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Nguyen BA, Alexander MR, Harrison DG. Immune mechanisms in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:530-540. [PMID: 38658669 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00838-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is a leading risk factor for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite current anti-hypertensive therapies, most individuals with hypertension fail to achieve adequate blood pressure control. Moreover, even with adequate control, a residual risk of cardiovascular events and associated organ damage remains. These findings suggest that current treatment modalities are not addressing a key element of the underlying pathology. Emerging evidence implicates immune cells as key mediators in the development and progression of hypertension. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of the diverse roles of innate and adaptive immune cells in hypertension, highlighting key findings from human and rodent studies. We explore mechanisms by which these immune cells promote hypertensive pathophysiology, shedding light on their multifaceted involvement. In addition, we highlight advances in our understanding of autoimmunity, HIV and immune checkpoints that provide valuable insight into mechanisms of chronic and dysregulated inflammation in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca A Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew R Alexander
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David G Harrison
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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2
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Guney MH, Nagalekshmi K, McCauley SM, Carbone C, Aydemir O, Luban J. IFIH1 (MDA5) is required for innate immune detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404349121. [PMID: 38985764 PMCID: PMC11260138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404349121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus activates type 1 interferon in primary human blood cells, including CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. To identify the innate immune receptor required for detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus, a loss-of-function screen was performed with short hairpin RNA-expressing lentivectors targeting twenty-one candidate genes in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Among the candidate genes tested, only knockdown of XPO1 (CRM1), IFIH1 (MDA5), or MAVS prevented activation of the interferon-stimulated gene ISG15. The importance of IFIH1 protein was demonstrated by rescue of the knockdown with nontargetable IFIH1 coding sequence. Inhibition of HIV-1-induced ISG15 by the IFIH1-specific Nipah virus V protein, and by IFIH1-transdominant 2-CARD domain-deletion or phosphomimetic point mutations, indicates that IFIH1 (MDA5) filament formation, dephosphorylation, and association with MAVS are all required for innate immune activation in response to HIV-1 transduction. Since both IFIH1 (MDA5) and DDX58 (RIG-I) signal via MAVS, the specificity of HIV-1 RNA detection by IFIH1 was demonstrated by the fact that DDX58 knockdown had no effect on activation. RNA-Seq showed that IFIH1 knockdown in dendritic cells globally disrupted the induction of IFN-stimulated genes by HIV-1. Finally, specific enrichment of unspliced HIV-1 RNA by IFIH1 (MDA5), over two orders of magnitude, was revealed by formaldehyde cross-linking immunoprecipitation (f-CLIP). These results demonstrate that IFIH1 is the innate immune receptor for intron-containing RNA from the HIV-1 provirus and that IFIH1 potentially contributes to chronic inflammation in people living with HIV-1, even in the presence of effective antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Hakan Guney
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Karthika Nagalekshmi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Sean Matthew McCauley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Ozkan Aydemir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA02142
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA02139
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA02115
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3
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Franks ML, An JH, Leavenworth JW. The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Oncolytic Virotherapy: Friends or Foes? Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:721. [PMID: 39066359 PMCID: PMC11281503 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) has emerged as a promising cancer immunotherapy, and is capable of potentiating other immunotherapies due to its capacity to increase tumor immunogenicity and to boost host antitumor immunity. Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical cellular component for mediating the antitumor response, but hold a mixed reputation for their role in mediating the therapeutic efficacy of OVT. This review will discuss the pros and cons of how NK cells impact OVT, and how to harness this knowledge for the development of effective strategies that could modulate NK cells to improve OVT-based therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Franks
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (M.L.F.)
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (M.L.F.)
| | - Jianmei W. Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (M.L.F.)
- The O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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4
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Hermans L, O’Sullivan TE. No time to die: Epigenetic regulation of natural killer cell survival. Immunol Rev 2024; 323:61-79. [PMID: 38426615 PMCID: PMC11102341 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
NK cells are short-lived innate lymphocytes that can mediate antigen-independent responses to infection and cancer. However, studies from the past two decades have shown that NK cells can acquire transcriptional and epigenetic modifications during inflammation that result in increased survival and lifespan. These findings blur the lines between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and suggest that the homeostatic mechanisms that govern the persistence of innate immune cells are malleable. Indeed, recent studies have shown that NK cells undergo continuous and strictly regulated adaptations controlling their survival during development, tissue residency, and following inflammation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the critical factors regulating NK cell survival throughout their lifespan, with a specific emphasis on the epigenetic modifications that regulate the survival of NK cells in various contexts. A precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern NK cell survival will be important to enhance therapies for cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Hermans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Timothy E. O’Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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5
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Mai H, Yang X, Xie Y, Zhou J, Wei Y, Luo T, Yang J, Cui P, Ye L, Liang H, Huang J. Identification of the shared hub gene signatures and molecular mechanisms between HIV-1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7048. [PMID: 38528047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The close link between HIV-1 infection and the occurrence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of their interrelation remain unclear. The microarray data of HIV-1 and PAH were downloaded from GEO database. We utilized WGCNA to identify shared genes between HIV-1 and PAH, followed by conducting GO and pathway enrichment analyses. Subsequently, differentially genes analysis was performed using external validation datasets to further filter hub genes. Immunoinfiltration analysis was performed using CIBERSORT. Finally, hub gene expression was validated using scRNA-seq data. We identified 109 shared genes through WGCNA, primarily enriched in type I interferon (IFN) pathways. By taking the intersection of WGCNA important module genes and DEGs, ISG15 and IFI27 were identified as pivotal hub genes. Immunoinfiltration analysis and scRNA-seq results indicated the significant role of monocytes in the shared molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 and PAH. In summary, our study illustrated the possible mechanism of PAH secondary to HIV-1 and showed that the heightened IFN response in HIV-1 might be a crucial susceptibility factor for PAH, with monocytes being pivotal cells involved in the type I IFN response pathway. This provides potential new insights for further investigating the molecular mechanisms connecting HIV-1 and PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanzhuo Mai
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yulan Xie
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yiru Wei
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Tingyan Luo
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Ping Cui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Li Ye
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Hao Liang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
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6
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Grasberger P, Sondrini AR, Clayton KL. Harnessing immune cells to eliminate HIV reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:62-68. [PMID: 38167784 PMCID: PMC10908255 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite decades of insights about how CD8 + T cells and natural killer (NK) cells contribute to natural control of infection, additional hurdles (mutational escape from cellular immunity, sequence diversity, and hard-to-access tissue reservoirs) will need to be overcome to develop a cure. In this review, we highlight recent findings of novel mechanisms of antiviral cellular immunity and discuss current strategies for therapeutic deisgn. RECENT FINDINGS Of note are the apparent converging roles of viral antigen-specific MHC-E-restricted CD8 + T cells and NK cells, interleukin (IL)-15 biologics to boost cytotoxicity, and broadly neutralizing antibodies in their native form or as anitbody fragments to neutralize virus and engage cellular immunity, respectively. Finally, renewed interest in myeloid cells as relevant viral reservoirs is an encouraging sign for designing inclusive therapeutic strategies. SUMMARY Several studies have shown promise in many preclinical models of disease, including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/SHIV infection in nonhuman primates and HIV infection in humanized mice. However, each model comes with its own limitations and may not fully predict human responses. We eagerly await the results of clinical trails assessing the efficacy of these strategies to achieve reductions in viral reservoirs, delay viral rebound, or ultimately elicit immune based control of infection without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grasberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
| | | | - Kiera L. Clayton
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
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7
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Torcellan T, Friedrich C, Doucet-Ladevèze R, Ossner T, Solé VV, Riedmann S, Ugur M, Imdahl F, Rosshart SP, Arnold SJ, Gomez de Agüero M, Gagliani N, Flavell RA, Backes S, Kastenmüller W, Gasteiger G. Circulating NK cells establish tissue residency upon acute infection of skin and mediate accelerated effector responses to secondary infection. Immunity 2024; 57:124-140.e7. [PMID: 38157853 PMCID: PMC10783803 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are present in the circulation and can also be found residing in tissues, and these populations exhibit distinct developmental requirements and are thought to differ in terms of ontogeny. Here, we investigate whether circulating conventional NK (cNK) cells can develop into long-lived tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells following acute infections. We found that viral and bacterial infections of the skin triggered the recruitment of cNK cells and their differentiation into Tcf1hiCD69hi trNK cells that share transcriptional similarity with CD56brightTCF1hi NK cells in human tissues. Skin trNK cells arose from interferon (IFN)-γ-producing effector cells and required restricted expression of the transcriptional regulator Blimp1 to optimize Tcf1-dependent trNK cell formation. Upon secondary infection, trNK cells rapidly gained effector function and mediated an accelerated NK cell response. Thus, cNK cells redistribute and permanently position at sites of previous infection via a mechanism promoting tissue residency that is distinct from Hobit-dependent developmental paths of NK cells and ILC1 seeding tissues during ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Torcellan
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christin Friedrich
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rémi Doucet-Ladevèze
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ossner
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics, and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Virgínia Visaconill Solé
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sofie Riedmann
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Milas Ugur
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Imdahl
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan P Rosshart
- Department of Microbiome Research, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Simone Backes
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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8
