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Bhardwaj K, Singh AA, Kumar H. Unveiling the Journey from the Gut to the Brain: Decoding Neurodegeneration-Gut Connection in Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2454-2469. [PMID: 38896463 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, a classical motor disorder affecting the dopaminergic system of the brain, has been as a disease of the brain, but this classical notion has now been viewed differently as the pathology begins in the gut and then gradually moves up to the brain regions. The microorganisms in the gut play a critical role in maintaining the physiology of the gut from maintaining barrier integrity to secretion of microbial products that maintain a healthy gut state. The pathology subsequently alters the normal composition of gut microbes and causes deleterious effects that ultimately trigger strong neuroinflammation and nonmotor symptoms along with characteristic synucleopathy, a pathological hallmark of the disease. Understanding the complex pathomechanisms in distinct and established preclinical models is the primary goal of researchers to decipher how exactly gut pathology has a central effect; the quest has led to many answered and some open-ended questions for researchers. We summarize the popular opinions and some contrasting views, concise footsteps in the treatment strategies targeting the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Air force station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355 Gujarat, India
| | - Aditya A Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Air force station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355 Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Air force station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355 Gujarat, India
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Martinez GJ, Appleton M, Kipp ZA, Loria AS, Min B, Hinds TD. Glucocorticoids, their uses, sexual dimorphisms, and diseases: new concepts, mechanisms, and discoveries. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:473-532. [PMID: 37732829 PMCID: PMC11281820 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal stress response in humans is governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through heightened mechanisms during stress, raising blood levels of the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol. Glucocorticoids are quintessential compounds that balance the proper functioning of numerous systems in the mammalian body. They are also generated synthetically and are the preeminent therapy for inflammatory diseases. They act by binding to the nuclear receptor transcription factor glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which has two main isoforms (GRα and GRβ). Our classical understanding of glucocorticoid signaling is from the GRα isoform, which binds the hormone, whereas GRβ has no known ligands. With glucocorticoids being involved in many physiological and cellular processes, even small disruptions in their release via the HPA axis, or changes in GR isoform expression, can have dire ramifications on health. Long-term chronic glucocorticoid therapy can lead to a glucocorticoid-resistant state, and we deliberate how this impacts disease treatment. Chronic glucocorticoid treatment can lead to noticeable side effects such as weight gain, adiposity, diabetes, and others that we discuss in detail. There are sexually dimorphic responses to glucocorticoids, and women tend to have a more hyperresponsive HPA axis than men. This review summarizes our understanding of glucocorticoids and critically analyzes the GR isoforms and their beneficial and deleterious mechanisms and the sexual differences that cause a dichotomy in responses. We also discuss the future of glucocorticoid therapy and propose a new concept of dual GR isoform agonist and postulate why activating both isoforms may prevent glucocorticoid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesee J Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Malik Appleton
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Zachary A Kipp
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Analia S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Booki Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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Mascayano C, Muñoz-Osses M, Navarrete E, Torres P, Torres-González S, Morales P, Huidobro-Toro JP. Natural pentacyclic triterpenoid as allosteric modulators of human 5-lipoxygenase with potential anti-inflammatory activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37909479 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2276875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
This study explored new methods to inhibit human 5-lipoxygenase (5-hLOX) by analyzing natural terpenes that share structural similarities with acetoxyboswellic acid (AKBA). Enzymatic assays were used to evaluate the terpene's ability to inhibit the enzyme, potentially providing anti-inflammatory benefits. Our research focused on how certain types of triterpenes can inhibit 5-hLOX allosterically via a newly discovered allosteric site identified by enzyme crystallization. To determine whether natural boswellic acid analogs mimicked the allosteric known inhibitor AKBA, we combined 5-hLOX inhibition with in silico modeling. Our research has discovered that certain amino acids, specifically Arg 138, Arg 101, Arg 68, and Gln129, located in the allosteric 5-hLOX pocket, play a critical role in stabilizing glycyrrhetinic isomers. These amino acids form hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions that contribute to the inhibitory potency of boswellic acid derivatives. We have found that α and β glycyrrhetinic acid isomers, carbenoxolone, and to a minor extent, prednisolone, have a potent inhibitory effect against 5-hLOX with IC50 values of 8.64, 3.94, 52.98, and 291.20 µM, respectively. These values are in line with our calculated in silico allosteric site binding energy estimations. In contrast, other steroidal or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents exhibited inhibitory potencies larger than 500 μM. However, the specific pharmacodynamic mechanisms are currently unknown. We propose that AKBA analogs may lead to the future development of novel anti-inflammatory agents.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mascayano
- Laboratorio de Diseño Racional de Fármacos y Simulación Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michelle Muñoz-Osses
- Laboratorio de Diseño Racional de Fármacos y Simulación Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Diseño Racional de Fármacos y Simulación Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Torres
- Laboratorio de Diseño Racional de Fármacos y Simulación Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simón Torres-González
- Laboratorio de Diseño Racional de Fármacos y Simulación Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pilar Morales
- Laboratorio de Diseño Racional de Fármacos y Simulación Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Huidobro-Toro
