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Allbright K, Villandre J, Crotty Alexander LE, Zhang M, Benam KH, Evankovich J, Königshoff M, Chandra D. The paradox of the safer cigarette: understanding the pulmonary effects of electronic cigarettes. Eur Respir J 2024; 63:2301494. [PMID: 38609098 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01494-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use continues to rise globally. E-cigarettes have been presented as safer alternatives to combustion cigarettes that can mitigate the harm associated with tobacco products; however, the degree to which e-cigarette use itself can lead to morbidity and mortality is not fully defined. Herein we describe how e-cigarettes function; discuss the current knowledge of the effects of e-cigarette aerosol on lung cell cytotoxicity, inflammation, antipathogen immune response, mucociliary clearance, oxidative stress, DNA damage, carcinogenesis, matrix remodelling and airway hyperresponsiveness; and summarise the impact on lung diseases, including COPD, respiratory infection, lung cancer and asthma. We highlight how the inclusion of nicotine or flavouring compounds in e-liquids can impact lung toxicity. Finally, we consider the paradox of the safer cigarette: the toxicities of e-cigarettes that can mitigate their potential to serve as a harm reduction tool in the fight against traditional cigarettes, and we summarise the research needed in this underinvestigated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra Allbright
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Villandre
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Zhang
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kambez H Benam
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Evankovich
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Divay Chandra
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Mercier C, Pourchez J, Leclerc L, Forest V. In vitro toxicological evaluation of aerosols generated by a 4th generation vaping device using nicotine salts in an air-liquid interface system. Respir Res 2024; 25:75. [PMID: 38317149 PMCID: PMC10845662 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (EC) have gained popularity, especially among young people, with the introduction of fourth-generation devices based on e-liquids containing nicotine salts that promise a smoother vaping experience than freebase nicotine. However, the toxicological effects of nicotine salts are still largely unknown, and the chemical diversity of e-liquids limits the comparison between different studies to determine the contribution of each compound to the cytotoxicity of EC aerosols. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological profile of controlled composition e-liquid aerosols to accurately determine the effects of each ingredient based on exposure at the air-liquid interface. METHODS Human lung epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to undiluted aerosols of controlled composition e-liquids containing various ratios of propylene glycol (PG)/vegetable glycerin (VG) solvents, freebase nicotine, organic acids, nicotine salts, and flavoured commercial e-liquids. Exposure of 20 puffs was performed at the air-liquid interface following a standard vaping regimen. Toxicological outcomes, including cytotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress, were assessed 24 h after exposure. RESULTS PG/VG aerosols elicited a strong cytotoxic response characterised by a 50% decrease in cell viability and a 200% increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production, but had no effects on inflammation and oxidative stress. These effects occurred only at a ratio of 70/30 PG/VG, suggesting that PG is the major contributor to aerosol cytotoxicity. Both freebase nicotine and organic acids had no greater effect on cell viability and LDH release than at a 70/30 PG/VG ratio, but significantly increased inflammation and oxidative stress. Interestingly, the protonated form of nicotine in salt showed a stronger proinflammatory effect than the freebase nicotine form, while benzoic acid-based nicotine salts also induced significant oxidative stress. Flavoured commercial e-liquids was found to be cytotoxic at a threshold dose of ≈ 330 µg/cm². CONCLUSION Our results showed that aerosols of e-liquids consisting only of PG/VG solvents can cause severe cytotoxicity depending on the concentration of PG, while nicotine salts elicit a stronger pro-inflammatory response than freebase nicotine. Overall, aerosols from fourth-generation devices can cause different toxicological effects, the nature of which depends on the chemical composition of the e-liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Mercier
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France.
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
| | - Lara Leclerc
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
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Kopa-Stojak PN, Pawliczak R. Comparison of the effects of active and passive smoking of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. A systematic review. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:75-89. [PMID: 38394073 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2319315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work attempts to summarize current knowledge on the effects of active and passive smoking of cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response mediators, and on their possible impact on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature was searched by the terms: 'smoking', 'active smoking', 'passive smoking', 'main-stream smoke', 'side-stream smoke', 'secondhand smoke', 'cigarette' 'THP', 'tobacco heating product', 'ENDS', 'electronic nicotine delivery system', 'e-cigarette', 'electronic cigarette', oxidative stress', inflammatory response' and 'gene expression'. RESULTS Cigarette smoking (active and passive) induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways. We present the effect of active smoking of e-cigarettes (EC) and heat-not-burn (HnB) products on the increased expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. However, there is only a limited number of studies on the effect of their second-hand smoking, and those available mainly describe aerosol composition. DISCUSSION The literature provides data which confirm that active and passive cigarette smoking induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways and is a key risk factor of COPD development. Currently, there is a limited number of data about ENDS and THP active and passive smoking effects on the health of smokers and never-smokers. It is particularly important to assess the effect of such products during long-term use by never-smokers who choose them as the first type of cigarettes, and for never-smokers who are passively exposed to their aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Natalia Kopa-Stojak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Li D, Xie Z, Shaikh SB, Rahman I. Abnormal expression profile of plasma exosomal microRNAs in exclusive electronic cigarette adult users. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3877316. [PMID: 38343804 PMCID: PMC10854321 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3877316/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol has been linked to several health concerns, including DNA damage, elevated oxidative stress, the release of inflammatory cytokine, and dysfunctions in epithelial barriers. However, little is known about the effect of exclusive e-cigarette use on expression profiles of exosomal miRNAs, which play critical regulatory roles in many inflammatory responses and disease processes including cancer. We aim to compare the exosomal microRNA expression profile between exclusive e-cigarette users and normal controls without any tobacco product use (non-users). Methods Using plasma samples from 15 exclusive e-cigarette users and 15 non-users in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Wave 1 study (2013-2014), we examined exosomal microRNAs expression levels through Illumina NextSeq 500/550 sequencing. The differential analyses between exclusive e-cigarette users and non-users were examined using the generalized linear model approach in the DESeq2 package in R/Bioconductor after adjusting the significant confounding effect from race. Gene enrichment analyses were conducted on target genes regulated by significant microRNAs in the differential analyses. Further, molecular-based techniques using the micro RNA mimics and inhibitors were applied for the validation of the expressions of the micro RNAs in vitro. Results We identified four microRNAs that have significantly higher expression levels in exclusive e-cigarette users than non-users including hsa-miR-100-5p, hsa-miR-125a-5p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, and hsa-miR-99a-5p. GO enrichment analysis on the target genes regulated by the four microRNAs showed that dysregulation of the four microRNAs in exclusive e-cigarette users involved in multiple cell processes such as protein kinase binding and miRNA metabolic process. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis found the four upregulated miRNAs in exclusive e-cigarette users involved in many cancer pathways such as the non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, p53 signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. Overexpression of miRNA hsa-miR-125b-5p was shown to promote DNA damage in bronchial epithelia cells. Conclusions Four plasma exosomal microRNAs involved in cancer development had higher expression levels in exclusive e-cigarette users than non-users, which might indicate a potentially elevated risk of cancer among exclusive e-cigarette users.
