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Liu X, Wang Y, Sun L, Xiao G, Hou N, Chen J, Wang W, Xu X, Gu Y. Screening and optimization of shark nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD. Antiviral Res 2024; 226:105898. [PMID: 38692413 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 continues to threaten human health, antibody therapy is one way to control the infection. Because new SARS-CoV-2 mutations are constantly emerging, there is an urgent need to develop broadly neutralizing antibodies to block the viral entry into host cells. VNAR from sharks is the smallest natural antigen binding domain, with the advantages of small size, flexible paratopes, good stability, and low manufacturing cost. Here, we used recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike-RBD to immunize sharks and constructed a VNAR phage display library. VNAR R1C2, selected from the library, efficiently binds to the RBD domain and blocks the infection of ACE2-positive cells by pseudovirus. Next, homologous bivalent VNARs were constructed through the tandem fusion of two R1C2 units, which enhanced both the affinity and neutralizing activity of R1C2. R1C2 was predicted to bind to a relatively conserved region within the RBD. By introducing mutations at four key binding sites within the CDR3 and HV2 regions of R1C2, the affinity and neutralizing activity of R1C2 were significantly improved. Furthermore, R1C2 also exhibits an effective capacity of binding to the Omicron variants (BA.2 and XBB.1). Together, these results suggest that R1C2 could serve as a valuable candidate for preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lishan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guokai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ning Hou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jin Chen
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Yuchao Gu
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
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2
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Mi H, Chen Q, Lin H, He T, Zhang R, Ren S, Liu L, Wang J, Huang H, Wang M, Guo Z, Su C. Short-term effectiveness of single-dose intranasal spray COVID-19 vaccine against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection in healthcare workers: a prospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 67:102374. [PMID: 38169940 PMCID: PMC10758709 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The pivotal phase 3 efficacy clinical trial has demonstrated that a two-dose regimen of dNS1-RBD (Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise, Beijing, China) is well-tolerated and provides wide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the effectiveness of a single-dose regimen is still unknown. We aimed to estimate the effectiveness of one-dose of dNS1-RBD against symptomatic Omicron infections in real-world conditions. Methods This prospective cohort study was conducted during an Omicron outbreak among healthcare workers in Xiamen, China, from December 22, 2022 to January 16, 2023. Participants chose to receive single-dose of dNS1-RBD or remain unvaccinated based on personal preference. Healthcare workers daily validated their SARS-CoV-2 infection status, using either RT-PCR or rapid antigen test. A survey questionnaire was conducted to gather information on acute symptoms from individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. The primary outcome was the symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections after enrollment in the dNS1-RBD recipients or the control group among all participants and by prior COVID-19 vaccination status. Findings On December 22, 2022, a total of 1391 eligible participants without a history of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. Among them, 550 received single-dose of dNS1-RBD, while 841 remained unvaccinated. In the total cohort, the range of follow-up time was 1∼26 days. During the study period, a total of 880 symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections were identified in the total cohort. The adjusted vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and the infections requiring medical attention were 19.0% (95% CI: 6.7, 29.7, P = 0.004) and 59.4% (95% CI: 25.1, 78.0, P = 0.004) in the total cohort, 11.6% (95% CI: -2.4, 23.7, P = 0.100) and 55.3% (95% CI: 15.3, 76.4, P = 0.014) in the participants with inactivated COVID-19 vaccination history, as well as 87.0% (95% CI: 72.6, 93.9, P < 0.001) and 84.2% (95% CI: -41.8, 98.2, P = 0.099) in the naïve participants, respectively. Interpretation When administered as a booster to individuals with a history of inactivated COVID-19 vaccination, a single-dose of dNS1-RBD provides protection against infections requiring medical attention at least in the short-term after vaccination. The data also showed that a single-dose of dNS1-RBD is protective against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections as a primary immunization for individuals without prior exposure, but due to the limited sample size of naïve participants, further research with a larger sample size is needed to make a solid conclusion. Funding Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau 2022 General Science and Technology Plan Project and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Mi
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, 361015, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hongyan Lin
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tingjuan He
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, 361015, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Ruixin Zhang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, 361015, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Xiamen, 361015, China
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shuhao Ren
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, 361015, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Xiamen, 361015, China
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, 361015, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, 361015, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, 361015, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Meixia Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, 361015, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Zhinan Guo
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chenghao Su
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, 361015, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Xiamen, 361015, China
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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3
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Zhang X, Zhang J, Chen S, He Q, Bai Y, Liu J, Wang Z, Liang Z, Chen L, Mao Q, Xu M. Progress and challenges in the clinical evaluation of immune responses to respiratory mucosal vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:362-370. [PMID: 38444382 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2326094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following the coronavirus disease pandemic, respiratory mucosal vaccines that elicit both mucosal and systemic immune responses have garnered increasing attention. However, human physiological characteristics pose significant challenges in the evaluation of mucosal immunity, which directly impedes the development and application of respiratory mucosal vaccines. AREAS COVERED This study summarizes the characteristics of immune responses in the respiratory mucosa and reviews the current status and challenges in evaluating immune response to respiratory mucosal vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Secretory Immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) is a major effector molecule at mucosal sites and a commonly used indicator for evaluating respiratory mucosal vaccines. However, the unique physiological structure of the respiratory tract pose significant challenges for the clinical collection and detection of S-IgA. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a sampling method with high collection efficiency and acceptance, a sensitive detection method, reference materials for mucosal antibodies, and to establish a threshold for S-IgA that correlates with clinical protection. Sample collection is even more challenging when evaluating mucosal cell immunity. Therefore, a mucosal cell sampling method with high operability and high tolerance should be established. Targets of the circulatory system capable of reflecting mucosal cellular immunity should also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Si Chen
- Drug and Vaccine Research Center, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Drug and Vaccine Research Center, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Drug and Vaccine Research Center, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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4
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Yang X. Passive antibody therapy in emerging infectious diseases. Front Med 2023; 17:1117-1134. [PMID: 38040914 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 and its variants of concern (VOCs) has been ongoing for over 3 years. Antibody therapies encompassing convalescent plasma, hyperimmunoglobulin, and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) applied in passive immunotherapy have yielded positive outcomes and played a crucial role in the early COVID-19 treatment. In this review, the development path, action mechanism, clinical research results, challenges, and safety profile associated with the use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma, hyperimmunoglobulin, and mAbs were summarized. In addition, the prospects of applying antibody therapy against VOCs was assessed, offering insights into the coping strategies for facing new infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, 430207, China.
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China.
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, 100029, China.
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5
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Peissert F, Pedotti M, Corbellari R, Simonelli L, De Gasparo R, Tamagnini E, Plüss L, Elsayed A, Matasci M, De Luca R, Cassaniti I, Sammartino JC, Piralla A, Baldanti F, Neri D, Varani L. Adapting Neutralizing Antibodies to Viral Variants by Structure-Guided Affinity Maturation Using Phage Display Technology. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2300088. [PMID: 37829677 PMCID: PMC10566804 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have achieved great efficacy and safety for the treatment of numerous infectious diseases. However, their neutralization potency is often rapidly lost when the target antigen mutates. Instead of isolating new antibodies each time a pathogen variant arises, it can be attractive to adapt existing antibodies, making them active against the new variant. Potential benefits of this approach include reduced development time, cost, and regulatory burden. Here a methodology is described to rapidly evolve neutralizing antibodies of proven activity, improving their function against new pathogen variants without losing efficacy against previous ones. The reported procedure is based on structure-guided affinity maturation using combinatorial mutagenesis and phage display technology. Its use against the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is demonstrated, but it is suitable for any other pathogen. As proof of concept, the method is applied to CoV-X2, a human bispecific antibody that binds with high affinity to the early SARS-CoV-2 variants but lost neutralization potency against Delta. Antibodies emerging from the affinity maturation selection exhibit significantly improved neutralization potency against Delta and no loss of efficacy against the other viral sequences tested. These results illustrate the potential application of structure-guided affinity maturation in facilitating the rapid adaptation of neutralizing antibodies to pathogen variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mattia Pedotti
- Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera italiana (USI)Bellinzona6500Switzerland
| | | | - Luca Simonelli
- Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera italiana (USI)Bellinzona6500Switzerland
| | - Raoul De Gasparo
- Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera italiana (USI)Bellinzona6500Switzerland
| | - Elia Tamagnini
- Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera italiana (USI)Bellinzona6500Switzerland
| | - Louis Plüss
- Philochem AGLibernstrasse 3Otelfingen8112Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Irene Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology UnitMicrobiology and Virology DepartmentFondazione IRCCS Policlinico San MatteoPavia27100Italy
| | - Jose’ Camilla Sammartino
- Molecular Virology UnitMicrobiology and Virology DepartmentFondazione IRCCS Policlinico San MatteoPavia27100Italy
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Molecular Virology UnitMicrobiology and Virology DepartmentFondazione IRCCS Policlinico San MatteoPavia27100Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology UnitMicrobiology and Virology DepartmentFondazione IRCCS Policlinico San MatteoPavia27100Italy
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric SciencesUniversità degli Studi di PaviaPavia27100Italy
| | - Dario Neri
- Philochem AGLibernstrasse 3Otelfingen8112Switzerland
- Philogen SpALocalità Bellaria 35Sovicille (SI)53018Italy
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera italiana (USI)Bellinzona6500Switzerland
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6
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Liu J, Mao F, Chen J, Lu S, Qi Y, Sun Y, Fang L, Yeung ML, Liu C, Yu G, Li G, Liu X, Yao Y, Huang P, Hao D, Liu Z, Ding Y, Liu H, Yang F, Chen P, Sa R, Sheng Y, Tian X, Peng R, Li X, Luo J, Cheng Y, Zheng Y, Lin Y, Song R, Jin R, Huang B, Choe H, Farzan M, Yuen KY, Tan W, Peng X, Sui J, Li W. An IgM-like inhalable ACE2 fusion protein broadly neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5191. [PMID: 37626079 PMCID: PMC10457309 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the currently available COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics are not effective against newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we developed the metallo-enzyme domain of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-the cellular receptor of SARS-CoV-2-into an IgM-like inhalable molecule (HH-120). HH-120 binds to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein with high avidity and confers potent and broad-spectrum neutralization activity against all known SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. HH-120 was developed as an inhaled formulation that achieves appropriate aerodynamic properties for rodent and monkey respiratory system delivery, and we found that early administration of HH-120 by aerosol inhalation significantly reduced viral loads and lung pathology scores in male golden Syrian hamsters infected by the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain (GDPCC-nCoV27) and the Delta variant. Our study presents a meaningful advancement in the inhalation delivery of large biologics like HH-120 (molecular weight (MW) ~ 1000 kDa) and demonstrates that HH-120 can serve as an efficacious, safe, and convenient agent against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Finally, given the known role of ACE2 in viral reception, it is conceivable that HH-120 has the potential to be efficacious against additional emergent coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
- Huahui Health Ltd, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Yinyan Sun
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linqiang Fang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Man Lung Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | | | | | | | - Ximing Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Yu Ding
- Huahui Health Ltd, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Pan Chen
- Huahui Health Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Rigai Sa
- Huahui Health Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Sheng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Tian
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Peng
- Huahui Health Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Huahui Health Ltd, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Rui Song
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianhua Sui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Zhang L, Jiang Y, He J, Chen J, Qi R, Yuan L, Shao T, Zhao H, Chen C, Chen Y, Wang X, Lei X, Gao Q, Zhuang C, Zhou M, Ma J, Liu W, Yang M, Fu R, Wu Y, Chen F, Xiong H, Nie M, Chen Y, Wu K, Fang M, Wang Y, Zheng Z, Huang S, Ge S, Cheng SC, Zhu H, Cheng T, Yuan Q, Wu T, Zhang J, Chen Y, Zhang T, Li C, Qi H, Guan Y, Xia N. Intranasal influenza-vectored COVID-19 vaccine restrains the SARS-CoV-2 inflammatory response in hamsters. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4117. [PMID: 37433761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and "anatomical escape" characteristics threaten the effectiveness of current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. There is an urgent need to understand the immunological mechanism of broad-spectrum respiratory tract protection to guide broader vaccines development. Here we investigate immune responses induced by an NS1-deleted influenza virus vectored intranasal COVID-19 vaccine (dNS1-RBD) which provides broad-spectrum protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters. Intranasal delivery of dNS1-RBD induces innate immunity, trained immunity and tissue-resident memory T cells covering the upper and lower respiratory tract. It restrains the inflammatory response by suppressing early phase viral load post SARS-CoV-2 challenge and attenuating pro-inflammatory cytokine (Il6, Il1b, and Ifng) levels, thereby reducing excess immune-induced tissue injury compared with the control group. By inducing local cellular immunity and trained immunity, intranasal delivery of NS1-deleted influenza virus vectored vaccine represents a broad-spectrum COVID-19 vaccine strategy to reduce disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jinhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ruoyao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lunzhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Tiange Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, 102629, Beijing, China
| | - Congjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yaode Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xing Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qingxiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chunlan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Man Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hualong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Meifeng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mujin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zizheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shoujie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shih Chin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, 515063, Shantou, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Tianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, 102629, Beijing, China.