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Pan W, Tao T, Qiu Y, Zhu X, Zhou X. Natural killer cells at the forefront of cancer immunotherapy with immune potency, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 193:104231. [PMID: 38070841 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are vital components of the human immune system, acting as innate lymphocytes and playing a crucial role in immune surveillance. Their unique ability to independently eliminate target cells without antigen contact or antibodies has sparked interest in immunological research. This review examines recent NK cell developments and applications, encompassing immune functions, interactions with target cells, genetic engineering techniques, pharmaceutical interventions, and implications in cancers. Insights into NK cell regulation emerge, with a focus on promising genetic engineering like CAR-engineered NK cells, enhancing specificity against tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors also enhance NK cells' potential in cancer therapy. Nanotechnology's emergence as a tool for targeted drug delivery to improve NK cell therapies is explored. In conclusion, NK cells are pivotal in immunity, holding exciting potential in cancer immunotherapy. Ongoing research promises novel therapeutic strategies, advancing immunotherapy and medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Pan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Yishu Qiu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Computational Systems Biology Lab (CSBL), The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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9
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Guney MH, Nagalekshmi K, McCauley SM, Carbone C, Aydemir O, Luban J. IFIH1 (MDA5) is required for innate immune detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.17.567619. [PMID: 38014177 PMCID: PMC10680824 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.17.567619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV-1 viremia and prevents progression to AIDS. Nonetheless, chronic inflammation is a common problem for people living with HIV-1 on ART. One possible cause of inflammation is ongoing transcription from HIV-1 proviruses, whether or not the sequences are competent for replication. Previous work has shown that intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus in primary human blood cells, including CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, activates type 1 interferon. This activation required HIV-1 rev and was blocked by the XPO1 (CRM1)-inhibitor leptomycin. To identify the innate immune receptor required for detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus, a loss-of-function screen was performed with shRNA-expressing lentivectors targeting twenty-one candidate genes in human monocyte derived dendritic cells. Among the candidate genes tested, only knockdown of XPO1 (CRM1), IFIH1 (MDA5), or MAVS prevented activation of the IFN-stimulated gene ISG15. The importance of IFIH1 protein was demonstrated by rescue of the knockdown with non-targetable IFIH1 coding sequence. Inhibition of HIV-1-induced ISG15 by the IFIH1-specific Nipah virus V protein, and by IFIH1-transdominant inhibitory CARD-deletion or phosphomimetic point mutations, indicates that IFIH1 filament formation, dephosphorylation, and association with MAVS, are all required for innate immune activation in response to HIV-1 transduction. Since both IFIH1 and DDX58 (RIG-I) signal via MAVS, the specificity of HIV-1 RNA detection by IFIH1 was demonstrated by the fact that DDX58 knockdown had no effect on activation. RNA-Seq showed that IFIH1-knockdown in dendritic cells globally disrupted the induction of IFN-stimulated genes. Finally, specific enrichment of unspliced HIV-1 RNA by IFIH1 was revealed by formaldehyde crosslinking immunoprecipitation (f-CLIP). These results demonstrate that IFIH1 is required for innate immune activation by intron-containing RNA from the HIV-1 provirus, and potentially contributes to chronic inflammation in people living with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Hakan Guney
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Karthika Nagalekshmi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sean Matthew McCauley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ozkan Aydemir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Alrubayyi A, Touizer E, Hameiri-Bowen D, Charlton B, Gea-Mallorquí E, Hussain N, da Costa KAS, Ford R, Rees-Spear C, Fox TA, Williams I, Waters L, Barber TJ, Burns F, Kinloch S, Morris E, Rowland-Jones S, McCoy LE, Peppa D. Natural killer cell responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in people living with HIV-1. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18994. [PMID: 37923825 PMCID: PMC10624865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell subsets with adaptive properties are emerging as regulators of vaccine-induced T and B cell responses and are specialized towards antibody-dependent functions contributing to SARS-CoV-2 control. Although HIV-1 infection is known to affect the NK cell pool, the additional impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination on NK cell responses in people living with HIV (PLWH) has remained unexplored. Our data show that SARS-CoV-2 infection skews NK cells towards a more differentiated/adaptive CD57+FcεRIγ- phenotype in PLWH. A similar subset was induced following vaccination in SARS-CoV-2 naïve PLWH in addition to a CD56bright population with cytotoxic potential. Antibody-dependent NK cell function showed robust and durable responses to Spike up to 148 days post-infection, with responses enriched in adaptive NK cells. NK cell responses were further boosted by the first vaccine dose in SARS-CoV-2 exposed individuals and peaked after the second dose in SARS-CoV-2 naïve PLWH. The presence of adaptive NK cells associated with the magnitude of cellular and humoral responses. These data suggest that features of adaptive NK cells can be effectively engaged to complement and boost vaccine-induced adaptive immunity in potentially more vulnerable groups such as PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Touizer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Bethany Charlton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Noshin Hussain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kelly A S da Costa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rosemarie Ford
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe Rees-Spear
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas A Fox
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Williams
- Department of HIV, Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Laura Waters
- Department of HIV, Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Tristan J Barber
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Fiona Burns
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sabine Kinloch
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma Morris
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of HIV, Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Trust, London, UK.
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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11
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Pan Z, Wu N, Jin C. Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis Promotes Mucosal Barrier Damage and Immune Injury in HIV-Infected Patients. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2023; 2023:3080969. [PMID: 37927531 PMCID: PMC10625490 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3080969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is an "invisible organ" in the human body, with diverse components and complex interactions. Homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining the normal physiological process and regulating immune homeostasis. By reviewing more than one hundred related studies concerning HIV infection and intestinal microbiota from 2011 to 2023, we found that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can induce intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, which not only worsens clinical symptoms but also promotes the occurrence of post-sequelae symptoms and comorbidities. In the early stage of HIV infection, the intestinal mucosal barrier is damaged and a persistent inflammatory response is induced. Mucosal barrier damage and immune injury play a pivotal role in promoting the post-sequelae symptoms caused by HIV infection. This review summarizes the relationship between dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and mucosal barrier damage during HIV infection and discusses the potential mechanisms of intestinal barrier damage induced by intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation. Exploring these molecular mechanisms might provide new ideas to improve the efficacy of HIV treatment and reduce the incidence of post-sequelae symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyi Pan
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Bernard-Raichon L, Cadwell K. Immunomodulation by Enteric Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:477-502. [PMID: 37380186 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-112317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses display intricate adaptations to the host mucosal immune system to successfully reproduce in the gastrointestinal tract and cause maladies ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening disease upon extraintestinal dissemination. However, many viral infections are asymptomatic, and their presence in the gut is associated with an altered immune landscape that can be beneficial or adverse in certain contexts. Genetic variation in the host and environmental factors including the bacterial microbiota influence how the immune system responds to infections in a remarkably viral strain-specific manner. This immune response, in turn, determines whether a given virus establishes acute versus chronic infection, which may have long-lasting consequences such as susceptibility to inflammatory disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction between enteric viruses and the immune system that underlie the impact of these ubiquitous infectious agents on our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bernard-Raichon
- Cell Biology Department, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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13
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Lu L, Yang C, Zhou X, Wu L, Hong X, Li W, Wang X, Yang Y, Cao D, Zhang A, Di W, Deng L. STING signaling promotes NK cell antitumor immunity and maintains a reservoir of TCF-1 + NK cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113108. [PMID: 37708030 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphocytes that eradicate tumor cells. Inducing durable antitumor immune responses by NK cells represents a major priority of cancer immunotherapy. While cytosolic DNA sensing plays an essential role in initiating antitumor immunity, the role of NK cell-intrinsic STING signaling remains unclear. Here, we find that NK cell-intrinsic STING promotes antitumor responses and maintains a reservoir of TCF-1+ NK cells. In contrast, tumor cell-intrinsic cGAS and mtDNA are required for NK cell antitumor activity, indicating that tumor mtDNA recognition by cGAS partially triggers NK cell-intrinsic STING activation. Moreover, addition of cGAMP enables STING activation and type I interferon production in NK cells, thereby supporting the activation of NK cells in vitro. In humans, STING agonism promotes the expansion of TCF-1+ NK cells. This study provides insight into understanding how STING signaling drives NK cell antitumor immunity and the development of NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xingyue Zhou
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaochuan Hong
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yuanqin Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Dongqing Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wen Di
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Liufu Deng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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14
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Wang Y, Lifshitz L, Silverstein NJ, Mintzer E, Luk K, StLouis P, Brehm MA, Wolfe SA, Deeks SG, Luban J. Transcriptional and chromatin profiling of human blood innate lymphoid cell subsets sheds light on HIV-1 pathogenesis. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114153. [PMID: 37382276 PMCID: PMC10425848 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a diverse population of cells that include NK cells and contribute to tissue homeostasis and repair, inflammation, and provide protection from infection. The interplay between human blood ILCs, as well as their responses to HIV-1 infection, remains poorly understood. This study used transcriptional and chromatin profiling to explore these questions. Transcriptional profiling and flow cytometry analysis support that there are four main ILC subsets found in human blood. Unlike in mice, human NK cells expressed the tissue repair protein amphiregulin (AREG). AREG production was induced by TCF7/WNT, IL-2, and IL-15, and inhibited by TGFB1, a cytokine increased in people living with HIV-1. In HIV-1 infection, the percentage of AREG+ NK cells correlated positively with the numbers of ILCs and CD4+ T cells but negatively with the concentration of inflammatory cytokine IL-6. NK-cell knockout of the TGFB1-stimulated WNT antagonist RUNX3 increased AREG production. Antiviral gene expression was increased in all ILC subsets from HIV-1 viremic people, and anti-inflammatory gene MYDGF was increased in an NK-cell subset from HIV-1-infected people whose viral load was undetectable in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. The percentage of defective NK cells in people living with HIV-1 correlated inversely with ILC percentage and CD4+ T-cell counts. CD4+ T cells and their production of IL-2 prevented the loss of NK-cell function by activating mTOR. These studies clarify how ILC subsets are interrelated and provide insight into how HIV-1 infection disrupts NK cells, including an uncharacterized homeostatic function in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetao Wang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases (Institute of Dermatology)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune‐Mediated Skin DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical SciencesNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of DermatologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeNanjingChina