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Ali N, Xavier J, Engur M, Pv M, Bernardino de la Serna J. The impact of e-cigarette exposure on different organ systems: A review of recent evidence and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131828. [PMID: 37320902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is rapidly increasing worldwide and is promoted as a smoking cessation tool. The impact of traditional cigs on human health has been well-defined in both animal and human studies. In contrast, little is known about the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on human health. This review summarizes the impact of e-cigs exposure on different organ systems based on the rapidly expanding recent evidence from experimental and human studies. A number of growing studies have shown the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on various organ systems. The summarized data in this review indicate that while e-cigs use causes less adverse effects on different organs compared to traditional cigs, its long-term exposure may lead to serious health effects. Data on short-term organ effects are limited and there is no sufficient evidence on long-term organ effects. Moreover, the adverse effects of secondhand and third hand e-cigs vapour exposure have not been thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Although some studies demonstrated e-cigs used as a smoking cessation tool, there is a lack of strong evidence to support it. While some researchers suggested e-cigs as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking, their long-term exposure health effects remain largely unknown. Therefore, more epidemiological and prospective studies including mechanistic studies are needed to address the potential adverse health effects of e-cigs to draw a firm conclusion about their safe use. A wide variation in e-cigs products and the lack of standardized testing methods are the major barriers to evaluating the existing data. Specific regulatory guidelines for both e-cigs components and the manufacturing process may be effective to protect consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Joseph Xavier
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
| | - Melih Engur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohanan Pv
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
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Hajiasgharzadeh K, Naghipour B, Shahabi P, Dastmalchi N, Alipour MR. The role of microRNAs in nicotine signaling. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:433-450. [PMID: 37346805 PMCID: PMC10279964 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a harmful habit that is widespread around the world. It is among the well-known lifestyle-related risk factors for many diseases. Nicotine, as its principal constituent, has various detrimental, and beneficial functions. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are present in nearly all body cells, are how nicotine works. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that nicotine causes abnormal microRNA expression (miRNAs). These short sequences of RNAs are known to regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. A wide range of miRNAs are modulated by nicotine, and nicotine-induced miRNA changes could subsequently mediate nicotine's effect on gene expression regulation. We will focus on the reciprocal interaction between nAChRs and miRNAs and describe the essential targets of these dysregulated miRNAs after nicotine exposure and activation of nAChRs. It appears that crucial subcellular mechanisms implicated in nicotine's effects are miRNA-related pathways. It is crucial to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of nicotine as well as the dysregulation of miRNA following nAChR activation. The finding about epigenetic mechanisms of nicotine-induced effects may shed light on the establishment of new treatment strategies to prevent the harmful effects of nicotine and perhaps may augment the beneficial effects in diverse smoking-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahman Naghipour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Dastmalchi
- Department of Biology, University College of Nabi Akram, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Alipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Goud TJ. Epigenetic and Long-Term Effects of Nicotine on Biology, Behavior, and Health. Pharmacol Res 2023; 192:106741. [PMID: 37149116 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco and nicotine use are associated with disease susceptibility and progression. Health challenges associated with nicotine and smoking include developmental delays, addiction, mental health and behavioral changes, lung disease, cardiovascular disease, endocrine disorders, diabetes, immune system changes, and cancer. Increasing evidence suggests that nicotine-associated epigenetic changes may mediate or moderate the development and progression of a myriad of negative health outcomes. In addition, nicotine exposure may confer increased lifelong susceptibility to disease and mental health challenges through alteration of epigenetic signaling. This review examines the relationship between nicotine exposure (and smoking), epigenetic changes, and maladaptive outcomes that include developmental disorders, addiction, mental health challenges, pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, endocrine disorders, diabetes, immune system changes, and cancer. Overall, findings support the contention that nicotine (or smoking) associated altered epigenetic signaling is a contributing factor to disease and health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Goud
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Luca AC, Curpăn AȘ, Iordache AC, Mîndru DE, Țarcă E, Luca FA, Pădureț IA. Cardiotoxicity of Electronic Cigarettes and Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products-A Problem for the Modern Pediatric Cardiologist. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11040491. [PMID: 36833024 PMCID: PMC9957306 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have become increasingly popular among adolescents, either as an alternative to conventional cigarettes (CCs) or as a newly acquired recreational habit. Although considered by most users as a safer option for nicotine intake, these devices pose significant health risks, resulting in multisystem damage. Heat-not-burn products, which, unlike ENDS, contain tobacco, are also alternatives to CCs that consumers use based on the idea that their safety profile is superior to that of cigarettes. Recent studies in the USA and EU show that adolescents are particularly prone to using these devices. Pediatric cardiologists, as well as other healthcare professionals, should be aware of the complications that may arise from acute and chronic consumption of these substances, considering the cardiovascular damage they elicit. This article summarized the known data about the impact of ENDS on the cardiovascular system, with emphasis on the pathophysiological and molecular changes that herald the onset of systemic lesions alongside the clinical cardiovascular manifestations in this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina-Costina Luca
- Sfânta Maria’ Emergency Children’s Hospital, 700309 Iași, Romania
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gr. T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Alexandrina-Ștefania Curpăn
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, Bd. Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.-Ș.C.); (E.Ț.)
| | - Alin-Constantin Iordache
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine–Pediatric Cardiology, “Grigore T. Popa”, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Dana Elena Mîndru
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gr. T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Elena Țarcă
- Sfânta Maria’ Emergency Children’s Hospital, 700309 Iași, Romania
- Department of Surgery II—Pediatric Surgery, Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.-Ș.C.); (E.Ț.)
| | - Florin-Alexandru Luca
- Department BMTM, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iaşi, Romania
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Wang L, Wang Y, Yang X, Duan K, Jiang X, Chen J, Liu P, Li M. Cytotoxicity and cell injuries of flavored electronic cigarette aerosol and mainstream cigarette smoke: A comprehensive in vitro evaluation. Toxicol Lett 2023; 374:96-110. [PMID: 36572074 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have attracted much attention due to their claimed harm-reduction effects compared with conventional cigarettes, the adverse effects of e-cigarette aerosol exposure on human health are still unclear. In this work we compared the cytotoxic effects of combustion cigarettes with four commercially available flavored electronic cigarettes and their main components on ten cell lines. Cell injury mechanism of e-cigarette aerosol and combustible cigarette smoke was also explored using cellular models. METHODS Eleven kinds of e-cigarettes aerosol condensates (ECSCs) and cigarette smoke constituent's condensates (CSC) were collected by Cambridge filter pad, and the nicotine contents were determined by UPLC to provide an equivalent nicotine dosage. The CCK-8 assay was used to measure the cell viability differences between ECSC and CSC. Based on RNA-seq results, we compared the effects of ECSC and CSC on various cell injury pathways. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses were further tested by Western Blot, immunofluorescence, and qRT-PCR assays. RESULTS CSC was found to be more cytotoxic than flavored ECSC and their main components, and BEAS-2B cell line was the most sensitive cells by comparing the IC50 value. With prolonged exposure duration and higher doses, ECSC began to exhibit cytotoxicity at and above 72 µg/mL. The IC50 values of ECSC were 15-fold higher than that of CSC. Transcriptome analyses indicated that cell injury-related processes were enriched after the treatment of CSC. CSC could significantly induce more oxidative stress and inflammatory signals than ECSC. CONCLUSION ECSCs and their components induced significantly less cytotoxicity than CSC under the laboratory exposure conditions, and CSC caused much severe cell injuries. Our study adds to the body of scientific evidence for a more comprehensive safety evaluation of e-cigarette products as compared to cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xuemin Yang
- RELX Lab, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Kun Duan
- RELX Lab, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Lab, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Min Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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Kopa-Stojak PN, Pawliczak R. Comparison of effects of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on miRNA-mediated gene expression. A systematic review. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023; 33:18-37. [PMID: 35722939 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2089610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work attempts to summarize current knowledge on the effects of cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on miRNA-mediated gene expression regulation and on their possible impact on smoking-related respiratory disease development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature search by terms combination: 'smoking', 'cigarette' 'THP', 'tobacco heating product', 'ENDS', 'electronic nicotine delivery system', 'e-cigarette', electronic cigarette' and 'miRNA-mediated gene expression' has been performed from October 2021 to February 2022. In this systematic review all relevant literature, including clinical trials, cellular and animal-based studies were included. RESULTS Cigarette smoke (CS) significantly altered transcriptome, including miRNAs expression profile. MiRNA-mediated gene expression is mentioned as one of the mechanisms associated with smoking-related respiratory disease development. Differential expression of miRNAs was reduced in aerosol from e-cigarettes (EC) and tobacco heating products (THP) when compared to CS. However, there was a significant alteration of some miRNAs expression when compared to air-controls in both EC and THP. DISCUSSION CS negatively affects transcriptome and miRNA-mediated gene expression regulation because of a huge number of hazardous substances which predispose to smoking-related diseases. Despite the reduced effect of ENDS and THP on miRNAs profile compared to CS, differences in expression of miRNAs when compared to air-control were observed, which may be harmful to never-smokers who may perceive such alternative smoking products as non-hazardous. To clearly indicate the role of ENDS and THP in the alteration of miRNA-mediated gene expression and the development of smoking-related respiratory diseases associated with this mechanism, more long-term studies should be performed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Natalia Kopa-Stojak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Ex vivo toxicity of E-cigarette constituents on human placental tissues. J Reprod Immunol 2022; 154:103737. [PMID: 36084357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Globally, ∼50 % of women smoke during pregnancy and the prevalence of vaping is increasing among women of reproductive age. However, the health effects of vaping during pregnancy are largely unknown. This study examined the effects of e-cig constituents alone and in combination (propylene glycol [PG], vegetable glycerin [VG], and nicotine) on human placental tissue viability (MTT assay) and immunoassayed levels of placenta-derived biomarkers, i.e., 8-isoprostane (8-IsoP), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), allopregnanolone (AP), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Placental explant cultures were exposed ex vivo for 24 h to media-containing either nicotine (0-5000 nM), PG/VG (0-8 % v/v at 50/50 ratio), or a combination of both. No effects on tissue viability were observed at PG/VG concentrations < 8 % (v/v), while viability significantly reduced at PG/VG concentrations ≥ 10 % (v/v); biomarker studies employed only non-cytotoxic doses. Exposure to PG/VG decreased levels of 8-IsoP, IL-6, and E2, and treatment with 2 % or 8 % PG/VG significantly reduced HO-1 levels, compared to non-treated controls. Exposure to nicotine alone at 2,500 nM and 5,000 nM reduced MTT activity by 20 % (P = 0.04) and 70 % (P < 0.001), respectively, and significantly increased (P < 0.001) levels of HO-1 and BDNF, compared to controls. Treatment with nicotine alone and in combination with PG/VG reduced IL-6 and E2 levels. Interestingly, nicotine-induced toxicity was attenuated by PG/VG addition to nicotine-treated groups. These studies demonstrate that e-cig constituents negatively impact the human placenta and alters production of critical placental biomarkers, suggesting that vaping is an unsafe alternative for pregnant women or their unborn fetus.
