1
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Coggins JM, Saito MH, Cook R, Urata S, Urata M, Harsell NL, Tan WN, Figueira BT, Bradley M, Quadri NZ, Saripada JAI, Reyna RA, Maruyama J, Paessler S, Makishima T. Histopathology of the Tongue in a Hamster Model of COVID-19. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4590482. [PMID: 39011098 PMCID: PMC11247945 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4590482/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Objective With altered sense of taste being a common symptom of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), our objective was to investigate the presence and distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) within the tongue over the course of infection. Methods Golden Syrian hamsters were inoculated intranasally with SARS-CoV-2 and tongues were collected at 2, 3, 5, 8, 17, 21, 35, and 42 days post-infection (dpi) for analysis. In order to test for gross changes in the tongue, the papillae of the tongue were counted. Paraffin-embedded thin sections of the tongues were labeled for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antigen. Results There was no difference in fungiform or filiform papillae density throughout the course of infection. SARS-CoV-2 antigen was observed in the circumvallate papillae taste buds (3-35 dpi) and autonomic ganglia (5-35 dpi), as well as in the serous and mucous salivary glands of the posterior tongue (2-42 dpi). Conclusion The presence and distribution of SARS-CoV-2 suggest that the virus could cause taste disturbance by infecting the circumvallate taste buds. This effect could be exacerbated by a diminished secretion of saliva caused by infection of the serous salivary glands and the autonomic ganglia which innervate them.
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2
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Hamlin RE, Blish CA. Challenges and opportunities in long COVID research. Immunity 2024; 57:1195-1214. [PMID: 38865966 PMCID: PMC11210969 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Long COVID (LC) is a condition in which patients do not fully recover from the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection but rather have persistent or new symptoms for months to years following the infection. Ongoing research efforts are investigating the pathophysiologic mechanisms of LC and exploring preventative and therapeutic treatment approaches for patients. As a burgeoning area of investigation, LC research can be structured to be more inclusive, innovative, and effective. In this perspective, we highlight opportunities for patient engagement and diverse research expertise, as well as the challenges of developing definitions and reproducible studies. Our intention is to provide a foundation for collaboration and progress in understanding the biomarkers and mechanisms driving LC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Merle-Nguyen L, Ando-Grard O, Bourgon C, St Albin A, Jacquelin J, Klonjkowski B, Le Poder S, Meunier N. Early corticosteroid treatment enhances recovery from SARS-CoV-2 induced loss of smell in hamster. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:78-89. [PMID: 38367845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the numerous long COVID symptoms, olfactory dysfunction persists in ∼10 % of patients suffering from SARS-CoV-2 induced anosmia. Among the few potential therapies, corticoid treatment has been used for its anti-inflammatory effect with mixed success in patients. In this study, we explored its impact using hamster as an animal model. SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters lose their smell abilities and this loss is correlated with damage of the olfactory epithelium and persistent presence of innate immunity cells. We started a dexamethasone treatment 2 days post infection, when olfaction was already impacted, until 11 days post infection when it started to recover. We observed an improvement of olfactory capacities in the animals treated with corticoid compared to those treated with vehicle. This recovery was not related to differences in the remaining damage to the olfactory epithelium, which was similar in both groups. This improvement was however correlated with a reduced inflammation in the olfactory epithelium with a local increase of the mature olfactory neuron population. Surprisingly, at 11 days post infection, we observed an increased and disorganized presence of immature olfactory neurons, especially in persistent inflammatory zones of the epithelium. This unusual population of immature olfactory neurons coincided with a strong increase of olfactory epithelium proliferation in both groups. Our results indicate that persistent inflammation of the olfactory epithelium following SARS-CoV-2 infection may alter the extent and speed of regeneration of the olfactory neuron population, and that corticoid treatment is effective to limit inflammation and improve olfaction recovery following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Merle-Nguyen
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ophélie Ando-Grard
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Clara Bourgon
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Audrey St Albin
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Juliette Jacquelin
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRAE-ENVA-ANSES, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, 94704 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Le Poder
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRAE-ENVA-ANSES, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, 94704 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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4