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Lawrence Lifshitz
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Noah J Silverstein
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Esther Mintzer
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Kevin Luk
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Pamela StLouis
- Diabetes Center of ExcellenceUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Diabetes Center of ExcellenceUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Scot A Wolfe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiotechnologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen ReadinessBostonMAUSA
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15
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Zhu X, Xu H, Chen B. Inhibition of ox‐LDL‐induced endothelial cell injury by LINC02381 knockdown through the microRNA‐491‐5p/transcription factor 7 axis. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e785. [PMID: 36988257 PMCID: PMC10013137 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a complex multifactorial and chronic inflammatory vascular disease that contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Abnormal cellular proliferation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) is a crucial element in AS development. In this study, we investigated the potential role of the long noncoding RNA LINC02381/microRNA (miR)‐491‐5p/transcription factor 7 (TCF7) axis in regulating HUVEC injury in 30 participants suffering from AS and 30 healthy control participants. We established an in vitro model of AS in HUVECs using oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL), and measured cellular mRNA and protein levels of LINC02381, miR‐491‐5p, and TCF7 in serum samples using reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting assays. We evaluated cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammation using Cell Counting Kit‐8, flow cytometry, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Moreover, we analyzed apoptosis‐related protein expression using western blotting analysis and determined the association between miR‐491‐5p and LINC02381 or TCF7 using dual‐luciferase reporter assay, RNA pull‐down, and rescue experiments. We observed that LINC02381 was elevated, while miR‐491‐5p was downregulated in serum samples from participants with AS and in ox‐LDL‐treated HUVECs. LINC02381 knockdown was protective against HUVEC injury via miR‐491‐5p inhibition, which is its downstream target. Rescue experiments further demonstrated that miR‐491‐5p alleviated HUVEC injury by modulating TCF7. Thus, LINC02381 knockdown ameliorated HUVEC injury by regulating the miR‐491‐5p/TCF7 axis, which provides new insights into AS treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizheng Zhu
- Department of Interventional RadiologyWuhan Asia General HospitalWuhanChina
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Interventional RadiologyWuhan Asia General HospitalWuhanChina
| | - Beijia Chen
- Department of CardiologyFifth Hospital in WuhanWuhanChina
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16
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Mattathil JG, Volz A, Onabajo OO, Maynard S, Bixler SL, Shen XX, Vargas-Inchaustegui D, Robert-Guroff M, Lebranche C, Tomaras G, Montefiori D, Sutter G, Mattapallil JJ. Direct intranodal tonsil vaccination with modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine protects macaques from highly pathogenic SIVmac251. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1264. [PMID: 36882405 PMCID: PMC9990026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a mucosally transmitted virus that causes immunodeficiency and AIDS. Developing efficacious vaccines to prevent infection is essential to control the epidemic. Protecting the vaginal and rectal mucosa, the primary routes of HIV entry has been a challenge given the significant compartmentalization between the mucosal and peripheral immune systems. We hypothesized that direct intranodal vaccination of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) such as the readily accessible palatine tonsils could overcome this compartmentalization. Here we show that rhesus macaques primed with plasmid DNA encoding SIVmac251-env and gag genes followed by an intranodal tonsil MALT boost with MVA encoding the same genes protects from a repeated low dose intrarectal challenge with highly pathogenic SIVmac251; 43% (3/7) of vaccinated macaques remained uninfected after 9 challenges as compared to the unvaccinated control (0/6) animals. One vaccinated animal remained free of infection even after 22 challenges. Vaccination was associated with a ~2 log decrease in acute viremia that inversely correlated with anamnestic immune responses. Our results suggest that a combination of systemic and intranodal tonsil MALT vaccination could induce robust adaptive and innate immune responses leading to protection from mucosal infection with highly pathogenic HIV and rapidly control viral breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffy G Mattathil
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Sean Maynard
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra L Bixler
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Laeremans T, den Roover S, Lungu C, D’haese S, Gruters RA, Allard SD, Aerts JL. Autologous dendritic cell vaccination against HIV-1 induces changes in natural killer cell phenotype and functionality. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:29. [PMID: 36864042 PMCID: PMC9980861 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although natural killer (NK) cells have been studied in connection with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination in the field of cancer immunology, their role has barely been addressed in the context of therapeutic vaccination against HIV-1. In this study, we evaluated whether a therapeutic DC-based vaccine consisting of monocyte-derived DCs electroporated with Tat, Rev and Nef encoding mRNA affects NK cell frequency, phenotype and functionality in HIV-1-infected individuals. Although the frequency of total NK cells did not change, we observed a significant increase in cytotoxic NK cells following immunisation. In addition, significant changes in the NK cell phenotype associated with migration and exhaustion were observed together with increased NK cell-mediated killing and (poly)functionality. Our results show that DC-based vaccination has profound effects on NK cells, which highlights the importance of evaluating NK cells in future clinical trials looking at DC-based immunotherapy in the context of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thessa Laeremans
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine den Roover
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cynthia Lungu
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid D’haese
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rob A. Gruters
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine D. Allard
- grid.411326.30000 0004 0626 3362Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joeri L. Aerts
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Boulay A, Trabanelli S, Boireau S, Boyer-Clavel M, Nisole S, Romero P, Jandus C, Beignon AS, Arhel NJ. Assessing the Impact of Persistent HIV Infection on Innate Lymphoid Cells Using In Vitro Models. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:243-255. [PMID: 37000496 PMCID: PMC10563434 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens that persist in their host induce immune dysfunctions even in the absence of detectable replication. To better understand the phenotypic and functional changes that persistent infections induce in sentinel innate immune cells, we developed human PBMC-based HIV models of persistent infection. Autologous nonactivated PBMCs were cocultured with chronically infected, acutely infected, or uninfected cells and were then analyzed by unsupervised high-dimensional flow cytometry. Using this approach, we identified prevalent patterns of innate immune dysfunctions associated with persistent HIV infections that at least in part mirror immune dysfunctions observed in patients. In one or more models of chronic infection, bystander CD16+ NK cells expressing markers of activation, such as CD94, CD45RO, CD62L, CD69, CD25, and immune checkpoints PD1, Tim3, TIGIT, NKG2A and Lag3, were significantly reduced. Conversely, helper ILC subsets expressing PDL1/PDL2 were significantly enriched in chronic infection compared with either uninfected or acute infection, suggesting that chronic HIV-1 infection was associated with an inhibitory environment for bystander ILC and NK subsets. The cell-based models of persistent infection that we describe here provide versatile tools to explore the molecular mechanisms of these immune dysfunctions and unveil the contribution of innate immunity in sustaining pathogen persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Boulay
- Viral Trafficking, Restriction and Innate Signaling, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Trabanelli
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Boireau
- Montpellier Ressources Imagerie, Biocampus, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Boyer-Clavel
- Montpellier Ressources Imagerie, Biocampus, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- Viral Trafficking, Restriction and Innate Signaling, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Pedro Romero
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Jandus
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie J. Arhel
- Viral Trafficking, Restriction and Innate Signaling, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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19
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Korchagina AA, Koroleva E, Tumanov AV. Innate Lymphoid Cell Plasticity in Mucosal Infections. Microorganisms 2023; 11:461. [PMID: 36838426 PMCID: PMC9967737 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal tissue homeostasis is a dynamic process that involves multiple mechanisms including regulation of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILCs are mostly tissue-resident cells which are critical for tissue homeostasis and immune response against pathogens. ILCs can sense environmental changes and rapidly respond by producing effector cytokines to limit pathogen spread and initiate tissue recovery. However, dysregulation of ILCs can also lead to immunopathology. Accumulating evidence suggests that ILCs are dynamic population that can change their phenotype and functions under rapidly changing tissue microenvironment. However, the significance of ILC plasticity in response to pathogens remains poorly understood. Therefore, in this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms regulating ILC plasticity in response to intestinal, respiratory and genital tract pathogens. Key transcription factors and lineage-guiding cytokines regulate this plasticity. Additionally, we discuss the emerging data on the role of tissue microenvironment, gut microbiota, and hypoxia in ILC plasticity in response to mucosal pathogens. The identification of new pathways and molecular mechanisms that control functions and plasticity of ILCs could uncover more specific and effective therapeutic targets for infectious and autoimmune diseases where ILCs become dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexei V. Tumanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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20
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Drobyshevskaya E, Lebedev A, Pronin A, Bobkova M. Factors Associated with Fatal COVID-19 Outcomes among People Living with HIV: A Cohort Study. Curr HIV Res 2023; 21:367-377. [PMID: 38037993 DOI: 10.2174/011570162x277788231128111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with HIV (PLHIV) are at increased risk of COVID-19 death. However, information about whether factors related to the HIV-infection influence the COVID-19 outcome still remains conflicting. OBJECTIVE Here, we evaluate the risk factors for fatal COVID-19 in a cohort of PLHIV from the Moscow region, aged >18 years and diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 2020 and December 2021. METHODS Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were compared between different COVID-19 outcomes. To analyze the risk factors associated with COVID-19 death, we employed the logistic regression method. A total of 566 PLHIV were included in the analysis. RESULTS The majority of individuals, 338 (59.7%), were male; 194 (34.3%) were on antiretroviral therapy; 296 (52.3%) had a comorbidity; 174 (30.7%) of patients had drug and/or alcohol dependence; 160 (33.1%) patients had CD4 counts <200 cells/μl; 253 (51.9%) had undetectable viral load. Our analysis revealed that PLHIV >55 years old (OR, 12.88 [95% CI, 2.32-71.62]), patients with a viral load of more than 1000 copies/ml (OR, 2.45 [95%CI, 1.01-5.98]) and with CD4 counts <200 cell/μl (OR, 2.54 [95%CI, 1.02-6.28]), as well as with a history of cachexia (OR, 3.62 [95%CI, 1.26-10.39]) and pneumocystis pneumonia (OR, 2.47 [95%CI, 1.03-5.92]), and drug/alcohol dependence (OR, 2.70 [95%CI, 1.36-5.39]) were significantly more likely to die from COVID-19. CONCLUSION These data show that people with advanced HIV-1 infection have an increased risk of fatal COVID-19 outcomes and that there is a need to improve this population's access to health services and, hence, increase their survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Drobyshevskaya
- Medical Department, Moscow Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey Lebedev
- Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Institute of Vaccine and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Pronin
- Medical Department, Moscow Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Bobkova