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MAS-related G protein-coupled receptors X (MRGPRX): Orphan GPCRs with potential as targets for future drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Novelli CE, Higginbotham EJ, Kapanke KA, Webber-Ritchey KJ, Parker CH, Simonovich SD. A systematic review examining the pulmonary effects of electronic vapor delivery systems. J Clin Anesth 2022; 82:110952. [PMID: 36007478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2022.110952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Despite the popularity of vaping and electronic vapor delivery systems (EVDS), the healthcare community remains largely unfamiliar with their potential to induce harm. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify how EVDS use affects the pulmonary system in order to support future anesthetic guidelines for patients who vape. DESIGN Systematic Review. An electronic search of databases CINAHL and PubMed was performed in October 2020. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies were included if they were deemed original research published in English, if they were performed exclusively in humans or on human tissue, if they examined the effects of EVDS on pulmonary function or tissue, and/or if they produced quantitative data. Studies were excluded if they utilized animal samples, studied subjects under the age of 18, presented expert opinions or reviews, offered qualitative data, reported case studies, or only evaluated EVDS' efficacy as a smoking cessation tool. MAIN RESULTS This review identified six EVDS-induced pulmonary implications warranting anesthetic consideration: alterations in pulmonary function tests, disrupted ventilation, impaired mucociliary clearance, tissue destruction, a disrupted immune response, and oxidative stress with DNA fragmentation. CONCLUSION A total of 38 studies described the effects of EVDS on pulmonary function, airway epithelial tissue, and inflammatory mechanisms that may lead to chronic pulmonary disease. Anesthesia providers are encouraged to assess patients for EVDS use during the preoperative period and use the information generated by this systematic review to drive subsequent care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Novelli
- University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | | | - Karen A Kapanke
- Northshore University HealthSystem School of Nurse Anesthesia, Evanston, IL, United States of America.
| | - Kashica J Webber-Ritchey
- School of Nursing, College of Science and Health, DePaul University, 990 W Fullerton, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| | - Christopher H Parker
- DePaul University Libraries, 2350 N Kenmore Ave, Chicago, IL 60614, United States of America.
| | - Shannon D Simonovich
- School of Nursing, College of Science and Health, DePaul University, 990 W Fullerton, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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14
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Piergentili R, Basile G, Nocella C, Carnevale R, Marinelli E, Patrone R, Zaami S. Using ncRNAs as Tools in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment-The Way towards Personalized Medicine to Improve Patients' Health. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169353. [PMID: 36012617 PMCID: PMC9409241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the first discovery of a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) dates back to 1958, only in recent years has the complexity of the transcriptome started to be elucidated. However, its components are still under investigation and their identification is one of the challenges that scientists are presently facing. In addition, their function is still far from being fully understood. The non-coding portion of the genome is indeed the largest, both quantitatively and qualitatively. A large fraction of these ncRNAs have a regulatory role either in coding mRNAs or in other ncRNAs, creating an intracellular network of crossed interactions (competing endogenous RNA networks, or ceRNET) that fine-tune the gene expression in both health and disease. The alteration of the equilibrium among such interactions can be enough to cause a transition from health to disease, but the opposite is equally true, leading to the possibility of intervening based on these mechanisms to cure human conditions. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge on these mechanisms, illustrating how they can be used for disease treatment, the current challenges and pitfalls, and the roles of environmental and lifestyle-related contributing factors, in addition to the ethical, legal, and social issues arising from their (improper) use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Piergentili
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IBPM), 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basile
- Trauma Unit and Emergency Department, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedics Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
- Head of Legal Medicine Unit, Clinical Institute San Siro, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Nocella
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro-Napoli, Via Orazio, 80122 Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Marinelli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Renato Patrone
- PhD ICTH, University of Federico II, HPB Department INT F. Pascale IRCCS of Naples, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Zaami
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Section of Forensic Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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15
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Zhang YQ, Chen RL, Shang LQ, Yang SM. Nicotine-induced miR-21-3p promotes chemoresistance in lung cancer by negatively regulating FOXO3a. Oncol Lett 2022; 24:260. [PMID: 35765274 PMCID: PMC9219026 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and cigarette smoking is reported to contribute to the lung cancer-related mortality. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying nicotine-induced chemoresistance in lung cancer. The expression of microRNA (miR)-21-3p and its predicted target FOXO3a in lung cancer cells was detected via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, in the presence or absence of nicotine. The regulatory effect of miR-21-3p and FOXO3a on lung cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis induced by docetaxel or cisplatin treatment was evaluated by performing Cell Counting Kit-8 and Annexin V/PI staining assays, respectively. The interaction between miR-21-3p and FOXO3a was analyzed by performing luciferase reporter assays and western blotting. FOXO3a overexpression rescue experiments were conducted in vitro and in vivo using a xenograft mouse model to assess the function of miR-21-3p/FOXO3a in lung cancer. Nicotine induced miR-21-3p expression in lung cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. miR-21-3p downregulated FOXO3a expression by directly binding to the 3′-untranslated region of FOXO3a. Moreover, miR-21-3p knockdown sensitized lung cancer cells to docetaxel or cisplatin treatment. Mechanistically, FOXO3a was predicted as a direct target of miR-21-3p. FOXO3a overexpression promoted the chemosensitivity of lung cancer cells to docetaxel or cisplatin treatment. Furthermore, FOXO3a overexpression antagonized the regulatory function of miR-21-3p on docetaxel- or cisplatin-treated lung cancer cells. In the docetaxel- or cisplatin-treated lung cancer xenograft mouse model, miR-21-3p promoted chemoresistance via negatively regulating FOXO3a. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that nicotine-induced miR-21-3p promoted chemoresistance to docetaxel or cisplatin treatment via negatively regulating FOXO3a, which may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with chemoresistant lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Lin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qun Shang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Mei Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
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16
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Trifunovic S, Smiljanić K, Sickmann A, Solari FA, Kolarevic S, Divac Rankov A, Ljujic M. Electronic cigarette liquids impair metabolic cooperation and alter proteomic profiles in V79 cells. Respir Res 2022; 23:191. [PMID: 35840976 PMCID: PMC9285873 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02102-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although still considered a safer alternative to classical cigarettes, growing body of work points to harmful effects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) affecting a range of cellular processes. The biological effect of e-cigarettes needs to be investigated in more detail considering their widespread use. Methods In this study, we treated V79 lung fibroblasts with sub-cytotoxic concentration of e-cigarette liquids, with and without nicotine. Mutagenicity was evaluated by HPRT assay, genotoxicity by comet assay and the effect on cellular communication by metabolic cooperation assay. Additionally, comprehensive proteome analysis was performed via high resolution, parallel accumulation serial fragmentation-PASEF mass spectrometry. Results E-cigarette liquid concentration used in this study showed no mutagenic or genotoxic effect, however it negatively impacted metabolic cooperation between V79 cells. Both e-cigarette liquids induced significant depletion in total number of proteins and impairment of mitochondrial function in treated cells. The focal adhesion proteins were upregulated, which is in accordance with the results of metabolic cooperation assay. Increased presence of posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including carbonylation and direct oxidative modifications, was observed. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD032071. Conclusions Our study revealed impairment of metabolic cooperation as well as significant proteome and PTMs alterations in V79 cells treated with e-cigarette liquid warranting future studies on e-cigarettes health impact. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-02102-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trifunovic
- Biology of Robustness Group, Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Split, Croatia.