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Nasreldin N, EL-Shoukary RD, Abdel-Raheem GSE, Gharib HS, Zigo F, Farkašová Z, Rehan IF, Senosy W. Effect of mineral-vitamin premix supplementation on behavioral, performance, hormonal, oxidative stress, and serum biochemical profiles on rutting male Camelus dromedarius in Egypt. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1221830. [PMID: 37929284 PMCID: PMC10623354 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1221830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rutting period imposes a stressful condition on male camels, which results in elevated serum cortisol levels and alterations in their sexual behavior. Therefore, the current work was carried out to investigate the effect of mineral-vitamin premix supplementation on behavior, reproductive performance, hormones, serum oxidative stress profile, and other serum biochemical parameters of Camelus dromedarius during the breeding season. Methods Fourteen mature, fertile male Camelus dromedarius were divided into two groups, a control group (n = 7) and a mineral-vitamin premix group (n = 7). The present study lasted for 95 days during the rutting period (1st February to 5th May). Each camel in the premix group received a daily diet of 50 g of mineral-vitamin premix throughout the whole rutting period, during which the frequencies and durations of the following behaviors: maintenance, posture, aggressiveness, and sexual activity were collected every 20 min. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected. Results Results revealed that the premix group showed higher (P < 0.05) maintenance (feeding and rumination), standing, and overall sexual desire-related behavior frequency, besides more times (P < 0.001) for rumination, standing, walking, and lying while showing lower (P < 0.001) frequencies of overall aggressive behaviors than the control group. The serum concentration of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, cortisol, blood glucose, and urea evidenced a significant decrease in the premix group compared with the control one, while significantly elevated levels of reduced glutathione, testosterone, total antioxidant capacity, triiodothyronine, and thyroxin, total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium were recorded in the premix group in comparison with the control. Conclusion It could be concluded that daily dietary supplementation of 50 g of mineral-vitamin premix to male camels during the breeding season is necessary to overcome the oxidative stress and serum cortisol concentration with a subsequent decrease in aggressive behavior and improvement to testosterone level in blood, body condition score and body weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nani Nasreldin
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt
| | - Ramadan D. EL-Shoukary
- Department of Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt
| | - Ghada S. E. Abdel-Raheem
- Departments of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Heba S. Gharib
- Department of Behaviour and Management of Animal, Poultry and Aquatic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - František Zigo
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Komenského, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Farkašová
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Komenského, Slovakia
| | - Ibrahim F. Rehan
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Alkom, Menoufia, Egypt
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya-shi, Japan
| | - Waleed Senosy
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt
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Rusch JA, Layden BT, Dugas LR. Signalling cognition: the gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1130689. [PMID: 37404311 PMCID: PMC10316519 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1130689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive function in humans depends on the complex and interplay between multiple body systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The gut microbiota, which vastly outnumbers human cells and has a genetic potential that exceeds that of the human genome, plays a crucial role in this interplay. The microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis is a bidirectional signalling pathway that operates through neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. One of the major neuroendocrine systems responding to stress is the HPA axis which produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rodents. Appropriate concentrations of cortisol are essential for normal neurodevelopment and function, as well as cognitive processes such as learning and memory, and studies have shown that microbes modulate the HPA axis throughout life. Stress can significantly impact the MGB axis via the HPA axis and other pathways. Animal research has advanced our understanding of these mechanisms and pathways, leading to a paradigm shift in conceptual thinking about the influence of the microbiota on human health and disease. Preclinical and human trials are currently underway to determine how these animal models translate to humans. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge of the relationship between the gut microbiota, HPA axis, and cognition, and provide an overview of the main findings and conclusions in this broad field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody A. Rusch
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- C17 Chemical Pathology Laboratory, Groote Schuur Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian T. Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lara R. Dugas
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
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Dimasi CG, Darby JRT, Morrison JL. A change of heart: understanding the mechanisms regulating cardiac proliferation and metabolism before and after birth. J Physiol 2023; 601:1319-1341. [PMID: 36872609 PMCID: PMC10952280 DOI: 10.1113/jp284137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cardiomyocytes undergo major maturational changes in preparation for birth and postnatal life. Immature cardiomyocytes contribute to cardiac growth via proliferation and thus the heart has the capacity to regenerate. To prepare for postnatal life, structural and metabolic changes associated with increased cardiac output and function must occur. This includes exit from the cell cycle, hypertrophic growth, mitochondrial maturation and sarcomeric protein isoform switching. However, these changes come at a price: the loss of cardiac regenerative capacity such that damage to the heart in postnatal life is permanent. This is a significant barrier to the development of new treatments for cardiac repair and contributes to heart failure. The transitional period of cardiomyocyte growth is a complex and multifaceted event. In this review, we focus on studies that have investigated this critical transition period as well as novel factors that may regulate and drive this process. We also discuss the potential use of new biomarkers for the detection of myocardial infarction and, in the broader sense, cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G. Dimasi
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Jack R. T. Darby
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Janna L. Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
