and Knowledge Gaps

Background: Behavioral factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, poor diet, and physical inactivity, but also sleep deprivation and negative social connections, play a critical role in the development and progression of major chronic diseases. These include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory conditions, and cancers. Methods: The objective of this review is to explore the influence of these modifiable risk factors on the global burden of chronic diseases and assess the potential impact of public health interventions and policy changes. Results: The evidence highlights a significant association between behavioral risk factors and increased morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases. Public health interventions and policy changes targeting these modifiable behaviors have shown substantial potential in reducing the prevalence and impact of chronic conditions. Strategies such as smoking cessation programs, dietary improvements, physical activity promotion, and stress reduction are critical in mitigating these risks. Conclusions: Addressing modifiable behavioral factors is essential for the prevention and control of chronic diseases. Bridging the gap between current knowledge and effective implementation of interventions is crucial for improving population health outcomes. Public health strategies focused on modifying key behavioral risks can significantly reduce the burden of chronic diseases, thereby improving overall health and reducing healthcare costs.

Long-term impact of adherence to muscle-strengthening guidelines on inflammation markers: a 17-year follow-up study with obesity parameters as mediators

Objective

To evaluate the relationship between adherence to muscle-strengthening guidelines in young adulthood and inflammation markers over a 17-year follow-up period. Additionally, it aims to examine whether body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) act as mediators in this relationship.

Methods

The study analysed data from young adults aged 18-26 years who participated in waves III (2001-2002), IV (2008-2009) and V (2016-2018) of the Add Health Study. Adherence to muscle-strengthening guidelines was self-reported, and participants were classified as adherent if they engaged in strength training ≥2 days per week across all waves. Venous blood samples were collected at participants' homes to measure high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and various cytokine concentrations, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). A global inflammation score was also calculated using z-scores of these markers.

Results

A total of 2320 individuals participated (60.8% females). Participants adhering to muscle-strengthening guidelines exhibited significant reductions in hs-CRP, IL-6 and the inflammation z-score, with mean difference (MD) of -1.556 mg/L (95% CI BCa -2.312 to -0.799), -0.324 pg/mL (95% BCa CI -0.586 to -0.062), and -0.400 (95% BCa CI -0.785 to -0.035), respectively. Mediation analysis revealed that BMI and WC levels at wave V significantly mediated the relationship between strength training and inflammation z-score, with significant indirect effects of -0.142 (95% CI -0.231 to -0.055) for BMI and -0.210 (95% CI -0.308 to -0.124) for WC.

Conclusion

Adherence to muscle-strengthening guidelines alone may not be sufficient to achieve a notable decrease in inflammation without concurrent reductions in these obesity parameters.

Endocrine adaptations to demanding physiological states in ruminants

Highly productive ruminants rely on hormonally driven adaptations to prioritize the use of limiting nutrients during the demanding phases of the pregnancy-lactation cycle. Glucose, the predominant oxidative fuel of fetal life and the absolute precursor of mammary lactose synthesis, illustrates the need and benefit of such adaptations. Endocrine mechanisms such as insulin resistance and/or hypoinsulinemia favor the diversion of maternal glucose to the placenta or mammary gland where uptake is independent of insulin. Research in dairy cows in the 1980s and 1990s identified growth hormone as a peripherally acting signal opposing the effects of insulin. The following decades have seen the discovery of a new generation of signals secreted almost exclusively by adipose tissue, skeletal muscle or liver, dynamically regulated by metabolic challenges, and engaged in cross-organ communication. The understanding of these signals in the coordination of metabolism in ruminants has been limited by the availability of assays to measure their circulating concentrations and materials to perform functional studies. Nevertheless, emerging data point to their importance during demanding physiological states in ruminants, including early lactation in dairy cows and late pregnancy in sheep. Examples include modulation of insulin action by liver-derived fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and regulation of energy allocation among tissues by the action of the adipose-derived hormone leptin via its ability to control the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Recent studies investigating the regulation and action of FGF21 and leptin in dairy cows and sheep will be used to illustrate the potential of recently discovered signals to coordinate metabolism during physiologically demanding states such as early lactation.

Muscle-brain crosstalk mediated by exercise-induced myokines - insights from experimental studies

Over the past couple of decades, it has become apparent that skeletal muscles might be engaged in endocrine signaling, mostly as a result of exercise or physical activity in general. The importance of this phenomenon is currently studied in terms of the impact that exercise- or physical activity -induced signaling factors have, in the interaction of the "muscle-brain crosstalk." So far, skeletal muscle-derived myokines were demonstrated to intercede in the connection between muscles and a plethora of various organs such as adipose tissue, liver, or pancreas. However, the exact mechanism of muscle-brain communication is yet to be determined. It is speculated that, in particular, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, cathepsin B (CTSB), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) partake in this crosstalk by promoting neuronal proliferation and synaptic plasticity, also resulting in improved cognition and ameliorated behavioral alterations. Researchers suggest that myokines might act directly on the brain parenchyma via crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The following article reviews the information available regarding rodent studies on main myokines determined to cross the BBB, specifically addressing the association between exercise-induced myokine release and central nervous system (CNS) impairments. Although the hypothesis of skeletal muscles being critical sources of myokines seems promising, it should not be forgotten that the origin of these factors might vary, depending on the cell types engaged in their synthesis. Limited amount of research providing information on alterations in myokines expression in various organs at the same time, results in taking them only as circumstantial evidence on the way to determine the actual involvement of skeletal muscles in the overall state of homeostasis. The following article reviews the information available regarding rodent studies on main myokines determined to cross the BBB, specifically addressing the association between exercise-induced myokine release and CNS impairments.