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Chen M, Pekosz A, Villano JS, Shen W, Zhou R, Kulaga H, Li Z, Smith A, Gurung A, Beck SE, Witwer KW, Mankowski JL, Ramanathan M, Rowan NR, Lane AP. Evolution of nasal and olfactory infection characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e174439. [PMID: 38483537 PMCID: PMC11014658 DOI: 10.1172/jci174439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection of the upper airway and the subsequent immune response are early, critical factors in COVID-19 pathogenesis. By studying infection of human biopsies in vitro and in a hamster model in vivo, we demonstrated a transition in nasal tropism from olfactory to respiratory epithelium as the virus evolved. Analyzing each variant revealed that SARS-CoV-2 WA1 or Delta infect a proportion of olfactory neurons in addition to the primary target sustentacular cells. The Delta variant possessed broader cellular invasion capacity into the submucosa, while Omicron displayed enhanced nasal respiratory infection and longer retention in the sinonasal epithelium. The olfactory neuronal infection by WA1 and the subsequent olfactory bulb transport via axon were more pronounced in younger hosts. In addition, the observed viral clearance delay and phagocytic dysfunction in aged olfactory mucosa were accompanied by a decline of phagocytosis-related genes. Further, robust basal stem cell activation contributed to neuroepithelial regeneration and restored ACE2 expression postinfection. Together, our study characterized the nasal tropism of SARS-CoV-2 strains, immune clearance, and regeneration after infection. The shifting characteristics of viral infection at the airway portal provide insight into the variability of COVID-19 clinical features, particularly long COVID, and may suggest differing strategies for early local intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason S. Villano
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruifeng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Kulaga
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhexuan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Asiana Gurung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah E. Beck
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph L. Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Murugappan Ramanathan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas R. Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew P. Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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5
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Wellford SA, Moseman EA. Olfactory immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:134-143. [PMID: 38143247 PMCID: PMC10806031 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathogens can infect the olfactory tract, yet the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has strongly emphasized the importance of the olfactory mucosa as an immune barrier. Situated in the nasal passages, the olfactory mucosa is directly exposed to the environment to sense airborne odorants; however, this also means it can serve as a direct route of entry from the outside world into the brain. As a result, olfactotropic infections can have serious consequences, including dysfunction of the olfactory system, CNS invasion, dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, and transmission between individuals. Recent research has shown that a distinctive immune response is needed to protect this neuronal and mucosal tissue. A better understanding of innate, adaptive, and structural immune barriers in the olfactory mucosa is needed to develop effective therapeutics and vaccines against olfactotropic microbes such as SARS-CoV-2. Here, we summarize the ramifications of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the olfactory mucosa, review the subsequent immune response, and discuss important areas of future research for olfactory immunity to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wellford
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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6
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Han SA, Kim JK, Cho DY, Patel ZM, Rhee CS. The Olfactory System: Basic Anatomy and Physiology for General Otorhinolaryngologists. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 16:308-316. [PMID: 37669740 PMCID: PMC10710919 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2023.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is one of the five basic human senses, and it is known to be one of the most primitive senses. The sense of olfaction may have been critical for human survival in prehistoric society, and although many believe its importance has diminished over time, it continues to have an impact on human interaction, bonding, and propagation of the species. Even if we are unaware of it, the sense of smell greatly affects our lives and is closely related to overall quality of life and health. Nonetheless, olfaction has been neglected from a scientific perspective compared to other senses. However, olfaction has recently received substantial attention since the loss of smell and taste has been noted as a key symptom of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Studies investigating olfaction loss in association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have revealed that olfactory dysfunction can be both conductive and sensorineural, possibly causing structural changes in the brain. Olfactory training is an effective treatment for olfactory dysfunction, suggesting the reorganization of neural associations. A reduced ability to smell may also alert suspicion for neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders. Here, we summarize the basic knowledge that we, as otorhinolaryngologists, should have about the sense of smell and the peripheral and central olfactory pathways for managing and helping patients with olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun A Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kook Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zara M. Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chae-Seo Rhee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Sensory Organ Research Institute and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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7