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, 515063, Shantou, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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8
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Yu K, Liu B, Yu H, Sun C, Wang X, Li G, Dong M, Wang Y, Zhang J, Xu N, Liu W. A neutralizing bispecific single-chain antibody against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant produced based on CR3022. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1155293. [PMID: 37207187 PMCID: PMC10189128 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1155293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The constantly mutating SARS-CoV-2 has been infected an increasing number of people, hence the safe and efficacious treatment are urgently needed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, neutralizing antibodies (Nabs), targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are potentially effective therapeutics against COVID-19. As a new form of antibody, bispecific single chain antibodies (BscAbs) can be easily expressed in E. coli and exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Methods In this study, we constructed two BscAbs 16-29, 16-3022 and three single chain variable fragments (scFv) S1-16, S2-29 and S3022 as a comparison to explore their antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. The affinity of the five antibodies was characterized by ELISA and SPR and the neutralizing activity of them was analyzed using pseudovirus or authentic virus neutralization assay. Bioinformatics and competitive ELISA methods were used to identify different epitopes on RBD. Results Our results revealed the potent neutralizing activity of two BscAbs 16-29 and 16-3022 against SARS-CoV-2 original strain and Omicron variant infection. In addition, we also found that SARS-CoV RBD-targeted scFv S3022 could play a synergistic role with other SARS-CoV-2 RBD-targeted antibodies to enhance neutralizing activity in the form of a BscAb or in cocktail therapies. Discussion This innovative approach offers a promising avenue for the development of subsequent antibody therapies against SARSCoV-2. Combining the advantages of cocktails and single-molecule strategies, BscAb therapy has the potential to be developed as an effective immunotherapeutic for clinical use to mitigate the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Yu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haotian Yu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chengbiao Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guorui Li
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Mingxin Dong
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianxu Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Na Xu
- Academic Affairs Office, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Wensen Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, Jilin, China
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9
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Tu B, Gao Y, An X, Wang H, Huang Y. Localized delivery of nanomedicine and antibodies for combating COVID-19. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:1828-1846. [PMID: 36168329 PMCID: PMC9502448 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been a major health burden in the world. So far, many strategies have been investigated to control the spread of COVID-19, including social distancing, disinfection protocols, vaccines, and antiviral treatments. Despite the significant achievement, due to the constantly emerging new variants, COVID-19 is still a great challenge to the global healthcare system. It is an urgent demand for the development of new therapeutics and technologies for containing the wild spread of SARS-CoV-2. Inhaled administration is useful for the treatment of lung and respiratory diseases, and enables the drugs to reach the site of action directly with benefits of decreased dose, improved safety, and enhanced patient compliance. Nanotechnology has been extensively applied in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. In this review, the inhaled nanomedicines and antibodies, as well as intranasal nanodrugs, for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanrong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinran An
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, SIMM, CAS, Zhongshan 528437, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Shanghai 201203, China
- Taizhou University, School of Advanced Study, Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, Taizhou 318000, China
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10
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Atherly AJ, van den Broek-Altenburg EM. The effect of medical innovation on the cost-effectiveness of Covid 19-related policies in the United States using a SIR model. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:372. [PMID: 37072753 PMCID: PMC10111306 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During 2020-21, the United States used a multifaceted approach to control SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) and reduce mortality and morbidity. This included non-medical interventions (NMIs), aggressive vaccine development and deployment, and research into more effective approaches to medically treat Covid-19. Each approach had both costs and benefits. The objective of this study was to calculate the Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) for three major Covid-19 policies: NMIs, vaccine development and deployment (Vaccines), and therapeutics and care improvements within the hospital setting (HTCI). METHODS To simulate the number of QALYs lost per scenario, we developed a multi-risk Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model where infection and fatality rates vary between regions. We use a two equation SIR model. The first equation represents changes in the number of infections and is a function of the susceptible population, the infection rate and the recovery rate. The second equation shows the changes in the susceptible population as people recover. Key costs included loss of economic productivity, reduced future earnings due to educational closures, inpatient spending and the cost of vaccine development. Benefits included reductions in Covid-19 related deaths, which were offset in some models by additional cancer deaths due to care delays. RESULTS The largest cost is the reduction in economic output associated with NMI ($1.7 trillion); the second most significant cost is the educational shutdowns, with estimated reduced lifetime earnings of $523B. The total estimated cost of vaccine development is $55B. HTCI had the lowest cost per QALY gained vs "do nothing" with a cost of $2,089 per QALY gained. Vaccines cost $34,777 per QALY gained in isolation, while NMIs alone were dominated by other options. HTCI alone dominated most alternatives, except the combination of HTCI and Vaccines ($58,528 per QALY gained) and HTCI, Vaccines and NMIs ($3.4 m per QALY gained). CONCLUSIONS HTCI was the most cost effective and was well justified under any standard cost effectiveness threshold. The cost per QALY gained for vaccine development, either alone or in concert with other approaches, is well within the standard for cost effectiveness. NMIs reduced deaths and saved QALYs, but the cost per QALY gained is well outside the usual accepted limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Atherly
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA.
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11
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Nasal sprays for treating COVID-19: a scientific note. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:249-265. [PMID: 36848033 PMCID: PMC9969373 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical management of COVID-19 has been a daunting task. Due to the lack of specific treatment, vaccines have been regarded as the first line of defence. Innate responses and cell-mediated systemic immunity, including serum antibodies, have been the primary focus of practically all studies of the immune response to COVID-19. However, owing to the difficulties encountered by the conventional route, alternative routes for prophylaxis and therapy became the need of the hour. The first site invaded by SARS-CoV-2 is the upper respiratory tract. Nasal vaccines are already in different stages of development. Apart from prophylactic purposes, mucosal immunity can be exploited for therapeutic purposes too. The nasal route for drug delivery offers many advantages over the conventional route. Besides offering a needle-free delivery, they can be self-administered. They present less logistical burden as there is no need for refrigeration. The present article focuses on various aspects of nasal spray for eliminating COVID-19.