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Coluzzi F, LeQuang JAK, Sciacchitano S, Scerpa MS, Rocco M, Pergolizzi J. A Closer Look at Opioid-Induced Adrenal Insufficiency: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054575. [PMID: 36902007 PMCID: PMC10003084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Among several opioid-associated endocrinopathies, opioid-associated adrenal insufficiency (OIAI) is both common and not well understood by most clinicians, particularly those outside of endocrine specialization. OIAI is secondary to long-term opioid use and differs from primary adrenal insufficiency. Beyond chronic opioid use, risk factors for OIAI are not well known. OIAI can be diagnosed by a variety of tests, such as the morning cortisol test, but cutoff values are not well established and it is estimated that only about 10% of patients with OIAI will ever be properly diagnosed. This may be dangerous, as OIAI can lead to a potentially life-threatening adrenal crisis. OIAI can be treated and for patients who must continue opioid therapy, it can be clinically managed. OIAI resolves with opioid cessation. Better guidance for diagnosis and treatment is urgently needed, particularly in light of the fact that 5% of the United States population has a prescription for chronic opioid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Coluzzi
- Department Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Sole Scerpa
- Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Rocco
- Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
- Department of Surgical and Medical Science and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
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Determination of 27 Glucocorticoids in Urine by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using UniSprayTM Source. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a group of the most important and commonly used anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, and immunosuppressive drugs. Like narcotics, they can be addictive if taken at increasing doses to achieve greater analgesic effects. The purpose of the study was to develop initial and confirmation testing analytical methods that would allow for the identification of glucocorticoid class substances in human urine to be used for routine analyses for the purposes of prosecution in the case of abuse, for clinical toxicology, medical jurisprudence, as well as for routine testing of athletes for the presence of prohibited substances in sports by means of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) using a new generation ionization source UniSprayTM (U.S). This new method allows for the simultaneous detection of 27 glucocorticoids in human urine using LC-MS/MS. The tests conducted yielded relatively low LOD and LOQ values, ranging from 0.06 ng/mL to 0.14 ng/mL and 0.75 ng/mL for LOD and LOQ, respectively.
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Armstrong TA, Boisvert DL, Wells J, Lewis RH, Cooke EM, Woeckener M, Kavish N, Vietto N, Harper JM. Testosterone, cortisol, and criminal behavior in men and women. Horm Behav 2022; 146:105260. [PMID: 36122515 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Only two studies to date have considered the joint effects of testosterone and cortisol on direct measures of criminal behavior. The current study extends this earlier work by incorporating the direct and interactive effects of baseline hormone measures and hormone change scores in response to social stress. The current study also extends prior work by considering distinct measures of different criminal behavior types and sex differences. Analyses based on a large sample of undergraduates indicated that testosterone had a positive and statistically significant association with impulsive and violent criminal behavior. The interaction of testosterone with cortisol had a negative association with income generating crime. Simple slopes analyses of this interaction indicated testosterone had a positive association with income generating crime when cortisol was low (-1 SD). Associations between hormones and criminal behavior were not moderated by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Armstrong
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska-Omaha, 6001 Dodge St, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
| | - Danielle L Boisvert
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sam Houston State University, 1905 University Ave, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
| | - Jessica Wells
- Department of Criminal Justice, Boise State University, 1910 W University Dr, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Richard H Lewis
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Eric M Cooke
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Matthias Woeckener
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sam Houston State University, 1905 University Ave, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
| | - Nicholas Kavish
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, 1905 University Ave, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
| | - Nicholas Vietto
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska-Omaha, 6001 Dodge St, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - James M Harper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, 1905 University Ave, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
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Towiboon P, Saenphet K, Tayapiwattana C, Tangyuenyong S, Watanabe G, Mahasawangkul S, Brown JL, Thitaram C. Relationship among Serum Progestagens, Cortisol, and Prolactin in Pregnant and Cycling Asian Elephants in Thailand. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050244. [PMID: 35622772 PMCID: PMC9144649 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine relationships among serum progestagens, cortisol, and prolactin in pregnant and normal cycling Asian elephants living in tourist camps in northern Thailand. Samples were collected twice a month for 22 months from nine elephants. Of those, four were pregnant (24.3 ± 2.9 years of age; range 21−28 years) and five (20.2 ± 9.6 years; range 8−34 years) exhibited normal ovarian cycles based on serum progestagen analyses. Gestation was divided into three periods: 1st (week 1−31), 2nd (week 32−62), and 3rd (week 63 to parturition), while the estrous cycle was divided into the follicular and luteal phases. Serum progestagens were higher during the luteal phase of the cycle (p < 0.003), whereas cortisol and prolactin were similar. In pregnant elephants, there were no differences in serum progestagens or cortisol concentrations across the three gestational periods, whereas prolactin concentrations increased significantly during the 2nd and 3rd periods (p < 0.0001). By contrast, prolactin concentrations in nonpregnant elephants were consistently low throughout the ovarian cycle. In one cycling female, prolactin concentrations were similar to pregnant elephants, perhaps because she was an allomother to two calves. Another cycling female exhibited consistently elevated cortisol concentrations, 5 to 10 times higher than the other elephants. There were no correlations between serum progestagens, cortisol, and prolactin throughout gestation; however, serum progestagens and cortisol were positively related in cycling elephants (r = 0.386, p < 0.001). From our results, there were a number of individual differences in reproductive hormonal patterns, so it is important to develop personalized monitoring programs for each elephant to enhance breeding success and create sustaining captive populations of elephants in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharapa Towiboon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.T.); (K.S.)