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Institute of Vaccine and Sera, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Alrubayyi A, Rowland-Jones S, Peppa D. Natural killer cells during acute HIV-1 infection: clues for HIV-1 prevention and therapy. AIDS 2022; 36:1903-1915. [PMID: 35851334 PMCID: PMC9612724 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in preexposure prophylaxis, the number of newly diagnosed cases with HIV-1 remains high, highlighting the urgent need for preventive and therapeutic strategies to reduce HIV-1 acquisition and limit disease progression. Early immunological events, occurring during acute infection, are key determinants of the outcome and course of disease. Understanding early immune responses occurring before viral set-point is established, is critical to identify potential targets for prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. Natural killer (NK) cells represent a key cellular component of innate immunity and contribute to the early host defence against HIV-1 infection, modulating the pathogenesis of acute HIV-1 infection (AHI). Emerging studies have identified tools for harnessing NK cell responses and expanding specialized NK subpopulations with adaptive/memory features, paving the way for development of novel HIV-1 therapeutics. This review highlights the knowns and unknowns regarding the role of NK cell subsets in the containment of acute HIV-1 infection, and summarizes recent advances in selectively augmenting NK cell functions through prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London
| | | | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, UK
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22
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TAO Z, WANG J, CHEN X, LI Y, YAN Y, ZHANG A, ZOU W, LIU Y. Wenshen Jianpi recipe induced immune reconstruction and redistribution of natural killer cell subsets in immunological non-responders of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2022; 42:795-802. [PMID: 36083488 PMCID: PMC9924785 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20220519.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of the Wenshen Jianpi recipe (, WJR) on immune reconstruction and natural killer (NK) cells in immunological non-responders (INRs) of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) and propose new therapeutic strategies for HIV. METHODS Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment principle "invigorating and warming in the spleen and kidneys", WJR combined with antire-troviral therapy (ART) therapy was performed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 60 patients with non-responders. The randomized process was executed by the Clinical Evaluation Center of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. Sixty patients who met the inclusion criteria obtained random numbers (that is the drug number) was randomly divided into a treatment group and a placebo control group according to a 1∶1 ratio. CD4+T cell counts and natural killer (NK) cells counts were evaluated at baseline and 12-week, 24-week follow-ups. RESULTS Four participants received random numbers and did not enter the group due to the patient's own reasons. A total of 56 patients were enrolled, including 28 in the treatment group and 28 in the control group. CD4+T cell counts in the treatment group were significantly increased at week 24 ( = 0.01 < 0.05), which were significantly higher than those in the control group (= 0.01 < 0.05). Although no significant differences were observed between two groups, the CD56briCD16- NK cell counts in the treatment group were significantly increased after duration. and CD56dimCD16+ NK cell counts in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group after 24 weeks of treatment (= 0.025 < 0.05). As compared with the control group, the treatment group had significantly lower CD56negCD16+ NK cell counts after 24 weeks of treatment (= 0.023 < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS WJR promotes the immune reconstruction of INRs and redistribution of NK cell subsets, notably decreasing CD56negCD16+ NK cell counts in INRs. However, the redistribution of NK cell subsets is not beneficial for immune reconstruction in INRs. Further large-scale RCTs are required to evaluate the effect of WJR on immune recovery in INRs and decipher the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang TAO
- 1 Research Center of AIDS Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jian WANG
- 2 Research Center of AIDS Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xin CHEN
- 3 Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Wetern Medicine, Kunming Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Yonghong LI
- 4 Department of Infection, No.6 People's Hospital of Shenyang City, Shenyang 110006, China
| | - Yuguang YAN
- 4 Department of Infection, No.6 People's Hospital of Shenyang City, Shenyang 110006, China
| | - Ao ZHANG
- 5 University of Chinese Academy of SoCIal SCIences, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Wen ZOU
- 2 Research Center of AIDS Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- ZOU Wen, Research Center of AIDS Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ying LIU
- 2 Research Center of AIDS Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- LIU Ying, Research Center of AIDS Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China. Telephone: +86-13552252730; +86-13021985109
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23
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Ferguson N, Cogswell A, Barker E. Contribution of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Supplementing Cytokines Produced by CD4 + T Cells During Acute and Chronic SIV Infection of the Colon. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:709-725. [PMID: 35459417 PMCID: PMC9514600 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV/SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) infection leads to a loss of CD4+ T helper (Th) cells in number and function that begins during the acute phase and persists through the chronic phase of infection. In particular, there is a drastic decrease of Th17 and Th22 cells in the HIV/SIV-infected gastrointestinal (GI) tract as a source of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22. These cytokines are vital in the immune response to extracellular pathogens and maintenance of the GI tract. However, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a source of IL-17 and IL-22 during the early stages of an immune response in mucosal tissue and remain vital cytokine producers when the immune response is persistent. Here, we wanted to determine whether ILCs are a source of IL-17 and IL-22 in the SIV-infected colon and could compensate for the loss of Th17 and Th22 cells. As a control, we evaluated the frequency and number of ILCs expressing interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). We determined the frequency and number of cytokine expressing ILC subsets and T cell subsets within leukocytes from the colons of uninfected as well as acute and chronic SIV-infected colons without in vitro mitogenic stimulation. In the present study, we find that: (1) the frequency of IL-22, IFNγ, and TNFα but not IL-17 producing ILCs is increased in the acutely infected colon and remains high during the chronically infected colon relative to cytokine expressing ILCs in the uninfected colon, (2) ILCs are a significant source of IL-22, IFNγ, and TNFα but not IL-17 when CD4+ T lymphocytes in the gut lose their capacity to secrete these cytokines during SIV infection, and (3) the changes in the cytokines expressed by ILCs relative to CD4+ T cells in the infected colon were not due to increases in the frequency or number of ILCs in relation to T lymphocytes found in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ferguson
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Cogswell
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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24
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Macedo AB, Levinger C, Nguyen BN, Richard J, Gupta M, Cruz CRY, Finzi A, Chiappinelli KB, Crandall KA, Bosque A. The HIV Latency Reversal Agent HODHBt Enhances NK Cell Effector and Memory-Like Functions by Increasing Interleukin-15-Mediated STAT Activation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0037222. [PMID: 35867565 PMCID: PMC9364794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00372-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elimination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs is a critical endpoint to eradicate HIV. One therapeutic intervention against latent HIV is "shock and kill." This strategy is based on the transcriptional activation of latent HIV with a latency-reversing agent (LRA) with the consequent killing of the reactivated cell by either the cytopathic effect of HIV or the immune system. We have previously found that the small molecule 3-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (HODHBt) acts as an LRA by increasing signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factor activation mediated by interleukin-15 (IL-15) in cells isolated from aviremic participants. The IL-15 superagonist N-803 is currently under clinical investigation to eliminate latent reservoirs. IL-15 and N-803 share similar mechanisms of action by promoting the activation of STATs and have shown some promise in preclinical models directed toward HIV eradication. In this work, we evaluated the ability of HODHBt to enhance IL-15 signaling in natural killer (NK) cells and the biological consequences associated with increased STAT activation in NK cell effector and memory-like functions. We showed that HODHBt increased IL-15-mediated STAT phosphorylation in NK cells, resulting in increases in the secretion of CXCL-10 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and the expression of cytotoxic proteins, including granzyme B, granzyme A, perforin, granulysin, FASL, and TRAIL. This increased cytotoxic profile results in increased cytotoxicity against HIV-infected cells and different tumor cell lines. HODHBt also improved the generation of cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells. Overall, our data demonstrate that enhancing the magnitude of IL-15 signaling with HODHBt favors NK cell cytotoxicity and memory-like generation, and thus, targeting this pathway could be further explored for HIV cure interventions. IMPORTANCE Several clinical trials targeting the HIV latent reservoir with LRAs have been completed. In spite of a lack of clinical benefit, they have been crucial to elucidate hurdles that "shock and kill" strategies have to overcome to promote an effective reduction of the latent reservoir to lead to a cure. These hurdles include low reactivation potential mediated by LRAs, the negative influence of some LRAs on the activity of natural killer and effector CD8 T cells, an increased resistance to apoptosis of latently infected cells, and an exhausted immune system due to chronic inflammation. To that end, finding therapeutic strategies that can overcome some of these challenges could improve the outcome of shock and kill strategies aimed at HIV eradication. Here, we show that the LRA HODHBt also improves IL-15-mediated NK cell effector and memory-like functions. As such, pharmacological enhancement of IL-15-mediated STAT activation can open new therapeutic avenues toward an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Callie Levinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bryan N. Nguyen
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mamta Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Conrad Russell Y. Cruz
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katherine B. Chiappinelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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25
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Chen Z, Tian Y, Wang Y, Zhao H, Chen C, Zhang F. Profile of the Lower Respiratory Tract Microbiome in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Lung Disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:888996. [PMID: 35814692 PMCID: PMC9260662 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Once an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individual enters the onset period, a variety of opportunistic infections may occur, affecting various systems and organs throughout the body, due to the considerable reduction in the body’s immune function. The objectives of this study were to explore the relationship between immune status and microbial communities in the lungs of individuals with HIV infection. A total of 88 patients with lung disease [80 (91%) HIV-positive and 8 (9%) HIV-negative] were enrolled in our study between January and July 2018, and 88 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were obtained during bronchoscopy. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated differences in the pulmonary microbiome of patients with HIV who had different immune statuses. The diversity of bacteria in the lungs of HIV-positive individuals was lower than that in HIV-negative individuals (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the composition and distribution of bacteria and fungi between the HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups (p < 0.01). The number of fungal species in the BALF of HIV-positive patients was higher than in HIV-negative patients. The diversity of bacteria and fungi in the BALF of HIV-positive patients increased with decreasing CD4 T-cell counts. Linear regression analysis showed that Pneumocystis (R2 = 6.4e−03, p < 0.05), Cryptosphaeria (R2 = 7.2e−01, p < 0.05), Candida (R2 = 3.9e−02, p < 0.05), and Trichosporon (R2 = 7.7e−01, p < 0.05) were negatively correlated with CD4 counts (F-test, p < 0.05). The samples collected from HIV-positive patients exhibited a different pattern relative to those from the HIV-negative group. Differences in host immune status cause differences in the diversity and structure of lower respiratory tract microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Tian
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Chen,
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Fujie Zhang,
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26