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12
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Liu Y, Zhai G, Fu W, Zhang X, Xu J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I trial of inhalation treatment of recombinant TFF2-IFN protein: A multifunctional candidate for the treatment of COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1063106. [PMID: 36578554 PMCID: PMC9790930 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1063106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused global pandemics in the last 3 years, and the development of new therapeutics is urgently needed. This study aimed to assess the safety, tolerated, and prolonged retention of recombinant protein trefoil factor 2 (TFF2)- interferon (IFN) in the respiratory tract of healthy volunteers. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, dose-escalation phase I study to evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and cytokine responses after administration of recombinant TFF2-IFN proteins. Healthy volunteers were informed, enrolled, and randomized into four groups with a dose escalation of 0.2, 1, 2, and 4 mg and then inhaled the investigation product or placebo. Thirty-two eligible participants were finally enrolled; eight were assigned to the placebo group and 24 to the TFF2-IFN group, with six participants per group. Data were collected from 19 November 2021, to 4 January 2022. Results: All 32 participants completed the study. Of the participants who received the recombinant TFF2-IFN protein, 41.7% (10/24) reported 11 adverse events (AEs) during treatment and 62.5% (5/8) of those who received a placebo reported six AEs. Sixteen of the 17 AEs were grade 1. Only one grade 3 AE occurred in the placebo group and no worse event occurred as a serious adverse event. The pharmacokinetics was analyzed for times and concentrations of the investigation products in 0.2, 1, 2, and 4 mg groups in 24 recipients of TFF2-IFN, and the results showed that TFF2-IFN was retained in the lung for at least 6-8 h. Only the highest dose group (4 mg) had a transient detectable concentration in serum, while all other dose groups had a level below the lower limit of quantification. Conclusion: In this study, the recombinant TFF2-IFN protein was a well-tolerated and safe therapeutic when administered by nebulization, characterized by prolonged retention in the respiratory tract, which would be greatly beneficial in combating respiratory viral infection. Systematic Review Registration: [http://www.chictr.org.cn], identifier [ChiCTR2000035633].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanxing Zhai
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Fu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoyan Zhang, ; Jianqing Xu,
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoyan Zhang, ; Jianqing Xu,
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13
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Chi H, Wang L, Liu C, Cheng X, Zheng H, Lv L, Tan Y, Zhang N, Zhao S, Wu M, Luo D, Qiu H, Feng R, Fu W, Zhang J, Xiong X, Zhang Y, Zu S, Chen Q, Ye Q, Yan X, Hu Y, Zhang Z, Yan R, Yin J, Lei P, Wang W, Lang G, Shao J, Deng Y, Wang X, Qin C. An Engineered IgG-VHH Bispecific Antibody against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200932. [PMID: 36300882 PMCID: PMC9874498 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing antibodies are shown to be effective therapeutics for providing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) protection. However, recurrent variants arise and facilitate significant escape from current antibody therapeutics. Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) represent a unique platform to increase antibody breadth and to reduce neutralization escape. Herein, a novel immunoglobulin G-variable domains of heavy-chain-only antibody (IgG-VHH) format bsAb derived from a potent human antibody R15-F7 and a humanized nanobody P14-F8-35 are rationally engineered. The resulting bsAb SYZJ001 efficiently neutralizes wild-type SARS-CoV-2 as well as the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variants, with superior efficacy to its parental antibodies. Cryo-electron microscopy structural analysis reveals that R15-F7 and P14-F8-35 bind to nonoverlapping epitopes within the RBD and sterically hindered ACE2 receptor binding. Most importantly, SYZJ001 shows potent prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in three established mouse models. Collectively, the current results demonstrate that the novel bsAb format is feasible and effective, suggesting great potential as an inspiring antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and ImmunityNational Laboratory of MacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Chanjuan Liu
- Department of Innovation Research and DevelopmentSanyou Biopharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co., LtdShanghai201114China
| | - Xiaohe Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
| | - Hailiang Zheng
- Department of Innovation Research and DevelopmentSanyou Biopharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co., LtdShanghai201114China
| | - Lilang Lv
- ZJ Bio‐Tech InstituteShanghai ZJ Bio‐Tech Co., Ltd.Shanghai201114China
| | - Yongcong Tan
- Department of Innovation Research and DevelopmentSanyou Biopharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co., LtdShanghai201114China
| | - Nana Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
| | - Suoqun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
| | - Mei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
| | - Hongying Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
| | - Rui Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and ImmunityNational Laboratory of MacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Wangjun Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and ImmunityNational Laboratory of MacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Jie Zhang
- ZJ Bio‐Tech InstituteShanghai ZJ Bio‐Tech Co., Ltd.Shanghai201114China
| | - Xiaochuan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
| | - Shulong Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
| | - Xintian Yan
- Department of Innovation Research and DevelopmentSanyou Biopharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co., LtdShanghai201114China
| | - Yuhao Hu
- Department of Innovation Research and DevelopmentSanyou Biopharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co., LtdShanghai201114China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Innovation Research and DevelopmentSanyou Biopharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co., LtdShanghai201114China
| | - Run Yan
- Department of Innovation Research and DevelopmentSanyou Biopharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co., LtdShanghai201114China
| | - Jiangfeng Yin
- Department of Innovation Research and DevelopmentSanyou Biopharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co., LtdShanghai201114China
| | - Pan Lei
- Department of Innovation Research and DevelopmentSanyou Biopharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co., LtdShanghai201114China
| | - Wanjing Wang
- Department of Innovation Research and DevelopmentSanyou Biopharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co., LtdShanghai201114China
| | - Guojun Lang
- Department of Innovation Research and DevelopmentSanyou Biopharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co., LtdShanghai201114China
| | - Junbin Shao
- ZJ Bio‐Tech InstituteShanghai ZJ Bio‐Tech Co., Ltd.Shanghai201114China
| | - Yongqiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and ImmunityNational Laboratory of MacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071China
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Pidiyar V, Kumraj G, Ahmed K, Ahmed S, Shah S, Majumder P, Verma B, Pathak S, Mukherjee S. COVID-19 management landscape: A need for an affordable platform to manufacture safe and efficacious biotherapeutics and prophylactics for the developing countries. Vaccine 2022; 40:5302-5312. [PMID: 35914959 PMCID: PMC9148927 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To gain world-wide control over COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to have affordable and accessible vaccine and monoclonal antibody technologies across the globe. In comparison to the western countries, Asian and African countries have less percentage of vaccination done which warrants urgent attention. Global manufacturer production capacities, dependency on advanced nations for the supply of vaccines or the raw material, national economy, limited research facilities, and logistics could be the factors. This review article elaborates the existing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies available for COVID-19, currently adopted vaccine and monoclonal antibody platforms for SARS-CoV-2 along with the approaches to bridge the gap prevailing in the challenges faced by low- and middle-income countries. We believe adoption of yeast-derived P. pastoris technology can help in developing safe, proven, easy to scale-up, and affordable recombinant vaccine or monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. This platform has the advantage of not requiring a dedicated or specialized facility making it an affordable option using existing manufacturing facilities, without significant additional capital investments. Besides, the technology platform of multiantigen vaccine approach and monoclonal antibody cocktail will serve as effective weapons to combat the threat posed by the SARS-CoV-2 variants. Successful development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies using such a technology will lead to self-sufficiency of these nations in terms of availability of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyankatesh Pidiyar
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Ganesh Kumraj
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Kafil Ahmed
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Syed Ahmed
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India.
| | - Sanket Shah
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Piyali Majumder
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Bhawna Verma
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Sarang Pathak
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
| | - Sushmita Mukherjee
- Techinvention Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. #1004, The Summit Business Park, Off WEH Metro Station, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093. India
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15
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Jia J, Yin Z, Zhang X, Li H, Meng D, Liu Q, Wang H, Han M, Suo S, Liu Y, Hu P, Sun C, Li J, Xie L. Feasibility Studies of Nebulized SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody in Mice and Cynomolgus Monkeys. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2191-2201. [PMID: 35882740 PMCID: PMC9322739 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Neutralizing antibodies, administrated through intravenous infusion, have shown to be highly efficacious in treating mild and moderate COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung. However, antibodies do not transport across the plasma-lung barrier efficiently, and up to 100 mg/kg dose was used in human causing significant supply and cost burdens. This study was to explore the feasibility of nebulized antibodies inhalation delivery as an alternative route. Methods HB27, a potent RBD-specific humanized monoclonal antibody (Zhu et al. in National Sci Rev. 8:nwaa297, 2020), showed excellent protection against SARS-CoV-2 in animal model and good safety profile in clinical studies. The pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety of HB27 administrated through the respiratory tract were studied in mice and cynomolgus monkeys here. Results At a single 5 mg/kg dose, the peak HB27 concentration in mice pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (ELF) reached 857.8 μg/mL, 670-fold higher than the PRNT90 value of 1.28 μg/mL, and maintained above PRNT90 over 240 h. In contrast, when administrated by intravenous injection at a 5 mg/kg dose, the antibody concentrations in mice ELF were below PRNT90 value throughout, and were about 50-fold lower than that in the serum. In cynomolgus monkeys administrated with a single dose through inhalation, the antibody concentration in ELF remained high within 3 days. No drug-related safety concerns were observed in the studies. Conclusions The study demonstrated that nebulized neutralizing antibody delivery though inhalation could be a more efficient and efficacious alternative approach for treating COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases, and warrants further evaluation in clinical studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-022-03340-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Jia
- Sinocelltech Ltd., No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China
| | - Zhaojuan Yin
- Sinocelltech Ltd., No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Sinocelltech Ltd., No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Sinocelltech Ltd., No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China
| | - Dan Meng
- Sinocelltech Ltd., No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Sinocelltech Ltd., No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- Sinocelltech Ltd., No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China
| | - Meng Han
- Sinocelltech Ltd., No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China
| | - Shixiang Suo
- Sinocelltech Ltd., No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Sinocelltech Ltd., No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Sinocelltech Ltd., No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China
| | - Chunyun Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd, No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China
| | - Jing Li
- Sinocelltech Ltd., No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China
| | - Liangzhi Xie
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd, No.31 Kechuang 7th Street, Beijing, 100176, BDA, China. .,Cell Culture Engineering Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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16
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Forgham H, Kakinen A, Qiao R, Davis TP. Keeping up with the COVID's-Could siRNA-based antivirals be a part of the answer? EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20220012. [PMID: 35941991 PMCID: PMC9349879 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This deadly infection has resulted in more than 5.2 million deaths worldwide. The global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines has without doubt saved countless lives by reducing the severity of symptoms for patients. However, as the virus continues to evolve, there is a risk that the vaccines and antiviral designed to target the infection will no longer be therapeutically viable. Furthermore, there remain fears over both the short and long-term side effects of repeat exposure to currently available vaccines. In this review, we discuss the pros and cons of the vaccine rollout and promote the idea of a COVID medicinal toolbox made up of different antiviral treatment modalities, and present some of the latest therapeutic strategies that are being explored in this respect to try to combat the COVID-19 virus and other COVID viruses that are predicted to follow. Lastly, we review current literature on the use of siRNA therapeutics as a way to remain adaptable and in tune with the ever-evolving mutation rate of the COVID-19 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Forgham
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Aleksandr Kakinen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ruirui Qiao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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17
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Prashar P, Swain S, Adhikari N, Aryan P, Singh A, Kwatra M, B P. A novel high-throughput single B-cell cloning platform for isolation and characterization of high-affinity and potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Antiviral Res 2022; 203:105349. [PMID: 35640847 PMCID: PMC9142369 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are specific to SARS-CoV-2 can be useful in diagnosing, preventing, and treating the coronavirus (COVID-19) illness. Strategies for the high-throughput and rapid isolation of these potent neutralizing antibodies are critical toward the development of therapeutically targeting COVID-19 as well as other infectious diseases. In the present study, a single B-cell cloning method was used to screen the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain of SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) specific, high affinity, and neutralizing mAbs from patients' blood samples. An RBD-specific antibody, SAR03, was discovered that showed high binding (ELISA and SPR) and neutralizing activity (competitive ELISA and pseudovirus-based reporter assay) against the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain of SARS-CoV-2. Mechanistic studies on human cells revealed that SAR03 competes with the ACE-2 receptor for binding with the RBD domain (S1 subunit) present in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. This study highlights the potential of the single B cell cloning method for the rapid and efficient screening of high-affinity and effective neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Prashar
- Sarsuag Discovery Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560100, India.