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Reyna RA, Walker J, Mitchell B, Shinde DP, Plante JA, Weaver SC, Plante KS. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Does Not Protect against the Development of Anosmia in a Hamster Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1564. [PMID: 37896967 PMCID: PMC10611162 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anosmia, a total or partial loss of the ability to smell, is one of the most frequently documented sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Persistent anosmia is associated with a decrease in quality of life. Here, we assess the impact of virus lineage and vaccination status on anosmia development in the golden Syrian hamster model. To characterize anosmia driven by current variants, we assessed olfactory function in hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2 lineages A, BA.2, BA.5, BQ.1, and BQ.1.1 using a buried food detection test. We found that significant anosmia occurs upon infection with all variants with a significant correlation between disease severity and degree of anosmia. Moreover, we found that vaccination with either the Pfizer (BNT16b2) or Moderna (mRNA-1273) mRNA vaccines does not protect against anosmia, despite protection against severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Reyna
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (D.P.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jordyn Walker
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (D.P.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Brooke Mitchell
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (D.P.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Divya P. Shinde
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (D.P.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jessica A. Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (D.P.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (D.P.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA (D.P.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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8
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Tsukahara T, Brann DH, Datta SR. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-associated anosmia. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2759-2766. [PMID: 37342077 PMCID: PMC10625840 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Anosmia, the loss of the sense of smell, is one of the main neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Although the SARS-CoV-2 virus targets the nasal olfactory epithelium, current evidence suggests that neuronal infection is extremely rare in both the olfactory periphery and the brain, prompting the need for mechanistic models that can explain the widespread anosmia in COVID-19 patients. Starting from work identifying the non-neuronal cell types that are infected by SARS-CoV-2 in the olfactory system, we review the effects of infection of these supportive cells in the olfactory epithelium and in the brain and posit the downstream mechanisms through which sense of smell is impaired in COVID-19 patients. We propose that indirect mechanisms contribute to altered olfactory system function in COVID-19-associated anosmia, as opposed to neuronal infection or neuroinvasion into the brain. Such indirect mechanisms include tissue damage, inflammatory responses through immune cell infiltration or systemic circulation of cytokines, and downregulation of odorant receptor genes in olfactory sensory neurons in response to local and systemic signals. We also highlight key unresolved questions raised by recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Tsukahara
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David H Brann
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sandeep Robert Datta
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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9
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Trache MC, Schipp JMH, Haack M, Adderson-Kisser C, Högerle C, Becker S, Betz CS. Characteristics of smell and taste disorders depending on etiology: a retrospective study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:4111-4119. [PMID: 37160463 PMCID: PMC10382332 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-07967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates the impact of etiology on the epidemiologic profile, disease severity, type of treatment and therapy outcome in smell and taste disorders. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of 270 patients that presented with a smell or taste disorder in a specialized, tertiary care center. An established questionnaire was used to collect data from patients and physicians. Olfactometry was performed with the Sniffin' Sticks test kit, while gustometry was performed by taste strips. RESULTS Post-traumatic etiology was associated with young age (median 46 years) and male sex, and showed the most severe degrees of smell loss compared to other etiologies (64.3% anosmia). Postinfectious causes occurred more frequently in females (77.3%) and correlated with a history of pharyngeal surgery, suggesting a vulnerability for virally mediated sensory dysfunction following adenoid/tonsil removal. Parosmia also correlated with both postinfectious etiology (62.5%) and female sex. In sinunasal etiology, the presence of nasal polyps worsened the overall olfactory test score by approximately 50%. In particular, smell threshold and discrimination were reduced, while smell identification was not significantly impacted by nasal polyp obstruction. Sinunasal dysfunction was the only etiology to show significant improvement after therapy (73.9% improved). Finally, we could establish good correlations between the subjective impairment and objective dysfunction for each sensory modality. CONCLUSION Each etiology of chemosensory dysfunction shows particular distributions of variables like sex, age, comorbidities and operations, disease severity, sensory threshold, discrimination and identification. This paper offers a detailed account of the correlations between the cause and the characteristics of smell and taste loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihnea Cristian Trache
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Mareike Haack
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ludwig-Maximillian University Hospital (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Catalina Högerle
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ludwig-Maximillian University Hospital (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Stephan Betz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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de Melo GD, Perraud V, Alvarez F, Vieites-Prado A, Kim S, Kergoat L, Coleon A, Trüeb BS, Tichit M, Piazza A, Thierry A, Hardy D, Wolff N, Munier S, Koszul R, Simon-Lorière E, Thiel V, Lecuit M, Lledo PM, Renier N, Larrous F, Bourhy H. Neuroinvasion and anosmia are independent phenomena upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4485. [PMID: 37495586 PMCID: PMC10372078 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Anosmia was identified as a hallmark of COVID-19 early in the pandemic, however, with the emergence of variants of concern, the clinical profile induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection has changed, with anosmia being less frequent. Here, we assessed the clinical, olfactory and neuroinflammatory conditions of golden hamsters infected with the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain, its isogenic ORF7-deletion mutant and three variants: Gamma, Delta, and Omicron/BA.1. We show that infected animals develop a variant-dependent clinical disease including anosmia, and that the ORF7 of SARS-CoV-2 contributes to the induction of olfactory dysfunction. Conversely, all SARS-CoV-2 variants are neuroinvasive, regardless of the clinical presentation they induce. Taken together, this confirms that neuroinvasion and anosmia are independent phenomena upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using newly generated nanoluciferase-expressing SARS-CoV-2, we validate the olfactory pathway as a major entry point into the brain in vivo and demonstrate in vitro that SARS-CoV-2 travels retrogradely and anterogradely along axons in microfluidic neuron-epithelial networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Victoire Perraud
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Flavio Alvarez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Channel Receptors Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Alba Vieites-Prado
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Laboratoire de Plasticité Structurale, , Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Lauriane Kergoat
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Coleon
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Bettina Salome Trüeb
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Magali Tichit
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Histopathology Platform, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Aurèle Piazza
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Spatial Regulation of Genomes Laboratory, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Thierry
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Spatial Regulation of Genomes Laboratory, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - David Hardy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Histopathology Platform, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Wolff
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Channel Receptors Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Sandie Munier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Molecular Genetics of RNA viruses Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Romain Koszul
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Spatial Regulation of Genomes Laboratory, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Simon-Lorière
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses Group, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Volker Thiel
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015, Paris, France
- Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, APHP, Institut Imagine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3571, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Renier
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Laboratoire de Plasticité Structurale, , Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Florence Larrous
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France.