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kanokporn Saenphet
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwattana
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnosis, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Siriwan Tangyuenyong
- Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan;
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan;
| | - Sittidet Mahasawangkul
- Thai Elephant Conservation Center, National Elephant Institute, Forest Industry Organization, Lampang 52190, Thailand;
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian National Zoo Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Kourouklari E, Charalambous D, Faropoulos K, Fotakopoulos G. Epidural Hematoma: The Outcome of Glucocorticoids’ Complementary Use to Surgical Treatment. Cureus 2022; 14:e22607. [PMID: 35371733 PMCID: PMC8958032 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of glucocorticoids in trauma patients with parenchymal damage is deemed unnecessary and is not advocated. Notwithstanding, acute epidural hematomas (aEH) are extra-parenchymal lesions, so the patients could benefit from the use of glucocorticoids. Methodology/Results: 97 patients with acute epidural hematoma were separated into two groups, whether they received glucocorticoid treatment or not. Depending on the severity of the deficit and their clinical status, some of the patients were operated on and others not. The patients who received glucocorticoids had better neurological status upon discharge, while their hospitalization was shorter. Conclusions: The surgical management of the acute epidural hematomas in combination with glucocorticoid treatment had the best outcome in our protocol.
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Adriaansen BPH, Schröder MAM, Span PN, Sweep FCGJ, van Herwaarden AE, Claahsen-van der Grinten HL. Challenges in treatment of patients with non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1064024. [PMID: 36578966 PMCID: PMC9791115 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1064024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21α-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) or 11β-hydroxylase deficiency (11OHD) are congenital conditions with affected adrenal steroidogenesis. Patients with classic 21OHD and 11OHD have a (nearly) complete enzyme deficiency resulting in impaired cortisol synthesis. Elevated precursor steroids are shunted into the unaffected adrenal androgen synthesis pathway leading to elevated adrenal androgen concentrations in these patients. Classic patients are treated with glucocorticoid substitution to compensate for the low cortisol levels and to decrease elevated adrenal androgens levels via negative feedback on the pituitary gland. On the contrary, non-classic CAH (NCCAH) patients have more residual enzymatic activity and do generally not suffer from clinically relevant glucocorticoid deficiency. However, these patients may develop symptoms due to elevated adrenal androgen levels, which are most often less elevated compared to classic patients. Although glucocorticoid treatment can lower adrenal androgen production, the supraphysiological dosages also may have a negative impact on the cardiovascular system and bone health. Therefore, the benefit of glucocorticoid treatment is questionable. An individualized treatment plan is desirable as patients can present with various symptoms or may be asymptomatic. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment options used in patients with NCCAH due to 21OHD and 11OHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas P. H. Adriaansen
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mariska A. M. Schröder
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Paul N. Span
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Fred C. G. J. Sweep
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Antonius E. van Herwaarden
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hedi L. Claahsen-van der Grinten
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Hedi L. Claahsen-van der Grinten,
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Bau-Gaudreault L, Arndt T, Provencher A, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Clinical Pathology Resources: Emphasis on Mice, Rats, Rabbits, Dogs, Minipigs, and Non-Human Primates. ILAR J 2021; 62:203-222. [PMID: 34877602 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical pathology testing for investigative or biomedical research and for preclinical toxicity and safety assessment in laboratory animals is a distinct specialty requiring an understanding of species specific and other influential variables on results and interpretation. This review of clinical pathology principles and testing recommendations in laboratory animal species aims to provide a useful resource for researchers, veterinary specialists, toxicologists, and clinical or anatomic pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Bau-Gaudreault
- Clinical Laboratories, Charles River Laboratories - ULC, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tara Arndt
- Labcorp Drug Development, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Anne Provencher
- Clinical Laboratories, Charles River Laboratories - ULC, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, John Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Wu S, Hassan FU, Luo Y, Fatima I, Ahmed I, Ihsan A, Safdar W, Liu Q, Rehman SU. Comparative Genomic Characterization of Buffalo Fibronectin Type III Domain Proteins: Exploring the Novel Role of FNDC5/Irisin as a Ligand of Gonadal Receptors. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1207. [PMID: 34827201 PMCID: PMC8615036 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
FN-III proteins are widely distributed in mammals and are usually involved in cellular growth, differentiation, and adhesion. The FNDC5/irisin regulates energy metabolism and is present in different tissues (liver, brain, etc.). The present study aimed to investigate the physiochemical characteristics and the evolution of FN-III proteins and FNDC5/irisin as a ligand targeting the gonadal receptors including androgen (AR), DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 6 (DCAF6), estrogen-related receptor β (ERR-β), estrogen-related receptor γ (ERR-γ), Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15), and nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (NR3C1). Moreover, the putative role of irisin in folliculogenesis and spermatogenesis was also elucidated. We presented the molecular structure and function of 29 FN-III genes widely distributed in the buffalo genome. Phylogenetic analysis, motif, and conserved domain pattern demonstrated the evolutionary well-conserved nature of FN-III proteins with a variety of stable to unstable, hydrophobic to hydrophilic, and thermostable to thermo-unstable properties. The comparative structural configuration of FNDC5 revealed amino acid variations but still the FNDC5 structure of humans, buffalo, and cattle was quite similar to each other. For the first time, we predicted the binding scores and interface residues of FNDC5/irisin as a ligand for six representative receptors having a functional role in energy homeostasis, and a significant involvement in folliculogenesis and spermatogenesis in buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Faiz-ul Hassan
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Yuhong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Israr Fatima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Govt. College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmed
- School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan;
| | - Warda Safdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Saif ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.W.); (Y.L.)
