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Patel NF, Letinić BD, Lobb L, Zawada J, Dlamini DM, Mabaso N, Munhenga G, Oliver SV. Comparison of the effect of bacterial stimulation on the global epigenetic landscape and transcription of immune genes in primarily zoophilic members of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Mol Biochem Parasitol 2024; 260:111631. [PMID: 38844266 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2024.111631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Members of the Anopheles gambiae complex vary in their vector competence, and this is often attributed to behavioural differences. Similarly, there are differences in transmission capabilities of the zoophilic members of this complex despite exhibiting similar behaviours. Therefore, behavioural differences alone cannot fully explain vector competence variation within members of the An. gambiae complex. The immune system of mosquitoes plays a key role in determining susceptibility to parasite infection and consequently transmission capacity. This study aimed to examine variations in the immune response of An. arabiensis, An. merus and An. quadriannulatus, a major, minor, and non-vector respectively. The global epigenetic landscape was characterised and the expression of Defensin-1 and Gambicin was assessed in response to Gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial infections. The effect of insecticide resistance in An. arabiensis on these aspects was also assessed. The immune system was stimulated by a blood-borne bacterial supplementation. The 5mC, 5hmC, m6A methylation levels and Histone Acetyl Transferase activity were assessed with commercial ELISA kits. The transcript levels of Defensin-1 and Gambicin were assessed by quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Species-specific differences in 5mC and m6A methylation existed both constitutively as well as post immune stimulation. The epigenetic patterns observed in the laboratory strains were largely conserved in F1 offspring of wild-caught adults. The methylation patterns in the major vector typically differed from that of the minor/non-vectors. The differences between insecticide susceptible and resistant An. arabiensis were more reflected in the expression of Defensin-1 and Gambicin. The expression of these peptides differed in the strains only after bacterial stimulation. Anopheles merus and An. quadriannulatus expressed significantly higher levels of antimicrobial peptides, both constitutively and after immune stimulation. These findings suggest molecular variations in the immune response of members of the An. gambiae complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashrin F Patel
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Blaženka D Letinić
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Leanne Lobb
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Clinical HIV Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jacek Zawada
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dumsani M Dlamini
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nondumiso Mabaso
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Givemore Munhenga
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shüné V Oliver
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Kline O, Joshi NK. Microbial Symbiont-Based Detoxification of Different Phytotoxins and Synthetic Toxic Chemicals in Insect Pests and Pollinators. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:753-771. [PMID: 38921652 PMCID: PMC11204611 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects are the most diverse form of life, and as such, they interact closely with humans, impacting our health, economy, and agriculture. Beneficial insect species contribute to pollination, biological control of pests, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Pest species can cause damage to agricultural crops and vector diseases to humans and livestock. Insects are often exposed to toxic xenobiotics in the environment, both naturally occurring toxins like plant secondary metabolites and synthetic chemicals like herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. Because of this, insects have evolved several mechanisms of resistance to toxic xenobiotics, including sequestration, behavioral avoidance, and enzymatic degradation, and in many cases had developed symbiotic relationships with microbes that can aid in this detoxification. As research progresses, the important roles of these microbes in insect health and function have become more apparent. Bacterial symbionts that degrade plant phytotoxins allow host insects to feed on otherwise chemically defended plants. They can also confer pesticide resistance to their hosts, especially in frequently treated agricultural fields. It is important to study these interactions between insects and the toxic chemicals they are exposed to in order to further the understanding of pest insect resistance and to mitigate the negative effect of pesticides on nontarget insect species like Hymenopteran pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neelendra K. Joshi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Wangrawa DW, Odero JO, Baldini F, Okumu F, Badolo A. Distribution and insecticide resistance profile of the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus group across the African continent. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 38:119-137. [PMID: 38303659 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
There has been significant progress in malaria control in the last 2 decades, with a decline in mortality and morbidity. However, these gains are jeopardised by insecticide resistance, which negatively impacts the core interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). While most malaria control and research efforts are still focused on Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes, Anopheles funestus remains an important vector in many countries and, in some cases, contributes to most of the local transmission. As countries move towards malaria elimination, it is important to ensure that all dominant vector species, including An. funestus, an important vector in some countries, are targeted. The objective of this review is to compile and discuss information related to A. funestus populations' resistance to insecticides and the mechanisms involved across Africa, emphasising the sibling species and their resistance profiles in relation to malaria elimination goals. Data on insecticide resistance in An. funestus malaria vectors in Africa were extracted from published studies. Online bibliographic databases, including Google Scholar and PubMed, were used to search for relevant studies. Articles published between 2000 and May 2023 reporting resistance of An. funestus to insecticides and associated mechanisms were included. Those reporting only bionomics were excluded. Spatial variation in species distribution and resistance to insecticides was recorded from 174 articles that met the selection criteria. It was found that An. funestus was increasingly resistant to the four classes of insecticides recommended by the World Health Organisation for malaria vector control; however, this varied by country. Insecticide resistance appears to reduce the effectiveness of vector control methods, particularly IRS and ITN. Biochemical resistance due to detoxification enzymes (P450s and glutathione-S-transferases [GSTs]) in An. funestus was widely recorded. However, An. funestus in Africa remains susceptible to other insecticide classes, such as organophosphates and neonicotinoids. This review highlights the increasing insecticide resistance of An. funestus mosquitoes, which are important malaria vectors in Africa, posing a significant challenge to malaria control efforts. While An. funestus has shown resistance to the recommended insecticide classes, notably pyrethroids and, in some cases, organochlorides and carbamates, it remains susceptible to other classes of insecticides such as organophosphates and neonicotinoids, providing potential alternative options for vector control strategies. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions that consider the population structure and geographical distribution of An. funestus, including its sibling species and their insecticide resistance profiles, to effectively achieve malaria elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri W Wangrawa
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Université Norbert Zongo, Koudougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Joel O Odero
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Jin X, Pan J, Zhang C, Cao X, Wang C, Yue L, Li X, Liu Y, Wang Z. Toxic mechanism in Daphnia magna due to phthalic acid esters and CuO nanoparticles co-exposure: The insight of physiological, microbiomic and metabolomic profiles. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 277:116338. [PMID: 38640799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Various phthalic acid esters (PAEs) such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) co-exist with nanopollutants in aquatic environment. In this study, Daphnia magna was exposed to nano-CuO and DBP or BBP at environmental relevant concentrations for 21-days to investigate these combined toxic effects. Acute EC50 values (48 h) of nano-CuO, DBP, and BBP were 12.572 mg/L, 8.978 mg/L, and 4.785 mg/L, respectively. Results showed that co-exposure with nano-CuO (500 μg/L) for 21 days significantly enhanced the toxicity of DBP (100 μg/L) and BBP (100 μg/L) to Daphnia magna by 18.37% and 18.11%, respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase were enhanced by 10.95% and 14.07%, 25.63% and 25.91%, and 39.93% and 35.01% in nano-CuO+DBP and nano-CuO+BBP treatments as compared to the individual exposure groups, verifying that antioxidative defense responses were activated. Furthermore, the co-exposure of nano-CuO and PAEs decreased the population richness and diversity microbiota, and changed the microbial community composition in Daphnia magna. Metabolomic analysis elucidated that nano-CuO + PAEs exposure induced stronger disturbance on metabolic network and molecular function, including amino acid, nucleotides, and lipid metabolism-related metabolic pathways, as comparison to PAEs single exposure treatments. In summary, the integration of physiological, microflora, and untargeted metabolomics analysis offers a fresh perspective into the potential ecological risk associated with nanopollutants and phthalate pollution in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Junlan Pan
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xuesong Cao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Yue
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yinglin Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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5
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Chen CY, Chan WY, Ismail A, Oliver SV. Characterization of the Tissue and Strain-Specific Microbiota of Anopheles funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:84. [PMID: 38668545 PMCID: PMC11053693 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The mosquito microbiota is a critical determinant of mosquito life history. It is therefore a target for novel vector control strategies like paratransgenesis. However, the microbiota in Anopheles funestus, a major African malaria vector, is poorly characterized. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the overall bacterial landscape in the salivary glands, ovaries and midguts of three laboratory strains of An. funestus differing in insecticide-resistant phenotype by sequencing the V3-V4 hypervariable region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. When examining alpha diversity, the salivary glands harbored significantly more bacteria in terms of species richness and evenness compared to ovaries and midguts. On the strain level, the insecticide-susceptible FANG strain had significantly lower bacterial diversity than the insecticide-resistant FUMOZ and FUMOZ-R strains. When looking at beta diversity, the compositions of microbiota between the three tissues as well as between the strains were statistically different. While there were common bacteria across all three tissues and strains of interest, each tissue and strain did exhibit differentially abundant bacterial genera. However, overall, the top five most abundant genera across all tissues and strains were Elizabethkingia, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Cedecea and Yersinia. The presence of shared microbiota suggests a core microbiota that could be exploited for paratransgenesis efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chen
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Wai-Yin Chan
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (W.-Y.C.); (A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (W.-Y.C.); (A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Shüné V. Oliver
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Wielkopolan B, Szabelska‐Beręsewicz A, Gawor J, Obrępalska‐Stęplowska A. Cereal leaf beetle-associated bacteria enhance the survival of their host upon insecticide treatments and respond differently to insecticides with different modes of action. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13247. [PMID: 38644048 PMCID: PMC11033208 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The cereal leaf beetle (CLB, Oulema melanopus) is one of the major cereal pests. The effect of insecticides belonging to different chemical classes, with different mechanisms of action and the active substances' concentrations on the CLB bacterial microbiome, was investigated. Targeted metagenomic analysis of the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal gene was used to determine the composition of the CLB bacterial microbiome. Each of the insecticides caused a decrease in the abundance of bacteria of the genus Pantoea, and an increase in the abundance of bacteria of the genus Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter, compared to untreated insects. After cypermethrin application, a decrease in the relative abundance of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas was noted. The dominant bacterial genera in cypermethrin-treated larvae were Lactococcus, Pantoea, while in insects exposed to chlorpyrifos or flonicamid it was Pseudomonas. Insecticide-treated larvae were characterized, on average, by higher biodiversity and richness of bacterial genera, compared to untreated insects. The depletion of CLB-associated bacteria resulted in a decrease in larval survival, especially after cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos treatments. The use of a metagenome-based functional prediction approach revealed a higher predicted function of bacterial acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase in flonicamid and chlorpyrifos-treated larvae and tRNA dimethyltransferase in cypermethrin-treated insects than in untreated insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Wielkopolan
- Department of Monitoring and Signaling of AgrophagesInstitute of Plant Protection–National Research InstitutePoznanPoland
| | | | - Jan Gawor
- DNA Sequencing and Synthesis FacilityInstitute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