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11
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Pinto MA, da Silva ADS, Rodrigues DDRF, Müller R, de Vasconcelos GALBM, Neves PCDC, de Oliveira JM, Marchevsky RS. Animal models and SARS-CoV-2-induced pulmonary and neurological injuries. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 117:e220239. [PMID: 36700583 PMCID: PMC9870265 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory animals are essential mainly for experiments aiming to study pathogenesis and evaluate antivirals and vaccines against emerging human infectious diseases. Preclinical studies of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pathogenesis have used several animal species as models: transgenic human ACE2 mice (K18 mice), inbred BALB/c or C57BL/6N mice, ferrets, minks, domestic cats and dogs, hamsters, and macaques. However, the choice of an animal model relies on several limitations. Besides the host susceptibility, the researcher's experience with animal model management and the correct interpretation of clinical and laboratory records are crucial to succeed in preclinical translational research. Here, we summarise pathological and clinical findings correlated with virological data and immunological changes observed from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) experimental infections using different well-established SARS-CoV-2 animal model species. This essay aims to critically evaluate the current state of animal model translation to clinical data, as described in the human SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil,+ Corresponding author:
| | - Alexandre dos Santos da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Rodrigo Müller
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Laboratório de Experimentação Animal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Patrícia Cristina da Costa Neves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Vice-Diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Renato Sergio Marchevsky
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Laboratório de Neurovirulência, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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12
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Chee J, Chern B, Loh WS, Mullol J, Wang DY. Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Nasal Respiratory and Olfactory Epithelia and Its Clinical Impact. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:121-131. [PMID: 36598732 PMCID: PMC9811886 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-022-01059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While the predominant cause for morbidity and mortality with SARS-CoV-2 infection is the lower respiratory tract manifestations of the disease, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the sinonasal tract have also come to the forefront especially with the increased recognition of olfactory symptom. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms of action of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, sinonasal pathophysiology of COVID-19, and the correlation with the clinical and epidemiological impact on olfactory dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors are key players in the mechanism of infection of SARS-CoV-2. They are present within both the nasal respiratory as well as olfactory epithelia. There are however differences in susceptibility between different groups of individuals, as well as between the different SARS-CoV-2 variants. The sinonasal cavity is an important route for SARS-CoV-2 infection. While the mechanism of infection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelia is similar, there exist small but significant differences in the susceptibility of these epithelia and consequently clinical manifestations of the disease. Understanding the differences and nuances in sinonasal pathophysiology in COVID-19 would allow the clinician to predict and counsel patients suffering from COVID-19. Future research into molecular pathways and cytokine responses at different stages of infection and different variants of SARS-CoV-2 would evaluate the individual clinical phenotype, prognosis, and possibly response to vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Chee
- grid.410759.e0000 0004 0451 6143Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Beverlyn Chern
- grid.410759.e0000 0004 0451 6143Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Woei Shyang Loh
- grid.410759.e0000 0004 0451 6143Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Rhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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13
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Butowt R, Bilinska K, von Bartheld CS. Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: new insights into the underlying mechanisms. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:75-90. [PMID: 36470705 PMCID: PMC9666374 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 are still unclear. In this review, we examine potential mechanisms that may explain why the sense of smell is lost or altered. Among the current hypotheses, the most plausible is that death of infected support cells in the olfactory epithelium causes, besides altered composition of the mucus, retraction of the cilia on olfactory receptor neurons, possibly because of the lack of support cell-derived glucose in the mucus, which powers olfactory signal transduction within the cilia. This mechanism is consistent with the rapid loss of smell with COVID-19, and its rapid recovery after the regeneration of support cells. Host immune responses that cause downregulation of genes involved in olfactory signal transduction occur too late to trigger anosmia, but may contribute to the duration of the olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Butowt
- Global Consortium of Chemosensory Research - Poland, Przybory Str 3/2, 85-791 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bilinska
- Department of Molecular Cell Genetics, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, uI. Curie Sklodowskiej 9, 85-94, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Christopher S. von Bartheld
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557-0352, USA,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557-0352, USA,Correspondence:
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14