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15
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Cortisol and shiftwork: A scoping review. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 64:101581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kim HJ, Jin HJ. Polymorphisms in the FKBP5 gene are associated with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in Korean children. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113508. [PMID: 34352291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and heritable childhood psychiatric disorder. Recently, many studies reported a down-regulated hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) with low cortisol levels in children with ADHD. The FK506 binding protein 5 or FKBP5 gene regulates the negative feedback of the HPA-axis, and genetic variants in this gene showed an association with ADHD. We investigated the genetic association between FKBP5 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to ADHD in Korean children. We conducted a case-control study with 150 ADHD children and 322 controls. Genotyping of FKBP5 rs9394309 and rs7748266 was performed by using polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Our results showed that rs7748266 polymorphism has significant genotype (p = 0.021) and allele (p = 0.009) frequency differences between children with ADHD and the control group. CT genotype [odds ratio (OR) 1.70, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.134-2.540, p = 0.010] and T allele (OR 1.54, 95 % CI 1.114-2.117, p = 0.009) were associated with increased risk of ADHD. In addition, dominant (p = 0.006) and over-dominant genetic (p = 0.016) models showed significant associations with ADHD. In the stratified analysis, a significant result was obtained from the girl samples (p = 0.048). The OR of the girls with ADHD with CT genotype was 2.29 (95 % CI 1.170-4.469, p = 0.014). In contrast to rs7748266 polymorphism, rs9394309 polymorphism did not show any significant result (p > 0.05). Haplotype analysis also revealed a significant difference of the TG haplotype for rs7748266 - rs9394309 (p = 0.028, global haplotype association p-value of 0.0091). Conclusively, we confirmed that FKBP5 gene polymorphisms were associated with ADHD in Korean children. These results suggested that FKBP5 may factor in the development of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Han Jun Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea.
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Ancient fishes and the functional evolution of the corticosteroid stress response in vertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 260:111024. [PMID: 34237466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine mechanism underlying stress responses in vertebrates is hypothesized to be highly conserved and evolutionarily ancient. Indeed, elements of this mechanism, from the brain to steroidogenic tissue, are present in all vertebrate groups; yet, evidence of the function and even identity of some elements of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) axis is equivocal among the most basal vertebrates. The purpose of this review is to discuss the functional evolution of the HPA/I axis in vertebrates with a focus on our understanding of this neuroendocrine mechanism in the most ancient vertebrates: the agnathan (i.e., hagfish and lamprey) and chondrichthyan fishes (i.e., sharks, rays, and chimeras). A review of the current literature presents evidence of a conserved HPA/I axis in jawed vertebrates (i.e., gnathostomes); yet, available data in jawless (i.e., agnathan) and chondrichthyan fishes are limited. Neuroendocrine regulation of corticosteroidogenesis in agnathans and chondrichthyans appears to function through similar pathways as in bony fishes and tetrapods; however, key elements have yet to be identified and the involvement of melanotropins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the stress axis in these ancient fishes warrants further investigation. Further, the identities of physiological glucocorticoids are uncertain in hagfishes, chondrichthyans, and even coelacanths. Resolving these and other knowledge gaps in the stress response of ancient fishes will be significant for advancing knowledge of the evolutionary origins of the vertebrate stress response.