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Akoton R, Sovegnon PM, Djihinto OY, Medjigbodo AA, Agonhossou R, Saizonou HM, Tchigossou GM, Atoyebi SM, Tossou E, Zeukeng F, Lagnika HO, Mousse W, Adegnika AA, Djouaka R, Djogbénou LS. Vectorial competence, insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus and operational implications for malaria vector control strategies in Benin Republic. Malar J 2023; 22:385. [PMID: 38129880 PMCID: PMC10740250 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary reason for the failure of malaria vector control across endemic regions is the widespread insecticide resistance observed in Anopheles vectors. The most dominant African vectors of malaria parasites are Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus mosquitoes. These species often exhibit divergent behaviours and adaptive changes underscoring the importance of deploying active and effective measures in their control. Unlike An. gambiae, An. funestus mosquitoes are poorly studied in Benin Republic. However, recent reports indicated that An. funestus can adapt and colonize various ecological niches owing to its resistance against insecticides and adaptation to changing breeding habitats. Unfortunately, scientific investigations on the contribution of An. funestus to malaria transmission, their susceptibility to insecticide and resistance mechanism developed are currently insufficient for the design of better control strategies. In an attempt to gather valuable information on An. funestus, the present review examines the progress made on this malaria vector species in Benin Republic and highlights future research perspectives on insecticide resistance profiles and related mechanisms, as well as new potential control strategies against An. funestus. Literature analysis revealed that An. funestus is distributed all over the country, although present in low density compared to other dominant malaria vectors. Interestingly, An. funestus is being found in abundance during the dry seasons, suggesting an adaptation to desiccation. Among the An. funestus group, only An. funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles leesoni were found in the country with An. funestus s.s. being the most abundant species. Furthermore, An. funestus s.s. is the only one species in the group contributing to malaria transmission and have adapted biting times that allow them to bite at dawn. In addition, across the country, An. funestus were found resistant to pyrethroid insecticides used for bed nets impregnation and also resistant to bendiocarb which is currently being introduced in indoor residual spraying formulation in malaria endemic regions. All these findings highlight the challenges faced in controlling this malaria vector. Therefore, advancing the knowledge of vectorial competence of An. funestus, understanding the dynamics of insecticide resistance in this malaria vector, and exploring alternative vector control measures, are critical for sustainable malaria control efforts in Benin Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Akoton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Pierre Marie Sovegnon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Oswald Y Djihinto
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Adandé A Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Romuald Agonhossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helga M Saizonou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | | | - Seun M Atoyebi
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Hamirath O Lagnika
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Wassiyath Mousse
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
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Shi H, Yu X, Cheng G. Impact of the microbiome on mosquito-borne diseases. Protein Cell 2023; 14:743-761. [PMID: 37186167 PMCID: PMC10599646 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases present a significant threat to human health, with the possibility of outbreaks of new mosquito-borne diseases always looming. Unfortunately, current measures to combat these diseases such as vaccines and drugs are often either unavailable or ineffective. However, recent studies on microbiomes may reveal promising strategies to fight these diseases. In this review, we examine recent advances in our understanding of the effects of both the mosquito and vertebrate microbiomes on mosquito-borne diseases. We argue that the mosquito microbiome can have direct and indirect impacts on the transmission of these diseases, with mosquito symbiotic microorganisms, particularly Wolbachia bacteria, showing potential for controlling mosquito-borne diseases. Moreover, the skin microbiome of vertebrates plays a significant role in mosquito preferences, while the gut microbiome has an impact on the progression of mosquito-borne diseases in humans. As researchers continue to explore the role of microbiomes in mosquito-borne diseases, we highlight some promising future directions for this field. Ultimately, a better understanding of the interplay between mosquitoes, their hosts, pathogens, and the microbiomes of mosquitoes and hosts may hold the key to preventing and controlling mosquito-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheng Shi
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Theys C, Verheyen J, Janssens L, Tüzün N, Stoks R. Effects of heat and pesticide stress on life history, physiology and the gut microbiome of two congeneric damselflies that differ in stressor tolerance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162617. [PMID: 36871721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The combined impact of toxicants and warming on organisms is getting increased attention in ecotoxicology, but is still hard to predict, especially with regard to heat waves. Recent studies suggested that the gut microbiome may provide mechanistic insights into the single and combined stressor effects on their host. We therefore investigated effects of sequential exposure to a heat spike and a pesticide on both the phenotype (life history and physiology) and the gut microbiome composition of damselfly larvae. We compared the fast-paced Ischnura pumilio, which is more tolerant to both stressors, with the slow-paced I. elegans, to obtain mechanistic insights into species-specific stressor effects. The two species differed in gut microbiome composition, potentially contributing to their pace-of-life differences. Intriguingly, there was a general resemblance between the stressor response patterns in the phenotype and in the gut microbiome, whereby both species responded broadly similar to the single and combined stressors. The heat spike negatively affected the life history of both species (increased mortality, reduced growth rate), which could be explained not only by shared negative effects on physiology (inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, increase of malondialdehyde), but also by shared effects on gut bacterial species' abundances. The pesticide only had negative effects (reduced growth rate, reduced net energy budget) in I. elegans. The pesticide generated shifts in the bacterial community composition (e.g. increased abundance of Sphaerotilus and Enterobacteriaceae in the gut microbiome of I. pumilio), which potentially contributed to the relatively higher pesticide tolerance of I. pumilio. Moreover, in line with the response patterns in the host phenotype, the effects of the heat spike and the pesticide on the gut microbiome were mainly additive. By contrasting two species differing in stress tolerance, our results suggest that response patterns in the gut microbiome may improve our mechanistic understanding of single and combined stressor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Theys
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Julie Verheyen
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lizanne Janssens
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nedim Tüzün
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Santos NACD, Carvalho VRD, Souza-Neto JA, Alonso DP, Ribolla PEM, Medeiros JF, Araujo MDS. Bacterial Microbiota from Lab-Reared and Field-Captured Anopheles darlingi Midgut and Salivary Gland. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1145. [PMID: 37317119 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi is a major malaria vector in the Amazon region and, like other vectors, harbors a community of microorganisms with which it shares a network of interactions. Here, we describe the diversity and bacterial composition from the midguts and salivary glands of lab-reared and field-captured An. darlingi using metagenome sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The libraries were built using the amplification of the region V3-V4 16S rRNA gene. The bacterial community from the salivary glands was more diverse and richer than the community from the midguts. However, the salivary glands and midguts only showed dissimilarities in beta diversity between lab-reared mosquitoes. Despite that, intra-variability was observed in the samples. Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were dominant in the tissues of lab-reared mosquitoes. Sequences of Wolbachia and Asaia were both found in the tissue of lab-reared mosquitoes; however, only Asaia was found in field-captured An. darlingi, but in low abundance. This is the first report on the characterization of microbiota composition from the salivary glands of An. darlingi from lab-reared and field-captured individuals. This study can provide invaluable insights for future investigations regarding mosquito development and interaction between mosquito microbiota and Plasmodium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najara Akira Costa Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Departament of Medicine, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia/Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária-PIVEM, Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rafaela de Carvalho
- Multiuser Central Laboratory, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Jayme A Souza-Neto
- Multiuser Central Laboratory, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Peres Alonso
- Department of Biotecnology (IBTEC-Campus Botucatu), Instituto de Biotecnologia da UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla
- Department of Biotecnology (IBTEC-Campus Botucatu), Instituto de Biotecnologia da UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Departament of Medicine, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia/Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária-PIVEM, Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
| | - Maisa da Silva Araujo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária-PIVEM, Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e uso de Recursos Naturais-PPGReN, Departament of Biology, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus José Ribeiro Filho, Porto Velho 76801-059, RO, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Translacional e Clínica, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical, Porto Velho 76812-329, RO, Brazil
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11
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Djondji Kamga FM, Mugenzi LMJ, Tchouakui M, Sandeu MM, Maffo CGT, Nyegue MA, Wondji CS. Contrasting Patterns of Asaia Association with Pyrethroid Resistance Escalation between the Malaria Vectors Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030644. [PMID: 36985217 PMCID: PMC10053915 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiome composition has been associated with insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. However, the contribution of major symbionts to the increasingly reported resistance escalation remains unclear. This study explores the possible association of a specific endosymbiont, Asaia spp., with elevated levels of pyrethroid resistance driven by cytochrome P450s enzymes and voltage-gated sodium channel mutations in Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae. Molecular assays were used to detect the symbiont and resistance markers (CYP6P9a/b, 6.5 kb, L1014F, and N1575Y). Overall, genotyping of key mutations revealed an association with the resistance phenotype. The prevalence of Asaia spp. in the FUMOZ_X_FANG strain was associated with the resistance phenotype at a 5X dose of deltamethrin (OR = 25.7; p = 0.002). Mosquitoes with the resistant allele for the markers tested were significantly more infected with Asaia compared to those possessing the susceptible allele. Furthermore, the abundance correlated with the resistance phenotype at 1X concentration of deltamethrin (p = 0.02, Mann-Whitney test). However, for the MANGOUM_X_KISUMU strain, findings rather revealed an association between Asaia load and the susceptible phenotype (p = 0.04, Mann-Whitney test), demonstrating a negative link between the symbiont and permethrin resistance. These bacteria should be further investigated to establish its interactions with other resistance mechanisms and cross-resistance with other insecticide classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleuriane Metissa Djondji Kamga
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| | - Leon M. J. Mugenzi
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
| | - Magellan Tchouakui
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Marcel Sandeu
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Charles S. Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Correspondence:
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12
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Vinayagam S, Rajendran D, Sekar K, Renu K, Sattu K. The microbiota, the malarial parasite, and the mosquito [MMM] - A three-sided relationship. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 253:111543. [PMID: 36642385 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2023.111543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito gut microbiota is vital to the proper functioning of the host organism. Mosquitoes may benefit from this microbiota in their guts because it promotes factors including blood digestion, fecundity, metamorphosis, and living habitat and inhibits malarial parasites (Plasmodium) growth or transmission. In this overview, we analyzed how mosquitoes acquire their gut microbiota, characterized those bacteria, and discussed the functions they provide. We also investigated the effects of microbiota on malaria vectors, with a focus on the mosquito species Anopheles, as well as the relationship between microbiota and Plasmodium, the aspects in which microbiota influences Plasmodium via immune response, metabolism, and redox mechanisms, and the strategies in which gut bacteria affect the life cycle of malaria vectors and provide the ability to resist insecticides. This article explores the difficulties in studying triadic interactions, such as the interplay between Mosquitoes, Malarial parasite, and the Microbiota that dwell in the mosquitoes' guts, and need additional research for a better understanding of these multiple connections to implement an exact vector control strategies using Gut microbiota in malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathishkumar Vinayagam
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Centre for Postgraduate and Research Studies, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu 635205, India
| | - Devianjana Rajendran
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Centre for Postgraduate and Research Studies, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu 635205, India
| | - Kathirvel Sekar
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Centre for Postgraduate and Research Studies, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu 635205, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India
| | - Kamaraj Sattu
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Centre for Postgraduate and Research Studies, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu 635205, India.
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13
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Suh PF, Elanga-Ndille E, Tchouakui M, Sandeu MM, Tagne D, Wondji C, Ndo C. Impact of insecticide resistance on malaria vector competence: a literature review. Malar J 2023; 22:19. [PMID: 36650503 PMCID: PMC9847052 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first report in Anopheles mosquitoes in 1950s, insecticide resistance has spread very fast to most sub-Saharan African malaria-endemic countries, where it is predicted to seriously jeopardize the success of vector control efforts, leading to rebound of disease cases. Supported mainly by four mechanisms (metabolic resistance, target site resistance, cuticular resistance, and behavioural resistance), this phenomenon is associated with intrinsic changes in the resistant insect vectors that could influence development of invading Plasmodium parasites. A literature review was undertaken using Pubmed database to collect articles evaluating directly or indiretly the impact of insecticide resistance and the associated mechanisms on key determinants of malaria vector competence including sialome composition, anti-Plasmodium immunity, intestinal commensal microbiota, and mosquito longevity. Globally, the evidence gathered is contradictory even though the insecticide resistant vectors seem to be more permissive to Plasmodium infections. The actual body of knowledge on key factors to vectorial competence, such as the immunity and microbiota communities of the insecticide resistant vector is still very insufficient to definitively infer on the epidemiological importance of these vectors against the susceptible counterparts. More studies are needed to fill important knowledge gaps that could help predicting malaria epidemiology in a context where the selection and spread of insecticide resistant vectors is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Fongho Suh
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 837, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Elanga-Ndille
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Magellan Tchouakui
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Marcel Sandeu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Darus Tagne
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Charles Wondji
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon.