Effects of physical exercise on Irisin and BDNF concentrations, and their relationship with cardiometabolic and mental health of individuals with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes, are the leading global causes of mortality, accounting for 71 % of deaths annually. Metabolic Syndrome (MS), characterized by hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, is a significant risk factor for NCDs. Physical inactivity exacerbates these conditions, contributing to poor cardiovascular and mental health outcomes.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the effects of physical exercise on Irisin and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) concentrations and their relationship with cardiometabolic and mental health of individuals with MS.

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted of articles published between August 2023 and June 2024 in ScienceDirect, PubMed, and SciELO, following PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria encompassed observational studies, clinical trials, and reviews with high methodological quality. The review focused on Irisin, BDNF, physical exercise, and MS.

RESULTS

A total of 584 articles were identified, with 43 selected for detailed analysis. The review highlights that physical exercise significantly impacts Irisin and BDNF levels, which in turn influence metabolic and mental health. Irisin, a myokine secreted during exercise, promotes the conversion of white adipose tissue to brown adipose tissue, enhancing energy expenditure and metabolic health. Elevated Irisin levels are associated with improved cognitive function and mental well-being. BDNF, a neurotrophin, supports neuronal growth and cognitive function. Exercise-induced increases in BDNF levels are linked to enhanced neuroplasticity, reduced anxiety, and improved mood.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the role of Irisin and BDNF in response to physical exercise offers valuable insights for developing strategies to manage and prevent MS and its related mental health issues. Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved.

An examination of exercise intensity and its impact on the acute release of irisin across obesity status: a randomized controlled crossover trial

Limited data exist regarding the impact of exercise intensity on irisin release and its association with insulin sensitivity in individuals of differing obesity status. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of exercise intensity on the acute release of irisin in healthy-weight individuals and individuals with obesity, and whether irisin release during acute exercise was associated with greater insulin sensitivity across obesity status. A randomized controlled crossover study was conducted on 26 non-overweight/obese (non-OW/OB) (BMI: 22.2 ± 1.5  kg/m2) and 26 overweight/obese (OW/OB) (BMI: 33.9 ± 6.5  kg/m2) adults who performed an acute bout of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and rest. Irisin was quantified via ELISA and western blotting, and insulin sensitivity (Si) was estimated using the Matsuda index. OW/OB displayed a significantly lower level of circulating irisin and protein expression compared to non-OW/OB (p < 0.01). Insulin sensitivity was positively correlated with irisin release during MICT and HIIT in non-OW/OB (all p < 0.05), but not in OW/OB. Regarding irisin expression, non-OW/OB with high Si had a 2.03-fold (p < 0.05) increase during HIIT, while OW/OB with high Si had only a 1.54-fold increase (p < 0.05). These results suggest that irisin is released differently according to obesity status and varying exercise intensities. OW/OB individuals have a blunted irisin response to acute exercise and lower baseline irisin concentrations compared to non-OW/OB individuals. Although exercise stimulates irisin release in non-OW/OB individuals, only a greater exercise intensity stimulates irisin release in OW/OB individuals. These findings are clinically relevant, as irisin is associated with greater insulin sensitivity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03514238).

Unraveling the link between cardiorespiratory fitness and cancer: a state-of-the-art review

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) not only reflects an individual's capacity to perform physical activities but also encapsulates broader effects on the basic biology of aging. This review aims to summarize the evidence on the influence of CRF on overall and site-specific cancer risks. It delves into the biological mechanisms through which CRF may exert its effects, explores the clinical implications of these findings, identifies gaps in the current evidence base, and suggests directions for future research. The synthesis of findings reveals that higher CRF levels (general threshold of > 7 METs) are consistently associated with a reduced risk of a range of cancers, including head and neck, lung, breast, gastrointestinal, particularly pancreatic and colorectal, bladder, overall cancer incidence and mortality, and potentially stomach and liver, bile duct, and gall bladder cancers. These inverse associations between CRF and cancer risk do not generally differ across age groups, sex, race, or adiposity, suggesting a universal protective effect of CRF. Nonetheless, evidence linking CRF with skin, mouth and pharynx, kidney, and endometrial cancers is limited and inconclusive. Conversely, higher CRF levels may be potentially linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer and hematological malignancies, such as leukemia and myeloma, although the evidence is still not conclusive. CRF appears to play a significant role in reducing the risk of several cancers through various biological mechanisms, including inflammation reduction, immune system enhancement, hormonal regulation, and metabolic improvements. Overall, enhancing CRF through regular physical activity offers a vital, accessible strategy for reducing cancer risk and extending the health span. Future research should aim to fill the existing evidence gaps regarding specific cancers and elucidate the detailed dose-response relationships between CRF levels and cancer risk. Studies are also needed to elucidate the causal relationships and mechanistic pathways linking CRF to cancer outcomes.