| | - Katarina Smiljanić
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - E.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, Dortmund, Germany.,Medizinische Fakultät, Medizinisches Proteom-Center (MPC), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB243FX, Scotland, UK
| | - Fiorella A Solari
- Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - E.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stoimir Kolarevic
- Department of Hydroecology and Water Protection, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Divac Rankov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mila Ljujic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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17
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A Review of Toxicity Mechanism Studies of Electronic Cigarettes on Respiratory System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095030. [PMID: 35563421 PMCID: PMC9102406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have attracted much attention as a new substitute for conventional cigarettes. E-cigarettes are first exposed to the respiratory system after inhalation, and studies on the toxicity mechanisms of e-cigarettes have been reported. Current research shows that e-cigarette exposure may have potentially harmful effects on cells, animals, and humans, while the safety evaluation of the long-term effects of e-cigarette use is still unknown. Similar but not identical to conventional cigarettes, the toxicity mechanisms of e-cigarettes are mainly manifested in oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and DNA damage. This review will summarize the toxicity mechanisms and signal pathways of conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes concerning the respiratory system, which could give researchers a better understanding and direction on the effects of e-cigarettes on our health.
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18
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Rayner RE, Makena P, Liu G, Prasad GL, Cormet-Boyaka E. Differential gene expression of 3D primary human airway cultures exposed to cigarette smoke and electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) preparations. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:76. [PMID: 35369880 PMCID: PMC8978419 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exposure to cigarette smoke alters gene expression in several biological pathways such as apoptosis, immune response, tumorigenesis and stress response, among others. However, the effects of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) on early changes in gene expression is relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the early toxicogenomic changes using a fully-differentiated primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) culture model after an acute exposure to cigarette and ENDS preparations. RESULTS RNA sequencing and pathway enrichment analysis identified time and dose dependent changes in gene expression and several canonical pathways when exposed to cigarette preparations compared to vehicle control, including oxidative stress, xenobiotic metabolism, SPINK1 general cancer pathways and mucociliary clearance. No changes were observed with ENDS preparations containing up to 28 µg/mL nicotine. Full model hierarchical clustering revealed that ENDS preparations were similar to vehicle control. CONCLUSION This study revealed that while an acute exposure to cigarette preparations significantly and differentially regulated many genes and canonical pathways, ENDS preparations containing the same concentration of nicotine had very little effect on gene expression in fully-differentiated primary NHBE cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Rayner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Gang Liu
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - G L Prasad
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Prasad Scientific Consulting LLC, Lewisville, NC, USA
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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19
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Wong CY, Ong HX, Traini D. The application of in vitro cellular assays for analysis of electronic cigarettes impact on the airway. Life Sci 2022; 298:120487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Liu H, Zhang W, Deng X, Ma Y, Liu Y. Association of NQO1 levels and its genetic polymorphism with susceptibility to methamphetamine dependence. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1789. [PMID: 34467676 PMCID: PMC8580086 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) gene was involved in the pathophysiological process of illicit drugs abuse, and its polymorphisms might be associated with methamphetamine (METH) dependence susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to examine the NQO1 mRNA and protein levels and to analyze the 609C/T polymorphism (rs1800566) between METH-dependent patients and controls. METHODS A total of 392 METH-dependent patients (cases) and 669 healthy controls (controls) were enrolled in the study. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the relative expressions of NQO1 mRNA in PBMCs and protein levels in plasma, respectively. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) and direct-sequencing genotyping were used to detect the alleles and genotypes of NQO1 609C/T polymorphism. RESULTS The levels of NQO1 mRNA in cases (3.2650 ± 2.2943) was significantly higher than in controls (1.0125 ± 0.7959) (p < 0.001), the plasma protein in cases (0.2368 ± 0.1486) was significantly lower than in controls (0.5844 ± 0.1742) (p < 0.001). The T allele of the 609C/T polymorphism significantly increased the risk of METH dependence (p = 0.032, OR = 1.214, 95%CI = 1.017-1.450). The TC and TC/TT genotypes of 609C/T were observed significantly more frequently in cases than in controls, respectively (TC vs CC: p = 0.012, OR = 1.457, 95% CI = 1.087-1.952; TC/TT vs CC: p = 0.008, OR = 1.460, 95% CI = 1.102-1.935). Similar results were obtained after adjusting for age and sex. We failed to find that any genotype of 609C/T polymorphism affected the mRNA or plasma protein levels in controls, respectively (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings suggested that NQO1 might play an important role in the pathophysiological process of METH dependence, and the 609C/T polymorphism might contribute to the susceptibility to METH dependence in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorth Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchongSichuanChina
- Department of Forensic MedicineNorth Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchongSichuanChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Forensic MedicineNorth Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchongSichuanChina
| | - Xiao‐Dong Deng
- Department of Forensic MedicineNorth Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchongSichuanChina
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchongSichuanChina
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Forensic MedicineNorth Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchongSichuanChina
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical ImagingNorth Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchongSichuanChina
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21
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Bonner E, Chang Y, Christie E, Colvin V, Cunningham B, Elson D, Ghetu C, Huizenga J, Hutton SJ, Kolluri SK, Maggio S, Moran I, Parker B, Rericha Y, Rivera BN, Samon S, Schwichtenberg T, Shankar P, Simonich MT, Wilson LB, Tanguay RL. The chemistry and toxicology of vaping. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107837. [PMID: 33753133 PMCID: PMC8263470 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaping is the process of inhaling and exhaling an aerosol produced by an e-cigarette, vape pen, or personal aerosolizer. When the device contains nicotine, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists the product as an electronic nicotine delivery system or ENDS device. Similar electronic devices can be used to vape cannabis extracts. Over the past decade, the vaping market has increased exponentially, raising health concerns over the number of people exposed and a nationwide outbreak of cases of severe, sometimes fatal, lung dysfunction that arose suddenly in otherwise healthy individuals. In this review, we discuss the various vaping technologies, which are remarkably diverse, and summarize the use prevalence in the U.S. over time by youths and adults. We examine the complex chemistry of vape carrier solvents, flavoring chemicals, and transformation products. We review the health effects from epidemiological and laboratory studies and, finally, discuss the proposed mechanisms underlying some of these health effects. We conclude that since much of the research in this area is recent and vaping technologies are dynamic, our understanding of the health effects is insufficient. With the rapid growth of ENDS use, consumers and regulatory bodies need a better understanding of constituent-dependent toxicity to guide product use and regulatory decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bonner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Chang
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Emerson Christie
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Victoria Colvin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brittany Cunningham
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Elson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christine Ghetu
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Juliana Huizenga
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sara J Hutton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Siva K Kolluri
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie Maggio
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ian Moran
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bethany Parker
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Rericha
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brianna N Rivera
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Samantha Samon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Trever Schwichtenberg
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Prarthana Shankar
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael T Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lindsay B Wilson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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22
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Narożna M, Rubiś B. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Strategies and the Potential Role of miRNA in the Assessment of COVID-19 Morbidity, Recurrence, and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8663. [PMID: 34445368 PMCID: PMC8395427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have experienced a serious pandemic. Despite significant technological advances in molecular technologies, it is very challenging to slow down the infection spread. It appeared that due to globalization, SARS-CoV-2 spread easily and adapted to new environments or geographical or weather zones. Additionally, new variants are emerging that show different infection potential and clinical outcomes. On the other hand, we have some experience with other pandemics and some solutions in virus elimination that could be adapted. This is of high importance since, as the latest reports demonstrate, vaccine technology might not follow the new, mutated virus outbreaks. Thus, identification of novel strategies and markers or diagnostic methods is highly necessary. For this reason, we present some of the latest views on SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 therapeutic strategies and raise a solution based on miRNA. We believe that in the face of the rapidly increasing global situation and based on analogical studies of other viruses, the possibility of using the biological potential of miRNA technology is very promising. It could be used as a promising diagnostic and prognostic factor, as well as a therapeutic target and tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Narożna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4 Święcickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Błażej Rubiś
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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23