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14
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Campana AM, Laue HE, Shen Y, Shrubsole MJ, Baccarelli AA. Assessing the role of the gut microbiome at the interface between environmental chemical exposures and human health: Current knowledge and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120380. [PMID: 36220576 PMCID: PMC10239610 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The explosion of microbiome research over the past decade has shed light on the various ways that external factors interact with the human microbiome to drive health and disease. Each individual is exposed to more than 300 environmental chemicals every day. Accumulating evidence indicates that the microbiome is involved in the early response to environmental toxicants and biologically mediates their adverse effects on human health. However, few review articles to date provided a comprehensive framework for research and translation of the role of the gut microbiome in environmental health science. This review summarizes current evidence on environmental compounds and their effect on the gut microbiome, discusses the involved compound metabolic pathways, and covers environmental pollution-induced gut microbiota disorders and their long-term outcomes on host health. We conclude that the gut microbiota may crucially mediate and modify the disease-causing effects of environmental chemicals. Consequently, gut microbiota needs to be further studied to assess the complete toxicity of environmental exposures. Future research in this field is required to delineate the key interactions between intestinal microbiota and environmental pollutants and further to elucidate the long-term human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Campana
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Hannah E Laue
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Yike Shen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martha J Shrubsole
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Paré PSL, Hien DFDS, Bayili K, Yerbanga RS, Cohuet A, Carrasco D, Guissou E, Gouagna LC, Yaméogo KB, Diabaté A, Ignell R, Dabiré RK, Lefèvre T, Gnankiné O. Natural plant diet impacts phenotypic expression of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21431. [PMID: 36509797 PMCID: PMC9744732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Success in reducing malaria transmission through vector control is threatened by insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Although the proximal molecular mechanisms and genetic determinants involved are well documented, little is known about the influence of the environment on mosquito resistance to insecticides. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of plant sugar feeding on the response of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato to insecticides. Adults were fed with one of four treatments, namely a 5% glucose control solution, nectariferous flowers of Barleria lupulina, of Cascabela thevetia and a combination of both B. lupulina + C. thevetia. WHO tube tests were performed with 0.05% and 0.5% deltamethrin, and knockdown rate (KD) and the 24 h mosquito mortality were measured. Plant diet significantly influenced mosquito KD rate at both concentrations of deltamethrin. Following exposure to 0.05% deltamethrin, the B. lupulina diet induced a 2.5 fold-increase in mosquito mortality compared to 5% glucose. Species molecular identification confirmed the predominance of An. gambiae (60% of the samples) over An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis in our study area. The kdr mutation L1014F displayed an allelic frequency of 0.75 and was positively associated with increased phenotypic resistance to deltamethrin. Plant diet, particularly B. lupulina, increased the susceptibility of mosquitoes to insecticides. The finding that B. lupulina-fed control individuals (i.e. not exposed to deltamethrin) also displayed increased 24 h mortality suggests that plant-mediated effects may be driven by a direct effect of plant diet on mosquito survival rather than indirect effects through interference with insecticide-resistance mechanisms. Thus, some plant species may weaken mosquitoes, making them less vigorous and more vulnerable to the insecticide. There is a need for further investigation, using a wider range of plant species and insecticides, in combination with other relevant environmental factors, to better understand the expression and evolution of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca S. L. Paré
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France ,Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Unité de Formation et de Recherche - Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Domonbabele F. D. S. Hien
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Koama Bayili
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rakiswendé S. Yerbanga
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,Institut des Sciences et Techniques (INSTech - BOBO), Bobo‑Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Anna Cohuet
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - David Carrasco
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Edwige Guissou
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Louis-Clément Gouagna
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Koudraogo B. Yaméogo
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rickard Ignell
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Plant Protection Biology, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Disease Vector Group, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roch K. Dabiré
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier Gnankiné
- Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Unité de Formation et de Recherche - Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Zhang X, Meng H, Hu X, Yuan Z. Diversity and functional profile of gut symbiotic bacteria between Lysinibacillus sphaericus C 3-41 susceptible and resistant Culex quinquefasciatus Say as revealed by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:991105. [PMID: 36406384 PMCID: PMC9668892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.991105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that symbiotic gut bacteria in insects are involved in the development of insecticide resistance, but the relationship between the symbiotic gut bacteria and resistance to Lysinibacillus sphaericus C3-41 in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus remains unclear. In this study, the abundance and diversity of gut symbionts of Cx. quinquefasciatus that were resistant (RLCql) or susceptible (SLCql) to L. sphaericus C3-41 were analyzed by high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. The main phyla among the symbiotic gut bacterial communities of Cx. quinquefasciatus were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. However, the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and unidentified Bacteria in the gut of the resistant strain of Cx. quequinfasciatus (RLCql colony) was higher compared to the susceptible strain (SLCql colony). The NMDS (Non-Metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling) and unweighted unifrac PCoA analyses also revealed significant differences between the symbiotic gut bacterial communities from the resistant and susceptible strains, suggesting that bacterial insecticides can alter bacterial composition. Ultimately, the changes in the bacterial community likely occurred after the development of resistance to L. sphaericus C3-41. These results provide guidance for further research into the mechanisms of gut symbionts involved in resistance against L. sphaericus C3-41 in Cx. quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haoran Meng
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Association of Midgut Bacteria and Their Metabolic Pathways with Zika Infection and Insecticide Resistance in Colombian Aedes aegypti Populations. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102197. [PMID: 36298752 PMCID: PMC9609292 DOI: 10.3390/v14102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aedes aegypti is the vector of several arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. In 2015-16, Zika virus (ZIKV) had an outbreak in South America associated with prenatal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. This mosquito's viral transmission is influenced by microbiota abundance and diversity and its interactions with the vector. The conditions of cocirculation of these three arboviruses, failure in vector control due to insecticide resistance, limitations in dengue management during the COVID-19 pandemic, and lack of effective treatment or vaccines make it necessary to identify changes in mosquito midgut bacterial composition and predict its functions through the infection. Its study is fundamental because it generates knowledge for surveillance of transmission and the risk of outbreaks of these diseases at the local level. METHODS Midgut bacterial compositions of females of Colombian Ae. aegypti populations were analyzed using DADA2 Pipeline, and their functions were predicted with PICRUSt2 analysis. These analyses were done under the condition of natural ZIKV infection and resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin, alone and in combination. One-step RT-PCR determined the percentage of ZIKV-infected females. We also measured the susceptibility to the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin and evaluated the presence of the V1016I mutation in the sodium channel gene. RESULTS We found high ZIKV infection rates in Ae. aegypti females from Colombian rural municipalities with deficient water supply, such as Honda with 63.6%. In the face of natural infection with an arbovirus such as Zika, the diversity between an infective and non-infective form was significantly different. Bacteria associated with a state of infection with ZIKV and lambda-cyhalothrin resistance were detected, such as the genus Bacteroides, which was related to functions of pathogenicity, antimicrobial resistance, and bioremediation of insecticides. We hypothesize that it is a vehicle for virus entry, as it is in human intestinal infections. On the other hand, Bello, the only mosquito population classified as susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin, was associated with bacteria related to mucin degradation functions in the intestine, belonging to the Lachnospiraceae family, with the genus Dorea being increased in ZIKV-infected females. The Serratia genus presented significantly decreased functions related to phenazine production, potentially associated with infection control, and control mechanism functions for host defense and quorum sensing. Additionally, Pseudomonas was the genus principally associated with functions of the degradation of insecticides related to tryptophan metabolism, ABC transporters with a two-component system, efflux pumps, and alginate synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Microbiota composition may be modulated by ZIKV infection and insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti Colombian populations. The condition of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin could be inducing a phenome of dysbiosis in field Ae. aegypti affecting the transmission of arboviruses.
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Kinga H, Kengne-Ouafo JA, King SA, Egyirifa RK, Aboagye-Antwi F, Akorli J. Water Physicochemical Parameters and Microbial Composition Distinguish Anopheles and Culex Mosquito Breeding Sites: Potential as Ecological Markers for Larval Source Surveillance. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1817-1826. [PMID: 35920087 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mosquitoes in an area is dependent on the availability of suitable breeding sites that are influenced by several environmental factors. Identification of breeding habitats for vector surveillance and larval source management is key to disease control programs. We investigated water quality parameters and microbial composition in selected mosquito breeding sites in urban Accra, Ghana and associated these with abundance of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Physicochemical parameters and microbial composition explained up to 72% variance among the breeding sites and separated Anopheles and Culex habitats (P < 0.05). Anopheles and Culex abundances were commonly influenced by water temperature, pH, nitrate, and total hardness with contrasting impacts on the two mosquito species. In addition, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and alkalinity uniquely influenced Anopheles abundance, while total suspended solids, phosphate, sulphate, ammonium, and salinity were significant determinants for Culex. The correlation of these multiple parameters with the occurrence of each mosquito species was high (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.0001). Bacterial content assessment of the breeding ponds revealed that the most abundant bacterial phyla were Patescibacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Proteobacteria, constituting >70% of the total bacterial richness. The oligotrophic Patescibacteria was strongly associated with Anopheles suggestive of the mosquito's adaptation to environments with less nutrients, while predominance of Cyanobacteria, indicative of rich nutritional source was associated with Culex larval ponds. We propose further evaluation of these significant abiotic and biotic parameters in field identification of larval sources and how knowledge of these can be harnessed effectively to reduce conducive breeding sites for mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Kinga
- African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Jonas A Kengne-Ouafo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre of Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sandra A King
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Richardson K Egyirifa
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Fred Aboagye-Antwi
- African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Antonelli P, Duval P, Luis P, Minard G, Valiente Moro C. Reciprocal interactions between anthropogenic stressors and insect microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:64469-64488. [PMID: 35864395 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Insects play many important roles in nature due to their diversity, ecological role, and impact on agriculture or human health. They are directly influenced by environmental changes and in particular anthropic activities that constitute an important driver of change in the environmental characteristics. Insects face numerous anthropogenic stressors and have evolved various detoxication mechanisms to survive and/or resist to these compounds. Recent studies highligted the pressure exerted by xenobiotics on insect life-cycle and the important role of insect-associated bacterial microbiota in the insect responses to environmental changes. Stressor exposure can have various impacts on the composition and structure of insect microbiota that in turn may influence insect biology. Moreover, bacterial communities associated with insects can be directly or indirectly involved in detoxification processes with the selection of certain microorganisms capable of degrading xenobiotics. Further studies are needed to assess the role of insect-associated microbiota as key contributor to the xenobiotic metabolism and thus as a driver for insect adaptation to polluted habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Antonelli
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pénélope Duval
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patricia Luis
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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20
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Suo P, Wang K, Yu H, Fu X, An L, Bhowmick B, Zhang J, Han Q. Seasonal Variation of Midgut Bacterial Diversity in Culex quinquefasciatus Populations in Haikou City, Hainan Province, China. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081166. [PMID: 36009794 PMCID: PMC9405131 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mosquito midgut microbiota has become an interesting field in mosquito vector biology, as it has been shown to form an integral part of the mosquito life history. But less is known about seasonal variation of midgut bacterial diversity of Culex quinquefasciatus. Our results illustrate that the Bacteroidetes (Bacterial Phyla) communities have been well observed in autumn and winter seasons, suggesting that this might participate in the nutritional supply of adult mosquitoes when temperatures drop. This discovery provides a new perspective for the control of Cx. quinquefasciatus to reduce the transmission of diseases. There is much sufficiently practical significance to reduce the density of Cx. quinquefasciatus in autumn and winter when their activities are weakened, which is of absolute benefit to human beings and the natural environment. Abstract Culex quinquefasciatus, one of the most significant mosquito vectors in the world, is widespread in most parts of southern China. A variety of diseases including Bancroft’s filariasis, West Nile disease, and St. Louis encephalitis could be transmitted by the vector. Mosquitoes have been shown to host diverse bacterial communities that vary depending on environmental factors such as temperature and rainfall. In this work, 16S rDNA sequencing was used to analyze the seasonal variation of midgut bacterial diversity of Cx. Quinquefasciatus in Haikou City, Hainan Province, China. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum, accounting for 79.7% (autumn), 73% (winter), 80.4% (spring), and 84.5% (summer). The abundance of Bacteroidetes in autumn and winter was higher than in others. Interestingly, Epsilonbacteraeota, which only exists in autumn and winter, was discovered accidentally in the midgut. We speculated that this might participate in the nutritional supply of adult mosquitoes when temperatures drop. Wolbachia is the most abundant in autumn, accounting for 31.6% of bacteria. The content of Pantoea was highest in the summer group, which might be related to the enhancement of the ability of mosquitoes as temperatures increased. Pseudomonas is carried out as the highest level in winter. On the contrary, in spring and summer, the genus in highest abundance is Enterobacter. Acinetobacter enriches in the spring when it turns from cold to hot. By studying the diversity of midgut bacteria of Cx. quinquefasciatus, we can further understand the co-evolution of mosquitoes and their symbiotic microbes. This is necessary to discuss the seasonal variation of microorganisms and ultimately provide a new perspective for the control of Cx. quinquefasciatus to reduce the spread of the diseases which have notably vital practical significance for the effective prevention of Cx. quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Suo
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.S.); (K.W.); (H.Y.); (X.F.); (L.A.); (B.B.)