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Rahman SA, Billingsley JM, Sharma AA, Styles TM, Govindaraj S, Shanmugasundaram U, Babu H, Riberio SP, Ali SA, Tharp GK, Ibegbu C, Waggoner SN, Johnson RP, Sekaly RP, Villinger F, Bosinger SE, Amara RR, Velu V. Lymph node CXCR5+ NK cells associate with control of chronic SHIV infection. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155601. [PMID: 35271506 PMCID: PMC9089783 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of virally infected cells as reservoirs despite effective antiretroviral therapy is a major barrier to an HIV/SIV cure. These reservoirs are predominately contained within cells present in the B cell follicles (BCFs) of secondary lymphoid tissues, a site that is characteristically difficult for most cytolytic antiviral effector cells to penetrate. Here, we identified a population of NK cells in macaque lymph nodes that expressed BCF-homing receptor CXCR5 and accumulated within BCFs during chronic SHIV infection. These CXCR5+ follicular NK cells exhibited an activated phenotype coupled with heightened effector functions and a unique transcriptome characterized by elevated expression of cytolytic mediators (e.g., perforin and granzymes, LAMP-1). CXCR5+ NK cells exhibited high expression of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa, suggesting a potential for elevated antibody-dependent effector functionality. Consistently, accumulation of CXCR5+ NK cells showed a strong inverse association with plasma viral load and the frequency of germinal center follicular Th cells that comprise a significant fraction of the viral reservoir. Moreover, CXCR5+ NK cells showed increased expression of transcripts associated with IL-12 and IL-15 signaling compared with the CXCR5- subset. Indeed, in vitro treatment with IL-12 and IL-15 enhanced the proliferation of CXCR5+ granzyme B+ NK cells. Our findings suggest that follicular homing NK cells might be important in immune control of chronic SHIV infection, and this may have important implications for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Abdul Rahman
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - James M Billingsley
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashish Arunkumar Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Uma Shanmugasundaram
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan Pereira Riberio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Syed A Ali
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - R Paul Johnson
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steve E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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27
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Murphy JM, Ngai L, Mortha A, Crome SQ. Tissue-Dependent Adaptations and Functions of Innate Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:836999. [PMID: 35359972 PMCID: PMC8960279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.836999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells reside in distinct niches across organs, where they contribute to tissue homeostasis and rapidly respond to perturbations in the local microenvironment. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a family of innate immune cells that regulate immune and tissue homeostasis. Across anatomical locations throughout the body, ILCs adopt tissue-specific fates, differing from circulating ILC populations. Adaptations of ILCs to microenvironmental changes have been documented in several inflammatory contexts, including obesity, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. While our understanding of ILC functions within tissues have predominantly been based on mouse studies, development of advanced single cell platforms to study tissue-resident ILCs in humans and emerging patient-based data is providing new insights into this lymphocyte family. Within this review, we discuss current concepts of ILC fate and function, exploring tissue-specific functions of ILCs and their contribution to health and disease across organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Murphy
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Louis Ngai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Q Crome
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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28
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that are critical to the body's antitumor and antimetastatic defense. As such, novel therapies are being developed to utilize NK cells as part of a next generation of immunotherapies to treat patients with metastatic disease. Therefore, it is essential for us to examine how metastatic cancer cells and NK cells interact with each other throughout the metastatic cascade. In this Review, we highlight the recent body of work that has begun to answer these questions. We explore how the unique biology of cancer cells at each stage of metastasis alters fundamental NK cell biology, including how cancer cells can evade immunosurveillance and co-opt NK cells into cells that promote metastasis. We also discuss the translational potential of this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac S. Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, and
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew J. Ewald
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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29
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Silverstein NJ, Wang Y, Manickas-Hill Z, Carbone C, Dauphin A, Boribong BP, Loiselle M, Davis J, Leonard MM, Kuri-Cervantes L, Meyer NJ, Betts MR, Li JZ, Walker BD, Yu XG, Yonker LM, Luban J. Innate lymphoid cells and COVID-19 severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection. eLife 2022; 11:e74681. [PMID: 35275061 PMCID: PMC9038195 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Risk of severe COVID-19 increases with age, is greater in males, and is associated with lymphopenia, but not with higher burden of SARS-CoV-2. It is unknown whether effects of age and sex on abundance of specific lymphoid subsets explain these correlations. Methods Multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between abundance of specific blood lymphoid cell types, age, sex, requirement for hospitalization, duration of hospitalization, and elevation of blood markers of systemic inflammation, in adults hospitalized for severe COVID-19 (n = 40), treated for COVID-19 as outpatients (n = 51), and in uninfected controls (n = 86), as well as in children with COVID-19 (n = 19), recovering from COVID-19 (n = 14), MIS-C (n = 11), recovering from MIS-C (n = 7), and pediatric controls (n = 17). Results This observational study found that the abundance of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) decreases more than 7-fold over the human lifespan - T cell subsets decrease less than 2-fold - and is lower in males than in females. After accounting for effects of age and sex, ILCs, but not T cells, were lower in adults hospitalized with COVID-19, independent of lymphopenia. Among SARS-CoV-2-infected adults, the abundance of ILCs, but not of T cells, correlated inversely with odds and duration of hospitalization, and with severity of inflammation. ILCs were also uniquely decreased in pediatric COVID-19 and the numbers of these cells did not recover during follow-up. In contrast, children with MIS-C had depletion of both ILCs and T cells, and both cell types increased during follow-up. In both pediatric COVID-19 and MIS-C, ILC abundance correlated inversely with inflammation. Blood ILC mRNA and phenotype tracked closely with ILCs from lung. Importantly, blood ILCs produced amphiregulin, a protein implicated in disease tolerance and tissue homeostasis. Among controls, the percentage of ILCs that produced amphiregulin was higher in females than in males, and people hospitalized with COVID-19 had a lower percentage of ILCs that produced amphiregulin than did controls. Conclusions These results suggest that, by promoting disease tolerance, homeostatic ILCs decrease morbidity and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that lower ILC abundance contributes to increased COVID-19 severity with age and in males. Funding This work was supported in part by the Massachusetts Consortium for Pathogen Readiness and NIH grants R37AI147868, R01AI148784, F30HD100110, 5K08HL143183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Silverstein
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen ReadinessBostonUnited States
| | - Yetao Wang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen ReadinessBostonUnited States
| | - Zachary Manickas-Hill
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen ReadinessBostonUnited States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Ann Dauphin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Brittany P Boribong
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research CenterBostonUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of PediatricsBostonUnited States
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Maggie Loiselle
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research CenterBostonUnited States
| | - Jameson Davis
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research CenterBostonUnited States
| | - Maureen M Leonard
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research CenterBostonUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of PediatricsBostonUnited States
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen ReadinessBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen ReadinessBostonUnited States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
- Department of Biology and Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Xu G Yu
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen ReadinessBostonUnited States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Lael M Yonker
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research CenterBostonUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of PediatricsBostonUnited States
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen ReadinessBostonUnited States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
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30
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Sun Y, Zhou J, Jiang Y. Negative Regulation and Protective Function of Natural Killer Cells in HIV Infection: Two Sides of a Coin. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842831. [PMID: 35320945 PMCID: PMC8936085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important immunologic role, targeting tumors and virus-infected cells; however, NK cells do not impede the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In HIV infection, NK cells exhibit impaired functions and negatively regulate other immune cell responses, although NK cells can kill HIV-infected cells and thereby suppress HIV replication. Considerable recent research has emerged regarding NK cells in the areas of immune checkpoints, negative regulation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and HIV reservoirs during HIV infection; however, no overall summary of these factors is available. This review focuses on several important aspects of NK cells in relation to HIV infection, including changes in NK cell count, subpopulations, and immune checkpoints, as well as abnormalities in NK cell functions and NK cell negative regulation. The protective function of NK cells in inhibiting HIV replication to reduce the viral reservoir and approaches for enhancing NK cell functions are also summarized.
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31
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Yang Q, Zhang S, Wu S, Yao B, Wang L, Li Y, Peng H, Huang M, Bi Q, Xiong P, Li L, Deng Y, Deng Y. Identification of nafamostat mesylate as a selective stimulator of NK cell IFN-γ production via metabolism-related compound library screening. Immunol Res 2022; 70:354-364. [PMID: 35167033 PMCID: PMC8852993 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play important roles in controlling virus-infected and malignant cells. The identification of new molecules that can activate NK cells may effectively improve the antiviral and antitumour activities of these cells. In this study, by using a commercially available metabolism-related compound library, we initially screened the capacity of compounds to activate NK cells by determining the ratio of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)+ NK cells by flow cytometry after the incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with IL-12 or IL-15 for 18 h. Our data showed that eight compounds (nafamostat mesylate (NM), loganin, fluvastatin sodium, atorvastatin calcium, lovastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin calcium, and pitavastatin calcium) and three compounds (NM, elesclomol, and simvastatin) increased the proportions of NK cells and CD3+ T cells that expressed IFN-γ among PBMCs cultured with IL-12 and IL-15, respectively. When incubated with enriched NK cells (purity ≥ 80.0%), only NM enhanced NK cell IFN-γ production in the presence of IL-12 or IL-15. When incubated with purified NK cells (purity ≥ 99.0%), NM promoted NK cell IFN-γ secretion in the presence or absence of IL-18. However, NM showed no effect on NK cell cytotoxicity. Collectively, our study identifies NM as a selective stimulator of IFN-γ production by NK cells, providing a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of infection or cancer in select populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglan Yang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Shuju Zhang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Shuting Wu
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Baige Yao
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, 410007, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Yana Li
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Hongyan Peng
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Minghui Huang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Qinghua Bi
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Peiwen Xiong
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Liping Li
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China. .,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, 410007, China.
| | - Yafei Deng
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China. .,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, 410007, China.