Exercise and nutrition benefit skeletal muscle: From influence factor and intervention strategy to molecular mechanism

Sarcopenia is a progressive systemic skeletal muscle disease induced by various physiological and pathological factors, including aging, malnutrition, denervation, and cardiovascular diseases, manifesting as the decline of skeletal muscle mass and function. Both exercise and nutrition produce beneficial effects on skeletal muscle growth and are viewed as feasible strategies to prevent sarcopenia. Mechanisms involve regulating blood flow, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, protein synthesis and degradation, and satellite cell activation through exerkines and gut microbiomes. In this review, we summarized and discussed the latest progress and future development of the above mechanisms for providing a theoretical basis and ideas for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.

Exercise and tumor proteome: insights from a neuroblastoma model

The impact of exercise on pediatric tumor biology is essentially unknown. We explored the effects of regular exercise on tumor proteome profile (as assessed with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) in a mouse model of one of the most aggressive childhood malignancies, high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB). Tumor samples of 14 male mice (aged 6-8 wk) that were randomly allocated into an exercise (5-wk combined aerobic and resistance training) or nonexercise control group (6 and 8 mice/group, respectively) were analyzed. The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins database was used to generate a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and enrichment analyses. The Systems Biology Triangle (SBT) algorithm was applied for analyses at the functional category level. Tumors of exercised mice showed a higher and lower abundance of 101 and 150 proteins, respectively, than controls [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05]. These proteins were enriched in metabolic pathways, amino acid metabolism, regulation of hormone levels, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling (FDR < 0.05). The SBT algorithm indicated that 184 and 126 categories showed a lower and higher abundance, respectively, in the tumors of exercised mice (FDR < 0.01). Categories with lower abundance were involved in energy production, whereas those with higher abundance were related to transcription/translation, apoptosis, and tumor suppression. Regular exercise altered the abundance of hundreds of intratumoral proteins and molecular pathways, particularly those involved in energy metabolism, apoptosis, and tumor suppression. These findings provide preliminary evidence of the molecular mechanisms underlying the potential effects of exercise in HR-NB.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to explore the impact of a 5-wk exercise intervention on the tumor proteome profile in a mouse model of one of the most aggressive childhood malignancies, high-risk neuroblastoma. Exercise altered the abundance of hundreds of proteins and pathways, particularly those involved in energy metabolism and tumor suppression. These molecular changes could mediate, at least partly, the potential antitumorigenic effects of exercise.

The impact of weight loss on fat-free mass, muscle, bone and hematopoiesis health: Implications for emerging pharmacotherapies aiming at fat reduction and lean mass preservation

Similar to bariatric surgery, incretin receptor agonists have revolutionized the treatment of obesity, achieving up to 15-25 % weight loss in many patients, i.e., at a rate approaching that achieved with bariatric surgery. However, over 25 % of total weight lost from both surgery and pharmacotherapy typically comes from fat-free mass, including skeletal muscle mass, which is often overlooked and can impair metabolic health and increase the risk of subsequent sarcopenic obesity. Loss of muscle and bone as well as anemia can compromise physical function, metabolic rate, and overall health, especially in older adults. The myostatin-activin-follistatin-inhibin system, originally implicated in reproductive function and subsequently muscle regulation, appears to be crucial for muscle and bone maintenance during weight loss. Activins and myostatin promote muscle degradation, while follistatins inhibit their activity in states of negative energy balance, thereby preserving lean mass. Novel compounds in the pipeline, such as Bimagrumab, Trevogrumab, and Garetosmab-which inhibit activin and myostatin signaling-have demonstrated promise in preventing muscle loss while promoting fat loss. Either alone or combined with incretin receptor agonists, these medications may enhance fat loss while preserving or even increasing muscle and bone mass, offering a potential solution for improving body composition and metabolic health during significant weight loss. Since this dual therapeutic approach could help address the challenges of muscle and bone loss during weight loss, well-designed studies are needed to optimize these strategies and assess long-term benefits. For the time being, considerations like advanced age and prefrailty may affect the choice of suitable candidates in clinical practice for current and emerging anti-obesity medications due to the associated risk of sarcopenia.