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.S.); (K.W.); (H.Y.); (X.F.); (L.A.); (B.B.)
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hongxiao Yu
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.S.); (K.W.); (H.Y.); (X.F.); (L.A.); (B.B.)
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiuhao Fu
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.S.); (K.W.); (H.Y.); (X.F.); (L.A.); (B.B.)
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Liping An
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.S.); (K.W.); (H.Y.); (X.F.); (L.A.); (B.B.)
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Biswajit Bhowmick
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.S.); (K.W.); (H.Y.); (X.F.); (L.A.); (B.B.)
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.S.); (K.W.); (H.Y.); (X.F.); (L.A.); (B.B.)
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence:
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Janssens L, Van de Maele M, Delnat V, Theys C, Mukherjee S, De Meester L, Stoks R. Evolution of pesticide tolerance and associated changes in the microbiome in the water flea Daphnia magna. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 240:113697. [PMID: 35653979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides can have detrimental effects on aquatic communities of non-target species. Populations can evolve tolerance to pesticides which may rescue them from extinction. However, the evolution of tolerance does not always occur and insights in the underlying mechanisms are scarce. One understudied mechanism to obtain pesticide tolerance in hosts are shifts toward pesticide-degrading bacteria in their microbiome. We carried out experimental evolution trials where replicated experimental populations of the water flea Daphnia magna were exposed to the pesticide chlorpyrifos or a solvent control, after which we performed acute toxicity assays to evaluate the evolution of chlorpyrifos tolerance. Additionally, we quantified changes in the microbiota community composition of whole body and gut samples to assess which sample type best reflected the pesticide tolerance of the Daphnia host. As expected, chlorpyrifos-selected clones became more tolerant to chlorpyrifos as shown by the higher EC5048 h (36% higher) compared with the control clones. This was associated with shifts in the microbiome composition whereby the abundance of known organophosphate-degrading bacterial genera increased on average ~4 times in the chlorpyrifos-selected clones. Moreover, the abundances of several genera, including the organophosphate-degrading bacteria Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium and Bacillus, were positively correlated with the EC5048 h of the host populations. These shifts in bacterial genera were similar in magnitude in whole body and gut samples, yet the total abundance of organophosphate-degrading bacteria was ~6 times higher in the whole body samples, suggesting that the gut is not the only body part where pesticide degradation by the microbiome occurs. Our results indicate that the microbiome is an important mediator of the development of tolerance to pesticides in Daphnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne Janssens
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlies Van de Maele
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vienna Delnat
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Theys
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shinjini Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, University of Leuven, ON I Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Freshwater Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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22
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Djihinto OY, Medjigbodo AA, Gangbadja ARA, Saizonou HM, Lagnika HO, Nanmede D, Djossou L, Bohounton R, Sovegnon PM, Fanou MJ, Agonhossou R, Akoton R, Mousse W, Djogbénou LS. Malaria-Transmitting Vectors Microbiota: Overview and Interactions With Anopheles Mosquito Biology. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:891573. [PMID: 35668761 PMCID: PMC9164165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a vector-borne infectious disease that is still a major public health concern worldwide, especially in tropical regions. Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The control interventions targeting mosquito vectors have achieved significant success during the last two decades and rely mainly on the use of chemical insecticides through the insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Unfortunately, resistance to conventional insecticides currently being used in public health is spreading in the natural mosquito populations, hampering the long-term success of the current vector control strategies. Thus, to achieve the goal of malaria elimination, it appears necessary to improve vector control approaches through the development of novel environment-friendly tools. Mosquito microbiota has by now given rise to the expansion of innovative control tools, such as the use of endosymbionts to target insect vectors, known as "symbiotic control." In this review, we will present the viral, fungal and bacterial diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes, including the bacteriophages. This review discusses the likely interactions between the vector microbiota and its fitness and resistance to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswald Y. Djihinto
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adandé A. Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Albert R. A. Gangbadja
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helga M. Saizonou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Hamirath O. Lagnika
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Dyane Nanmede
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Laurette Djossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Roméo Bohounton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Pierre Marie Sovegnon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Marie-Joel Fanou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Romuald Agonhossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Wassiyath Mousse
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Luc S. Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
- Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
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23
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Assessing Microbial Monitoring Methods for Challenging Environmental Strains and Cultures. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on the comparison of microbial biomass increase (cell culture growth) using field-relevant testing methods and moving away from colony counts. Challenges exist in exploring the antimicrobial growth of fastidious strains, poorly culturable bacteria and bacterial communities of environmental interest. Thus, various approaches have been explored to follow bacterial growth that can be efficient surrogates for classical optical density or colony-forming unit measurements. Here, six species grown in pure culture were monitored using optical density, ATP assays, DNA concentrations and 16S rRNA qPCR. Each of these methods have different advantages and disadvantages concerning the measurement of growth and activity in complex field samples. The species used as model systems for monitoring were: Acetobacterium woodii, Bacillus subtilis, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Geoalkalibacter subterraneus, Pseudomonas putida and Thauera aromatica. All four techniques were found to successfully measure and detect cell biomass/activity differences, though the shape and accuracy of each technique varied between species. DNA concentrations were found to correlate the best with the other three assays (ATP, DNA concentrations and 16S rRNA-targeted qPCR) and provide the advantages of rapid extraction, consistency between replicates and the potential for downstream analysis. DNA concentrations were determined to be the best universal monitoring method for complex environmental samples.
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24
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Lees RS, Armistead JS, Azizi S, Constant E, Fornadel C, Gimnig JE, Hemingway J, Impoinvil D, Irish SR, Kisinza W, Lissenden N, Mawejje HD, Messenger LA, Moore S, Ngufor C, Oxborough R, Protopopoff N, Ranson H, Small G, Wagman J, Weetman D, Zohdy S, Spiers A. Strain Characterisation for Measuring Bioefficacy of ITNs Treated with Two Active Ingredients (Dual-AI ITNs): Developing a Robust Protocol by Building Consensus. INSECTS 2022; 13:434. [PMID: 35621770 PMCID: PMC9144861 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Durability monitoring of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) containing a pyrethroid in combination with a second active ingredient (AI) must be adapted so that the insecticidal bioefficacy of each AI can be monitored independently. An effective way to do this is to measure rapid knock down of a pyrethroid-susceptible strain of mosquitoes to assess the bioefficacy of the pyrethroid component and to use a pyrethroid-resistant strain to measure the bioefficacy of the second ingredient. To allow robust comparison of results across tests within and between test facilities, and over time, protocols for bioefficacy testing must include either characterisation of the resistant strain, standardisation of the mosquitoes used for bioassays, or a combination of the two. Through a series of virtual meetings, key stakeholders and practitioners explored different approaches to achieving these goals. Via an iterative process we decided on the preferred approach and produced a protocol consisting of characterising mosquitoes used for bioefficacy testing before and after a round of bioassays, for example at each time point in a durability monitoring study. We present the final protocol and justify our approach to establishing a standard methodology for durability monitoring of ITNs containing pyrethroid and a second AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary S. Lees
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (J.H.); (N.L.); (H.R.); (D.W.)
- Innovation to Impact, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;
| | - Jennifer S. Armistead
- U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, DC 20547, USA;
| | - Salum Azizi
- KCMUCo-PAMVERC Test Facility, Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi P.O. Box 2240, Tanzania;
| | - Edi Constant
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan 1303, Côte d’Ivoire;
| | - Christen Fornadel
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium (IVCC), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (C.F.); (G.S.)
| | - John E. Gimnig
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.E.G.); (D.I.); (S.Z.)
| | - Janet Hemingway
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (J.H.); (N.L.); (H.R.); (D.W.)
| | - Daniel Impoinvil
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.E.G.); (D.I.); (S.Z.)
- U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - Seth R. Irish
- U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - William Kisinza
- Amani Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza P.O. Box 81, Tanzania;
| | - Natalie Lissenden
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (J.H.); (N.L.); (H.R.); (D.W.)
- Innovation to Impact, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;
| | - Henry D. Mawejje
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Plot 2C Nakasero Hill Road, Kampala P.O. Box 7475, Uganda;
| | - Louisa A. Messenger
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (L.A.M.); (C.N.); (N.P.)
| | - Sarah Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit (VCPTU), Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania;
- Vector Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, 4123 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru P.O. Box 447, Tanzania
| | - Corine Ngufor
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (L.A.M.); (C.N.); (N.P.)
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou BP 2604, Benin
| | - Richard Oxborough
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Natacha Protopopoff
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (L.A.M.); (C.N.); (N.P.)
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (J.H.); (N.L.); (H.R.); (D.W.)
| | - Graham Small
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium (IVCC), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (C.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Joseph Wagman
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Program, PATH, Washington, DC 20001, USA;
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (J.H.); (N.L.); (H.R.); (D.W.)
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.E.G.); (D.I.); (S.Z.)