| | - Sonali Swain
- Sarsuag Discovery Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560100, India
| | - Nisha Adhikari
- Sarsuag Discovery Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560100, India
| | - Punit Aryan
- Sarsuag Discovery Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560100, India
| | - Anupama Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Mohit Kwatra
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Prabhakar B
- Sarsuag Discovery Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560100, India
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18
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Chonira V, Kwon YD, Gorman J, Case JB, Ku Z, Simeon R, Casner RG, Harris DR, Olia AS, Stephens T, Shapiro L, Boyd H, Tsybovsky Y, Krammer F, Diamond MS, Kwong PD, An Z, Chen Z. Potent and pan-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by DARPins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.05.30.493765. [PMID: 35677079 PMCID: PMC9176645 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.30.493765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the engineering and selection of two synthetic proteins - FSR16m and FSR22 - for possible treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. FSR16m and FSR22 are trimeric proteins composed of DARPin SR16m or SR22 fused with a T4 foldon and exhibit broad spectrum neutralization of SARS-Cov-2 strains. The IC 50 values of FSR16m against authentic B.1.351, B.1.617.2 and BA.1.1 variants are 3.4 ng/mL, 2.2 ng/mL and 7.4 ng/mL, respectively, comparable to currently used therapeutic antibodies. Despite the use of the spike protein from a now historical wild-type virus for design, FSR16m and FSR22 both exhibit increased neutralization against newly-emerged variants of concern (39- to 296-fold) in pseudovirus assays. Cryo-EM structures revealed that these DARPins recognize a region of the receptor binding domain (RBD, residues 455-456, 486-489) overlapping a critical portion of the ACE2-binding surface. K18-hACE2 transgenic mice inoculated with a B.1.617.2 variant and receiving intranasally-administered FSR16m were protected as judged by less weight loss and 10-100-fold reductions in viral burden in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The strong and broad neutralization potency make FSR16m and FSR22 promising candidates for prevention and treatment of infection by current and potential future strains of SARS-CoV-2.
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19
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Farouq MAH, Acevedo R, Ferro VA, Mulheran PA, Al Qaraghuli MM. The Role of Antibodies in the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection, and Evaluating Their Contribution to Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116078. [PMID: 35682757 PMCID: PMC9181534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a crucial role in the immune response, in fighting off pathogens as well as helping create strong immunological memory. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) occurs when non-neutralising antibodies recognise and bind to a pathogen, but are unable to prevent infection, and is widely known and is reported as occurring in infection caused by several viruses. This narrative review explores the ADE phenomenon, its occurrence in viral infections and evaluates its role in infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As of yet, there is no clear evidence of ADE in SARS-CoV-2, though this area is still subject to further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. H. Farouq
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK; (P.A.M.); (M.M.A.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1415524400
| | - Reinaldo Acevedo
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Valerie A. Ferro
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK;
| | - Paul A. Mulheran
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK; (P.A.M.); (M.M.A.Q.)
| | - Mohammed M. Al Qaraghuli
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK; (P.A.M.); (M.M.A.Q.)
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK;
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
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20
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Pande K, Hollingsworth SA, Sam M, Gao Q, Singh S, Saha A, Vroom K, Ma XS, Brazell T, Gorman D, Chen SJ, Raoufi F, Bailly M, Grandy D, Sathiyamoorthy K, Zhang L, Thompson R, Cheng AC, Fayadat-Dilman L, Geierstanger BH, Kingsley LJ. Hexamerization of Anti-SARS CoV IgG1 Antibodies Improves Neutralization Capacity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864775. [PMID: 35603164 PMCID: PMC9114490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and particularly the emerging variants have deepened the need for widely available therapeutic options. We have demonstrated that hexamer-enhancing mutations in the Fc region of anti-SARS-CoV IgG antibodies lead to a noticeable improvement in IC50 in both pseudo and live virus neutralization assay compared to parental molecules. We also show that hexamer-enhancing mutants improve C1q binding to target surface. To our knowledge, this is the first time this format has been explored for application in viral neutralization and the studies provide proof-of-concept for the use of hexamer-enhanced IgG1 molecules as potential anti-viral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Pande
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Miranda Sam
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Qinshan Gao
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sujata Singh
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anasuya Saha
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Karin Vroom
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Xiaohong Shirley Ma
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tres Brazell
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dan Gorman
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shi-Juan Chen
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Fahimeh Raoufi
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marc Bailly
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David Grandy
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Lan Zhang
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Rob Thompson
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alan C. Cheng
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Laura J. Kingsley
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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21
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Roessler J, Pich D, Albanese M, Wratil PR, Krähling V, Hellmuth JC, Scherer C, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Becker S, Keppler OT, Brisson A, Zeidler R, Hammerschmidt W. Quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with a virus-free, authentic test. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac045. [PMID: 36382127 PMCID: PMC9645495 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), and their concentration in sera of convalescents and vaccinees are a correlate of protection from COVID-19. The antibody concentrations in clinical samples that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 are difficult and very cumbersome to assess with conventional virus neutralization tests (cVNTs), which require work with the infectious virus and biosafety level 3 containment precautions. Alternative virus neutralization tests currently in use are mostly surrogate tests based on direct or competitive enzyme immunoassays or use viral vectors with the spike protein as the single structural component of SARS-CoV-2. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a virus-free, safe and very fast (4.5 h) in vitro diagnostic test based on engineered yet authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus-like-particles (VLPs). They share all features of the original SARS-CoV-2 but lack the viral RNA genome and thus are non-infectious. NAbs induced by infection or vaccination, but also potentially neutralizing monoclonal antibodies can be reliably quantified and assessed with ease and within hours with our test, because they interfere and block the ACE2-mediated uptake of VLPs by recipient cells. Results from the VLP neutralization test (VLPNT) showed excellent specificity and sensitivity and correlated very well with a cVNT using fully infectious SARS-CoV-2. The results also demonstrated the reduced neutralizing capacity of COVID-19 vaccinee sera against variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2 including omicron B.1.1.529, BA.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Roessler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Pich
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Albanese
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul R Wratil
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Krähling
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes C Hellmuth
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Scherer
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alain Brisson
- UMR-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux-INP, Pessac, France
| | - Reinhard Zeidler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
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22
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Foss S, Jonsson A, Bottermann M, Watkinson R, Lode HE, McAdam MB, Michaelsen TE, Sandlie I, James LC, Andersen JT. Potent TRIM21 and complement-dependent intracellular antiviral immunity requires the IgG3 hinge. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabj1640. [PMID: 35486676 PMCID: PMC7614286 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Humans have four IgG antibody subclasses that selectively or differentially engage immune effector molecules to protect against infections. Although IgG1 has been studied in detail and is the subclass of most approved antibody therapeutics, increasing evidence indicates that IgG3 is associated with enhanced protection against pathogens. Here, we report that IgG3 has superior capacity to mediate intracellular antiviral immunity compared with the other subclasses due to its uniquely extended and flexible hinge region, which facilitates improved recruitment of the cytosolic Fc receptor TRIM21, independently of Fc binding affinity. TRIM21 may also synergize with complement C1/C4-mediated lysosomal degradation via capsid inactivation. We demonstrate that this process is potentiated by IgG3 in a hinge-dependent manner. Our findings reveal differences in how the four IgG subclasses mediate intracellular immunity, knowledge that may guide IgG subclass selection and engineering of antiviral antibodies for prophylaxis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Foss
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0371 Oslo, Norway.,CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandra Jonsson
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0371 Oslo, Norway.,CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Bottermann
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2-0QH, UK
| | - Ruth Watkinson
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2-0QH, UK
| | - Heidrun E Lode
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0371 Oslo, Norway.,CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin B McAdam
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0371 Oslo, Norway.,CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje E Michaelsen
- Department of Chemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0371 Oslo, Norway.,Infection Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0371 Oslo, Norway.,CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Leo C James
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2-0QH, UK
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- CIR and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4956, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
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23
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Tharmalingam T, Han X, Wozniak A, Saward L. Polyclonal hyper immunoglobulin: A proven treatment and prophylaxis platform for passive immunization to address existing and emerging diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:1886560. [PMID: 34010089 PMCID: PMC9090292 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1886560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with polyclonal hyper immunoglobulin (HIG) therapy represents a proven strategy by transferring immunoglobulins to patients to confer immediate protection against a range of pathogens including infectious agents and toxins. Distinct from active immunization, the protection is passive and the immunoglobulins will clear from the system; therefore, administration of an effective dose must be maintained for prophylaxis or treatment until a natural adaptive immune response is mounted or the pathogen/agent is cleared. The current review provides an overview of this technology, key considerations to address different pathogens, and suggested improvements. The review will reflect on key learnings from development of HIGs in the response to public health threats due to Zika, influenza, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharmala Tharmalingam
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaobing Han
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ashley Wozniak
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Laura Saward
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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24
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Mishra L, Bandyopadhyay T. Unbinding of hACE2 and inhibitors from the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:3245-3264. [PMID: 35293839 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2046641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The first direful biomolecular event leading to COVID-19 disease is the SARS-CoV-2 virus surface spike (S) protein-mediated interaction with the human transmembrane protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Prevention of this interaction presents an attractive alternative to thwart SARS-CoV-2 replications. The development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the convalescent plasma treatment, nanobody, and designer peptides, which recognizes epitopes that overlap with hACE2 binding sites in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of S protein (S/RBD) and thereby blocking the infection has been the center stage of therapeutic research. Here we report atomistic and reliable in silico structure-energetic features of the S/RBD interactions with hACE2 and its two inhibitors (convalescent mAb, B38, and an alpaca nanobody, Ty1). The discovered potential of mean forces exhibits free energy basin and barriers along the interaction pathways, providing sufficient molecular insights to design a B38 mutant and a Ty1-based peptide with higher binding capacity. While the mutated B38 forms a 60-fold deeper free energy minimum, the designer peptide (Ty1-based) constitutes 38 amino acids and is found to form a 100-fold deeper free energy minimum in the first binding basin than their wild-type variants in complex with S/RBD. Our strategy may help to design more efficacious biologics towards therapeutic intervention against the current raging pandemic.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokpati Mishra
- Radiation Safety Systems Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Tusar Bandyopadhyay
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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25
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Kenny SE, Antaw F, Locke WJ, Howard CB, Korbie D, Trau M. Next-Generation Molecular Discovery: From Bottom-Up In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches to In Silico Top-Down Approaches for Therapeutics Neogenesis. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030363. [PMID: 35330114 PMCID: PMC8950575 DOI: 10.3390/life12030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein and drug engineering comprises a major part of the medical and research industries, and yet approaches to discovering and understanding therapeutic molecular interactions in biological systems rely on trial and error. The general approach to molecular discovery involves screening large libraries of compounds, proteins, or antibodies, or in vivo antibody generation, which could be considered “bottom-up” approaches to therapeutic discovery. In these bottom-up approaches, a minimal amount is known about the therapeutics at the start of the process, but through meticulous and exhaustive laboratory work, the molecule is characterised in detail. In contrast, the advent of “big data” and access to extensive online databases and machine learning technologies offers promising new avenues to understanding molecular interactions. Artificial intelligence (AI) now has the potential to predict protein structure at an unprecedented accuracy using only the genetic sequence. This predictive approach to characterising molecular structure—when accompanied by high-quality experimental data for model training—has the capacity to invert the process of molecular discovery and characterisation. The process has potential to be transformed into a top-down approach, where new molecules can be designed directly based on the structure of a target and the desired function, rather than performing screening of large libraries of molecular variants. This paper will provide a brief evaluation of bottom-up approaches to discovering and characterising biological molecules and will discuss recent advances towards developing top-down approaches and the prospects of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Kenny
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
| | - Fiach Antaw
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
| | - Warwick J. Locke
- Molecular Diagnostic Solutions, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Building 101, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Christopher B. Howard
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
| | - Darren Korbie
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (M.T.)