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Fardet L, Nazareth I, Petersen I. Long-term systemic glucocorticoid therapy and weight gain: a population-based cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:1502-1511. [PMID: 32864693 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the variation in weight gain in people chronically exposed to systemic glucocorticoids in primary care and to identify the risk factors for weight gain. METHODS Data were analysed from the British database, The Health Improvement Network. Body weight variations of individuals prescribed systemic glucocorticoids for at least 3 months at a mean dose ≥10 mg/day were described. The risk factors associated with weight gain ≥10% of the usual weight were assessed. RESULTS A total of 31 516 adults prescribed glucocorticoids and 26 967 controls were included in the study. During glucocorticoid exposure, only 12 475 (39.6%) individuals gained >2 kg compared with their usual weight. Younger women were more likely to gain weight (mean weight gain in 18-39-year-old glucocorticoid-exposed women: 3.6 kg (s.d. 8.6) compared with 2 kg (s.d. 7.3) in the control group; the absolute mean difference was 1.6 kg (95% CI 0.9, 2.2; P < 0.001). Weight gain ≥10% of the usual weight was observed in 10.2% (n = 3208) of those chronically exposed to glucocorticoids. Women, younger people, those living in areas of higher deprivation, smokers, those on higher doses of the drug and those previously exposed to glucocorticoids were at higher risk. The risk was lower in people prescribed glucocorticoids for an inflammatory condition when compared with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CONCLUSION After taking into account usual weight rather than weight just before glucocorticoid initiation and the natural history of weight variation, the amount of weight gain induced by systemic glucocorticoids as prescribed in primary care is less than usually thought. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION 18THIN081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Fardet
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Irwin Nazareth
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Petersen
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
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Glucocorticoid Receptor Alpha Targets SLC2A4 to Regulate Protein Synthesis and Breakdown in Porcine Skeletal Muscle Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050721. [PMID: 34065777 PMCID: PMC8151344 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity can be enhanced to promote the secretion of a large amount of glucocorticoids (GCs), which play an important role in the anabolism and catabolism of skeletal muscle. When the endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids are deficient or excessive, the body will produce stress-related resistance and change the protein metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effect of GC receptor GRα on protein breakdown and synthesis in porcine skeletal muscle cells (PSCs). Overexpression of GRα was shown to increase the expression of protein degradation-related genes, while knockdown of GRα decreased the expression of these genes. Additionally, we found a relationship between GRα and solute carrier family 2 member 4 (SLC2A4), SLC2A4 expression level increases when stress occurs, suggesting that increasing SLC2A4 expression can partially alleviate stress-induced damage, and we found that there is a combination between them via luciferase reporter assays, which still needs to be confirmed in further studies.
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20
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Armstrong T, Wells J, Boisvert DL, Lewis RH, Cooke EM, Woeckener M, Kavish N. An exploratory analysis of testosterone, cortisol, and aggressive behavior type in men and women. Biol Psychol 2021; 161:108073. [PMID: 33727106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the interaction between testosterone and cortisol is associated with variation in aggressive behavior. However, results are mixed. The current study further explored the association between testosterone, cortisol, and both reactive and proactive aggression in a large sample of university students. Models considered direct and interactive effects between baseline measures of testosterone and cortisol as well as change in hormones in response to a social stressor. In women, baseline cortisol had a negative direct association with reactive aggression and was further associated with reactive aggression in interaction with baseline testosterone (positive interaction). Hormones were unrelated to reactive aggression in men. Baseline cortisol had a negative direct association with proactive aggression in women. In contrast, the association between change in cortisol and proactive aggression was positive. Cortisol was not associated with proactive aggression in men. In addition, testosterone was not related to proactive aggression either directly or in interaction with cortisol in either men or women. Collectively, these results show that the association between hormones and aggression varies across aggressive behavior type and across sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Armstrong
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE, 68182, United States.
| | - Jessica Wells
- Department of Criminal Justice, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725, United States
| | - Danielle L Boisvert
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341, United States
| | - Richard H Lewis
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, 72204, United States
| | - Eric M Cooke
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341, United States
| | - Matthias Woeckener
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341, United States
| | - Nicholas Kavish
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341, United States
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21
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Speers AB, Cabey KA, Soumyanath A, Wright KM. Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Stress and the Stress- Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:1468-1495. [PMID: 34254920 PMCID: PMC8762185 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210712151556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withania somnifera (WS), also known as Ashwagandha, is commonly used in Ayurveda and other traditional medicine systems. WS has seen an increase in worldwide usage due to its reputation as an adaptogen. This popularity has elicited increased scientific study of its biological effects, including a potential application for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of preclinical and clinical studies examining the neuropsychiatric effects of WS, specifically its application in stress, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. METHODS Reports of human trials and animal studies of WS were collected primarily from the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. RESULTS WS root and leaf extracts exhibited noteworthy anti-stress and anti-anxiety activity in animal and human studies. WS also improved symptoms of depression and insomnia, though fewer studies investigated these applications. WS may alleviate these conditions predominantly through modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axes, as well as through GABAergic and serotonergic pathways. While some studies link specific withanolide components to its neuropsychiatric benefits, there is evidence for the presence of additional, as yet unidentified, active compounds in WS. CONCLUSION While benefits were seen in the reviewed studies, significant variability in the WS extracts examined prevents a consensus on the optimum WS preparation or dosage for treating neuropsychiatric conditions. WS generally appears safe for human use; however, it will be important to investigate potential herb-drug interactions involving WS if used alongside pharmaceutical interventions. Further elucidation of active compounds of WS is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amala Soumyanath