- U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - Angus Spiers
- Innovation to Impact, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;
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Coon KL, Hegde S, Hughes GL. Interspecies microbiome transplantation recapitulates microbial acquisition in mosquitoes. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:58. [PMID: 35410630 PMCID: PMC8996512 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes harbor microbial communities that play important roles in their growth, survival, reproduction, and ability to transmit human pathogens. Microbiome transplantation approaches are often used to study host-microbe interactions and identify microbial taxa and assemblages associated with health or disease. However, no such approaches have been developed to manipulate the microbiota of mosquitoes. RESULTS Here, we developed an approach to transfer entire microbial communities between mosquito cohorts. We undertook transfers between (Culex quinquefasciatus to Aedes aegypti) and within (Ae. aegypti to Ae. aegypti) species to validate the approach and determine the number of mosquitoes required to prepare donor microbiota. After the transfer, we monitored mosquito development and microbiota dynamics throughout the life cycle. Typical holometabolous lifestyle-related microbiota structures were observed, with higher dynamics of microbial structures in larval stages, including the larval water, and less diversity in adults. Microbiota diversity in recipient adults was also more similar to the microbiota diversity in donor adults. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence for successful microbiome transplantation in mosquitoes. Our results highlight the value of such methods for studying mosquito-microbe interactions and lay the foundation for future studies to elucidate the factors underlying microbiota acquisition, assembly, and function in mosquitoes under controlled conditions. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri L. Coon
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Shivanand Hegde
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Topical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA UK
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Topical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA UK
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Singh A, Allam M, Kwenda S, Khumalo ZTH, Ismail A, Oliver SV. The dynamic gut microbiota of zoophilic members of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:1495. [PMID: 35087127 PMCID: PMC8795440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota of mosquitoes plays a critical role in the life history of the animal. There is a growing body of research characterising the gut microbiota of a range of mosquito species, but there is still a paucity of information on some members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. In this study, the gut microbiota of four laboratory strains were characterised. SENN (Anopheles arabiensis—insecticide susceptible major vector), SENN DDT (Anopheles arabiensis—insecticide resistant major vector), MAFUS (Anopheles merus—minor vector) and SANGWE (Anopheles quadriannulatus—non-vector) were used in this study. The microbiota of fourth instar larvae, 3-day old, 15-day old non-blood fed and 15-day old blood fed females were characterised by MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy and 16 s rRNA gene sequencing by next generation sequencing. The four strains differed in species richness but not diversity. The major vectors differ in β-diversity from that of the minor and non-vectors. There was no difference in α- or β-diversity in 15 non-blood fed females and 15-day old females that had 3 blood meals before day 15. These differences may be related to a mixture of the effect of insecticide resistance phenotype as well as a potential relationship to vector competence to a limited extent. Bacterial diversity is affected by species and age. There is also a potential relationship between the differences in gut microbiota and capacity to transmit parasites. This genetic background of the mosquitoes, however, play a major role, and must be considered in this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmika Singh
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mushal Allam
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stanford Kwenda
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zamantungwa T H Khumalo
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shüné V Oliver
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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27
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Ingham VA, Tennessen JA, Lucas ER, Elg S, Yates HC, Carson J, Guelbeogo WM, Sagnon N, Hughes GL, Heinz E, Neafsey DE, Ranson H. Integration of whole genome sequencing and transcriptomics reveals a complex picture of the reestablishment of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009970. [PMID: 34941884 PMCID: PMC8741062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a major threat to gains in malaria control, which have been stalling and potentially reversing since 2015. Studies into the causal mechanisms of insecticide resistance are painting an increasingly complicated picture, underlining the need to design and implement targeted studies on this phenotype. In this study, we compare three populations of the major malaria vector An. coluzzii: a susceptible and two resistant colonies with the same genetic background. The original colonised resistant population rapidly lost resistance over a 6-month period, a subset of this population was reselected with pyrethroids, and a third population of this colony that did not lose resistance was also available. The original resistant, susceptible and re-selected colonies were subject to RNAseq and whole genome sequencing, which identified a number of changes across the transcriptome and genome linked with resistance. Firstly, an increase in the expression of genes within the oxidative phosphorylation pathway were seen in both resistant populations compared to the susceptible control; this translated phenotypically through an increased respiratory rate, indicating that elevated metabolism is linked directly with resistance. Genome sequencing highlighted several blocks clearly associated with resistance, including the 2Rb inversion. Finally, changes in the microbiome profile were seen, indicating that the microbial composition may play a role in the resistance phenotype. Taken together, this study reveals a highly complicated phenotype in which multiple transcriptomic, genomic and microbiome changes combine to result in insecticide resistance. Insecticide resistance in major malaria vectors represents the single biggest threat to malaria control programs, which are heavily reliant upon insecticide-based interventions. Studying resistance using multi-omics approaches has proven difficult due to the use of susceptible comparator populations that have been colonised in a laboratory setting for decades, leading to substantial noise in the data due to differing genetic backgrounds. Here, we utilise a resistant Anopheles coluzzii population from Burkina Faso, a derived population that rapidly lost resistance over a 6-month period, and a population re-selected after loss of resistance to explore causative mechanisms of insecticide resistance. To determine the underlying cause of this phenotype, we use RNAseq, whole genome sequencing and lab-based validation to show changes in respiratory rate, wide-ranging genomic changes and alterations in the microbiome are linked to resistance in this population. These findings demonstrate the complexity of resistance and the challenges in utilising diagnostic markers for resistance in a field setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Ingham
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Parasitology Unit, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (VAI); (HR)
| | - Jacob A. Tennessen
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Lucas
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Elg
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jessica Carson
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - N’Fale Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ougadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Heinz
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel E. Neafsey
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (VAI); (HR)
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Overabundance of Asaia and Serratia Bacteria Is Associated with Deltamethrin Insecticide Susceptibility in Anopheles coluzzii from Agboville, Côte d'Ivoire. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0015721. [PMID: 34668745 PMCID: PMC8528120 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00157-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance among mosquito species is now a pervasive phenomenon that threatens to jeopardize global malaria vector control efforts. Evidence of links between the mosquito microbiota and insecticide resistance is emerging, with significant enrichment of insecticide degrading bacteria and enzymes in resistant populations. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we characterized and compared the microbiota of Anopheles coluzzii in relation to their deltamethrin resistance and exposure profiles. Comparisons between 2- and 3-day-old deltamethrin-resistant and -susceptible mosquitoes demonstrated significant differences in microbiota diversity. Ochrobactrum, Lysinibacillus, and Stenotrophomonas genera, each of which comprised insecticide-degrading species, were significantly enriched in resistant mosquitoes. Susceptible mosquitoes had a significant reduction in alpha diversity compared to resistant individuals, with Asaia and Serratia dominating microbial profiles. There was no significant difference in deltamethrin-exposed and -unexposed 5- to 6-day-old individuals, suggesting that insecticide exposure had minimal impact on microbial composition. Serratia and Asaia were also dominant in 5- to 6-day-old mosquitoes, which had reduced microbial diversity compared to 2- to 3-day-old mosquitoes. Our findings revealed significant alterations of Anopheles coluzzii microbiota associated with deltamethrin resistance, highlighting the potential for identification of novel microbial markers for insecticide resistance surveillance. qPCR detection of Serratia and Asaia was consistent with 16S rRNA sequencing, suggesting that population-level field screening of bacterial microbiota may be feasibly integrated into wider resistance monitoring, if reliable and reproducible markers associated with phenotype can be identified. IMPORTANCE Control of insecticide-resistant vector populations remains a significant challenge to global malaria control and while substantial progress has been made elucidating key target site mutations, overexpressed detoxification enzymes and alternate gene families, the contribution of the mosquito microbiota to phenotypic insecticide resistance has been largely overlooked. We focused on determining the effects of deltamethrin resistance intensity on Anopheles coluzzii microbiota and identifying any microbial taxa associated with phenotype. We demonstrated a significant reduction in microbial diversity between deltamethrin-resistant and -susceptible mosquitoes. Insecticide degrading bacterial species belonging to Ochrobactrum, Lysinibacillus, and Stenotrophomonas genera were significantly enriched in resistant mosquitoes, while Asaia and Serratia dominated microbial profiles of susceptible individuals. Our results revealed significant alterations of Anopheles coluzzii microbiota associated with deltamethrin resistance, highlighting the potential for identification of novel microbial markers for surveillance and opportunities for designing innovative control techniques to prevent the further evolution and spread of insecticide resistance.
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Dada N, Benedict AC, López F, Lol JC, Sheth M, Dzuris N, Padilla N, Lenhart A. Comprehensive characterization of internal and cuticle surface microbiota of laboratory-reared F 1 Anopheles albimanus originating from different sites. Malar J 2021; 20:414. [PMID: 34688298 PMCID: PMC8542342 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on mosquito-microbe interactions may lead to new tools for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control. To date, such research has largely utilized laboratory-reared mosquitoes that typically lack the microbial diversity of wild populations. A logical progression in this area involves working under controlled settings using field-collected mosquitoes or, in most cases, their progeny. Thus, an understanding of how laboratory colonization affects the assemblage of mosquito microbiota would aid in advancing mosquito microbiome studies and their applications beyond laboratory settings. Methods Using high throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, the internal and cuticle surface microbiota of F1 progeny of wild-caught adult Anopheles albimanus from four locations in Guatemala were characterized. A total of 132 late instar larvae and 135 2–5 day-old, non-blood-fed virgin adult females that were reared under identical laboratory conditions, were pooled (3 individuals/pool) and analysed. Results Results showed location-associated heterogeneity in both F1 larval internal (p = 0.001; pseudo-F = 9.53) and cuticle surface (p = 0.001; pseudo-F = 8.51) microbiota, and only F1 adult cuticle surface (p = 0.001; pseudo-F = 4.5) microbiota, with a more homogenous adult internal microbiota (p = 0.12; pseudo-F = 1.6) across collection sites. Overall, ASVs assigned to Leucobacter, Thorsellia, Chryseobacterium and uncharacterized Enterobacteriaceae, dominated F1 larval internal microbiota, while Acidovorax, Paucibacter, and uncharacterized Comamonadaceae, dominated the larval cuticle surface. F1 adults comprised a less diverse microbiota compared to larvae, with ASVs assigned to the genus Asaia dominating both internal and cuticle surface microbiota, and constituting at least 70% of taxa in each microbial niche. Conclusions These results suggest that location-specific heterogeneity in filed mosquito microbiota can be transferred to F1 progeny under normal laboratory conditions, but this may not last beyond the F1 larval stage without adjustments to maintain field-derived microbiota. These findings provide the first comprehensive characterization of laboratory-colonized F1An. albimanus progeny from field-derived mothers. This provides a background for studying how parentage and environmental conditions differentially or concomitantly affect mosquito microbiome composition, and how this can be exploited in advancing mosquito microbiome studies and their applications beyond laboratory settings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03934-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsa Dada
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, United States Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA. .,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Ana Cristina Benedict
- Grupo de Biología Y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Francisco López
- Grupo de Biología Y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Juan C Lol
- Grupo de Biología Y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Mili Sheth
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole Dzuris
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, United States Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Norma Padilla
- Grupo de Biología Y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, United States Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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30
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Microbiota and transcriptome changes of Culex pipiens pallens larvae exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20241. [PMID: 34642414 PMCID: PMC8511237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex pipiens pallens is an important vector of lymphatic filariasis and epidemic encephalitis. Mosquito control is the main strategy used for the prevention of mosquito-borne diseases. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) is an entomopathogenic bacterium widely used in mosquito control. In this study, we profiled the microbiota and transcriptional response of the larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens exposed to different concentrations of Bti. The results demonstrated that Bti induced a significant effect on both the microbiota and gene expression of Cx. pipiens pallens. Compared to the control group, the predominant bacteria changed from Actinobacteria to Firmicutes, and with increase in the concentration of Bti, the abundance of Actinobacteria was gradually reduced. Similar changes were also detected at the genus level, where Bacillus replaced Microbacterium, becoming the predominant genus in Bti-exposed groups. Furthermore, alpha diversity analysis indicated that Bti exposure changed the diversity of the microbota, possibly because the dysbiosis caused by the Bti infection inhibits some bacteria and provides opportunities to other opportunistic taxa. Pathway analysis revealed significant enhancement for processes associated with sphingolipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism between all Bti-exposed groups and control group. Additionally, genes associated with the Toll and Imd signaling pathway were found to be notably upregulated. Bti infection significantly changed the bacterial community of larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens.