| | - Youcai Deng
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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32
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Mundy-Bosse BL, Weigel C, Wu YZ, Abdelbaky S, Youssef Y, Casas SB, Polley N, Ernst G, Young KA, McConnell KK, Nalin AP, Wu KG, Broughton M, Lordo MR, Altynova E, Hegewisch-Solloa E, Enriquez-Vera DY, Dueñas D, Barrionuevo C, Yu SC, Saleem A, Suarez CJ, Briercheck EL, Molina-Kirsch H, Loughran TP, Weichenhan D, Plass C, Reneau JC, Mace EM, Gamboa FV, Weinstock DM, Natkunam Y, Caligiuri MA, Mishra A, Porcu P, Baiocchi RA, Brammer JE, Freud AG, Oakes CC. Identification and targeting of the developmental blockade in extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma. Blood Cancer Discov 2022; 3:154-169. [PMID: 35247900 PMCID: PMC9414823 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is an aggressive, rare lymphoma of natural killer (NK) cell origin with poor clinical outcomes. Here we used phenotypic and molecular profiling, including epigenetic analyses, to investigate how ENKTL ontogeny relates to normal NK-cell development. We demonstrate that neoplastic NK cells are stably, but reversibly, arrested at earlier stages of NK-cell maturation. Genes downregulated in the most epigenetic immature tumors were associated with polycomb silencing along with genomic gain and overexpression of EZH2. ENKTL cells exhibited genome-wide DNA hypermethylation. Tumor-specific DNA methylation gains were associated with polycomb-marked regions, involving extensive gene silencing and loss of transcription factor binding. To investigate therapeutic targeting, we treated novel patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of ENKTL with the DNA hypomethylating agent, 5-azacytidine. Treatment led to reexpression of NK-cell developmental genes, phenotypic NK-cell differentiation, and prolongation of survival. These studies lay the foundation for epigenetic-directed therapy in ENKTL. SIGNIFICANCE Through epigenetic and transcriptomic analyses of ENKTL, a rare, aggressive malignancy, along with normal NK-cell developmental intermediates, we identified that extreme DNA hypermethylation targets genes required for NK-cell development. Disrupting this epigenetic blockade in novel PDX models led to ENKTL differentiation and improved survival. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 85.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany L. Mundy-Bosse
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Corresponding Authors: Bethany L. Mundy-Bosse, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 882 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: 614-688-6564; E-mail: ; Aharon G. Freud, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 892 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: 614-293-7904; E-mail: ; and Christopher C. Oakes, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 455 OSU CCC/Wiseman Hall, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: 614-685-9284; E-mail:
| | - Christoph Weigel
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yue-Zhong Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Salma Abdelbaky
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Youssef Youssef
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Susana Beceiro Casas
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nicholas Polley
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gabrielle Ernst
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Karen A. Young
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kathleen K. McConnell
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ansel P. Nalin
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kevin G. Wu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Megan Broughton
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew R. Lordo
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ekaterina Altynova
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Everardo Hegewisch-Solloa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Daniela Dueñas
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasticas, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Shan-Chi Yu
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Atif Saleem
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Carlos J. Suarez
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Edward L. Briercheck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute and the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Thomas P. Loughran
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Dieter Weichenhan
- Division of Epigenomics, The German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Epigenomics, The German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John C. Reneau
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Fabiola Valvert Gamboa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liga Nacional Contra el Cáncer, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - David M. Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yasodha Natkunam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Michael A. Caligiuri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pierluigi Porcu
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert A. Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan E. Brammer
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Aharon G. Freud
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Corresponding Authors: Bethany L. Mundy-Bosse, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 882 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: 614-688-6564; E-mail: ; Aharon G. Freud, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 892 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: 614-293-7904; E-mail: ; and Christopher C. Oakes, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 455 OSU CCC/Wiseman Hall, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: 614-685-9284; E-mail:
| | - Christopher C. Oakes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Corresponding Authors: Bethany L. Mundy-Bosse, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 882 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: 614-688-6564; E-mail: ; Aharon G. Freud, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 892 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: 614-293-7904; E-mail: ; and Christopher C. Oakes, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 455 OSU CCC/Wiseman Hall, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: 614-685-9284; E-mail:
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George AF, Luo X, Neidleman J, Hoh R, Vohra P, Thomas R, Shin MG, Lee MJ, Blish CA, Deeks S, Greene WC, Lee SA, Roan NR. Deep Phenotypic Analysis of Blood and Lymphoid T and NK Cells From HIV+ Controllers and ART-Suppressed Individuals. Front Immunol 2022; 13:803417. [PMID: 35154118 PMCID: PMC8829545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.803417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
T and natural killer (NK) cells are effector cells with key roles in anti-HIV immunity, including in lymphoid tissues, the major site of HIV persistence. However, little is known about the features of these effector cells from people living with HIV (PLWH), particularly from those who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during acute infection. Our study design was to use 42-parameter CyTOF to conduct deep phenotyping of paired blood- and lymph node (LN)-derived T and NK cells from three groups of HIV+ aviremic individuals: elite controllers (N = 5), and ART-suppressed individuals who had started therapy during chronic (N = 6) vs. acute infection (N = 8), the latter of which is associated with better outcomes. We found that acute-treated individuals are enriched for specific subsets of T and NK cells, including blood-derived CD56-CD16+ NK cells previously associated with HIV control, and LN-derived CD4+ T follicular helper cells with heightened expansion potential. An in-depth comparison of the features of the cells from blood vs. LNs of individuals from our cohort revealed that T cells from blood were more activated than those from LNs. By contrast, LNs were enriched for follicle-homing CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells, which expressed increased levels of inhibitory receptors and markers of survival and proliferation as compared to their CXCR5- counterparts. In addition, a subset of memory-like CD56brightTCF1+ NK cells was enriched in LNs relative to blood. These results together suggest unique T and NK cell features in acute-treated individuals, and highlight the importance of examining effector cells not only in blood but also the lymphoid tissue compartment, where the reservoir mostly persists, and where these cells take on distinct phenotypic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley F. George
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jason Neidleman
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Poonam Vohra
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Reuben Thomas
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Madeline J. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States,Program in Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States,Program in Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Departments of Medicine, and Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sulggi A. Lee
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Sulggi A. Lee, ; Nadia R. Roan,
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Sulggi A. Lee, ; Nadia R. Roan,
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Implications of the accumulation of CXCR5 + NK cells in lymph nodes of HIV-1 infected patients. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103794. [PMID: 34973625 PMCID: PMC8728057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B cell follicles are immune-privileged sites where intensive HIV-1 replication and latency occur, preventing a permanent cure. Recent study showed that CXCR5+ NK cells in B cell follicles can inhibit SIV replication in African green monkeys, but this has not been reported in HIV-1 infected patients. Methods Lymphocytes and tissue sections of lymph node were collected from 11 HIV-1 positive antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive and 19 HIV-1 negative donors. We performed immunofluorescence and RNA-scope to detect the location of CXCR5+ NK cells and its relationship with HIV-1 RNA, and performed flow cytometry and RNA-seq to analyze the frequency, phenotypic and functional characteristics of CXCR5+ NK cells. The CXCL13 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry. Findings CXCR5+ NK cells, which accumulated in LNs from HIV-1 infected individuals, expressed high levels of activating receptors such as NKG2D and NKp44. CXCR5+ NK cells had upregulated expression of CD107a and β-chemokines, which were partially impaired in HIV-1 infection. Importantly, the frequency of CXCR5+NK cells was inversely related to the HIV-1 viral burden in LNs. In addition, CXCL13—the ligand of CXCR5—was upregulated in HIV-1 infected individuals and positively correlated with the frequency of CXCR5+ NK cells. Interpretation During chronic HIV-1 infection, CXCR5+ NK cells accumulated in lymph node, exhibit altered immune characteristics and underlying anti-HIV-1 effect, which may be an effective target for a functional cure of HIV-1.
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35
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Lau CM, Wiedemann GM, Sun JC. Epigenetic regulation of natural killer cell memory. Immunol Rev 2022; 305:90-110. [PMID: 34908173 PMCID: PMC8955591 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is the underlying mechanism by which the immune system remembers previous encounters with pathogens to produce an enhanced secondary response upon re-encounter. It stands as the hallmark feature of the adaptive immune system and the cornerstone of vaccine development. Classic recall responses are executed by conventional T and B cells, which undergo somatic recombination and modify their receptor repertoire to ensure recognition of a vast number of antigens. However, recent evidence has challenged the dogma that memory responses are restricted to the adaptive immune system, which has prompted a reevaluation of what delineates "immune memory." Natural killer (NK) cells of the innate immune system have been at the forefront of these pushed boundaries, and have proved to be more "adaptable" than previously thought. Like T cells, we now appreciate that their "natural" abilities actually require a myriad of signals for optimal responses. In this review, we discuss the many signals required for effector and memory NK cell responses and the epigenetic mechanisms that ultimately endow their enhanced features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M. Lau
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabriela M. Wiedemann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph C. Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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36
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Sun Y, Sedgwick AJ, Khan MAAK, Palarasah Y, Mangiola S, Barrow AD. A Transcriptional Signature of IL-2 Expanded Natural Killer Cells Predicts More Favorable Prognosis in Bladder Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724107. [PMID: 34858395 PMCID: PMC8631443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of natural killer (NK) cell function is regulated by cytokines, such as IL-2, and secreted factors upregulated in the tumor microenvironment, such as platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-DD). In order to elucidate a clinical role for these important regulators of NK cell function in antitumor immunity, we generated transcriptional signatures representing resting, IL-2-expanded, and PDGF-DD-activated, NK cell phenotypes and established their abundance in The Cancer Genome Atlas bladder cancer (BLCA) dataset using CIBERSORT. The IL-2-expanded NK cell phenotype was the most abundant in low and high grades of BLCA tumors and was associated with improved prognosis. In contrast, PDGFD expression was associated with numerous cancer hallmark pathways in BLCA tumors compared with normal bladder tissue, and a high tumor abundance of PDGFD transcripts and the PDGF-DD-activated NK cell phenotype were associated with a poor BLCA prognosis. Finally, high tumor expression of transcripts encoding the activating NK cell receptors, KLRK1 and the CD160-TNFRSF14 receptor-ligand pair, was strongly correlated with the IL-2-expanded NK cell phenotype and improved BLCA prognosis. The transcriptional parameters we describe may be optimized to improve BLCA patient prognosis and risk stratification in the clinic and potentially provide gene targets of therapeutic significance for enhancing NK cell antitumor immunity in BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander James Sedgwick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Md Abdullah-Al-Kamran Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefano Mangiola
- Division of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander David Barrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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37
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Jamal M, Bangash HI, Habiba M, Lei Y, Xie T, Sun J, Wei Z, Hong Z, Shao L, Zhang Q. Immune dysregulation and system pathology in COVID-19. Virulence 2021; 12:918-936. [PMID: 33757410 PMCID: PMC7993139 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1898790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global public health crisis. As of 7 January 2021, 87,640,402 confirmed cases and 1,891,692 mortalities have been reported worldwide. Studies focusing on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients have suggested a dysregulated immune response characterized by lymphopenia and cytokine storm in these patients. The exaggerated immune response induced by the cytokine storm causes septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and/or multiple organs failure, which increases the fatality rate of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herein, we review the recent research progress on epidemiology, clinical features, and system pathology in COVID-19. Moreover, we summarized the recent therapeutic strategies, which are either approved, under clinical trial, and/or under investigation by the local or global health authorities. We assume that treatments should focus on the use of antiviral drugs in combination with immunomodulators as well as treatment of the underlying comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jamal
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Hina Iqbal Bangash
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, WuhanChina
| | - Maria Habiba
- Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower, Khyber PakhtunkhwaPakistan
| | - Yufei Lei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Zimeng Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Zixi Hong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
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Perera Molligoda Arachchige AS. NK cell-based therapies for HIV infection: Investigating current advances and future possibilities. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:921-931. [PMID: 34668588 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ru0821-412rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are well-known for their antiviral functions. Also, their role in HIV has been well established, with rapid responses elicited during early HIV infection. Most immune cells including CD4+ T cells, monocytes, Mϕs, and dendritic cells are readily infected by HIV. Recent evidence from multiple studies has suggested that similar to these cells, in chronic conditions like HIV, NK cells also undergo functional exhaustion with impaired cytotoxicity, altered cytokine production, and impaired ADCC. NK-based immunotherapy aims to successfully restore, boost, and modify their activity as has been already demonstrated in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The utilization of NK cell-based strategies for the eradication of HIV from the body provides many advantages over classical ART. The literature search consisted of manually selecting the most relevant studies from databases including PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrial.gov. Some of the treatments currently under consideration are CAR-NK cell therapy, facilitating ADCC, TLR agonists, bNAbs, and BiKEs/TriKEs, blocking inhibitory NK receptors during infection, IL-15 and IL-15 superagonists (eg: ALT-803), and so on. This review aims to discuss the NK cell-based therapies currently under experimentation against HIV infection and finally highlight the challenges associated with NK cell-based immunotherapies.