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26
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Lu J, Yin Q, Pei R, Zhang Q, Qu Y, Pan Y, Sun L, Gao D, Liang C, Yang J, Wu W, Li J, Cui Z, Wang Z, Li X, Li D, Wang S, Duan K, Guan W, Liang M, Yang X. Nasal delivery of broadly neutralizing antibodies protects mice from lethal challenge with SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron variants. Virol Sin 2022; 37:238-247. [PMID: 35527227 PMCID: PMC8855614 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have constantly emerged, as the delta and omicron variants, which have developed resistance to currently gained neutralizing antibodies. This highlights a critical need to discover new therapeutic agents to overcome the variants mutations. Despite the availability of vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the use of broadly neutralizing antibodies has been considered as an alternative way for the prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 variants infection. Here, we show that the nasal delivery of two previously characterized broadly neutralizing antibodies (F61 and H121) protected K18-hACE2 mice against lethal challenge with SARS-CoV-2 variants. The broadly protective efficacy of the F61 or F61/F121 cocktail antibodies was evaluated by lethal challenge with the wild strain (WIV04) and multiple variants, including beta (B.1.351), delta (B.1.617.2), and omicron (B.1.1.529) at 200 or 1000 TCID50, and the minimum antibody administration doses (5–1.25 mg/kg body weight) were also evaluated with delta and omicron challenge. Fully prophylactic protections were found in all challenged groups with both F61 and F61/H121 combination at the administration dose of 20 mg/kg body weight, and corresponding mice lung viral RNA showed negative, with almost all alveolar septa and cavities remaining normal. Furthermore, low-dose antibody treatment induced significant prophylactic protection against lethal challenge with delta and omicron variants, whereas the F61/H121 combination showed excellent results against omicron infection. Our findings indicated the potential use of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies as prophylactic and therapeutic agent for protection of current emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants infection. The mAbs could be detected in lungs shortly after nasal spray and kept in the lungs for a long time. High dose mAbs nasal delivery could fully prophylactic protection mice from omicron lethal challenged. Significant enhancement of broadly neutralizing activity against variants were confirmed in F61 and H121 combination use.
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Dhand A, Razonable RR. COVID-19 and Solid Organ Transplantation: Role of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2022; 9:26-34. [PMID: 35070639 PMCID: PMC8760599 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-022-00357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Dhand
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, ACP-Transplant Center, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, 100 Woods Road, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Raymund R. Razonable
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and the William J von Leibig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
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Abstract
Coronavirus outbreak was declared a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. The pandemic has led to a devastating loss of life. It has shown us how infectious diseases can cause human existence at stake, and community health is important. The spike protein is the most immunogenic component of the virus. Most vaccine development strategies have focused on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike protein because it is the most specific target site that recognizes and interacts with human lung cells. Neutralizing antibodies are generated by the humoral immune system and reduce the viral load by binding to spike protein components. Neutralizing antibodies are the proteins secreted by plasma cells and serve as an important part of the defense mechanism. In the recent Covid-19 infection, neutralizing antibodies can be utilized for both diagnostic such as immune surveillance and therapeutic tools such as plasma therapy. So far, many monoclonal antibodies are in the clinical trial phase, and few of them are already in use. In this review, we have discussed details about neutralizing antibodies and their role in combating Covid-19 disease.
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Zhang J, Zhang H, Sun L. Therapeutic antibodies for COVID-19: is a new age of IgM, IgA and bispecific antibodies coming? MAbs 2022; 14:2031483. [PMID: 35220888 PMCID: PMC8890389 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2031483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early humoral immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are dominated by IgM and IgA antibodies, which greatly contribute to virus neutralization at mucosal sites. Given the essential roles of IgM and IgA in the control and elimination of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the mucosal immunity could be exploited for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. However, almost all neutralizing antibodies that are authorized for emergency use and under clinical development are IgG antibodies, and no vaccine has been developed to boost mucosal immunity for SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition to IgM and IgA, bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) combine specificities of two antibodies in one molecule, representing an important alternative to monoclonal antibody cocktails. Here, we summarize the latest advances in studies on IgM, IgA and bsAbs against SARS-CoV-2. The current challenges and future directions in vaccine design and antibody-based therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Pathogens and Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China, 650118
| | - Litao Sun
- Department of Pathogens and Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107China
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30
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Yadav PD, Mendiratta SK, Mohandas S, Singh AK, Abraham P, Shete A, Bandyopadhyay S, Kumar S, Parikh A, Kalita P, Sharma V, Pandya H, Patel CG, Patel M, Soni S, Giri S, Jain M. ZRC3308 Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail Shows Protective Efficacy in Syrian Hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122424. [PMID: 34960695 PMCID: PMC8706527 DOI: 10.3390/v13122424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktail (ZRC-3308) comprising of ZRC3308-A7 and ZRC3308-B10 in the ratio 1:1 for COVID-19 treatment. The mAbs were designed to have reduced immune effector functions and increased circulation half-life. mAbs showed good binding affinities to non-competing epitopes on RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and were found neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and B.1.617.2 AY.1 in vitro. The mAb cocktail demonstrated effective prophylactic and therapeutic activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Syrian hamsters. The antibody cocktail appears to be a promising candidate for prophylactic use and for therapy in early COVID-19 cases that have not progressed to severe disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibody Affinity
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/therapy
- Cricetinae
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Mesocricetus
- Mutation
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19 Serotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D. Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India; (S.M.); (P.A.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-20-2600-6111; Fax: +91-20-2612-2669
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Mendiratta
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382481, India; (S.K.M.); (A.K.S.); (S.B.); (A.P.); (P.K.); (V.S.); (H.P.); (C.G.P.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (S.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India; (S.M.); (P.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Arun K. Singh
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382481, India; (S.K.M.); (A.K.S.); (S.B.); (A.P.); (P.K.); (V.S.); (H.P.); (C.G.P.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (S.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India; (S.M.); (P.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Anita Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India; (S.M.); (P.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Sanjay Bandyopadhyay
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382481, India; (S.K.M.); (A.K.S.); (S.B.); (A.P.); (P.K.); (V.S.); (H.P.); (C.G.P.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (S.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC), Pune 411040, India;
| | - Aashini Parikh
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382481, India; (S.K.M.); (A.K.S.); (S.B.); (A.P.); (P.K.); (V.S.); (H.P.); (C.G.P.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (S.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Pankaj Kalita
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382481, India; (S.K.M.); (A.K.S.); (S.B.); (A.P.); (P.K.); (V.S.); (H.P.); (C.G.P.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (S.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Vibhuti Sharma
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382481, India; (S.K.M.); (A.K.S.); (S.B.); (A.P.); (P.K.); (V.S.); (H.P.); (C.G.P.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (S.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Hardik Pandya
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382481, India; (S.K.M.); (A.K.S.); (S.B.); (A.P.); (P.K.); (V.S.); (H.P.); (C.G.P.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (S.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Chirag G. Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382481, India; (S.K.M.); (A.K.S.); (S.B.); (A.P.); (P.K.); (V.S.); (H.P.); (C.G.P.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (S.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Mihir Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382481, India; (S.K.M.); (A.K.S.); (S.B.); (A.P.); (P.K.); (V.S.); (H.P.); (C.G.P.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (S.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Swagat Soni
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382481, India; (S.K.M.); (A.K.S.); (S.B.); (A.P.); (P.K.); (V.S.); (H.P.); (C.G.P.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (S.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Suresh Giri
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382481, India; (S.K.M.); (A.K.S.); (S.B.); (A.P.); (P.K.); (V.S.); (H.P.); (C.G.P.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (S.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Mukul Jain
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382481, India; (S.K.M.); (A.K.S.); (S.B.); (A.P.); (P.K.); (V.S.); (H.P.); (C.G.P.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (S.G.); (M.J.)