Diet and exercise in frailty and sarcopenia. Molecular aspects

Function declines throughout life although phenotypical manifestations in terms of frailty or disability are only seen in the later periods of our life. The causes underlying lifelong function decline are the aging process "per se", chronic diseases, and lifestyle factors. These three etiological causes result in the deterioration of several organs and systems which act synergistically to finally produce frailty and disability. Regardless of the causes, the skeletal muscle is the main organ affected by developing sarcopenia. In the first section of the manuscript, as an introduction, we review the quantitative and qualitative age-associated skeletal muscle changes leading to frailty and sarcopenia and their impact in the quality of life and independence in the elderly. The reversibility of frailty and sarcopenia are discussed in the second and third sections of the manuscript. The most effective intervention to delay and even reverse frailty is exercise training. We review the role of different training programs (resistance exercise, cardiorespiratory exercise, multicomponent exercise, and real-life interventions) not only as a preventive but also as a therapeutical strategy to promote healthy aging. We also devote a section in the text to the sexual dimorphic effects of exercise training interventions in aging. How to optimize the skeletal muscle anabolic response to exercise training with nutrition is also discussed in our manuscript. The concept of anabolic resistance and the evidence of the role of high-quality protein, essential amino acids, creatine, vitamin D, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, and Omega-3 fatty acids, is reviewed. In the last section of the manuscript, the main genetic interventions to promote robustness in preclinical models are discussed. We aim to highlight the molecular pathways that are involved in frailty and sarcopenia. The possibility to effectively target these signaling pathways in clinical practice to delay muscle aging is also discussed.

Blood-derived factors to brain communication in brain diseases

Brain diseases, mainly including acute brain injuries, neurodegenerative diseases, and mental disorders, have posed a significant threat to human health worldwide. Due to the limited regenerative capability and the existence of the blood-brain barrier, the brain was previously thought to be separated from the rest of the body. Currently, various cross-talks between the central nervous system and peripheral organs have been widely described, including the brain-gut axis, the brain-liver axis, the brain-skeletal muscle axis, and the brain-bone axis. Moreover, several lines of evidence indicate that leveraging systemic biology intervention approaches, including but not limited to lifestyle interventions, exercise, diet, blood administration, and peripheral immune responses, have demonstrated a significant influence on the progress and prognosis of brain diseases. The advancement of innovative proteomic and transcriptomic technologies has enriched our understanding of the nuanced interplay between peripheral organs and brain diseases. An array of novel or previously underappreciated blood-derived factors have been identified to play pivotal roles in mediating these communications. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of blood-to-brain communication following brain diseases. Special attention is given to the instrumental role of blood-derived signals, positing them as significant contributors to the complex process of brain diseases. The insights presented here aim to bridge the current knowledge gaps and inspire novel therapeutic strategies for brain diseases.

Exercise-regulated lipolysis: Its role and mechanism in health and diseases

Exercise has received considerable attention because of its importance not just in regulating physiological function, but also in ameliorating multiple pathological processes. Among these processes, lipolysis may play an important role in exercise-induced benefits. It is generally accepted that active lipolysis contributes to breakdown of fats, leading to the release of free fatty acids (FFAs) that serve as an energy source for muscles and other tissues during exercise. However, the significance of lipolysis in the context of exercise has not been fully understood. This review comprehensively outlines the potential regulatory mechanisms by which exercise stimulates lipolysis. The potential roles of exercise-mediated lipolysis in various physiological and pathological processes are also summarized. Additionally, we also discussed the potential non-classical effects of key lipolytic effectors induced by exercise. This will enhance our understanding of how exercise improves lipolytic function to bring about beneficial effects, offering new insights into potential therapeutic avenues for promoting health and alleviating diseases.

From Surviving to Thriving: A Roadmap for Reinventing Cardiac Rehabilitation in Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease

Exercise is an essential component of the cardiac care of children with congenital heart disease (CHD), and safe and effective exercise counselling by the medical team is important early in life to develop positive physical activity and exercise habits. Without it, children are at risk for sedentariness and related comorbidities in childhood and adulthood. Pediatric cardiologists can guide patients to a cycle of positive fitness through exercise counselling, promotion, prescription, and/or supervised exercise training similar to adult cardiac rehabilitation (ACR). ACR has improved exercise capacity, mortality, and quality of life in adults with acquired heart disease. Similar outcomes have been shown in exercise training for adult and pediatric CHD. Exercise training specific to pediatric CHD is not widely available but is expanding in response to growing need and increasing demand. Although ACR provides a framework for structured exercise training, approaches to pediatric exercise training must be individualized and innovated upon to be successful for children. I propose that the ACR model must be reinvented for children with CHD by integrating 6 missing pieces. First, the underlying goal should be to optimize fitness, not rehabilitate to a previous state of health. Second and third are training mental skills and motor skills. Fourth, play-based exercise training is needed to foster a positive relationship with exercise. Fifth, family-focused exercise interventions can address root causes of sedentariness. Finally, building communities in which positive fitness is a priority will be essential to long-term sustainability.