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Valle-Noguera A, Ochoa-Ramos A, Gomez-Sánchez MJ, Cruz-Adalia A. Type 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells as Regulators of the Host-Pathogen Interaction. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748851. [PMID: 34659248 PMCID: PMC8511434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 3 Innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) have been described as tissue-resident cells and characterized throughout the body, especially in mucosal sites and classical first barrier organs such as skin, gut and lungs, among others. A significant part of the research has focused on their role in combating pathogens, mainly extracellular pathogens, with the gut as the principal organ. However, some recent discoveries in the field have unveiled their activity in other organs, combating intracellular pathogens and as part of the response to viruses. In this review we have compiled the latest studies on the role of ILC3s and the molecular mechanisms involved in defending against different microbes at the mucosal surface, most of these studies have made use of conditional transgenic mice. The present review therefore attempts to provide an overview of the function of ILC3s in infections throughout the body, focusing on their specific activity in different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valle-Noguera
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Ochoa-Ramos
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria José Gomez-Sánchez
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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40
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Sun Y, Sedgwick AJ, Palarasah Y, Mangiola S, Barrow AD. A Transcriptional Signature of PDGF-DD Activated Natural Killer Cells Predicts More Favorable Prognosis in Low-Grade Glioma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668391. [PMID: 34539622 PMCID: PMC8444979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-DD) to the NKp44 receptor activates a distinct transcriptional program in primary IL-2 expanded human natural killer (NK) cells. We were interested in knowing if the PDGF-DD-NKp44 pathway of NK cell activation might play a clinically relevant role in anti-tumor immunity. In order to address this question, we determined transcriptional signatures unique to resting, IL-2 expanded, and PDGF-DD activated, NK cells, in addition to different T cell subsets, and established the abundance of these immune cell phenotypes in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) low-grade glioma (LGG) dataset using CIBERSORT. Our results show that LGG patient tumors enriched for either the PDGF-DD activated NK cell or memory CD8+ T cell phenotypes are associated with a more favorable prognosis. Combined cell phenotype analyses revealed that patients with LGG tumors enriched for the PDGF-DD activated NK cell phenotype and the CD4+ T helper cell phenotype had a more favorable prognosis. High expression of transcripts encoding members of the killer cell lectin-like receptor (KLR) family, such as KLRK1 and KLRC2, KLRC3 and KLRC4 in LGG tumors were associated with more favorable prognosis, suggesting that these NK cell family receptors may play a prominent role in LGG anti-tumor immunity. Finally, many of the TCGA findings were reciprocated in LGG patients from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) dataset. Our results provide transcriptomic evidence that PDGF-DD activated NK cells and KLR family receptors may play an important clinical role in immune surveillance of LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander James Sedgwick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefano Mangiola
- Division of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander David Barrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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41
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Host genetic control of natural killer cell diversity revealed in the Collaborative Cross. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018834118. [PMID: 33649222 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018834118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate effectors armed with cytotoxic and cytokine-secreting capacities whose spontaneous antitumor activity is key to numerous immunotherapeutic strategies. However, current mouse models fail to mirror the extensive immune system variation that exists in the human population which may impact on NK cell-based therapies. We performed a comprehensive profiling of NK cells in the Collaborative Cross (CC), a collection of novel recombinant inbred mouse strains whose genetic diversity matches that of humans, thereby providing a unique and highly diverse small animal model for the study of immune variation. We demonstrate that NK cells from CC strains displayed a breadth of phenotypic and functional variation reminiscent of that reported for humans with regards to cell numbers, key marker expression, and functional capacities. We took advantage of the vast genetic diversity of the CC and identified nine genomic loci through quantitative trait locus mapping driving these phenotypic variations. SNP haplotype patterns and variant effect analyses identified candidate genes associated with lung NK cell numbers, frequencies of CD94+ NK cells, and expression levels of NKp46. Thus, we demonstrate that the CC represents an outstanding resource to study NK cell diversity and its regulation by host genetics.
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Magee K, Marsh IR, Turek MM, Grudzinski J, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Engle JW, Kurzman ID, Zuleger CL, Oseid EA, Jaskowiak C, Albertini MR, Esbona K, Bednarz B, Sondel PM, Weichert JP, Morris ZS, Hernandez R, Vail DM. Safety and feasibility of an in situ vaccination and immunomodulatory targeted radionuclide combination immuno-radiotherapy approach in a comparative (companion dog) setting. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255798. [PMID: 34383787 PMCID: PMC8360580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Murine syngeneic tumor models have revealed efficacious systemic antitumor responses following primary tumor in situ vaccination combined with targeted radionuclide therapy to secondary or metastatic tumors. Here we present studies on the safety and feasibility of this approach in a relevant translational companion dog model (n = 17 dogs) with advanced cancer. Methods The three component of the combination immuno-radiotherapy approach were employed either separately or in combination in companion dogs with advanced stage cancer. In situ vaccination was achieved through the administration of hypofractionated external beam radiotherapy and intratumoral hu14.18-IL2 fusion immunocytokine injections to the index tumor. In situ vaccination was subsequently combined with targeted radionuclide therapy using a theranostic pairing of IV 86Y-NM600 (for PET imaging and subject-specific dosimetry) and IV 90Y-NM600 (therapeutic radionuclide) prescribed to deliver an immunomodulatory 2 Gy dose to all metastatic sites in companion dogs with metastatic melanoma or osteosarcoma. In a subset of dogs, immunologic parameters preliminarily assessed. Results The components of the immuno-radiotherapy combination were well tolerated either alone or in combination, resulting in only transient low grade (1 or 2) adverse events with no dose-limiting events observed. In subject-specific dosimetry analyses, we observed 86Y-NM600 tumor:bone marrow absorbed-dose differential uptakes ≥2 in 4 of 5 dogs receiving the combination, which allowed subsequent safe delivery of at least 2 Gy 90Y-NM600 TRT to tumors. NanoString gene expression profiling and immunohistochemistry from pre- and post-treatment biopsy specimens provide evidence of tumor microenvironment immunomodulation by 90Y-NM600 TRT. Conclusions The combination of external beam radiotherapy, intratumoral immunocytokine, and targeted radionuclide immuno-radiotherapy known to have activity against syngeneic melanoma in murine models is feasible and well tolerated in companion dogs with advanced stage, spontaneously arising melanoma or osteosarcoma and has immunomodulatory potential. Further studies evaluating the dose-dependent immunomodulatory effects of this immuno-radiotherapy combination are currently ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Magee
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ian R. Marsh
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michelle M. Turek
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Joseph Grudzinski
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ilene D. Kurzman
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cindy L. Zuleger
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Oseid
- Office of Environment, Health and Safety, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christine Jaskowiak
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Albertini
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- The Medical Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Karla Esbona
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bryan Bednarz
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Sondel
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jamey P. Weichert
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zachary S. Morris
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RH); . (DMV)
| | - David M. Vail
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RH); . (DMV)
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Lu D, Zhang JB, Wang YX, Geng ST, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Li SY, Wang KH, Kuang YQ. Association between CD4 + T cell counts and gut microbiota and serum cytokines levels in HIV-infected immunological non-responders. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:742. [PMID: 34344350 PMCID: PMC8336095 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD4+ T cell counts in certain human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients called immunological non-responders (INRs) could not return to a normal level even with sustained antiretroviral therapy (ART) because of persistent immune activation, which is associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines production and an altered intestinal microbiome profile. Changes in gut bacterial composition have been linked to low CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-infected individuals. However, the association between CD4+ T cell counts and gut microbiota community composition and cytokines levels in INRs (CD4+ T cell counts < 500 cells/μL) from Yunnan Province, China, has not been previously investigated.