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31
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Parker-Crockett C, Connelly CR, Siegfried B, Alto B. Influence of Pyrethroid Resistance on Vector Competency for Zika Virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1908-1916. [PMID: 33724374 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The vector competence of mosquitoes for pathogens has been shown to be influenced by the status of insecticide resistance in the mosquito population. However, to date, only two studies has explored the impact of insecticide resistance on arbovirus transmission. The global and widespread use of pyrethroids has led to the development of insecticide resistance in many mosquito species, including Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae), the primary vector of Zika virus. Strains of Ae. aegypti that were genetically similar, but responded differently to pyrethroid exposure, were developed using backcrossing techniques. These populations were orally infected with Zika virus and susceptibility to infection, disseminated infection, and transmission potential were evaluated. Analyses revealed differences in susceptibility to infection and disseminated infection between the pyrethroid susceptible and resistant strains of Ae. aegypti during the infection period. Here, we identify an additional challenge to that of widespread pyrethroid resistance. Specifically, resistance is associated with altered phenotypic traits that influence susceptibility to arbovirus infection and progression of infection in the mosquito, factors which ultimately influence risk of arbovirus transmission. These findings support the need to 1) consider insecticide resistance status during times of arbovirus transmission and 2) to implement insecticide resistance management/ mitigation strategies in vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Parker-Crockett
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | | | - Blair Siegfried
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barry Alto
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
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32
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Resistance to permethrin alters the gut microbiota of Aedes aegypti. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14406. [PMID: 34257327 PMCID: PMC8277819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance has emerged as a persistent threat to the fight against vector-borne diseases. We compared the gut microbiota of permethrin-selected (PS) strain of Aedes aegypti relative to the parent (KW) strain from Key West, Florida. Bacterial richness but not diversity was significantly higher in PS strain compared to KW strain. The two mosquito strains also differed in their gut microbial composition. Cutibacterium spp., Corynebacterium spp., Citricoccus spp., Leucobacter spp., Acinetobacter spp., Dietzia spp., and Anaerococcus spp. were more abundant in PS strain than in KW strain. In contrast, Sphingomonas spp., Aquabacterium spp., Methylobacterium spp., Flavobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., unclassified Burkholderiaceae and unclassified Nostocaceae were more abundant in KW strain compared to PS strain. PS strain was enriched with propionate metabolizers, selenate reducers, and xylan, chitin, and chlorophenol degraders while KW strain was enriched with sulfur oxidizers, sulfur metabolizers, sulfate reducers and naphthalene and aromatic hydrocarbons degraders. These findings demonstrate an association between the gut microbiota and insecticide resistance in an important vector species and sets the foundation for future studies to investigate the contribution of gut microbiota to evolution of insecticide resistance in disease vectors.
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33
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Steven B, Hyde J, LaReau JC, Brackney DE. The Axenic and Gnotobiotic Mosquito: Emerging Models for Microbiome Host Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:714222. [PMID: 34322111 PMCID: PMC8312643 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.714222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing availability of modern research tools has enabled a revolution in studies of non-model organisms. Yet, one aspect that remains difficult or impossible to control in many model and most non-model organisms is the presence and composition of the host-associated microbiota or the microbiome. In this review, we explore the development of axenic (microbe-free) mosquito models and what these systems reveal about the role of the microbiome in mosquito biology. Additionally, the axenic host is a blank template on which a microbiome of known composition can be introduced, also known as a gnotobiotic organism. Finally, we identify a "most wanted" list of common mosquito microbiome members that show the greatest potential to influence host phenotypes. We propose that these are high-value targets to be employed in future gnotobiotic studies. The use of axenic and gnotobiotic organisms will transition the microbiome into another experimental variable that can be manipulated and controlled. Through these efforts, the mosquito will be a true model for examining host microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaire Steven
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Josephine Hyde
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jacquelyn C. LaReau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Doug E. Brackney
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
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34
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E Silva B, Matsena Zingoni Z, Koekemoer LL, Dahan-Moss YL. Microbiota identified from preserved Anopheles. Malar J 2021; 20:230. [PMID: 34022891 PMCID: PMC8141131 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito species from the Anopheles gambiae complex and the Anopheles funestus group are dominant African malaria vectors. Mosquito microbiota play vital roles in physiology and vector competence. Recent research has focused on investigating the mosquito microbiota, especially in wild populations. Wild mosquitoes are preserved and transported to a laboratory for analyses. Thus far, microbial characterization post-preservation has been investigated in only Aedes vexans and Culex pipiens. Investigating the efficacy of cost-effective preservatives has also been limited to AllProtect reagent, ethanol and nucleic acid preservation buffer. This study characterized the microbiota of African Anopheles vectors: Anopheles arabiensis (member of the An. gambiae complex) and An. funestus (member of the An. funestus group), preserved on silica desiccant and RNAlater® solution. Methods Microbial composition and diversity were characterized using culture-dependent (midgut dissections, culturomics, MALDI-TOF MS) and culture-independent techniques (abdominal dissections, DNA extraction, next-generation sequencing) from laboratory (colonized) and field-collected mosquitoes. Colonized mosquitoes were either fresh (non-preserved) or preserved for 4 and 12 weeks on silica or in RNAlater®. Microbiota were also characterized from field-collected An. arabiensis preserved on silica for 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Results Elizabethkingia anophelis and Serratia oryzae were common between both vector species, while Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus epidermidis were specific to females and males, respectively. Microbial diversity was not influenced by sex, condition (fresh or preserved), preservative, or preservation time-period; however, the type of bacterial identification technique affected all microbial diversity indices. Conclusions This study broadly characterized the microbiota of An. arabiensis and An. funestus. Silica- and RNAlater®-preservation were appropriate when paired with culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques, respectively. These results broaden the selection of cost-effective methods available for handling vector samples for downstream microbial analyses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03754-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca E Silva
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yael L Dahan-Moss
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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35
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Giambò F, Teodoro M, Costa C, Fenga C. Toxicology and Microbiota: How Do Pesticides Influence Gut Microbiota? A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115510. [PMID: 34063879 PMCID: PMC8196593 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, new targets have been included between the health outcomes induced by pesticide exposure. The gastrointestinal tract is a key physical and biological barrier and it represents a primary site of exposure to toxic agents. Recently, the intestinal microbiota has emerged as a notable factor regulating pesticides’ toxicity. However, the specific mechanisms related to this interaction are not well known. In this review, we discuss the influence of pesticide exposure on the gut microbiota, discussing the factors influencing gut microbial diversity, and we summarize the updated literature. In conclusion, more studies are needed to clarify the host–microbial relationship concerning pesticide exposure and to define new prevention interventions, such as the identification of biomarkers of mucosal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giambò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Occupational Medicine Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (M.T.); (C.F.)
| | - Michele Teodoro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Occupational Medicine Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (M.T.); (C.F.)
| | - Chiara Costa
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-2212052
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Occupational Medicine Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (M.T.); (C.F.)
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36
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Cansado-Utrilla C, Zhao SY, McCall PJ, Coon KL, Hughes GL. The microbiome and mosquito vectorial capacity: rich potential for discovery and translation. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:111. [PMID: 34006334 PMCID: PMC8132434 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbiome research has gained considerable interest due to the emerging evidence of its impact on human and animal health. As in other animals, the gut-associated microbiota of mosquitoes affect host fitness and other phenotypes. It is now well established that microbes can alter pathogen transmission in mosquitoes, either positively or negatively, and avenues are being explored to exploit microbes for vector control. However, less attention has been paid to how microbiota affect phenotypes that impact vectorial capacity. Several mosquito and pathogen components, such as vector density, biting rate, survival, vector competence, and the pathogen extrinsic incubation period all influence pathogen transmission. Recent studies also indicate that mosquito gut-associated microbes can impact each of these components, and therefore ultimately modulate vectorial capacity. Promisingly, this expands the options available to exploit microbes for vector control by also targeting parameters that affect vectorial capacity. However, there are still many knowledge gaps regarding mosquito-microbe interactions that need to be addressed in order to exploit them efficiently. Here, we review current evidence of impacts of the microbiome on aspects of vectorial capacity, and we highlight likely opportunities for novel vector control strategies and areas where further studies are required. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Cansado-Utrilla
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Serena Y Zhao
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Philip J McCall
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kerri L Coon
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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Impact of deltamethrin-resistance in Aedes albopictus on its fitness cost and vector competence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009391. [PMID: 33905415 PMCID: PMC8104426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes albopictus is one of the most invasive species in the world as well as the important vector for mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever, chikungunya fever and zika virus disease. Chemical control of mosquitoes is an effective method to control mosquito-borne diseases, however, the wide and improper application of insecticides for vector control has led to serious resistance problems. At present, there have been many reports on the resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in vector mosquitoes including deltamethrin to Aedes albopictus. However, the fitness cost and vector competence of deltamethrin resistant Aedes albopictus remain unknown. To understand the impact of insecticide resistant mosquito is of great significance for the prevention and control mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. Methodology/Principal findings A laboratory resistant strain (Lab-R) of Aedes albopictus was established by deltamethrin insecticide selecting from the laboratory susceptible strain (Lab-S). The life table between the two strains were comparatively analyzed. The average development time of Lab-R and Lab-S in larvae was 9.7 days and 8.2 days (P < 0.005), and in pupae was 2.0 days and 1.8 days respectively (P > 0.05), indicating that deltamethrin resistance prolongs the larval development time of resistant mosquitoes. The average survival time of resistant adults was significantly shorter than that of susceptible adults, while the body weight of resistant female adults was significantly higher than that of the susceptible females. We also compared the vector competence for dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) between the two strains via RT-qPCR. Considering the results of infection rate (IR) and virus load, there was no difference between the two strains during the early period of infection (4, 7, 10 day post infection (dpi)). However, in the later period of infection (14 dpi), IR and virus load in heads, salivary glands and ovaries of the resistant mosquitoes were significantly lower than those of the susceptible strain (IR of heads, salivary glands and ovaries: P < 0.05; virus load in heads and salivary glands: P < 0.05; virus load in ovaries: P < 0.001). And then, fourteen days after the DENV-2-infectious blood meal, females of the susceptible and resistant strains were allow to bite 5-day-old suckling mice. Both stains of mosquito can transmit DENV-2 to mice, but the onset of viremia was later in the mice biting by resistant group as well as lower virus copies in serum and brains, suggesting that the horizontal transmission of the resistant strain is lower than the susceptible strain. Meanwhile, we also detected IR of egg pools of the two strains on 14 dpi and found that the resistant strain were less capable of vertical transmission than susceptible mosquitoes. In addition, the average survival time of the resistant females infected with DENV-2 was 16 days, which was the shortest among the four groups of female mosquitoes, suggesting that deltamethrin resistance would shorten the life span of female Aedes albopictus infected with DENV-2. Conclusions/Significance As Aedes albopictus developing high resistance to deltamethrin, the resistance prolonged the growth and development of larvae, shorten the life span of adults, as well as reduced the vector competence of resistant Aedes albopictus for DENV-2. It can be concluded that the resistance to deltamethrin in Aedes albopictus is a double-edged sword, which not only endow the mosquito survive under the pressure of insecticide, but also increase the fitness cost and decrease its vector competence. However, Aedes albopictus resistant to deltamethrin can still complete the external incubation period and transmit dengue virus, which remains a potential vector for dengue virus transmission and becomes a threat to public health. Therefore, we should pay high attention for the problem of insecticide resistance so that to better prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases. Worldwide invasion and expansion of Aedes albopictus, the main vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, has become a serious concern in global public health. With the large use of insecticides, especially the most commonly used pyrethroid insecticides, the emergence and development of resistance in Aedes albopictus present vector control challenges. However, it is not clear whether the resistance would affect the fitness cost and vector competence of Aedes albopictus. In this study, a laboratory resistant strain of Aedes albopictus was established by selecting the susceptible strain of Aedes albopictus with deltamethrin. Comparing the resistant strain with the susceptible strain, we found that deltamethrin resistance increased the fitness cost and reduced the vector competence of DENV-2 in Aedes albopictus. These latest findings shared the light for dengue disease prevention and vector control strategies.