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Ueha R, Ito T, Ueha S, Furukawa R, Kitabatake M, Ouji-Sageshima N, Uranaka T, Tanaka H, Nishijima H, Kondo K, Yamasoba T. Evidence for the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and olfactory cell lineage impairment in close-contact infection Syrian hamster models. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1019723. [PMCID: PMC9634532 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1019723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Close contact with patients with COVID-19 is speculated to be the most common cause of viral transmission, but the pathogenesis of COVID-19 by close contact remains to be elucidated. In addition, despite olfactory impairment being a unique complication of COVID-19, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the olfactory cell lineage has not been fully validated. This study aimed to elucidate close-contact viral transmission to the nose and lungs and to investigate the temporal damage in the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) lineage caused by SARS-CoV-2. Methods Syrian hamsters were orally administered SARS-CoV-2 nonvariant nCoV-19/JPN/TY/WK521/2020 as direct-infection models. On day 3 after inoculation, infected and uninfected hamsters were housed in the same cage for 30 minutes. These uninfected hamsters were subsequently assigned to a close-contact group. First, viral presence in the nose and lungs was verified in the infection and close-contact groups at several time points. Next, the impacts on the olfactory epithelium, including olfactory progenitors, immature ORNs, and mature ORNs were examined histologically. Then, the viral transmission status and chronological changes in tissue damage were compared between the direct-infection and close-contact groups. Results In the close-contact group, viral presence could not be detected in both the nose and lungs on day 3, and the virus was identified in both tissues on day 7. In the direct-infection group, the viral load was highest in the nose and lungs on day 3, decreased on day 7, and was no longer detectable on day 14. Histologically, in the direct-infection group, mature ORNs were most depleted on day 3 (p <0.001) and showed a recovery trend on day 14, with similar trends for olfactory progenitors and immature ORNs. In the close-contact group, there was no obvious tissue damage on day 3, but on day 7, the number of all ORN lineage cells significantly decreased (p <0.001). Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted even after brief contact and subsequent olfactory epithelium and lung damage occurred more than 3 days after the trigger of infection. The present study also indicated that SARS-CoV-2 damages all ORN lineage cells, but this damage can begin to recover approximately 14 days post infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Ueha
- Swallowing Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Rumi Ueha, ;
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tsukasa Uranaka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nishijima
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Ultrastructural analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction of cellular structures involved in SARS-CoV-2 spread. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 159:47-60. [PMID: 36175690 PMCID: PMC9521873 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton not only deals with numerous interaction and communication mechanisms at the cellular level but also has a crucial role in the viral infection cycle. Although numerous aspects of SARS-CoV-2 virus interaction at the cellular level have been widely studied, little has been reported about the structural and functional response of the cytoskeleton. This work aims to characterize, at the ultrastructural level, the modifications in the cytoskeleton of infected cells, namely, its participation in filopodia formation, the junction of these nanostructures forming bridges, the viral surfing, and the generation of tunnel effect nanotubes (TNT) as probable structures of intracellular viral dissemination. The three-dimensional reconstruction from the obtained micrographs allowed observing viral propagation events between cells in detail for the first time. More profound knowledge about these cell-cell interaction models in the viral spread mechanisms could lead to a better understanding of the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 disease and to find new therapeutic strategies.
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16
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Frere JJ, Serafini RA, Pryce KD, Zazhytska M, Oishi K, Golynker I, Panis M, Zimering J, Horiuchi S, Hoagland DA, Møller R, Ruiz A, Kodra A, Overdevest JB, Canoll PD, Borczuk AC, Chandar V, Bram Y, Schwartz R, Lomvardas S, Zachariou V, tenOever BR. SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters and humans results in lasting and unique systemic perturbations after recovery. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabq3059. [PMID: 35857629 PMCID: PMC9210449 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The host response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can result in prolonged pathologies collectively referred to as post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID. To better understand the mechanism underlying long COVID biology, we compared the short- and long-term systemic responses in the golden hamster after either SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Results demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 exceeded IAV in its capacity to cause permanent injury to the lung and kidney and uniquely affected the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory epithelium (OE). Despite a lack of detectable infectious virus, the OB and OE demonstrated myeloid and T cell activation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and an interferon response that correlated with behavioral changes extending a month after viral clearance. These sustained transcriptional changes could also be corroborated from tissue isolated from individuals who recovered from COVID-19. These data highlight a molecular mechanism for persistent COVID-19 symptomology and provide a small animal model to explore future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Frere
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Randal A. Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Kerri D. Pryce
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Marianna Zazhytska
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Kohei Oishi
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ilona Golynker