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Gupta T, Kannan S, Kalra B, Thakkar P. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials testing the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evidence-base for practise and implications for research. Transfus Med 2021; 31:409-420. [PMID: 34189780 PMCID: PMC8447151 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite scientific advances, there is no effective medical therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in COVID-19. METHODS This review was carried out in accordance with Cochrane methodology including risk of bias assessment and grading of the quality of evidence. Only prospective clinical trials randomly assigning COVID-19 patients to convalescent plasma plus standard of care therapy (test arm) versus placebo/standard of care (control arm) were included. Two reviewers independently read each preprint/publication and extracted relevant data from individual studies. Data were pooled using the random-effects model and expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS A total of 13 206 patients from 12 randomised controlled trials were included. There was no significant difference in clinical improvement rate (RR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.98-1.02, p = 0.96) or time to clinical improvement (median difference of 1.08 days with 95% CI ranging from -0.15 to +2.30 days) between convalescent plasma versus placebo/standard of care therapy. The use of convalescent plasma was not associated with significantly reduced risk of death (RR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.65-1.02, p = 0.08). Reassuringly, overall incidence of infusion-related serious adverse events was low (3.25%) and not significantly different (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.93-1.40, p = 0.22) for convalescent plasma transfusion compared to placebo/standard of care therapy. CONCLUSIONS There is low to moderate certainty evidence that the addition of convalescent plasma to current standard of care therapy is generally safe but, does not result in any significant clinical benefit or reduction of mortality in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejpal Gupta
- Department of Radiation OncologyClinical Research Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI)Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Sadhana Kannan
- Clinical Research SecretariatClinical Research Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI)Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Babusha Kalra
- Department of Radiation OncologyClinical Research Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI)Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Prafulla Thakkar
- Division of Internal MedicineClinical Research Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI)Navi MumbaiIndia
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32
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Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies That Target the Spike Receptor Binding Domain Confer Fc Receptor-Independent Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Syrian Hamsters. mBio 2021; 12:e0239521. [PMID: 34517754 PMCID: PMC8546861 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02395-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein is the main target for neutralizing antibodies. These antibodies can be elicited through immunization or passively transferred as therapeutics in the form of convalescent-phase sera or monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Potently neutralizing antibodies are expected to confer protection; however, it is unclear whether weakly neutralizing antibodies contribute to protection. Also, their mechanism of action in vivo is incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that 2B04, an antibody with an ultrapotent neutralizing activity (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] of 0.04 μg/ml), protects hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 in a prophylactic and therapeutic infection model. Protection is associated with reduced weight loss and viral loads in nasal turbinates and lungs after challenge. MAb 2B04 also blocked aerosol transmission of the virus to naive contacts. We next examined three additional MAbs (2C02, 2C03, and 2E06), recognizing distinct epitopes within the receptor binding domain of spike protein that possess either minimal (2C02 and 2E06, IC50 > 20 μg/ml) or weak (2C03, IC50 of 5 μg/ml) virus neutralization capacity in vitro. Only 2C03 protected Syrian hamsters from weight loss and reduced lung viral load after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we demonstrated that Fc-Fc receptor interactions were not required for protection when 2B04 and 2C03 were administered prophylactically. These findings inform the mechanism of protection and support the rational development of antibody-mediated protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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33
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Schardt JS, Pornnoppadol G, Desai AA, Park KS, Zupancic JM, Makowski EK, Smith MD, Chen H, Garcia de Mattos Barbosa M, Cascalho M, Lanigan TM, Moon JJ, Tessier PM. Discovery and characterization of high-affinity, potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies via single B cell screening. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20738. [PMID: 34671080 PMCID: PMC8528929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies that target SARS-CoV-2 with high affinity are valuable for a wide range of biomedical applications involving novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) diagnosis, treatment, and prophylactic intervention. Strategies for the rapid and reliable isolation of these antibodies, especially potent neutralizing antibodies, are critical toward improved COVID-19 response and informed future response to emergent infectious diseases. In this study, single B cell screening was used to interrogate antibody repertoires of immunized mice and isolate antigen-specific IgG1+ memory B cells. Using these methods, high-affinity, potent neutralizing antibodies were identified that target the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. Further engineering of the identified molecules to increase valency resulted in enhanced neutralizing activity. Mechanistic investigation revealed that these antibodies compete with ACE2 for binding to the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. These antibodies may warrant further development for urgent COVID-19 applications. Overall, these results highlight the potential of single B cell screening for the rapid and reliable identification of high-affinity, potent neutralizing antibodies for infectious disease applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Schardt
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Ghasidit Pornnoppadol
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Alec A. Desai
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Kyung Soo Park
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Jennifer M. Zupancic
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Emily K. Makowski
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Hongwei Chen
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Marilia Cascalho
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Thomas M. Lanigan
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - James J. Moon
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Peter M. Tessier
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, B10-179, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Stasko N, Kocher JF, Annas A, Henson I, Seitz TS, Miller JM, Arwood L, Roberts RC, Womble TM, Keller EG, Emerson S, Bergmann M, Sheesley ANY, Strong RJ, Hurst BL, Emerson D, Tarbet EB, Bradrick SS, Cockrell AS. Visible blue light inhibits infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 at doses that are well-tolerated by human respiratory tissue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20595. [PMID: 34663881 PMCID: PMC8523529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of safe, visible wavelengths of light can be an effective, pathogen-agnostic, countermeasure that would expand the current portfolio of SARS-CoV-2 intervention strategies beyond the conventional approaches of vaccine, antibody, and antiviral therapeutics. Employing custom biological light units, that incorporate optically engineered light-emitting diode (LED) arrays, we harnessed monochromatic wavelengths of light for uniform delivery across biological surfaces. We demonstrated that primary 3D human tracheal/bronchial-derived epithelial tissues tolerated high doses of a narrow spectral band of visible light centered at a peak wavelength of 425 nm. We extended these studies to Vero E6 cells to understand how light may influence the viability of a mammalian cell line conventionally used for assaying SARS-CoV-2. The exposure of single-cell monolayers of Vero E6 cells to similar doses of 425 nm blue light resulted in viabilities that were dependent on dose and cell density. Doses of 425 nm blue light that are well-tolerated by Vero E6 cells also inhibited infection and replication of cell-associated SARS-CoV-2 by > 99% 24 h post-infection after a single five-minute light exposure. Moreover, the 425 nm blue light inactivated cell-free betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 up to 99.99% in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, clinically applicable doses of 425 nm blue light dramatically inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in primary human 3D tracheal/bronchial tissue. Safe doses of visible light should be considered part of the strategic portfolio for the development of SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic countermeasures to mitigate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Stasko
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Jacob F Kocher
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Abigail Annas
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Ibrahim Henson
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Theresa S Seitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Surveillance and Diagnostics, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Joy M Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Surveillance and Diagnostics, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Leslee Arwood
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Rachel C Roberts
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Thomas M Womble
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Emily G Keller
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Soren Emerson
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Michael Bergmann
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Ashley N Y Sheesley
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Rebecca J Strong
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - David Emerson
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Surveillance and Diagnostics, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Adam S Cockrell
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA.
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35
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Abdurrahman L, Fang X, Zhang Y. Molecular Insights of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Molecular Treatments. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:621-639. [PMID: 34645374 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666211013121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease emerged in December 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its rapid global spread has brought an international health emergency and urgent responses for seeking efficient prevention and therapeutic treatment. This has led to imperative needs for illustration of the molecular pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, identification of molecular targets or receptors, and development of antiviral drugs, antibodies, and vaccines. In this study, we investigated the current research progress in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on the published research findings, we first elucidated, at the molecular level, SARS-CoV-2 viral structures, potential viral host-cell-invasion and pathogenic mechanisms, main virus-induced immune responses, and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. We then focused on the main virus- and host-based potential targets, summarized and categorized effective inhibitory molecules based on drug development strategies for COVID-19, that can guide efforts for the identification of new drugs and treatment for this problematic disease. Current research and development of antibodies and vaccines were also introduced and discussed. We concluded that the main virus entry route- SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interaction with ACE2 receptors has played a key role in guiding the development of therapeutic treatments against COVID-19, four main therapeutic strategies may be considered in developing molecular therapeutics, and drug repurposing is likely to be an easy, fast and low-cost approach in such a short period of time with urgent need of antiviral drugs. Additionally, the quick development of antibody and vaccine candidates has yielded promising results, but the wide-scale deployment of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines remains paramount in solving the pandemic crisis. As new variants of the virus begun to emerge, the efficacy of these vaccines and treatments must be closely evaluated. Finally, we discussed the possible challenges of developing molecular therapeutics for COVID-19 and suggested some potential future efforts. Despite the limited availability of literatures, our attempt in this work to provide a relatively comprehensive overview of current SARS-CoV-2 studies can be helpful for quickly acquiring the key information of COVID-19 and further promoting this important research to control and diminish the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Abdurrahman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539. United States
| | - Xiaoqian Fang
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539. United States
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539. United States
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36
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Laurini E, Marson D, Aulic S, Fermeglia A, Pricl S. Molecular rationale for SARS-CoV-2 spike circulating mutations able to escape bamlanivimab and etesevimab monoclonal antibodies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20274. [PMID: 34642465 PMCID: PMC8511038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to provide an in silico molecular rationale of the role eventually played by currently circulating mutations in the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-RBDCoV‑2) in evading the immune surveillance effects elicited by the two Eli Lilly LY-CoV555/bamlanivimab and LY-CoV016/etesevimab monoclonal antibodies. The main findings from this study show that, compared to the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, mutations E484A/G/K/Q/R/V, Q493K/L/R, S494A/P/R, L452R and F490S are predicted to be markedly resistant to neutralization by LY-CoV555, while mutations K417E/N/T, D420A/G/N, N460I/K/S/T, T415P, and Y489C/S are predicted to confer LY-CoV016 escaping advantage to the viral protein. A challenge of our global in silico results against relevant experimental data resulted in an overall 90% agreement. Thus, the results presented provide a molecular-based rationale for all relative experimental findings, constitute a fast and reliable tool for identifying and prioritizing all present and newly reported circulating spike SARS-CoV-2 variants with respect to antibody neutralization, and yield substantial structural information for the development of next-generation vaccines and monoclonal antibodies more resilient to viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), DEA, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Domenico Marson
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), DEA, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Suzana Aulic
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), DEA, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alice Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), DEA, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), DEA, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-136, Lodz, Poland.