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Chandrashekar DS, Athar M, Manne U, Varambally S. Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal genes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection of human lung epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16212. [PMID: 34376762 PMCID: PMC8355180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95733-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2020, understanding the molecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection (the cause of COVID-19) became a scientific priority due to the devastating effects of the COVID-19. Many researchers have studied the effect of this viral infection on lung epithelial transcriptomes and deposited data in public repositories. Comprehensive analysis of such data could pave the way for development of efficient vaccines and effective drugs. In the current study, we obtained high-throughput gene expression data associated with human lung epithelial cells infected with respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, SARS, H1N1, avian influenza, rhinovirus and Dhori, then performed comparative transcriptome analysis to identify SARS-CoV-2 exclusive genes. The analysis yielded seven SARS-CoV-2 specific genes including CSF2 [GM-CSF] (colony-stimulating factor 2) and calcium-binding proteins (such as S100A8 and S100A9), which are known to be involved in respiratory diseases. The analyses showed that genes involved in inflammation are commonly altered by infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. Furthermore, results of protein–protein interaction analyses were consistent with a functional role of CSF2 and S100A9 in COVID-19 disease. In conclusion, our analysis revealed cellular genes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection of the human lung epithelium; these are potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan S Chandrashekar
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Wallace Tumor Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 4th Floor, 20B, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Upender Manne
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Wallace Tumor Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 4th Floor, 20B, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Wallace Tumor Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 4th Floor, 20B, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA. .,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Cao Y, Wu D, Ma Y, Ma X, Wang S, Li F, Li M, Zhang T. Toxicity of electronic cigarettes: A general review of the origins, health hazards, and toxicity mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145475. [PMID: 33770885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarette) are an alternative for traditional cigarette smokers to quit smoking. Based on the current understanding, electronic cigarettes have rapidly become popular among existing smokers and former non-smokers. However, increasing research at different levels reveals that e-cigarettes are unsafe. This review provides an overview of the toxicology of e-cigarettes based on existing in vivo and in vitro studies and compares their toxicity with that of traditional cigarettes. Moreover, we describe the associated toxicity components in e-cigarettes, as well as the potential mechanism by which e-cigarettes exert toxic effects. As is known to all, the nicotine in traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes has certain toxicity. Besides, a few studies have shown that propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin mixture and flavoring agents in e-cigarettes also are the key components causing adverse effects in animals or cells. There is insufficient scientific evidence on the toxicity of e-cigarettes due to the lack of standardized research methods, prompting the need to conduct a comprehensive toxicity assessment of e-cigarette toxicity to elucidate the safety issues of e-cigarettes. Eventually, a basis for decision-making on whether people use e-cigarettes will be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Daming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinmo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shile Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fuxian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Menghan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Xie Z, Rahman I, Goniewicz ML, Li D. Perspectives on Epigenetics Alterations Associated with Smoking and Vaping. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab022. [PMID: 35330676 PMCID: PMC8788872 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, microRNA, and long noncoding RNA, play important roles in the pathogenesis of numerous respiratory health conditions and diseases. Exposure to tobacco smoking has been found to be associated with epigenetic changes in the respiratory tract. Marketed as a less harmful alternative to combustible cigarettes, electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) has rapidly gained popularity in recent years, especially among youth and young adults. Accumulative evidence from both animal and human studies has shown that e-cigarette use (vaping) is also linked to similar respiratory health conditions as observed with cigarette smoking, including wheezing, asthma, and COPD. This review aims to provide an overview of current studies on associations of smoking and vaping with epigenetic alterations in respiratory cells and provide future research directions in epigenetic studies related to vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidian Xie
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA,Address correspondence to D.L. (e-mail: )
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Yan R, Chen XL, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Epimutational effects of electronic cigarettes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:17044-17067. [PMID: 33655478 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12985-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), since they do not require tobacco combustion, have traditionally been considered less harmful than conventional cigarettes (c-cigarettes). In recent years, however, researchers have found many toxic compounds in the aerosols of e-cigarettes, and numerous studies have shown that e-cigarettes can adversely affect the human epigenome. In this review, we provide an update on recent findings regarding epigenetic outcomes of e-cigarette aerosols. Moreover, we discussed the effects of several typical e-cigarette ingredients (nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, volatile organic compounds, carbonyl compounds, and toxic metals) on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA expression. These epigenetic effects could explain some of the diseases caused by e-cigarettes. It also reminds the public that like c-cigarettes, inhaling e-cigarette aerosols could also be accompanied with potential epigenotoxicity on the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Li Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Andy T Y Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
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Faheem A, Rehman K, Jabeen K, Akash MSH. Nicotine-mediated upregulation of microRNA-141 expression determines adipokine-intervened insulin resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103506. [PMID: 33002592 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that are associated with adipokine homeostasis and insulin resistance. Whereas, smoking can disturb metabolic homeostasis. Present study was aimed to investigate the level of miRNA-141 in experimental animal model that were exposed with graded doses of nicotine. We further aimed to investigate the possible interplay of miRNA-141 expression change with adipokine homeostasis and occurrence of insulin resistance in nicotine-exposed experimental animals. Nicotine (0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 6.0 mg/Kg) was administered to early adolescent; postnatal days ranging from 25 to 30 Wistar rats for one month. Serum was analyzed for leptin, adipokines, IL-6, MDA, HbA1c, insulin, G6PDH, hexokinase, and lipid profile. While miRNA-141 expression level was determined in plasma. Higher doses of nicotine were associated with higher glucose, HbA1c, leptin, IL-6, MDA and lipids levels, while, insulin, adiponectin, G6PDH, hexokinase and HDL levels were lower. Higher doses of nicotine also impaired glucose tolerance and exhibited significant increase in miR-141 expression signifying that nicotine exposure may influence adipokines regulation altering glycemic profile. This is accompanied with aggravated inflammatory responses where genetic expression of miRNA-141 can be an accessible biomarker for metabolic disturbances with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Faheem
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Komal Jabeen
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Lechasseur A, Morissette MC. The fog, the attractive and the addictive: pulmonary effects of vaping with a focus on the contribution of each major vaping liquid constituent. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/157/200268. [PMID: 33060167 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0268-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaping has become increasingly popular over the past decade. This pragmatic review presents the published biological effects of electronic cigarette vapour inhalation with a focus on the pulmonary effects. Special attention has been devoted to providing the documented effects specific to each major ingredient, namely propylene glycol/glycerol, nicotine and flavouring agents. For each ingredient, findings are divided according to the methodology used, being in vitro studies, animal studies and clinical studies. Finally, we provide thoughts and insights on the current state of understanding of the pulmonary effects of vaping, as well as novel research avenues and methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Lechasseur
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu C Morissette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Dept of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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Sewer A, Zanetti F, Iskandar AR, Guedj E, Dulize R, Peric D, Bornand D, Mathis C, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A meta-analysis of microRNAs expressed in human aerodigestive epithelial cultures and their role as potential biomarkers of exposure response to nicotine-containing products. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1282-1295. [PMID: 33014713 PMCID: PMC7522043 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of some microRNAs (miRNA) is modulated in response to cigarette smoke (CS), which is a leading cause of major preventable diseases. However, whether miRNA expression is also modulated by the aerosol/extract from potentially reduced-risk products is not well studied. The present work is a meta-analysis of 12 in vitro studies in human organotypic epithelial cultures of the aerodigestive tract (buccal, gingival, bronchial, nasal, and small airway epithelia). These studies compared the effects of exposure to aerosols from electronic vapor (e-vapor) products and heated tobacco products, and to extracts from Swedish snus products (in the present work, will be referred to as reduced-risk products [RRPs]) on miRNA expression with the effects of exposure to CS or its total particulate matter fraction. This meta-analysis evaluated 12 datasets of a total of 736 detected miRNAs and 2775 exposed culture inserts. The t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding method was used to find similarities across the diversity of miRNA responses characterized by tissue type, exposure type, and product concentration. The CS-induced changes in miRNA expression in gingival cultures were close to those in buccal cultures; similarly, the alterations in miRNA expression in small airway, bronchial, and nasal tissues resembled each other. A supervised clustering was performed to identify miRNAs exhibiting particular response patterns. The analysis identified a set of miRNAs whose expression was altered in specific tissues upon exposure to CS (e.g., miR-125b-5p, miR-132-3p, miR-99a-5p, and 146a-5p). Finally, we investigated the impact of RRPs on miRNA expression in relation to that of CS by calculating the response ratio r between the RRP- and CS-induced alterations at an individual miRNA level, showing reduced alterations in miRNA expression following RRP exposure relative to CS exposure (94 % relative reduction). No specific miRNA response pattern indicating exposure to aerosols from heated tobacco products and e-vapor products, or extracts from Swedish snus was identifiable.