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Wang H, Wang Y, Cheng P, Wang H, Wang H, Liu H, Zhang C, Gong M. The Larval Density of Mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) in Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province, China: Influence of Bacterial Diversity, Richness, and Physicochemical Factors. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.616769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As Jiaxiang County of Shandong province is an area with complex mosquito vector composition, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between bacterial diversity, physicochemical factors, and larval density. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of 46 breeding sites for six kinds of habitat types (small puddles, small water containers, paddy fields, large water containers, irrigation channels, and drainage ditches) were investigated by a multiparameter analyzer; the water’s bacterial diversity was analyzed by the 16S rRNA full-length sequencing method. Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the correlation between larval density and variables. The variables analyzed were dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, turbidity, conductivity, temperature, ammonia nitrogen, water depth, and distance from the nearest house. One-Way ANOVA was used to understand whether there are differences in bacterial diversity in different habitats. Pearson linear correlation model was used to analyze the effects of bacterial diversity and richness on mosquito densities in breeding sites. A total of 3291 larvae were captured, and a total of 6 species of 4 genera were identified. The identified species were Culex pipiens pallens, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles sinensis, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex bitaeniorhynchus, and Mansonia uniformis. The density and species can be jointly affected by physicochemical properties and bacterial diversity, especially Shannon index and distance from the nearest house. In general, the physicochemical parameters and bacterial diversity of different habitats were significantly different. Even for the same habitat type, the physicochemical parameters varied greatly due to different environments.
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Wang YT, Shen RX, Xing D, Zhao CP, Gao HT, Wu JH, Zhang N, Zhang HD, Chen Y, Zhao TY, Li CX. Metagenome Sequencing Reveals the Midgut Microbiota Makeup of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Its Possible Relationship With Insecticide Resistance. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:625539. [PMID: 33717014 PMCID: PMC7948229 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Midgut microbiota can participate in the detoxification and metabolism processes in insects, but there are few reports on the relationship between midgut microbiota and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. In this study, we performed metagenomic sequencing on a susceptible strain (SS), a field-collected Hainan strain (HN), and a deltamethrin-resistant strain (RR) of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to understand the diversity and functions of their midgut microbiota. The results revealed differences in midgut microbiota among the three strains of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria was the most prominent, accounting for nearly 70% of their midgut microbes. At the genus level, Aeromonas made up the highest proportion. In addition, Aeromonas, Morganella, Elizabethkingia, Enterobacter, Cedecea, and Thorsellia showed significant differences between strains. At the species level, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter cloacae complex sp. 4DZ3-17B2, Streptomyces sp. CNQ329, and some species of Pseudomonas and Wolbachia were more abundant in the two resistant strains. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the SS strain had significantly different metagenomic functions than the two deltamethrin-resistant strains (HN and RR strain). The HN and RR strains differed from the SS strain in more than 10 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The analysis of species abundance and functional diversity can provide directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Xin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Pei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - He-Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Hong Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Heng-Duan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tong-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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Dehghankar M, Maleki-Ravasan N, Tahghighi A, Karimian F, Karami M. Bioactivities of rose-scented geranium nanoemulsions against the larvae of Anopheles stephensi and their gut bacteria. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246470. [PMID: 33556110 PMCID: PMC7870081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi with three different biotypes is a major vector of malaria in Asia. It breeds in a wide range of habitats. Therefore, safer and more sustainable methods are needed to control its immature stages rather than chemical pesticides. The larvicidal and antibacterial properties of the Pelargonium roseum essential oil (PREO) formulations were investigated against mysorensis and intermediate forms of An. stephensi in laboratory conditions. A series of nanoemulsions containing different amounts of PREO, equivalent to the calculated LC50 values for each An. stephensi form, and various quantities of surfactants and co-surfactants were developed. The physical and morphological properties of the most lethal formulations were also determined. PREO and its major components, i.e. citronellol (21.34%), L-menthone (6.41%), linalool (4.214%), and geraniol (2.19%), showed potent larvicidal activity against the studied mosquitoes. The LC50/90 values for mysorensis and intermediate forms were computed as 11.44/42.42 ppm and 12.55/47.69 ppm, respectively. The F48/F44 nanoformulations with 94% and 88% lethality for the mysorensis and intermediate forms were designated as optimized formulations. The droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta-potential for F48/F44 were determined as 172.8/90.95 nm, 0.123/0.183, and -1.08/-2.08 mV, respectively. These results were also confirmed by TEM analysis. Prepared formulations displayed antibacterial activity against larval gut bacteria in the following order of decreasing inhibitory: LC90, optimized nanoemulsions, and LC50. PREO-based formulations were more effective against mysorensis than intermediate. Compared to the crude PREO, the overall larvicidal activity of all nanoformulations boosted by 20% and the optimized formulations by 50%. The sensitivity of insect gut bacteria may be a crucial factor in determining the outcome of the effect of toxins on target insects. The formulations designed in the present study may be a good option as a potent and selective larvicide for An. stephensi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dehghankar
- Faculty of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naseh Maleki-Ravasan
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (NMR); (AT)
| | - Azar Tahghighi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Clinical Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (NMR); (AT)
| | - Fateh Karimian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Karami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Molecular analysis of the blood meals and bacterial communities of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) to assess interactions with alternative hosts. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1209-1217. [PMID: 33559752 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Common bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) are hematophagous pests present in urban environments across the globe. It is widely established that they have a strong host preference for humans. However, there are records of C. lectularius feeding upon a range of mammalian and avian hosts, including rodents, in the field. There is little information available about how frequently common bed bugs feed on alternative hosts in residential settings, but understanding this phenomenon has implications for both management of infestations and public health. Here, we examined cohorts of C. lectularius collected from 13 different dwellings in the state of New Jersey, USA, that were known to be simultaneously infested with house mice (Mus musculus domesticus). Host-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to determine if blood meals were taken from mice, while 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to screen the bed bugs for the presence of zoonotic bacterial pathogens. We found no evidence that any of the bed bugs we collected fed on mice. Furthermore, the insects harbored depauperate bacterial communities that did not include known human pathogens. However, host-specific qPCR detected feline DNA in a pool of bed bugs from one dwelling, suggesting that interaction with domestic pets should be further investigated. Although sampling in this study was limited, the approach described herein will be useful for additional studies of the interactions between bed bugs and alternative blood meal hosts.
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Omoke D, Kipsum M, Otieno S, Esalimba E, Sheth M, Lenhart A, Njeru EM, Ochomo E, Dada N. Western Kenyan Anopheles gambiae showing intense permethrin resistance harbour distinct microbiota. Malar J 2021; 20:77. [PMID: 33557825 PMCID: PMC7869237 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance poses a growing challenge to malaria vector control in Kenya and around the world. Following evidence of associations between the mosquito microbiota and insecticide resistance, the microbiota of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) from Tulukuyi village, Bungoma, Kenya, with differing permethrin resistance profiles were comparatively characterized. Methods Using the CDC bottle bioassay, 133 2–3 day-old, virgin, non-blood fed female F1 progeny of field-caught An. gambiae s.s. were exposed to five times (107.5 µg/ml) the discriminating dose of permethrin. Post bioassay, 50 resistant and 50 susceptible mosquitoes were subsequently screened for kdr East and West mutations, and individually processed for microbial analysis using high throughput sequencing targeting the universal bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene. Results 47 % of the samples tested (n = 133) were resistant, and of the 100 selected for further processing, 99 % were positive for kdr East and 1 % for kdr West. Overall, 84 bacterial taxa were detected across all mosquito samples, with 36 of these shared between resistant and susceptible mosquitoes. A total of 20 bacterial taxa were unique to the resistant mosquitoes and 28 were unique to the susceptible mosquitoes. There were significant differences in bacterial composition between resistant and susceptible individuals (PERMANOVA, pseudo-F = 2.33, P = 0.001), with presence of Sphingobacterium, Lysinibacillus and Streptococcus (all known pyrethroid-degrading taxa), and the radiotolerant Rubrobacter, being significantly associated with resistant mosquitoes. On the other hand, the presence of Myxococcus, was significantly associated with susceptible mosquitoes. Conclusions This is the first report of distinct microbiota in An. gambiae s.s. associated with intense pyrethroid resistance. The findings highlight differentially abundant bacterial taxa between resistant and susceptible mosquitoes, and further suggest a microbe-mediated mechanism of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. These results also indicate fixation of the kdr East mutation in this mosquito population, precluding further analysis of its associations with the mosquito microbiota, but presenting the hypothesis that any microbe-mediated mechanism of insecticide resistance would be likely of a metabolic nature. Overall, this study lays initial groundwork for understanding microbe-mediated mechanisms of insecticide resistance in African mosquito vectors of malaria, and potentially identifying novel microbial markers of insecticide resistance that could supplement existing vector surveillance tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Omoke
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Entomology Section, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Mathew Kipsum
- Entomology Section, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Samson Otieno
- Entomology Section, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Edward Esalimba
- Entomology Section, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Mili Sheth
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ezekiel Mugendi Njeru
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Entomology Section, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Nsa Dada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Science, Aas, Norway. .,Public Health and Epidemiology Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.