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Van Lent J, Breukers J, Ven K, Ampofo L, Horta S, Pollet F, Imbrechts M, Geukens N, Vanhoorelbeke K, Declerck P, Lammertyn J. Miniaturized single-cell technologies for monoclonal antibody discovery. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3627-3654. [PMID: 34505611 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00243k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are among the most important class of biologicals, showcasing a high therapeutic and diagnostic value. In the global therapeutic Ab market, fully-human monoclonal Abs (FH-mAbs) are flourishing thanks to their low immunogenicity and high specificity. The rapidly emerging field of single-cell technologies has paved the way to efficiently discover mAbs by facilitating a fast screening of the antigen (Ag)-specificity and functionality of Abs expressed by B cells. This review summarizes the principles and challenges of the four key concepts to discover mAbs using these technologies, being confinement of single cells using either droplet microfluidics or microstructure arrays, identification of the cells of interest, retrieval of those cells and single-cell sequence determination required for mAb production. This review reveals the enormous potential for mix-and-matching of the above-mentioned strategies, which is illustrated by the plethora of established, highly integrated devices. Lastly, an outlook is given on the many opportunities and challenges that still lie ahead to fully exploit miniaturized single-cell technologies for mAb discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Van Lent
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Jolien Breukers
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Karen Ven
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Louanne Ampofo
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sara Horta
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium
| | - Francesca Pollet
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Maya Imbrechts
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- PharmAbs, The KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Nick Geukens
- PharmAbs, The KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium
- PharmAbs, The KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Paul Declerck
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- PharmAbs, The KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
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38
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Li L, Honda-Okubo Y, Huang Y, Jang H, Carlock MA, Baldwin J, Piplani S, Bebin-Blackwell AG, Forgacs D, Sakamoto K, Stella A, Turville S, Chataway T, Colella A, Triccas J, Ross TM, Petrovsky N. Immunisation of ferrets and mice with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein formulated with Advax-SM adjuvant protects against COVID-19 infection. Vaccine 2021; 39:5940-5953. [PMID: 34420786 PMCID: PMC8328570 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of a safe and effective vaccine is a key requirement to overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic. Recombinant proteins represent the most reliable and safe vaccine approach but generally require a suitable adjuvant for robust and durable immunity. We used the SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence and in silico structural modelling to design a recombinant spike protein vaccine (Covax-19™). A synthetic gene encoding the spike extracellular domain (ECD) was inserted into a baculovirus backbone to express the protein in insect cell cultures. The spike ECD was formulated with Advax-SM adjuvant and first tested for immunogenicity in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Covax-19 vaccine induced high spike protein binding antibody levels that neutralised the original lineage B.1.319 virus from which the vaccine spike protein was derived, as well as the variant B.1.1.7 lineage virus. Covax-19 vaccine also induced a high frequency of spike-specific CD4 + and CD8 + memory T-cells with a dominant Th1 phenotype associated with the ability to kill spike-labelled target cells in vivo. Ferrets immunised with Covax-19 vaccine intramuscularly twice 2 weeks apart made spike receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG and were protected against an intranasal challenge with SARS-CoV-2 virus given two weeks after the last immunisation. Notably, ferrets that received the two higher doses of Covax-19 vaccine had no detectable virus in their lungs or in nasal washes at day 3 post-challenge, suggesting that in addition to lung protection, Covax-19 vaccine may have the potential to reduce virus transmission. This data supports advancement of Covax-19 vaccine into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Ying Huang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael A Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy Baldwin
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | | | - David Forgacs
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alberto Stella
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Chataway
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Alex Colella
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Jamie Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences and Marie Bashir Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia.
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39
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Haberland A, Müller J. Lack of efficacy of mono-mode of action therapeutics in COVID-19 therapy - How the lack of predictive power of preclinical cell and animal studies leads developments astray. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:32-45. [PMID: 34549885 PMCID: PMC8653042 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The diverse experiences regarding the failure of tested drugs in the fight against COVID‐19 made it clear that one should at least question the requirement to apply classical preclinical development strategies that demand cell and animal efficacy models to be tested before going into clinical trials. Most animals are not susceptible to infection with SARS‐CoV‐2, and so this led to one‐sided virus replication experiments in cells and the use of animal models that have little in common with the complex pathogenesis of COVID‐19 in humans. Therefore, non‐clinical development strategies were designed to meet regulatory requirements, but they did not truly reflect the situation in the clinic. This has led the search for effective agents astray in many cases. As proof of this statement, we now bring together the results of such required preclinical experiments and compare with the results in clinical trials. Two clear conclusions that can be drawn from the experience to date: The required preclinical models are unsuitable for the development of innovative treatments medical devices in the case of COVID‐19 and mono‐action strategies (e.g. direct antivirals) are of very little or no benefit to patients under randomized,blinded conditions. Our hypothesis is that the complex situation of COVID‐19 may benefit from multi‐mode drugs. Here, the molecular class of aptamers could be a solution.
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40
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Upadhyay V, Lucas A, Panja S, Miyauchi R, Mallela KMG. Receptor binding, immune escape, and protein stability direct the natural selection of SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101208. [PMID: 34543625 PMCID: PMC8445900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants has raised concerns related to the effectiveness of vaccines and antibody therapeutics developed against the unmutated wildtype virus. Here, we examined the effect of the 12 most commonly occurring mutations in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein on its expression, stability, activity, and antibody escape potential. Stability was measured using thermal denaturation, and the activity and antibody escape potential were measured using isothermal titration calorimetry in terms of binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and to neutralizing human antibody CC12.1, respectively. Our results show that mutants differ in their expression levels. Of the eight best-expressed mutants, two (N501Y and K417T/E484K/N501Y) showed stronger affinity to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 compared with the wildtype, whereas four (Y453F, S477N, T478I, and S494P) had similar affinity and two (K417N and E484K) had weaker affinity than the wildtype. Compared with the wildtype, four mutants (K417N, Y453F, N501Y, and K417T/E484K/N501Y) had weaker affinity for the CC12.1 antibody, whereas two (S477N and S494P) had similar affinity, and two (T478I and E484K) had stronger affinity than the wildtype. Mutants also differ in their thermal stability, with the two least stable mutants showing reduced expression. Taken together, these results indicate that multiple factors contribute toward the natural selection of variants, and all these factors need to be considered to understand the evolution of the virus. In addition, since not all variants can escape a given neutralizing antibody, antibodies to treat new variants can be chosen based on the specific mutations in that variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexandra Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sudipta Panja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ryuki Miyauchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Krishna M G Mallela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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41
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Soh SM, Kim Y, Kim C, Jang US, Lee HR. The rapid adaptation of SARS-CoV-2-rise of the variants: transmission and resistance. J Microbiol 2021; 59:807-818. [PMID: 34449057 PMCID: PMC8390340 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The causative factor of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is continuously mutating. Interestingly, identified mutations mainly occur in the spike (S) protein which interacts with the ACE2 receptor and is cleaved via serine protease TMPRSS2. Some mutated strains are becoming dominant in various parts of the globe because of increased transmissibility as well as cell entry efficacy. Remarkably, the neutralizing activity of monoclonal antibodies, convalescent sera, and vaccines against the variants has been reported to be significantly reduced. Therefore, the efficacy of various monoclonal antibodies therapy and vaccines against these variants is becoming a great global concern. We herein summarize the current status of SARS-CoV-2 with gears shifted towards the recent and most common genetic variants in relation to transmission, neutralizing activity, and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine M Soh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanwoo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ui Soon Jang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ra Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Lab Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Safarchi A, Fatima S, Ayati Z, Vafaee F. An update on novel approaches for diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:164. [PMID: 34420513 PMCID: PMC8380468 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a serious public health and economic crisis worldwide which united global efforts to develop rapid, precise, and cost-efficient diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics. Numerous multi-disciplinary studies and techniques have been designed to investigate and develop various approaches to help frontline health workers, policymakers, and populations to overcome the disease. While these techniques have been reviewed within individual disciplines, it is now timely to provide a cross-disciplinary overview of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches summarizing complementary efforts across multiple fields of research and technology. Accordingly, we reviewed and summarized various advanced novel approaches used for diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 to help researchers across diverse disciplines on their prioritization of resources for research and development and to give them better a picture of the latest techniques. These include artificial intelligence, nano-based, CRISPR-based, and mass spectrometry technologies as well as neutralizing factors and traditional medicines. We also reviewed new approaches for vaccine development and developed a dashboard to provide frequent updates on the current and future approved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Safarchi
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, NSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Shadma Fatima
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, NSW Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Zahra Ayati
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Vafaee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, NSW Sydney, Australia
- UNSW Data Science Hub University of New South Wales, NSW Sydney, Australia
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43
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Leach A, Ilca FT, Akbar Z, Ferrari M, Bentley EM, Mattiuzzo G, Onuoha S, Miller A, Ali H, Rabbitts TH. A tetrameric ACE2 protein broadly neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 spike variants of concern with elevated potency. Antiviral Res 2021; 194:105147. [PMID: 34375715 PMCID: PMC8349458 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was previously engineered into a high affinity tetravalent format (ACE2-Fc-TD) that is a potential decoy protein in SARS-CoV-2 infection.We report that this protein shows greatly enhanced binding to SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B.1.1.7 (alpha variant, originally isolated in the United Kingdom) and B.1.351 (beta variant, originally isolated in South Africa) with picomolar compared with nanomolar Kd values. In addition, ACE2-Fc-TD displays greater neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype viruses compared to a dimeric ACE2-Fc, with enhanced activity on variant B.1.351. This tetrameric decoy protein would be a valuable addition to SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic approaches, especially where vaccination cannot be used but also should there be any future coronavirus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Leach
- Institute of Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - F Tudor Ilca
- Autolus Therapeutics Plc, 58 Wood Lane, London, W12 7RZ, UK
| | - Zulaikha Akbar
- Autolus Therapeutics Plc, 58 Wood Lane, London, W12 7RZ, UK
| | | | - Emma M Bentley
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Shimobi Onuoha
- Autolus Therapeutics Plc, 58 Wood Lane, London, W12 7RZ, UK
| | - Ami Miller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Hanif Ali
- Quadrucept Limited, 1010 Cambourne Road, Cambridge, CB23 6DW, UK
| | - Terence H Rabbitts
- Institute of Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
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44