Interaction of oat bran and exercise training improved exercise adaptability via alleviating oxidative stress and promoting energy homeostasis

Skeletal muscle performance is influenced by both diet and the mode of exercise, with diet playing a crucial role in individuals' adaptation to exercise training. Our study investigated the interaction of oat bran (OB) diet and moderate intensity exercise training (MIET) on skeletal muscle function and athletic performance. Studies have reinforced the positive association of high-fat diet (HFD) with chronic systemic inflammation and corresponding peripheral skeletal muscle dysfunction during exercise training. OB could alleviate the inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy homeostasis disorder associated with HFD. We observed improvement in mice limb grip strength and endurance treadmill running distance with OB intake, accompanied by regulation of muscle function-related gene expression. OB intensified exercise training-induced carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as indicated by changes in lactate, fumarate, malate, pyruvate, succinate, and citrate levels. Additionally, specific probiotic genera producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were promoted, while inflammation-related circulating metabolites were significantly decreased with oat bran intake. Our findings suggest interactions between OB and MIET improved HFD-induced skeletal muscle dysfunction on both the phenotype and the related mechanisms. This study is an extension of our previous study on the anti-fatigue effect of oat bran, providing a novel prospective by integrating exercise adaptation, gut microbiota, molecular metabolism and skeletal muscle in situ analysis.

Myokines and Microbiota: New Perspectives in the Endocrine Muscle-Gut Axis

This review explores the dual role of skeletal muscle as both a mechanical and endocrine organ, highlighting its contributions to overall health and its adaptability to various inputs such as nutrition, hormones, exercise, and injuries. In addition to its role in metabolism and energy conversion, skeletal muscle secretes signalling molecules called myokines (at rest) and exerkines (during/after physical exercise), which communicate with other organs like the brain, the cardiovascular system, and the immune system. Key molecules such as interleukins, irisin, and myostatin are discussed for their roles in mediating muscle health and inter-organ communication. This work also focuses on the muscle-gut axis, emphasising the bidirectional interaction between skeletal muscle and the gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem influencing immune defence, digestion, and metabolism. Muscle activity, particularly exercise, alters the gut microbial composition, promoting beneficial species, while gut-derived metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) impact muscle metabolism, mitochondrial function, and insulin sensitivity. Dysbiosis, or an imbalanced microbiota, can lead to muscle atrophy, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction. This evidence highlights emerging research into myokines and exerkines as potential therapeutic targets for managing conditions like muscle decline, ageing, and metabolic diseases through muscle-gut interactions.

The Role of Ion-Transporting Proteins on Crosstalk Between the Skeletal Muscle and Central Nervous Systems Elicited by Physical Exercise

A paradigm shift in the understanding of bidirectional interactions between peripheral and central nervous systems is essential for development of rehabilitation and preventive interventions based on physical exercise. Although a causal relationship has not been completely established, modulation of voltage-dependent ion channels (Ca2+, Cl-, K+, Na+, lactate-, H+) in skeletal and neuronal cells provides opportunities to maintain force production during exercise and reduce the risk of disease. However, there are caveats to consider when interpreting the effects of physical exercise on this bidirectional axis, since exercise protocol details (e.g., duration and intensity) have variable effects on this crosstalk. Therefore, an integrative perspective of the skeletal muscle and brain's communication pathway is discussed, and the role of physical exercise on such communication highway is explained in this review.

Impact of Physical Activity on Cellular Metabolism Across Both Neurodegenerative and General Neurological Conditions: A Narrative Review

BACKGROUND

Regular physical activity plays a crucial role in modulating cellular metabolism and mitigating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Multiple Sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this review is to evaluate the molecular mechanisms by which exercise influences cellular metabolism, with a focus on its potential as a therapeutic intervention for neurological disorders.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed scientific articles, with a focus on the period between 2015 and 2024, to analyze the effects of exercise on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and metabolic health.

RESULTS

The findings indicate that exercise promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, enhances oxidative phosphorylation, and reduces reactive oxygen species, contributing to improved energy production and cellular resilience. These metabolic adaptations are associated with delayed disease progression and reduced symptoms in patients with neurodegenerative conditions. Additionally, integrating exercise with nutritional strategies may further enhance therapeutic outcomes by addressing metabolic disturbances comprehensively.

CONCLUSIONS

This review concludes that personalized exercise protocols should be developed to optimize metabolic benefits for patients with neurological diseases, while future research should focus on biomarker development for individualized treatment approaches. These findings highlight the importance of non-pharmacological interventions in managing neurodegenerative diseases.

GRAF1 deficiency leads to defective brown adipose tissue differentiation and thermogenic response

Adipose tissue, which is crucial for the regulation of energy within the body, contains both white and brown adipocytes. White adipose tissue (WAT) primarily stores energy, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a critical role in energy dissipation as heat, offering potential for therapies aimed at enhancing metabolic health. Regulation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway is crucial for appropriate specification, differentiation and maturation of both white and brown adipocytes. However, our knowledge of how this pathway is controlled within specific adipose depots remains unclear, and to date a RhoA regulator that selectively controls adipocyte browning has not been identified. Our study shows that GRAF1, a RhoGAP, is highly expressed in metabolically active tissues, and closely correlates with brown adipocyte differentiation in culture and in vivo. Mice with either global or adipocyte-specific GRAF1 deficiency exhibit impaired BAT maturation and compromised cold-induced thermogenesis. Moreover, defects in differentiation of human GRAF1-deficient brown preadipocytes can be rescued by treatment with a Rho kinase inhibitor. Collectively, these studies indicate that GRAF1 can selectively induce brown adipocyte differentiation and suggest that manipulating GRAF1 activity may hold promise for the future treatment of diseases related to metabolic dysfunction.