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Key Words
- 2D, two-dimensional
- AKT, protein kinase B
- ALI, air-liquid interface
- CHTP 1.2, Carbon Heated Tobacco Product 1.2
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CRP, CORESTA Reference Product
- CS, cigarette smoke and its TPM fraction
- FDA, Food & Drug Administration
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GCW, General Classic White
- HCI, Health Canada intense
- HTP, heated tobacco product
- Heated tobacco product
- IL-1β, interleukin 1β
- MMP-1, matrix metalloproteinase 1
- N/A, not applicable
- Organotypic aerodigestive culture
- RRP, reduced-risk product
- Systems toxicology
- THS 2.2, Tobacco Heating System 2.2
- TPM, total particulate matter
- Tobacco Heating System 2.2
- e-vapor
- e-vapor, electronic vapor
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- miRNA
- miRNA, microRNA
- t-SNE, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Zanetti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita R Iskandar
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Remi Dulize
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dariusz Peric
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - David Bornand
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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30
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Singh KP, Maremanda KP, Li D, Rahman I. Exosomal microRNAs are novel circulating biomarkers in cigarette, waterpipe smokers, E-cigarette users and dual smokers. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:128. [PMID: 32912198 PMCID: PMC7488025 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) vaping, cigarette smoke, and waterpipe tobacco smoking are associated with various cardiopulmonary diseases. microRNAs are present in higher concentration in exosomes that play an important role in various physiological and pathological functions. We hypothesized that the non-coding RNAs transcript may serve as susceptibility to disease biomarkers by smoking and vaping. METHODS Plasma exosomes/EVs from cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers and dual smokers (cigarette and waterpipe) were characterized for their size, morphology and TEM, Nanosight and immunoblot analysis. Exosomal RNA was used for small RNA library preparation and the library was quantified using the High Sensitivity DNA Analysis on the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer system and sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq 500 and were converted to fastq format for mapping genes. RESULTS Enrichment of various non-coding RNAs that include microRNAs, tRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, Mt-tRNAs, and other biotypes are shown in exosomes. A comprehensive differential expression analysis of miRNAs, tRNAs and piRNAs showed significant changes across different pairwise comparisons. The seven microRNAs that were common and differentially expressed of when all the smoking and vaping groups were compared with non-smokers (NS) are hsa-let-7a-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-30a-5p and hsa-let-7i-5p. The e-cig vs. NS group has differentially expressed 5 microRNAs (hsa-miR-224-5p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-30e-5p, hsa-miR-423-3p, hsa-miR-365a-3p, and hsa-miR-365b-3p), which are not expressed in other three groups. Gene set enrichment analysis of microRNAs showed significant changes in the top six enriched functions that consisted of biological pathway, biological process, molecular function, cellular component, site of expression and transcription factor in all the groups. Further, the pairwise comparison of tRNAs and piRNA in all these groups revealed significant changes in their expressions. CONCLUSIONS Plasma exosomes of cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, e-cig users and dual smokers have common differential expression of microRNAs which may serve to distinguish smoking and vaping subjects from NS. Among them has-let-7a-5p has high sensitivity and specificity to distinguish NS with the rest of the users, using ROC curve analysis. These findings will pave the way for the utilizing the potential of exosomes/miRNAs as a novel theranostic agents in lung injury and disease caused by tobacco smoking and vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameshwar P Singh
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Krishna P Maremanda
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Miyashita L, Foley G. E-cigarettes and respiratory health: the latest evidence. J Physiol 2020; 598:5027-5038. [PMID: 32495367 DOI: 10.1113/jp279526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The E-cigarette market continues to expand at an alarming rate with thousands of flavours available for purchase and continuously evolving devices. Now that it is a multi-billion dollar industry and one without stringent regulation, there is rising concern over the safety of vaping products. Since June 2019, over 2800 cases of E-cigarette-associated acute lung toxicity have been reported in the USA, over 60 of which resulted in death. Many argue that E-cigarettes offer a safer alternative to smoking, but we are evidently far from fully understanding the potential hazards that they pose to respiratory health. Although the risk of an outbreak in the UK has been considered low due to tighter E-cigarette regulations, we cannot fully eliminate the possibility of similar events occurring in the future. With evidence frequently emerging of the harmful effects of E-cigarettes to pulmonary health, there is an urgent need to define the long-term implications of vaping. Studies show that E-cigarette exposure can disrupt pulmonary homeostasis, with reports of gas exchange disturbance, reduced lung function, increased airway inflammation and oxidative stress, downregulation of immunity, and increased risk of respiratory infection. In this review, the latest research on the effect of E-cigarette use on respiratory health will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Miyashita
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, the Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, E1 2AT, London
| | - Gary Foley
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, the Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, E1 2AT, London
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Sisto R, Capone P, Cerini L, Paci E, Pigini D, Gherardi M, Gordiani A, L'Episcopo N, Tranfo G, Chiarella P. Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds affects microRNA profiling: Towards the identification of novel biomarkers. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:700-710. [PMID: 32551232 PMCID: PMC7287141 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to volatile organic compounds represents a threat for workers' health and safety, even using protective equipment. Spray-painting exposure is at higher risk than roller-painting. Exposure to organic solvents may induce DNA and RNA oxidation, urine metabolite excretion and miRNA up- or down-regulation. miR-589-5p and miR-941, miR-146b-3p and miR-27a-3p have been identified as potential biomarkers of effect in exposed workers. KEGG pathway analysis showed that miRNA-1, related to lung cancer, is significantly downregulated in exposed workers.