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Campuzano IDG, Sandoval W. Denaturing and Native Mass Spectrometric Analytics for Biotherapeutic Drug Discovery Research: Historical, Current, and Future Personal Perspectives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1861-1885. [PMID: 33886297 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a key role throughout all stages of drug development and is now as ubiquitous as other analytical techniques such as surface plasmon resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and supercritical fluid chromatography, among others. Herein, we aim to discuss the history of MS, both electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, specifically for the analysis of antibodies, evolving through to denaturing and native-MS analysis of newer biologic moieties such as antibody-drug conjugates, multispecific antibodies, and interfering nucleic acid-based therapies. We discuss challenging therapeutic target characterization such as membrane protein receptors. Importantly, we compare and contrast the MS and hyphenated analytical chromatographic methods used to characterize these therapeutic modalities and targets within biopharmaceutical research and highlight the importance of appropriate MS deconvolution software and its essential contribution to project progression. Finally, we describe emerging applications and MS technologies that are still predominantly within either a development or academic stage of use but are poised to have significant impact on future drug development within the biopharmaceutic industry once matured. The views reflected herein are personal and are not meant to be an exhaustive list of all relevant MS performed within biopharmaceutical research but are what we feel have been historically, are currently, and will be in the future the most impactful for the drug development process.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/analysis
- Automation, Laboratory
- Biopharmaceutics/methods
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Drug Industry/history
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/analysis
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Protein Denaturation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Proteins/analysis
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/history
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/history
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D G Campuzano
- Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 92130, United States
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Güttler T, Aksu M, Dickmanns A, Stegmann KM, Gregor K, Rees R, Taxer W, Rymarenko O, Schünemann J, Dienemann C, Gunkel P, Mussil B, Krull J, Teichmann U, Groß U, Cordes VC, Dobbelstein M, Görlich D. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by highly potent, hyperthermostable, and mutation-tolerant nanobodies. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107985. [PMID: 34302370 PMCID: PMC8420576 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021107985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins represent a treatment option for COVID-19. However, their production in mammalian cells is not scalable to meet the global demand. Single-domain (VHH) antibodies (also called nanobodies) provide an alternative suitable for microbial production. Using alpaca immune libraries against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, we isolated 45 infection-blocking VHH antibodies. These include nanobodies that can withstand 95°C. The most effective VHH antibody neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 at 17-50 pM concentration (0.2-0.7 µg per liter), binds the open and closed states of the Spike, and shows a tight RBD interaction in the X-ray and cryo-EM structures. The best VHH trimers neutralize even at 40 ng per liter. We constructed nanobody tandems and identified nanobody monomers that tolerate the K417N/T, E484K, N501Y, and L452R immune-escape mutations found in the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Epsilon, Iota, and Delta/Kappa lineages. We also demonstrate neutralization of the Beta strain at low-picomolar VHH concentrations. We further discovered VHH antibodies that enforce native folding of the RBD in the E. coli cytosol, where its folding normally fails. Such "fold-promoting" nanobodies may allow for simplified production of vaccines and their adaptation to viral escape-mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Güttler
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Metin Aksu
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antje Dickmanns
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, GZMB, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kim M Stegmann
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, GZMB, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Gregor
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Renate Rees
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Waltraud Taxer
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oleh Rymarenko
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schünemann
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Dienemann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philip Gunkel
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bianka Mussil
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Krull
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Teichmann
- Animal facility, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker C Cordes
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Dobbelstein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, GZMB, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Görlich
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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46
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Cecon E, Burridge M, Cao L, Carter L, Ravichandran R, Dam J, Jockers R. SARS-COV-2 spike binding to ACE2 in living cells monitored by TR-FRET. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:74-83.e4. [PMID: 34246414 PMCID: PMC8249686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE2, its primary cell membrane receptor, is a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent viral entry. Recent in vitro studies revealed that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein plays a prominent role in ACE2 binding, yet a simple and quantitative assay for monitoring this interaction in a cellular environment is lacking. Here, we developed an RBD-ACE2 binding assay that is based on time-resolved FRET, which reliably monitors the interaction in a physiologically relevant and cellular context. Because it is modular, the assay can monitor the impact of different cellular components, such as heparan sulfate, lipids, and membrane proteins on the RBD-ACE2 interaction and it can be extended to the full-length spike protein. The assay is HTS compatible and can detect small-molecule competitive and allosteric modulators of the RBD-ACE2 interaction with high relevance for SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Cecon
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Matilda Burridge
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Longxing Cao
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Julie Dam
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France.
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47
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Younes S, Younes N, Shurrab F, Nasrallah GK. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 natural animal reservoirs and experimental models: systematic review. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2196. [PMID: 33206434 PMCID: PMC7744864 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has been rapidly spreading worldwide, causing serious global concern. The role that animal hosts play in disease transmission is still understudied and researchers wish to find suitable animal models for fundamental research and drug discovery. In this systematic review, we aimed to compile and discuss all articles that describe experimental or natural infections with SARS-CoV-2, from the initial discovery of the virus in December 2019 through to October 2020. We systematically searched four databases (Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science). The following data were extracted from the included studies: type of infection (natural or experimental), age, sample numbers, dose, route of inoculation, viral replication, detection method, clinical symptoms and transmission. Fifty-four studies were included, of which 34 were conducted on animal reservoirs (naturally or experimentally infected), and 20 involved models for testing vaccines and therapeutics. Our search revealed that Rousettus aegyptiacus (fruit bats), pangolins, felines, mink, ferrets and rabbits were all susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, while dogs were weakly susceptible and pigs, poultry, and tree shrews were not. In addition, virus replication in mice, mink, hamsters and ferrets resembled subclinical human infection, so these animals might serve as useful models for future studies to evaluate vaccines or antiviral agents and to study host-pathogen interactions. Our review comprehensively summarized current evidence on SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals and their usefulness as models for studying vaccines and antiviral drugs. Our findings may direct future studies for vaccine development, antiviral drugs and therapeutic agents to manage SARS-CoV-2-caused diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Younes
- Biomedical Research CenterMember of QU HealthQatar UniversityDohaQatar
| | - Nadin Younes
- Biomedical Research CenterMember of QU HealthQatar UniversityDohaQatar
| | - Farah Shurrab
- Biomedical Research CenterMember of QU HealthQatar UniversityDohaQatar
| | - Gheyath K. Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research CenterMember of QU HealthQatar UniversityDohaQatar
- Department of Biomedical ScienceCollege of Health SciencesMember of QU HealthQatar UniversityDohaQatar
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48
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Nasal delivery of an IgM offers broad protection from SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nature 2021; 595:718-723. [PMID: 34082438 PMCID: PMC8742224 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Resistance represents a major challenge for antibody-based therapy for COVID-191-4. Here we engineered an immunoglobulin M (IgM) neutralizing antibody (IgM-14) to overcome the resistance encountered by immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based therapeutics. IgM-14 is over 230-fold more potent than its parental IgG-14 in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2. IgM-14 potently neutralizes the resistant virus raised by its corresponding IgG-14, three variants of concern-B.1.1.7 (Alpha, which first emerged in the UK), P.1 (Gamma, which first emerged in Brazil) and B.1.351 (Beta, which first emerged in South Africa)-and 21 other receptor-binding domain mutants, many of which are resistant to the IgG antibodies that have been authorized for emergency use. Although engineering IgG into IgM enhances antibody potency in general, selection of an optimal epitope is critical for identifying the most effective IgM that can overcome resistance. In mice, a single intranasal dose of IgM-14 at 0.044 mg per kg body weight confers prophylactic efficacy and a single dose at 0.4 mg per kg confers therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. IgM-14, but not IgG-14, also confers potent therapeutic protection against the P.1 and B.1.351 variants. IgM-14 exhibits desirable pharmacokinetics and safety profiles when administered intranasally in rodents. Our results show that intranasal administration of an engineered IgM can improve efficacy, reduce resistance and simplify the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of COVID-19.
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49
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Su J, Lu H. Opportunities and challenges to the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapies for COVID-19. Biosci Trends 2021; 15:205-210. [PMID: 34135261 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2021.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a substantial global public healthcare crisis, leading to the urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies. Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are a potential treatment for COVID-19. This article provides a brief overview of the targets and development of nAbs against COVID-19, and it examines the efficacy of nAbs as part of both outpatient and inpatient treatments based on emerging clinical trial data. Assessment of several promising candidates in clinical trials highlights the potential of nAbs to be an effective therapeutic to treat COVID-19 in outpatient settings. Nevertheless, the efficacy of nAbs treatment for hospitalized patients varies. In addition, this review identifies challenges to ending the COVID-19 pandemic, including concerns over nAbs development and clinical use. Resistant variants significantly threaten the availability of nAb-based therapeutics. This review also discusses other approaches that may improve the clinical benefit of neutralizing mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Su
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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50
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Bullen G, Galson JD, Hall G, Villar P, Moreels L, Ledsgaard L, Mattiuzzo G, Bentley EM, Masters EW, Tang D, Millett S, Tongue D, Brown R, Diamantopoulos I, Parthiban K, Tebbutt C, Leah R, Chaitanya K, Ergueta-Carballo S, Pazeraitis D, Surade SB, Ashiru O, Crippa L, Cowan R, Bowler MW, Campbell JI, Lee WYJ, Carr MD, Matthews D, Pfeffer P, Hufton SE, Sawmynaden K, Osbourn J, McCafferty J, Karatt-Vellatt A. Cross-Reactive SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies From Deep Mining of Early Patient Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:678570. [PMID: 34211469 PMCID: PMC8239432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization using monoclonal antibodies will play a vital role in the fight against COVID-19. The recent emergence of viral variants with reduced sensitivity to some current antibodies and vaccines highlights the importance of broad cross-reactivity. This study describes deep-mining of the antibody repertoires of hospitalized COVID-19 patients using phage display technology and B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire sequencing to isolate neutralizing antibodies and gain insights into the early antibody response. This comprehensive discovery approach has yielded a panel of potent neutralizing antibodies which bind distinct viral epitopes including epitopes conserved in SARS-CoV-1. Structural determination of a non-ACE2 receptor blocking antibody reveals a previously undescribed binding epitope, which is unlikely to be affected by the mutations in any of the recently reported major viral variants including B.1.1.7 (from the UK), B.1.351 (from South Africa) and B.1.1.28 (from Brazil). Finally, by combining sequences of the RBD binding and neutralizing antibodies with the B cell receptor repertoire sequencing, we also describe a highly convergent early antibody response. Similar IgM-derived sequences occur within this study group and also within patient responses described by multiple independent studies published previously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gareth Hall
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M Bentley
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Cowan
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Wing-Yiu Jason Lee
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Carr
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Pfeffer
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E Hufton
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jane Osbourn
- Alchemab Therapeutics Ltd., London, United Kingdom
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