Effects of maternal exercise modes on infant cord blood proteome

The aim of this study was to show the effects of different maternal exercise modes on infant cord blood proteome. We used infant cord blood from two randomized controlled trials where women with a wide range of BMI and free of pregnancy complications participated in controlled and supervised aerobic, resistance, or combination (aerobic+resistance) exercise from <16 weeks of gestation until delivery. Results of this study showed that infant cord blood proteome is altered in a maternal exercise mode specific manner. Additionally, results showed 61 downregulated proteins common to all exercise modes, which correspond to gas transport, cellular stress response, reactive oxygen species metabolism, and other biological processes. Collectively, these data demonstrate the differential effect of maternal exercise modes on infant cord blood proteome.

Potential Vitamin E Signaling Mediators in Skeletal Muscle

Vitamin E (Vit E) deficiency studies underline the relevance of this vitamin in skeletal muscle (SkM) homeostasis. The knowledge of the effectors and modulators of Vit E action in SkM cells is limited, especially in aging and chronic diseases characterized by a decline in musculoskeletal health. Vit E comprises eight fat-soluble compounds grouped into tocopherols and tocotrienols, which share the basic chemical structure but show different biological properties and potentials to prevent diseases. Vit E has antioxidant and non-antioxidant activities and both favorable and adverse effects depending on the specific conditions and tissues. In this review, we focus on the actual knowledge of Vit E forms in SkM functions and new potential signaling effectors (i.e., bioactive sphingolipids and myokines). The possible advantages of Vit E supplementation in counteracting SkM dysfunctions in sarcopenia and under microgravity will also be discussed.

Identification of a Resistance Exercise-Specific Signaling Pathway that Drives Skeletal Muscle Growth

A human model of unilateral endurance versus resistance exercise, in conjunction with deep phosphoproteomic analyses, was used to identify exercise mode-specific phosphorylation events. Among the outcomes, a resistance exercise-specific cluster of events was identified, and a multitude of bioinformatic- and literature-based predictions suggested that this was mediated by prolonged activation of a pathway involving MKK3b/6, p38, MK2, and mTORC1. Follow-up studies in humans and mice provide consistent support for the predictions and also revealed that resistance exercise-induced signaling through MKK3b and the induction of protein synthesis are highly correlated events (R = 0.87). Moreover, genetic activation of MKK3b/6 in skeletal muscles was sufficient to induce signaling through the members of the resistance exercise-specific pathway, as well as an increase in protein synthesis and fiber size. Thus, we propose that we have identified some of the core components of a signaling pathway that drives the growth-promoting effects of resistance exercise.

Actuating Extracellular Matrices Decouple the Mechanical and Biochemical Effects of Muscle Contraction on Motor Neurons

Emerging in vivo evidence suggests that repeated muscle contraction, or exercise, impacts peripheral nerves. However, the difficulty of isolating the muscle-specific impact on motor neurons in vivo, as well as the inability to decouple the biochemical and mechanical impacts of muscle contraction in this setting, motivates investigating this phenomenon in vitro. This study demonstrates that tuning the mechanical properties of fibrin enables longitudinal culture of highly contractile skeletal muscle monolayers, enabling functional characterization of and long-term secretome harvesting from exercised tissues. Motor neurons stimulated with exercised muscle-secreted factors significantly upregulate neurite outgrowth and migration, with an effect size dependent on muscle contraction intensity. Actuating magnetic microparticles embedded within fibrin hydrogels enable dynamically stretching motor neurons and non-invasively mimicking the mechanical effects of muscle contraction. Interestingly, axonogenesis is similarly upregulated in both mechanically and biochemically stimulated motor neurons, but RNA sequencing reveals different transcriptomic signatures between groups, with biochemical stimulation having a greater impact on cell signaling related to axonogenesis and synapse maturation. This study leverages actuating extracellular matrices to robustly validate a previously hypothesized role for muscle contraction in regulating motor neuron growth and maturation from the bottom-up through both mechanical and biochemical signaling.