In the framework of a project aimed at finding novel predictive biomarkers of VOCs exposure-related diseases, the effect of exposure to ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene has been analyzed in a group of painters (spray- and roller-painters) working in the shipyard industry. Airborne levels of solvents were higher in spray- than in roller-painters, and comparable to the Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs), particularly for toluene and xylene. The urinary concentration of each volatile organic compound (VOC) and of the corresponding metabolites were also concurrently measured. A set of oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e., the products of DNA and RNA oxidation, RNA methylation, and protein nitration, were measured, and found significantly higher at the end of the work shift. MicroRNA (MiRNA) expression was analyzed in the VOC-exposed workers and in a control group, finding 56 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs at a statistically significant level (adjusted p ≤ 0.01). The Receiver-Operating Characteristic curves, computed for each identified miRNA, showed high sensitivity and specificity. A pathway analysis in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) showed that miRNA-1, which was found downregulated in exposed workers, is involved in the lung cancer oncogenesis. A subset of 10 miRNAs (out of the 56 DE) was selected, including those with the highest correlation to the urinary dose biomarkers measured at the end of work-shift. Multivariate ANOVA analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between the urinary dose biomarkers (both the VOCs urinary concentration and the VOCs’ metabolite concentration), and the identified miRNA subset, indicating that the exposure to low VOC doses may be sufficient to activate the miRNA response. Four miRNAs belonging to the subset strongly related to the VOCs and VOCs’ metabolites concentration were individuated, miR-589-5p, miR-941, miR-146b-3p and miR-27a-3p, with well-known implications in oxidative stress and inflammation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sisto
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Capone
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Cerini
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Paci
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Gherardi
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gordiani
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Nunziata L'Episcopo
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Pieranna Chiarella
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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Traboulsi H, Cherian M, Abou Rjeili M, Preteroti M, Bourbeau J, Smith BM, Eidelman DH, Baglole CJ. Inhalation Toxicology of Vaping Products and Implications for Pulmonary Health. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3495. [PMID: 32429092 PMCID: PMC7278963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cigarettes have a liquid that may contain flavors, solvents, and nicotine. Heating this liquid generates an aerosol that is inhaled into the lungs in a process commonly referred to as vaping. E-cigarette devices can also contain cannabis-based products including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis (marijuana). E-cigarette use has rapidly increased among current and former smokers as well as youth who have never smoked. The long-term health effects are unknown, and emerging preclinical and clinical studies suggest that e-cigarettes may not be harmless and can cause cellular alterations analogous to traditional tobacco smoke. Here, we review the historical context and the components of e-cigarettes and discuss toxicological similarities and differences between cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosol, with specific reference to adverse respiratory outcomes. Finally, we outline possible clinical disorders associated with vaping on pulmonary health and the recent escalation of acute lung injuries, which led to the declaration of the vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) outbreak. It is clear there is much about vaping that is not understood. Consequently, until more is known about the health effects of vaping, individual factors that need to be taken into consideration include age, current and prior use of combustible tobacco products, and whether the user has preexisting lung conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Traboulsi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (H.T.); (M.A.R.); (M.P.); (J.B.); (B.M.S.)
| | - Mathew Cherian
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (M.C.); (D.H.E.)
| | - Mira Abou Rjeili
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (H.T.); (M.A.R.); (M.P.); (J.B.); (B.M.S.)
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Matthew Preteroti
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (H.T.); (M.A.R.); (M.P.); (J.B.); (B.M.S.)
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jean Bourbeau
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (H.T.); (M.A.R.); (M.P.); (J.B.); (B.M.S.)
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Benjamin M. Smith
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (H.T.); (M.A.R.); (M.P.); (J.B.); (B.M.S.)
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (M.C.); (D.H.E.)
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - David H. Eidelman
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (M.C.); (D.H.E.)
| | - Carolyn J. Baglole
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (H.T.); (M.A.R.); (M.P.); (J.B.); (B.M.S.)
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (M.C.); (D.H.E.)
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Herr C, Tsitouras K, Niederstraßer J, Backes C, Beisswenger C, Dong L, Guillot L, Keller A, Bals R. Cigarette smoke and electronic cigarettes differentially activate bronchial epithelial cells. Respir Res 2020; 21:67. [PMID: 32164736 PMCID: PMC7068890 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-1317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) is increasing, but the impact of ECIG-vapor on cellular processes like inflammation or host defense are less understood. The aim of the present study was to compare the acute effects of traditional cigarettes (TCIGs) and ECIG-exposure on host defense, inflammation, and cellular activation of cell lines and primary differentiated human airway epithelial cells (pHBE). METHODS We exposed pHBEs and several cell lines to TCIG-smoke or ECIG-vapor. Epithelial host defense and barrier integrity were determined. The transcriptome of airway epithelial cells was compared by gene expression array analysis. Gene interaction networks were constructed and differential gene expression over all groups analyzed. The expression of several candidate genes was validated by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Bacterial killing, barrier integrity and the expression of antimicrobial peptides were not affected by ECIG-vapor compared to control samples. In contrast, TCIGs negatively affected host defense and reduced barrier integrity in a significant way. Furthermore ECIG-exposure significantly induced IL-8 secretion from Calu-3 cells but had no effect on NCI-H292 or primary cells. The gene expression based on array analysis distinguished TCIG-exposed cells from ECIG and room air-exposed samples. CONCLUSION The transcriptome patterns of host defense and inflammatory genes are significantly distinct between ECIG-exposed and TCIG-treated cells. The overall effects of ECIGs on epithelial cells are less in comparison to TCIG, and ECIG-vapor does not affect host defense. Nevertheless, although acute exposure to ECIG-vapor induces inflammation, and the expression of S100 proteins, long term in vivo data is needed to evaluate the chronic effects of ECIG use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, D-66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Konstantinos Tsitouras
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, D-66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Julia Niederstraßer
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, D-66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christina Backes
- Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, University Hospital, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Beisswenger
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, D-66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Loïc Guillot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Keller
- Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, University Hospital, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, D-66421, Homburg, Germany
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Merecz-Sadowska A, Sitarek P, Zielinska-Blizniewska H, Malinowska K, Zajdel K, Zakonnik L, Zajdel R. A Summary of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Evaluating the Impact of E-Cigarette Exposure on Living Organisms and the Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020652. [PMID: 31963832 PMCID: PMC7013895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide use of electronic cigarettes has been rapidly expanding over recent years, but the long-term effect of e-cigarette vapor exposure on human health and environment is not well established; however, its mechanism of action entails the production of reactive oxygen species and trace metals, and the exacerbation of inflammation, which are associated with potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The present study examines the effects of selected liquid chemicals used in e-cigarettes, such as propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin, nicotine and flavorings, on living organisms; the data collected indicates that exposure to e-cigarette liquid has potentially detrimental effects on cells in vitro, and on animals and humans in vivo. While e-liquid exposure can adversely influence the physiology of living organisms, vaping is recommended as an alternative for tobacco smoking. The study also compares the impact of e-cigarette liquid exposure and traditional cigarette smoke on organisms and the environmental impact. The environmental influence of e-cigarette use is closely connected with the emission of airborne particulate matter, suggesting the possibility of passive smoking. The obtained data provides an insight into the impact of nicotine delivery systems on living organisms and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-663-626-667
| | - Przemyslaw Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | | | - Katarzyna Malinowska
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-725 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Karolina Zajdel
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-645 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Lukasz Zakonnik
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Radoslaw Zajdel
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
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Du A, Cheng Y, Zhao S, Wei X, Zhou Y. MicroRNA expression profiling of nicotine-treated human periodontal ligament cells. J Oral Sci 2019; 61:206-212. [PMID: 31118359 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a lifestyle-related risk factor involved in the causation and progression of periodontal disease. Nicotine is a key toxic component of tobacco. However, the mechanisms underlying nicotine-induced periodontitis have not yet been fully elucidated. The present study investigated the microRNA (miRNA) expression profile of human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) treated with nicotine. Using differential analysis of miRNA array data, several differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in nicotine-treated PDLCs. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to verify the accuracy of the miRNA array, and the targets of these dysregulated miRNAs were further analyzed. Function and pathway enrichment of differentially expressed miRNAs suggested that several important signaling pathways, such as the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, nicotine addiction, the transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway, and the hypoxia inducible factor-1 signaling pathway, are potentially responsible for nicotine-induced periodontitis. This study has helped to clarify the epigenetic mechanisms of nicotine-induced periodontitis, highlighting novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqing Du