Methods To address this issue, we carried out a cross-sectional study of 34 HIV-infected INRs. The patients were divided into CD4 count > 200 cells/μL group and CD4 count < 200 cells/μL group. The gut microbiota composition of each subject was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We also compared CD8+ T cell counts, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, and nutritional status between the two groups. Results Compared to INRs with CD4 count > 200 cells/μL, those with CD4 count < 200 cells/μL had a lower CD4/CD8 ratio, lower nutritional status and higher serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon-γ-inducible protein (IP)-10 and interleukin (IL)-1α. Ruminococcaceae was less abundant in the CD4 count < 200 cells/μL group than in the CD4 count > 200 cells/μL group, and difference in alpha diversity was observed between the two groups. Moreover, CD4+ T cell counts were negatively associated with TNF-α and IL-1α levels and positively associated with the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that lower CD4+ T cell counts in INRs are associated with a reduced abundance of Ruminococcaceae in the gut and elevated serum pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. Thus, interventions targeting gut microbiota to increase CD4+ T cell counts are a potential strategy for promoting immune reconstitution in HIV-infected INRs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06491-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Second People's Hospital of Dali City, Dali, China
| | - Yue-Xin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shi-Tao Geng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zunyue Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shao-You Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Kun-Hua Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China. .,Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Yi-Qun Kuang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China. .,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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Silverstein NJ, Wang Y, Manickas-Hill Z, Carbone C, Dauphin A, Boribong BP, Loiselle M, Davis J, Leonard MM, Kuri-Cervantes L, Meyer NJ, Betts MR, Li JZ, Walker B, Yu XG, Yonker LM, Luban J. Innate lymphoid cells and disease tolerance in SARS-CoV-2 infection. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 33469605 PMCID: PMC7814851 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.14.21249839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Risk of severe COVID-19 increases with age, is greater in males, and is associated with lymphopenia, but not with higher burden of SARS-CoV-2. It is unknown whether effects of age and sex on abundance of specific lymphoid subsets explain these correlations. This study found that the abundance of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) decreases more than 7-fold over the human lifespan — T cell subsets decrease less than 2-fold — and is lower in males than in females. After accounting for effects of age and sex, ILCs, but not T cells, were lower in adults hospitalized with COVID-19, independent of lymphopenia. Among SARS-CoV-2-infected adults, the abundance of ILCs, but not of T cells, correlated inversely with odds and duration of hospitalization, and with severity of inflammation. ILCs were also uniquely decreased in pediatric COVID-19 and the numbers of these cells did not recover during follow-up. In contrast, children with MIS-C had depletion of both ILCs and T cells, and both cell types increased during follow-up. In both pediatric COVID-19 and MIS-C, ILC abundance correlated inversely with inflammation. Blood ILC mRNA and phenotype tracked closely with ILCs from lung. Importantly, blood ILCs produced amphiregulin, a protein implicated in disease tolerance and tissue homeostasis, and the percentage of amphiregulin-producing ILCs was higher in females than in males. These results suggest that, by promoting disease tolerance, homeostatic ILCs decrease morbidity and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that lower ILC abundance accounts for increased COVID-19 severity with age and in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Silverstein
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Yetao Wang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Zachary Manickas-Hill
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, 02115.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ann Dauphin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Brittany P Boribong
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maggie Loiselle
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jameson Davis
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maureen M Leonard
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Nuala J Meyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, 02115.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce Walker
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, 02115.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.,Department of Biology and Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, 02115.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lael M Yonker
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, 02115.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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45
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Phenotypic and Functional Characteristics of a Novel Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin-Specific Memory NK Cell. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00165-21. [PMID: 33827945 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00165-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune memory represents the most efficient defense against invasion and transmission of infectious pathogens. In contrast to memory T and B cells, the roles of innate immunity in recall responses remain inconclusive. In this study, we identified a novel mouse spleen NK cell subset expressing NKp46 and NKG2A induced by intranasal influenza virus infection. These memory NK cells specifically recognize N-linked glycosylation sites on influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Different from memory-like NK cells reported previously, these NKp46+ NKG2A+ memory NK cells exhibited HA-specific silence of cytotoxicity but increase of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response against influenza virus-infected cells, which could be reversed by pifithrin-μ, a p53-heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) signaling inhibitor. During recall responses, splenic NKp46+ NKG2A+ NK cells were recruited to infected lung and modulated viral clearance of virus and CD8+ T cell distribution, resulting in improved clinical outcomes. This long-lived NK memory bridges innate and adaptive immune memory response and promotes the homeostasis of local environment during recall response.IMPORTANCE In this study, we demonstrate a novel hemagglutinin (HA)-specific NKp46+ NKG2A+ NK cell subset induced by influenza A virus infection. These memory NK cells show virus-specific decreased cytotoxicity and increased gamma interferon (IFN-γ) on reencountering the same influenza virus antigen. In addition, they modulate host recall responses and CD8 T cell distribution, thus bridging the innate immune and adaptive immune responses during influenza virus infection.
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46
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Harper J, Huot N, Micci L, Tharp G, King C, Rascle P, Shenvi N, Wang H, Galardi C, Upadhyay AA, Villinger F, Lifson J, Silvestri G, Easley K, Jacquelin B, Bosinger S, Müller-Trutwin M, Paiardini M. IL-21 and IFNα therapy rescues terminally differentiated NK cells and limits SIV reservoir in ART-treated macaques. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2866. [PMID: 34001890 PMCID: PMC8129202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike HIV infection, which progresses to AIDS absent suppressive anti-retroviral therapy, nonpathogenic infections in natural hosts, such African green monkeys, are characterized by a lack of gut microbial translocation and robust secondary lymphoid natural killer cell responses resulting in an absence of chronic inflammation and limited SIV dissemination in lymph node B-cell follicles. Here we report, using the pathogenic model of antiretroviral therapy-treated, SIV-infected rhesus macaques that sequential interleukin-21 and interferon alpha therapy generate terminally differentiated blood natural killer cells (NKG2a/clowCD16+) with potent human leukocyte antigen-E-restricted activity in response to SIV envelope peptides. This is in contrast to control macaques, where less differentiated, interferon gamma-producing natural killer cells predominate. The frequency and activity of terminally differentiated NKG2a/clowCD16+ natural killer cells correlates with a reduction of replication-competent SIV in lymph node during antiretroviral therapy and time to viral rebound following analytical treatment interruption. These data demonstrate that African green monkey-like natural killer cell differentiation profiles can be rescued in rhesus macaques to promote viral clearance in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Luca Micci
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory Tharp
- Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colin King
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Philippe Rascle
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Neeta Shenvi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cristin Galardi
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Amit A Upadhyay
- Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Biology, New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirk Easley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Steven Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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47
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Kazer SW, Walker BD, Shalek AK. Evolution and Diversity of Immune Responses during Acute HIV Infection. Immunity 2021; 53:908-924. [PMID: 33207216 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the earliest immune responses following HIV infection is critical to inform future vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we review recent prospective human studies in at-risk populations that have provided insight into immune responses during acute infection, including additional relevant data from non-human primate (NHP) studies. We discuss the timing, nature, and function of the diverse immune responses induced, the onset of immune dysfunction, and the effects of early anti-retroviral therapy administration. Treatment at onset of viremia mitigates peripheral T and B cell dysfunction, limits seroconversion, and enhances cellular antiviral immunity despite persistence of infection in lymphoid tissues. We highlight pertinent areas for future investigation, and how application of high-throughput technologies, alongside targeted NHP studies, may elucidate immune response features to target in novel preventions and cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Kazer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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48
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the gastro-intestinal tract, the complex network of multiple innate cell populations play critical roles not only as a first line of defense against invading pathogens and in driving adaptive immune responses but also in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Here, we describe the roles of various innate immune cell populations in gut immunity and detail studies investigating the impact of acute and chronic HIV infection on these cell populations. RECENT FINDINGS Alterations in frequencies, phenotype and/or function of innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate-like T cells have been reported in people with HIV (PWH), with many of these features persisting despite anti-retroviral therapy and virological suppression. Dysregulated gut innate immunity in PWH is a feature of gut pathogenesis. A greater understanding of the mechanisms driving impairment in the multiple different gut innate immune cell populations and the downstream consequences of an altered innate immune response on host defense and gut homeostasis in PWH is needed to develop more effective HIV treatments and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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49
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Huot N, Rascle P, Petitdemange C, Contreras V, Stürzel CM, Baquero E, Harper JL, Passaes C, Legendre R, Varet H, Madec Y, Sauermann U, Stahl-Hennig C, Nattermann J, Saez-Cirion A, Le Grand R, Keith Reeves R, Paiardini M, Kirchhoff F, Jacquelin B, Müller-Trutwin M. SIV-induced terminally differentiated adaptive NK cells in lymph nodes associated with enhanced MHC-E restricted activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1282. [PMID: 33627642 PMCID: PMC7904927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical understudied role during HIV infection in tissues. In a natural host of SIV, the African green monkey (AGM), NK cells mediate a strong control of SIVagm infection in secondary lymphoid tissues. We demonstrate that SIVagm infection induces the expansion of terminally differentiated NKG2alow NK cells in secondary lymphoid organs displaying an adaptive transcriptional profile and increased MHC-E-restricted cytotoxicity in response to SIV Env peptides while expressing little IFN-γ. Such NK cell differentiation was lacking in SIVmac-infected macaques. Adaptive NK cells displayed no increased NKG2C expression. This study reveals a previously unknown profile of NK cell adaptation to a viral infection, thus accelerating strategies toward NK-cell directed therapies and viral control in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Rascle
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Petitdemange
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Eduard Baquero
- grid.462718.eInstitut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Justin L. Harper
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Caroline Passaes
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Biomics Platform, Center for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Madec
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535 Institut Pasteur; Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases Unit, Paris, France
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Stahl-Hennig
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- grid.452463.2Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Asier Saez-Cirion
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Beatrice Jacquelin
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
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50
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Yeh YHJ, Jenike KM, Calvi RM, Chiarella J, Hoh R, Deeks SG, Ho YC. Filgotinib suppresses HIV-1-driven gene transcription by inhibiting HIV-1 splicing and T cell activation. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4969-4984. [PMID: 32573496 DOI: 10.1172/jci137371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1-infected cells continue to produce viral antigens and induce chronic immune exhaustion. We propose to identify HIV-1-suppressing agents that can inhibit HIV-1 reactivation and reduce HIV-1-induced immune activation. Using a newly developed dual-reporter system and a high-throughput drug screen, we identified FDA-approved drugs that can suppress HIV-1 reactivation in both cell line models and CD4+ T cells from virally suppressed HIV-1-infected individuals. We identified 11 cellular pathways required for HIV-1 reactivation as druggable targets. Using differential expression analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, and exon-intron landscape analysis, we examined the impact of drug treatment on the cellular environment at a genome-wide level. We identified what we believe to be a new function of a JAK inhibitor, filgotinib, that suppresses HIV-1 splicing. First, filgotinib preferentially suppresses spliced HIV-1 RNA transcription. Second, filgotinib suppresses HIV-1-driven aberrant cancer-related gene expression at the integration site. Third, we found that filgotinib suppresses HIV-1 transcription by inhibiting T cell activation and by modulating RNA splicing. Finally, we found that filgotinib treatment reduces the proliferation of HIV-1-infected cells. Overall, the combination of a drug screen and transcriptome analysis provides systematic understanding of cellular targets required for HIV-1 reactivation and drug candidates that may reduce HIV-1-related immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hui Jimmy Yeh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Katharine M Jenike
- Human Genetics PhD Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachela M Calvi
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer Chiarella
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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