Train and Reprogram Your Brain: Effects of Physical Exercise at Different Stages of Life on Brain Functions Saved in Epigenetic Modifications

Multiple studies have demonstrated the significant effects of physical exercise on brain plasticity, the enhancement of memory and cognition, and mood improvement. Although the beneficial impact of exercise on brain functions and mental health is well established, the exact mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are currently under thorough investigation. Several hypotheses have emerged suggesting various possible mechanisms, including the effects of hormones, neurotrophins, neurotransmitters, and more recently also other compounds such as lactate or irisin, which are released under the exercise circumstances and act both locally or/and on distant tissues, triggering systemic body reactions. Nevertheless, none of these actually explain the long-lasting effect of exercise, which can persist for years or even be passed on to subsequent generations. It is believed that these long-lasting effects are mediated through epigenetic modifications, influencing the expression of particular genes and the translation and modification of specific proteins. This review explores the impact of regular physical exercise on brain function and brain plasticity and the associated occurrence of epigenetic modifications. It examines how these changes contribute to the prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, as well as their influence on the natural aging process and mental health.

MicroRNA-specific targets for neuronal plasticity, neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, and gut microbes in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of depression

Depression is of great concern because of the huge burden, and it is impacted by various epigenetic modifications, e.g., histone modification, covalent modifications in DNA, and silencing mechanisms of non-coding protein genes, e.g., microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are a class of endogenous non-coding RNAs. Alternations in specific miRNAs have been observed both in depressive patients and experimental animals. Also, miRNAs are highly expressed in the central nervous system and can be delivered to different tissues via tissue-specific exosomes. However, the mechanism of miRNAs' involvement in the pathological process of depression is not well understood. Therefore, we summarized and discussed the role of miRNAs in depression. Conclusively, miRNAs are involved in the pathology of depression by causing structural and functional changes in synapses, mediating neuronal regeneration, differentiation, and apoptosis, regulating the gut microbes and the expression of various neurotransmitters and BDNF, and mediating inflammatory and immune responses. Moreover, miRNAs can predict the efficacy of antidepressant medications and explain the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs and aerobic exercise to prevent and assist in treating depression.

The Effect of Two Somatic-Based Practices Dance and Martial Arts on Irisin, BDNF Levels and Cognitive and Physical Fitness in Older Adults: A Randomized Control Trial

Background

Maintaining healthy brain function during ageing is of great importance, especially for the self-sufficiency of older adults. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of dance and martial arts on exerkines Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and irisin blood serum levels.

Methods

This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of dance and martial arts on serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and irisin levels, as well as cognitive function, mood, and physical measures in older adults. Seventy-seven independently living older adults (mean age 70.3±3.8 years) were randomized into three groups: dance (DG), martial arts (MaG), and control (CG), followed over 12 weeks. Generalized linear models were used to assess the interventions' effects.

Results

There was a significant increase in BDNF levels in both the DG (1.8 ± 4.9, p < 0.05) and MaG (3.5 ± 6.3, p < 0.05), while CG experienced a decrease (-4.9 ± 8.2, p < 0.05). Between-group effects were significant for BDNF, with DG and MaG showing higher levels than CG (p < 0.05). No significant changes in irisin levels were found. Cognitive performance, particularly attention and mental flexibility (measured by the Trail Making Test A and B), significantly improved in the DG compared to CG (p < 0.05). Additionally, participants in DG showed improved mood based on the Geriatric Depression Scale (p < 0.05) compared to CG. Anthropometric T-scores were significantly associated with changes in irisin levels (p < 0.05) after intervention.

Conclusion

The study found that dance and martial arts upregulated BDNF levels, with dance showing notable improvements in cognitive function and mood in older adults. Changes in anthropometric measures were linked to increased irisin levels. These findings suggest that both dance and martial arts may promote healthy brain function in aging populations.

Trial Registration

NCT05363228.

Emerging Mechanisms of Physical Exercise Benefits in Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Cancer Immunotherapy

The primary factors that can be modified in one's lifestyle are the most influential determinants and significant preventable causes of various types of cancer. Exercise has demonstrated numerous advantages in preventing cancer and aiding in its treatment. However, the precise mechanisms behind these effects are still not fully understood. To contribute to our comprehension of exercise's impact on cancer immunotherapy and provide recommendations for future research in exercise oncology, we will examine the roles and underlying mechanisms of exercise on immune cells. In addition to reducing the likelihood of developing cancer, exercise can also improve the effectiveness of certain approved anticancer treatments, such as targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Exercise is a pivotal modulator of the immune response, and thus, it can play an emerging important role in new immunotherapies. The mechanisms responsible for these effects involve the regulation of intra-tumoral angiogenesis, myokines, adipokines, their associated pathways, cancer metabolism, and anticancer immunity. Our review assesses the potential of physical exercise as an adjuvant/neoadjuvant tool, reducing the burden of cancer relapse, and analyzes emerging molecular mechanisms predicting favorable adjuvanticity effects.

The emerging role of exercise in Alzheimer's disease: Focus on mitochondrial function

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory impairment and cognitive dysfunction, which eventually leads to the disability and mortality of older adults. Although the precise mechanisms by which age promotes the development of AD remains poorly understood, mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the development of AD. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this debilitating disease. It is well accepted that exercise exerts neuroprotective effects by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction in the neurons of AD, which involves multiple mechanisms, including mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, mitophagy, transport, and signal transduction. In addition, exercise promotes mitochondria communication with other organelles in AD neurons, which should receive more attentions in the future.

Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Hypertension-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Adolescents and Young Adults

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy is widely known as a major risk factor for increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although exercise is proven to exert overall beneficial effects on hypertension and hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy, there are some concerns among providers about potential adverse effects induced by intense exercise, especially in hypertensive athletes. We will overview the underlying mechanisms of physiological and pathological hypertrophy and delineate the beneficial effects of exercise in young people with hypertension and consequent hypertrophy.

RECENT FINDINGS

Multiple studies have demonstrated that exercise training, both endurance and resistance types, reduces blood pressure and ameliorates hypertrophy in hypertensives, but certain precautions are required for hypertensive athletes when allowing competitive sports: Elevated blood pressure should be controlled before allowing them to participate in high-intensity exercise. Non-vigorous and recreational exercise are always recommended to promote cardiovascular health. Exercise-induced cardiac adaptation is a benign and favorable response that reverses or attenuates pathological cardiovascular remodeling induced by persistent hypertension. Exercise is the most effective nonpharmacological treatment for hypertensive individuals. Distinction between recreational-level exercise and competitive sports should be recognized by medical providers when allowing sports participation for adolescents and young adults.

Review of Exercise Interventions to Improve Clinical Outcomes in Nondialysis CKD

Exercise interventions in chronic kidney disease (CKD) have received growing interest, with over 30 meta-analyses published in the past 5 years. The potential benefits of exercise training in CKD range from slowing disease progression to improving comorbidities and quality of life. Nevertheless, there is a lack of large, randomized control trials in diverse populations, particularly regarding exercise in nondialysis-dependent CKD (NDD). When exercise interventions are implemented, they often lack fundamental features of exercise training such as progressive overload, personalization, and specificity. Furthermore, the physiology of exercise and CKD-specific barriers appear poorly understood. This review explores the potential benefits of exercise training in NDD, draws lessons from previous interventions and other fields, and provides several basic tools that may help improve interventions in research and practice.

Exerkine response to acute exercise: Still much to discover

•Exerkines mediate, at least partly, the salutary effects of exercise. •However, the actual responsiveness and time-course profile of most of these molecules remains unknown. •Future research should explore potential factors explaining inter-individual variability in exerkine responses.

Annexin A5 derived from lung alleviates brain damage after ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. It is now accepted that brain interacts bidirectionally with other organs after brain diseases. However, factors that might mediate crosstalk between brain and other organs are still less reported. Here we reported that plasma level of Annexin A5, not Annexin A1 or A2, was upregulated in stroke patients when compared to controls. In normal mice, the highest level of Annexin A5 were detected in lung tissues compared with other major organs and lowest level in brain. Moreover, Annexin A5 was increased in brain and decreased in lung after stroke in mice when compared to sham group. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay indicated that Annexin A5 could penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Treatment with Annexin A5 recombinant protein reduced the infarct volumes and improved neurological function after stroke in mice, while administration of anti-Annexin A5 increased the infarct sizes and aggravated neurological function. In a proof-of-concept analysis, patients with both ischemic stroke and lung diseases had a lower plasma Annexin A5 level than those with only ischemic stroke. Furthermore, Annexin A5 level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was lower in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) when compared with those at a less severe grade of COPD, and level of Annexin A5 was positively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s/prediction (FEV1pred) and PaO2. Our results suggest that Annexin A5 could alleviate infarct area and improve general neurological performance post cerebral ischemia. Increased Annexin A5 may derive from lung tissue and permeate across BBB to provide a neuroprotective function. Therefore, Annexin A5 may potentially serve as a therapeutic candidate for defending against IS-induced brain injury.

Immune system benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease characterized by pulmonary and systemic inflammation. Inflammatory mediators show relationships with shortness of breath, exercise intolerance and health related quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), a comprehensive education and exercise training programme, is the most effective therapy for COPD and is associated with reduced exacerbation and hospitalization rates and increased survival. Exercise training, the primary physiological intervention within PR, is known to exert a beneficial anti-inflammatory effect in health and chronic diseases. The question of this review article is whether exercise training can also make such a beneficial anti-inflammatory effect in COPD. Experimental studies using smoke exposure mice models suggest that the response of the immune system to exercise training is favourably anti-inflammatory. However, the evidence about the response of most known inflammatory mediators (C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, interleukin 10) to exercise training in COPD patients is inconsistent, making it difficult to conclude whether regular exercise training has an anti-inflammatory effect in COPD. It is also unclear whether COPD patients with more persistent inflammation are a subgroup that would benefit more from hypothesized immunomodulatory effects of exercise training (i.e., personalized treatment). Nevertheless, it seems that PR combined with maintenance exercise training (i.e., lifestyle change) might be more beneficial in controlling inflammation and slowing disease progress in COPD patients, specifically in those with early stages of disease.