- Department of Stomatology, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Yawei Cheng
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University
| | - Xiaoxia Wei
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
| | - Yi Zhou
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University
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Chatterjee S, Tao JQ, Johncola A, Guo W, Caporale A, Langham MC, Wehrli FW. Acute exposure to e-cigarettes causes inflammation and pulmonary endothelial oxidative stress in nonsmoking, healthy young subjects. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L155-L166. [PMID: 31042077 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00110.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of e-cigarette (e-cig) aerosol inhalation by nonsmokers have not been examined to date. The present study was designed to evaluate the acute response to aerosol inhalation of non-nicotinized e-cigarettes in terms of oxidative stress and indices of endothelial activation in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVEC). Ten smoking-naïve healthy subjects (mean age ± SD = 28.7 ± 5.5 yr) were subjected to an e-cig challenge, following which their serum was monitored for markers of inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)] and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx). The oxidative stress and inflammation burden of the circulating serum on the vascular network was also assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induction of ICAM-1 expression on HPMVEC. Our results show that serum indices of oxidative stress and inflammation increased significantly (P < 0.05 as compared with baseline), reaching a peak at approximately 1-2 h post-e-cig aerosol inhalation and returning to baseline levels at 6 h. The circulatory burden of the serum (ICAM-1 and ROS) increased significantly at 2 h and returned to baseline values 6 h post-e-cig challenge. ROS production by HPMVEC was found to occur via activation of the NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) pathways. These findings suggest that even in the absence of nicotine, acute e-cig aerosol inhalation leads to a transient increase in oxidative stress and inflammation. This can adversely affect the vascular endothelial network by promoting oxidative stress and immune cell adhesion. Thus e-cig inhalation has the potential to drive the onset of vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Chatterjee
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jian-Qin Tao
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alyssa Johncola
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wensheng Guo
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alessandra Caporale
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael C Langham
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Felix W Wehrli
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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A novel in vitro model of primary human pediatric lung epithelial cells. Pediatr Res 2019; 87:511-517. [PMID: 30776794 PMCID: PMC6698433 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current in vitro human lung epithelial cell models derived from adult tissues may not accurately represent all attributes that define homeostatic and disease mechanisms relevant to the pediatric lung. METHODS We report methods for growing and differentiating primary Pediatric Human Lung Epithelial (PHLE) cells from organ donor infant lung tissues. We use immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, quantitative RT-PCR, and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) analysis to characterize the cellular and transcriptional heterogeneity of PHLE cells. RESULTS PHLE cells can be expanded in culture up to passage 6, with a doubling time of ~4 days, and retain attributes of highly enriched epithelial cells. PHLE cells can form resistant monolayers, and undergo differentiation when placed at air-liquid interface. When grown at Air-Liquid Interface (ALI), PHLE cells expressed markers of airway epithelial cell lineages. scRNAseq suggests the cultures contained 4 main sub-phenotypes defined by expression of FOXJ1, KRT5, MUC5B, and SFTPB. These cells are available to the research community through the Developing Lung Molecular Atlas Program Human Tissue Core. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that PHLE cells provide a novel in vitro human cell model that represents the pediatric airway epithelium, which can be used to study perinatal developmental and pediatric disease mechanisms.
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Oxidative stress induced by electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS): Focus on respiratory system. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Huang SJ, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Electronic cigarette: A recent update of its toxic effects on humans. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4466-4478. [PMID: 29215738 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), battery-powered and liquid-vaporizing devices, were invented to replace the conventional cigarette (c-cigarette) smoking for the sake of reducing the adverse effects on multiple organ systems that c-cigarettes have induced. Although some of the identified harmful components in e-cigarettes were alleged to be measured in lower quantity than those in c-cigarettes, researchers unveiled that the toxic effects of e-cigarettes should not be understated. This review is sought for an attempt to throw light on several typical types of e-cigarette components (tobacco-specific nitrosamines, carbonyl compounds, and volatile organic compounds) by revealing their possible impacts on human bodies through different action mechanisms characterized by alteration of specific biomarkers on cellular and molecular levels. In addition, this review is intended to draw the limelight that like c-cigarettes, e-cigarettes could also be accompanied with toxic effects on whole human body, which are especially apparent on respiratory system. From head to foot, from physical aspect to chemical aspect, from genotype to phenotype, potential alterations will take place upon the intake of the liquid aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jie Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Andy T Y Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Kopa PN, Pawliczak R. Effect of smoking on gene expression profile – overall mechanism, impact on respiratory system function, and reference to electronic cigarettes. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 28:397-409. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1461289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Natalia Kopa
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Miyashita L, Suri R, Dearing E, Mudway I, Dove RE, Neill DR, Van Zyl-Smit R, Kadioglu A, Grigg J. E-cigarette vapour enhances pneumococcal adherence to airway epithelial cells. Eur Respir J 2018; 51:1701592. [PMID: 29437942 PMCID: PMC7614837 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01592-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
E-cigarette vapour contains free radicals with the potential to induce oxidative stress. Since oxidative stress in airway cells increases platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) expression, and PAFR is co-opted by pneumococci to adhere to host cells, we hypothesised that E-cigarette vapour increases pneumococcal adhesion to airway cells.Nasal epithelial PAFR was assessed in non-vaping controls, and in adults before and after 5 min of vaping. We determined the effect of vapour on oxidative stress-induced, PAFR-dependent pneumococcal adhesion to airway epithelial cells in vitro, and on pneumococcal colonisation in the mouse nasopharynx. Elemental analysis of vapour was done by mass spectrometry, and oxidative potential of vapour assessed by antioxidant depletion in vitroThere was no difference in baseline nasal epithelial PAFR expression between vapers (n=11) and controls (n=6). Vaping increased nasal PAFR expression. Nicotine-containing and nicotine-free E-cigarette vapour increased pneumococcal adhesion to airway cells in vitro Vapour-stimulated adhesion in vitro was attenuated by the PAFR blocker CV3988. Nicotine-containing E-cigarette vapour increased mouse nasal PAFR expression, and nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonisation. Vapour contained redox-active metals, had considerable oxidative activity, and adhesion was attenuated by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine.This study suggests that E-cigarette vapour has the potential to increase susceptibility to pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Miyashita
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Reetika Suri
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Emma Dearing
- The Dept of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian Mudway
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Health Impacts of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rosamund E Dove
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Health Impacts of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel R Neill
- The Dept of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard Van Zyl-Smit
- Division of Pulmonology, Dept of Medicine, University of Cape Town and UCT Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aras Kadioglu
- The Dept of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Narożna B, Langwiński W, Szczepankiewicz A. Non-Coding RNAs in Pediatric Airway Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8120348. [PMID: 29186897 PMCID: PMC5748666 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of numerous biological processes and pathways and therefore have been extensively studied in human diseases. Previous reports have shown that non-coding RNAs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and aberrant regulation of respiratory diseases. The altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs in blood and also locally in sputum or exhaled breath condensate influences lung function, immune response, and disease phenotype and may be used for the development of biomarkers specific for airway disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent works studying the non-coding RNAs in airway diseases, with a particular focus on chronic respiratory diseases of childhood. We have chosen the most common chronic respiratory condition—asthma—and the most severe, chronic disease of the airways—cystic fibrosis. Study of the altered expression of non-coding RNAs in these diseases may be key to better understanding their pathogenesis and improving diagnosis, while also holding promise for the development of therapeutic strategies using the regulatory potential of non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Narożna
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-512 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Langwiński
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-512 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-512 Poznan, Poland.
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Sly PD. E-cigarettes: risk mitigation for smokers or a public health disaster? REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2017; 32:221-222. [PMID: 28902632 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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