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Tel/Fax: +1-503-494-6882, +1-503-494-7499; E-mails: ;
| | - Kirsten M. Wright
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Tel/Fax: +1-503-494-6882, +1-503-494-7499; E-mails: ;
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22
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Negri M, Pivonello C, Simeoli C, Di Gennaro G, Venneri MA, Sciarra F, Ferrigno R, de Angelis C, Sbardella E, De Martino MC, Colao A, Isidori AM, Pivonello R. Cortisol Circadian Rhythm and Insulin Resistance in Muscle: Effect of Dosing and Timing of Hydrocortisone Exposure on Insulin Sensitivity in Synchronized Muscle Cells. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:1005-1028. [PMID: 33130679 DOI: 10.1159/000512685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIM Circadian clock disruption is emerging as a risk factor for metabolic disorders, and particularly, alterations in clock genes circadian expression have been shown to influence insulin sensitivity. Recently, the reciprocal interplay between the circadian clock machinery and hypothal-amus-pituitary-adrenal axis has been largely demonstrated: the circadian clock may control the physiological circadian endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) secretion and action; GCs, in turn, are potent regulators of the circadian clock and their inappropriate replacement has been associated with metabolic impairment. The aim of the current study was to investigate in vitro the interaction between the timing-of-the-day exposure to different hydrocortisone (HC) concentrations and muscle insulin sensitivity. METHODS Serum-shock synchronized mouse skeletal muscle C2C12 cells were exposed to different HC concentrations resembling the circulating daily physiological cortisol profile (standard cortisol profile) and the circulating daily cortisol profile that reached in adrenal insufficient (AI) patients treated with once-daily modified-release HC (flat cortisol profile) and treated with thrice-daily conventional immediate-release HC (steep cortisol profile). The 24 h spontaneous oscillation of the clock genes in synchronized C2C12 cells was used to align the timing for in vitro HC exposure (Bmal1 acrophase, midphase, and bathyphase) with the reference times of cortisol peaks in AI patients treated with IR-HC (8 a.m., 1 p.m., and 6 p.m.). A panel of 84 insulin sensitivity-related genes and intracellular insulin signaling proteins were analyzed by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS The steep profile, characterized by a higher HC exposure during Bmal1bathyphase, produced significant downregulation in 21 insulin sensitivity-related genes including Insr, Irs1, Irs2, Pi3kca, and Adipor2, compared to the flat and standard profile. Reduced intracellular IRS1 Tyr608, AKT Ser473, AMPK Thr172, and ACC Ser79 phosphorylations were also observed. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrated that late-in-the-day cortisol exposure modulates insulin sensitivity-related gene expression and intracellular insulin signaling in skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Negri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Simeoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Di Gennaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mary Anna Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sciarra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Ferrigno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Sbardella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina De Martino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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Patt M, Gysi J, Faresse N, Cidlowski JA, Odermatt A. Protein phosphatase 1 alpha enhances glucocorticoid receptor activity by a mechanism involving phosphorylation of serine-211. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110873. [PMID: 32585168 PMCID: PMC7606615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
By acting as a ligand-dependent transcription factor the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediates the actions of glucocorticoids and regulates many physiological processes. An impaired regulation of glucocorticoid action has been associated with numerous disorders. Thus, the elucidation of underlying signaling pathways is essential to understand mechanisms of disrupted glucocorticoid function and contribution to diseases. This study found increased GR transcriptional activity upon overexpression of protein phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1α) in HEK-293 cells and decreased expression levels of GR-responsive genes following PP1α knockdown in the endogenous A549 cell model. Mechanistic investigations revealed reduced phosphorylation of GR-Ser211 following PP1α silencing and provided a first indication for an involvement of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). Thus, the present study identified PP1α as a novel post-translational activator of GR signaling, suggesting that disruption of PP1α function could lead to impaired glucocorticoid action and thereby contribute to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Patt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Joël Gysi
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - John A Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Changes in the Hormonal Profile of Athletes following a Combat Sports Performance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9684792. [PMID: 33145363 PMCID: PMC7599089 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9684792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Results Following fighting, the adrenaline concentration was significantly higher in all athletes, most markedly in K (p < 0.001). Baseline cortisol and BDNF levels did not differ among the groups and rose significantly in all the groups after the performance. Baseline testosterone concentration was slightly higher in K than in JSW and rose in all the groups to reach similar levels; the increase in T was significantly higher than in K. Conclusions Despite substantial differences in the characteristics of the combat sports investigated, including the type of physical effort and the required balance between restraint and aggression, the performance in each of them gives rise to similar hormonal changes with a possible exception of karate showing higher stress hormone levels.