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Maryline Panis
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jeffrey Zimering
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Shu Horiuchi
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Rasmus Møller
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Anne Ruiz
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Albana Kodra
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Jonathan B. Overdevest
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Peter D. Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Alain C. Borczuk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Vasuretha Chandar
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Yaron Bram
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Robert Schwartz
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Stavros Lomvardas
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Benjamin R. tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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17
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Jansen EB, Orvold SN, Swan CL, Yourkowski A, Thivierge BM, Francis ME, Ge A, Rioux M, Darbellay J, Howland JG, Kelvin AA. After the virus has cleared-Can preclinical models be employed for Long COVID research? PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010741. [PMID: 36070309 PMCID: PMC9451097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can cause the life-threatening acute respiratory disease called COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) as well as debilitating multiorgan dysfunction that persists after the initial viral phase has resolved. Long COVID or Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is manifested by a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, dyspnea, arthralgia, myalgia, heart palpitations, and memory issues sometimes affecting between 30% and 75% of recovering COVID-19 patients. However, little is known about the mechanisms causing Long COVID and there are no widely accepted treatments or therapeutics. After introducing the clinical aspects of acute COVID-19 and Long COVID in humans, we summarize the work in animals (mice, Syrian hamsters, ferrets, and nonhuman primates (NHPs)) to model human COVID-19. The virology, pathology, immune responses, and multiorgan involvement are explored. Additionally, any studies investigating time points longer than 14 days post infection (pi) are highlighted for insight into possible long-term disease characteristics. Finally, we discuss how the models can be leveraged for treatment evaluation, including pharmacological agents that are currently in human clinical trials for treating Long COVID. The establishment of a recognized Long COVID preclinical model representing the human condition would allow the identification of mechanisms causing disease as well as serve as a vehicle for evaluating potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B. Jansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Spencer N. Orvold
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cynthia L. Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anthony Yourkowski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brittany M. Thivierge
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Magen E. Francis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anni Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Melissa Rioux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Joseph Darbellay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John G. Howland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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18
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Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID)‐19, has become a persistent global health threat. Individuals who are symptomatic for COVID‐19 frequently exhibit respiratory illness, which is often accompanied by neurological symptoms of anosmia and fatigue. Mounting clinical data also indicate that many COVID‐19 patients display long‐term neurological disorders postinfection such as cognitive decline, which emphasizes the need to further elucidate the effects of COVID‐19 on the central nervous system. In this review article, we summarize an emerging body of literature describing the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on central nervous system (CNS) health and highlight important areas of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick R Natale
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Global Biothreats Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Global Biothreats Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Global Biothreats Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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19
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PHEV infection: A promising model of betacoronavirus-associated neurological and olfactory dysfunction. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010667. [PMID: 35759516 PMCID: PMC9282652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurotropic coronavirus belonging to the genus Betacoronavirus. Similar to pathogenic coronaviruses to which humans are susceptible, such as SARS-CoV-2, PHEV is transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets and close contact, entering the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral nerves at the site of initial infection. However, the neuroinvasion route of PHEV are poorly understood. Here, we found that BALB/c mice are susceptible to intranasal PHEV infection and showed distinct neurological manifestations. The behavioral study and histopathological examination revealed that PHEV attacks neurons in the CNS and causes significant smell and taste dysfunction in mice. By tracking neuroinvasion, we identified that PHEV invades the CNS via the olfactory nerve and trigeminal nerve located in the nasal cavity, and olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) were susceptible to viral infection. Immunofluorescence staining and ultrastructural observations revealed that viral materials traveling along axons, suggesting axonal transport may engage in rapid viral transmission in the CNS. Moreover, viral replication in the olfactory system and CNS is associated with inflammatory and immune responses, tissue disorganization and dysfunction. Overall, we proposed that PHEV may serve as a potential prototype for elucidating the pathogenesis of coronavirus-associated neurological complications and olfactory and taste disorders.