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Dada N, Jupatanakul N, Minard G, Short SM, Akorli J, Villegas LM. Considerations for mosquito microbiome research from the Mosquito Microbiome Consortium. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:36. [PMID: 33522965 PMCID: PMC7849159 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been increasing interest in mosquito microbiome research, leading to large amounts of data on different mosquito species, with various underlying physiological characteristics, and from diverse geographical locations. However, guidelines and standardized methods for conducting mosquito microbiome research are lacking. To streamline methods in mosquito microbiome research and optimize data quality, reproducibility, and comparability, as well as facilitate data curation in a centralized location, we are establishing the Mosquito Microbiome Consortium, a collaborative initiative for the advancement of mosquito microbiome research. Our overall goal is to collectively work on unraveling the role of the mosquito microbiome in mosquito biology, while critically evaluating its potential for mosquito-borne disease control. This perspective serves to introduce the consortium and invite broader participation. It highlights the issues we view as most pressing to the community and proposes guidelines for conducting mosquito microbiome research. We focus on four broad areas in this piece: (1) sampling/experimental design for field, semi-field, or laboratory studies; (2) metadata collection; (3) sample processing, sequencing, and use of appropriate controls; and (4) data handling and analysis. We finally summarize current challenges and highlight future directions in mosquito microbiome research. We hope that this piece will spark discussions around this area of disease vector biology, as well as encourage careful considerations in the design and implementation of mosquito microbiome research. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsa Dada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Natapong Jupatanakul
- Protein-Ligand Engineering and Molecular Biology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Neung, Thailand
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sarah M Short
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Muturi EJ, Njoroge TM, Dunlap C, Cáceres CE. Blood meal source and mixed blood-feeding influence gut bacterial community composition in Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:83. [PMID: 33509255 PMCID: PMC7841894 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The guts of blood-sucking insects host a community of bacteria that can shift dramatically in response to biotic and abiotic factors. Identifying the key factors structuring these microbial communities has important ecological and epidemiological implications. METHODS We used the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, to investigate the impact of mixed blood meals on gut microbiota of vector mosquitoes. Adult females were experimentally fed on sugar or blood from chicken, rabbit or a mixture of chicken and rabbit blood, and their gut microbiota were characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplification and MiSeq sequencing. RESULTS The gut bacterial communities of mosquitoes fed on the three blood meal treatments clustered separately, suggesting that host species identity and mixed blood-feeding are key determinants of gut bacterial community composition in mosquitoes. Mixed blood meal had a synergistic effect on both operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness and the Shannon diversity index, suggesting that mixed blood-feeding can offset the nutritional deficit of blood meals from certain host species. The microbial communities observed in this study were distinct from those identified from similarly fed Ae. aegypti from our previous study. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that vector host-feeding preferences can influence gut microbial composition and diversity, which could potentially impact pathogen acquisition and transmission by the vector. The results also demonstrate that different microenvironmental conditions within the laboratory may play an important role in structuring the microbial communities of independently reared mosquito colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephantus J Muturi
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, 61604, IL, USA.
| | - Teresia M Njoroge
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Christopher Dunlap
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, 61604, IL, USA
| | - Carla E Cáceres
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, 61801, IL, USA
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Bogale HN, Cannon MV, Keita K, Camara D, Barry Y, Keita M, Coulibaly D, Kone AK, Doumbo OK, Thera MA, Plowe CV, Travassos M, Irish S, Serre D. Relative contributions of various endogenous and exogenous factors to the mosquito microbiota. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:619. [PMID: 33303025 PMCID: PMC7726613 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The commensal microbiota of mosquitoes impacts their development, immunity, and competency, and could provide a target for alternative entomological control approaches. However, despite the importance of the mosquito/microbiota interactions, little is known about the relative contribution of endogenous and exogenous factors in shaping the bacterial communities of mosquitoes. METHODS We used a high-throughput sequencing-based assay to characterize the bacterial composition and diversity of 665 individual field-caught mosquitoes, as well as their species, genotype at an insecticide resistance locus, blood-meal composition, and the eukaryotic parasites and viruses they carry. We then used these data to rigorously estimate the individual effect of each parameter on the bacterial diversity as well as the relative contribution of each parameter to the microbial composition. RESULTS Overall, multivariate analyses did not reveal any significant contribution of the mosquito species, insecticide resistance, or blood meal to the bacterial composition of the mosquitoes surveyed, and infection with parasites and viruses only contributed very marginally. The main driver of the bacterial diversity was the location at which each mosquito was collected, which explained roughly 20% of the variance observed. CONCLUSIONS This analysis shows that when confounding factors are taken into account, the site at which the mosquitoes are collected is the main driver of the bacterial diversity of wild-caught mosquitoes, although further studies will be needed to determine which specific components of the local environment affect bacterial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haikel N. Bogale
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Matthew V. Cannon
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kalil Keita
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Denka Camara
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Yaya Barry
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Moussa Keita
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Drissa Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye K. Kone
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara K. Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou A. Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Mark Travassos
- Malaria Research Program, Center of Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Seth Irish
- U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - David Serre
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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Juma EO, Kim CH, Dunlap C, Allan BF, Stone CM. Culex pipiens and Culex restuans egg rafts harbor diverse bacterial communities compared to their midgut tissues. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:532. [PMID: 33109276 PMCID: PMC7590256 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bacterial communities associated with mosquito eggs are an essential component of the mosquito microbiota, yet there are few studies characterizing and comparing the microbiota of mosquito eggs to other host tissues. Methods We sampled gravid female Culex pipiens L. and Culex restuans Theobald from the field, allowed them to oviposit in the laboratory, and characterized the bacterial communities associated with their egg rafts and midguts for comparison through MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Results Bacterial richness was higher in egg rafts than in midguts for both species, and higher in Cx pipiens than Cx. restuans. The midgut samples of Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans were dominated by Providencia. Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans egg rafts samples were dominated by Ralstonia and Novosphingobium, respectively. NMDS ordination based on Bray-Curtis distance matrix revealed that egg-raft samples, or midgut tissues harbored similar bacterial communities regardless of the mosquito species. Within each mosquito species, there was a distinct clustering of bacterial communities between egg raft and midgut tissues. Conclusion These findings expand the list of described bacterial communities associated with Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans and the additional characterization of the egg raft bacterial communities facilitates comparative analysis of mosquito host tissues, providing a basis for future studies seeking to understand any functional role of the bacterial communities in mosquito biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah O Juma
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Christopher Dunlap
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Brian F Allan
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Chris M Stone
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
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Dacey DP, Chain FJJ. The Challenges of Microbial Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases Due to the Gut Microbiome. Front Genet 2020; 11:504354. [PMID: 33133140 PMCID: PMC7575760 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.504354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are one of the deadliest animals on earth because of their ability to transmit a wide range of human pathogens. Traditional mosquito control methods use chemical insecticides, but with dwindling long-term effectiveness and negative effects on the environment, microbial forms of control have become common alternatives. The insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (Bti) is the most popular of these alternatives, although it can also have direct effects on lowering environmental biodiversity and indirect effects on food-web relationships in the ecosystems where it is deployed. In addition, microbial control agents that impede pathogen development or transmission from mosquito to human are under investigation, including Wolbachia and Asaia, but unexpected interactions with mosquito gut bacteria can hinder their effectiveness. Improved characterization of mosquito gut bacterial communities is needed to determine the taxa that interfere with microbial controls and their effectiveness in wild populations. This mini-review briefly discusses relationships between mosquito gut bacteria and microbial forms of control, and the challenges in ensuring their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Dacey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Frédéric J J Chain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
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Arévalo-Cortés A, Mejia-Jaramillo AM, Granada Y, Coatsworth H, Lowenberger C, Triana-Chavez O. The Midgut Microbiota of Colombian Aedes aegypti Populations with Different Levels of Resistance to the Insecticide Lambda-cyhalothrin. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090584. [PMID: 32882829 PMCID: PMC7565445 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti populations is a problem that hinders vector control and dengue prevention programs. In this study, we determined the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti populations from six Colombian regions to the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin and evaluated the presence of the V1016I mutation in the sodium channel gene, which has been broadly involved in the resistance to this insecticide. The diversity of the gut microbiota of these mosquito populations was also analyzed. Only mosquitoes from Bello were susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin and presented a lower allelic frequency of the V1016I mutation. Remarkably, there was not an important change in allelic frequencies among populations with different resistance ratios, indicating that other factors or mechanisms contributed to the resistant phenotype. Treatment of mosquitoes with antibiotics led us to hypothesize that the intestinal microbiota could contribute to the resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin. Beta diversity analysis showed significant differences in the species of bacteria present between susceptible and resistant populations. We identified 14 OTUs of bacteria that were unique in resistant mosquitoes. We propose that kdr mutations are important in the development of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin at low insecticide concentrations but insect symbionts could play an essential role in the metabolization of pyrethroid insecticides at higher concentrations, contributing to the resistant phenotype in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arévalo-Cortés
- Group Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.A.-C.); (A.M.M.-J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ana M. Mejia-Jaramillo
- Group Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.A.-C.); (A.M.M.-J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yurany Granada
- Group Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.A.-C.); (A.M.M.-J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Heather Coatsworth
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (H.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (H.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Omar Triana-Chavez
- Group Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.A.-C.); (A.M.M.-J.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-4-219-6520
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Chabanol E, Behrends V, Prévot G, Christophides GK, Gendrin M. Antibiotic Treatment in Anopheles coluzzii Affects Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism. Pathogens 2020; 9:E679. [PMID: 32825534 PMCID: PMC7558193 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosquito microbiota reduces the vector competence of Anopheles to Plasmodium and affects host fitness; it is therefore considered as a potential target to reduce malaria transmission. While immune induction, secretion of antimicrobials and metabolic competition are three typical mechanisms of microbiota-mediated protection against invasive pathogens in mammals, the involvement of metabolic competition or mutualism in mosquito-microbiota and microbiota-Plasmodium interactions has not been investigated. Here, we describe a metabolome analysis of the midgut of Anopheles coluzzii provided with a sugar-meal or a non-infectious blood-meal, under conventional or antibiotic-treated conditions. We observed that the antibiotic treatment affects the tricarboxylic acid cycle and nitrogen metabolism, notably resulting in decreased abundance of free amino acids. Linking our results with published data, we identified pathways which may participate in microbiota-Plasmodium interactions via metabolic interactions or immune modulation and thus would be interesting candidates for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Chabanol
- Microbiota of Insect Vectors Group, Institut Pasteur de Guyane, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Ecole Doctorale Numéro 587, Diversités, Santé, et Développement en Amazonie, Université de Guyane, 97337 Cayenne, French Guiana
- Tropical Biome and Immunophysiopathology, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
| | - Volker Behrends
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK;
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- Tropical Biome and Immunophysiopathology, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019—UMR9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Mathilde Gendrin
- Microbiota of Insect Vectors Group, Institut Pasteur de Guyane, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BU, UK;
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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Limited influence of the microbiome on the transcriptional profile of female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10880. [PMID: 32616765 PMCID: PMC7331810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome is an assemblage of microorganisms living in association with a multicellular host. Numerous studies have identified a role for the microbiome in host physiology, development, immunity, and behaviour. The generation of axenic (germ-free) and gnotobiotic model systems has been vital to dissecting the role of the microbiome in host biology. We have previously reported the generation of axenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the primary vector of several human pathogenic viruses, including dengue virus and Zika virus. In order to better understand the influence of the microbiome on mosquitoes, we examined the transcriptomes of axenic and conventionally reared Ae. aegypti before and after a blood meal. Our results suggest that the microbiome has a much lower effect on the mosquito's gene expression than previously thought with only 170 genes influenced by the axenic state, while in contrast, blood meal status influenced 809 genes. The pattern of expression influenced by the microbiome is consistent with transient changes similar to infection rather than sweeping physiological changes. While the microbiome does seem to affect some pathways such as immune function and metabolism, our data suggest the microbiome is primarily serving a nutritional role in development with only minor effects in the adult.
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