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20
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Zhao S, Fan J, Liu E. Animal Models for COVID-19 Therapeutic Development: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:907406. [PMID: 35814648 PMCID: PMC9263605 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.907406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sihai Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Enqi Liu
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21
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Yuan S, Ye ZW, Liang R, Tang K, Zhang AJ, Lu G, Ong CP, Man Poon VK, Chan CCS, Mok BWY, Qin Z, Xie Y, Chu AWH, Chan WM, Ip JD, Sun H, Tsang JOL, Yuen TTT, Chik KKH, Chan CCY, Cai JP, Luo C, Lu L, Yip CCY, Chu H, To KKW, Chen H, Jin DY, Yuen KY, Chan JFW. Pathogenicity, transmissibility, and fitness of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in Syrian hamsters. Science 2022; 377:428-433. [PMID: 35737809 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn8939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo pathogenicity, transmissibility, and fitness of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant are unclear. We compared these virological attributes of this new variant of concern with those of the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant in a Syrian hamster model of COVID-19. Omicron-infected hamsters lost significantly less body weight and exhibited reduced clinical scores, respiratory tract viral burdens, cytokine/chemokine dysregulation, and lung damage than Delta-infected hamsters. Both variants were highly transmissible via contact transmission. In non-contact transmission studies, Omicron demonstrated similar or higher transmissibility than Delta. Delta outcompeted Omicron without selection pressure. This scenario drastically changed once immune selection pressure with neutralizing antibodies active against Delta but poorly active against Omicron was introduced. Next-generation vaccines and antivirals effective against this new VOC are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zi-Wei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ronghui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kaiming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China; and The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chon Phin Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Vincent Kwok Man Poon
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chris Chung-Sing Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Bobo Wing-Yee Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhenzhi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yubin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Allen Wing-Ho Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wan-Mui Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jonathan Daniel Ip
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jessica Oi-Ling Tsang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Terrence Tsz-Tai Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kenn Ka-Heng Chik
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chris Chun-Yiu Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cuiting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cyril Chik-Yan Yip
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China; and The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China; and The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China; and The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China
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22
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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant causes mild pathology in the upper and lower respiratory tract of hamsters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3519. [PMID: 35725735 PMCID: PMC9207884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2019, multiple variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been identified. This study investigates virus spread and associated pathology in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of Syrian golden hamsters at 4 days post intranasal SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection, in comparison to infection with variants of concern (VOCs) Gamma and Delta as well as ancestral strain 614 G. Pathological changes in the upper and lower respiratory tract of VOC Omicron infected hamsters are milder than those caused by other investigated strains. VOC Omicron infection causes a mild rhinitis with little involvement of the olfactory epithelium and minimal lesions in the lung, with frequent sparing of the alveolar compartment. Similarly, viral antigen, RNA and infectious virus titers are lower in respiratory tissues of VOC Omicron infected hamsters. These findings demonstrate that the variant has a decreased pathogenicity for the upper and lower respiratory tract of hamsters. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 several variants of concerns have been identified, with altered disease progression and transmission dynamics. Here, Armando et al. compare virus spread and pathology in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of Syrian golden hamster after 4 days post infection for VOCs Gamma, Delta and Omicron and find milder pathology for Omicron.
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23
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Kishimoto-Urata M, Urata S, Kagoya R, Imamura F, Nagayama S, Reyna RA, Maruyama J, Yamasoba T, Kondo K, Hasegawa-Ishii S, Paessler S. Prolonged and extended impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on the olfactory neurocircuit. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5728. [PMID: 35388072 PMCID: PMC8987081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the olfactory pathway was studied over several time points using Syrian golden hamsters. We found an incomplete recovery of the olfactory sensory neurons, prolonged activation of glial cells in the olfactory bulb, and a decrease in the density of dendritic spines within the hippocampus. These data may be useful for elucidating the mechanism underlying long-lasting olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment as a post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kishimoto-Urata
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Urata
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kagoya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Shin Nagayama
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel A Reyna
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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24
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Vaira LA, De Riu G, Salzano G, Maglitto F, Boscolo-Rizzo P, Lechien JR. In Response to Clinical Features of Parosmia Associated with COVID-19 Infection. Laryngoscope 2022; 132:E28-E29. [PMID: 35385148 PMCID: PMC9088487 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Angelo Vaira
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Biomedical Science Department, PhD School of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giacomo De Riu
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Salzano
- ENT and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Istituto Tumori G. Pascale of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Maglitto
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jerome R Lechien
- Department of Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Mons School of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Elsan Hospital, Paris, France
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