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Maimon L, Milo T, Moyal RS, Mayo A, Danon T, Bren A, Alon U. Timescales of Human Hair Cortisol Dynamics. iScience 2020; 23:101501. [PMID: 32911331 PMCID: PMC7490542 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is a major human stress hormone, secreted within minutes of acute stress. Cortisol also has slower patterns of variation: a strong circadian rhythm and a seasonal rhythm. However, longitudinal cortisol dynamics in healthy individuals over timescales of months has rarely been studied. Here, we measured longitudinal cortisol in 55 healthy participants using 12 cm of hair, which provides a retrospective measurement over one year. Individuals showed (non-seasonal) fluctuations averaging about 22% around their baseline. Fourier analysis reveals dominant slow frequencies with periods of months to a year. These frequencies can be explained by a mathematical model of the hormonal cascade that controls cortisol, the HPA axis, when including the slow timescales of tissue turnover of the glands. Measuring these dynamics is important for understanding disorders in which cortisol secretion is impaired over months, such as mood disorders, and to test models of cortisol feedback control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Maimon
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tomer Milo
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rina S. Moyal
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Avi Mayo
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tamar Danon
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anat Bren
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Uri Alon
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Cao J, Zhou W, Steemers F, Trapnell C, Shendure J. Sci-fate characterizes the dynamics of gene expression in single cells. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:980-988. [PMID: 32284584 PMCID: PMC7416490 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression programs change over time, differentiation and development, and in response to stimuli. However, nearly all techniques for profiling gene expression in single cells do not directly capture transcriptional dynamics. In the present study, we present a method for combined single-cell combinatorial indexing and messenger RNA labeling (sci-fate), which uses combinatorial cell indexing and 4-thiouridine labeling of newly synthesized mRNA to concurrently profile the whole and newly synthesized transcriptome in each of many single cells. We used sci-fate to study the cortisol response in >6,000 single cultured cells. From these data, we quantified the dynamics of the cell cycle and glucocorticoid receptor activation, and explored their intersection. Finally, we developed software to infer and analyze cell-state transitions. We anticipate that sci-fate will be broadly applicable to quantitatively characterize transcriptional dynamics in diverse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Cao
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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TLR-2 neutralization potentiates microglial M1 to M2 switching by the combinatorial treatment of ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone during S. aureus infection. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 344:577262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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A heretical view: rather than a solely placental protective function, placental 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 also provides substrate for fetal peripheral cortisol synthesis in obese pregnant ewes. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:94-100. [PMID: 32151296 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to glucocorticoid levels higher than appropriate for current developmental stages induces offspring metabolic dysfunction. Overfed/obese (OB) ewes and their fetuses display elevated blood cortisol, while fetal Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) remains unchanged. We hypothesized that OB pregnancies would show increased placental 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) that converts maternal cortisol to fetal cortisone as it crosses the placenta and increased 11β-HSD system components responsible for peripheral tissue cortisol production, providing a mechanism for ACTH-independent increase in circulating fetal cortisol. Control ewes ate 100% National Research Council recommendations (CON) and OB ewes ate 150% CON diet from 60 days before conception until necropsy at day 135 gestation. At necropsy, maternal jugular and umbilical venous blood, fetal liver, perirenal fat, and cotyledonary tissues were harvested. Maternal plasma cortisol and fetal cortisol and cortisone were measured. Fetal liver, perirenal fat, cotyledonary 11β-HSD1, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD), and 11β-HSD2 protein abundance were determined by Western blot. Maternal plasma cortisol, fetal plasma cortisol, and cortisone were higher in OB vs. CON (p < 0.01). 11β-HSD2 protein was greater (p < 0.05) in OB cotyledonary tissue than CON. 11β-HSD1 abundance increased (p < 0.05) in OB vs. CON fetal liver and perirenal fat. Fetal H6PD, an 11β-HSD1 cofactor, also increased (p < 0.05) in OB vs. CON perirenal fat and tended to be elevated in OB liver (p < 0.10). Our data provide evidence for increased 11β-HSD system components responsible for peripheral tissue cortisol production in fetal liver and adipose tissue, thereby providing a mechanism for an ACTH-independent increase in circulating fetal cortisol in OB fetuses.
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Gregrowicz J, Rogalska J. Glucocorticoid receptors function in the pathophysiology of brain hypoxia. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.7193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors, which play an important role in the brain, mainly in stress response regulation. There are two types of receptors for glucocorticosteroids: mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) with high-affinity for the ligands and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) with a tenfold lower affinity. Selective activation of the receptors during hypoxia may decide neuronal fate, especially in the hippocampus. Depending on the severity of hypoxia-induced damage, neurons undergo necrosis or apoptosis. In the penumbral region, where neurons die mainly through the process of apoptosis, selective GR activation increases excitotoxicity, interferes with apoptotic signalling pathways and causes energy deficit in the cells, all of which promote cell death. On the other hand, selective MR activation seems to be neuroprotective. It is suggested that the main role of MR in neuroprotection is to regulate the balance between anti- and proapoptotic proteins from bcl-2 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gregrowicz
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
| | - Justyna Rogalska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Casagrande M, Boncompagni I, Mingarelli A, Favieri F, Forte G, Germanò R, Germanò G, Guarino A. Coping styles in individuals with hypertension of varying severity. Stress Health 2019; 35:560-568. [PMID: 31397061 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The strategies that people usually use to cope with stressful events, that is, their coping style, may affect blood pressure and cardiovascular functioning. Generally, hypertension is positively associated with emotion-oriented, maladaptive coping strategies and negatively related to task-focused coping styles, but no study has investigated the relationship between coping strategies and the severity of hypertension. This study aimed to assess whether the severity of cardiovascular disorders was associated with specific coping strategies. Participants were selected from the Policlinico Umberto I of the University of Rome "Sapienza." The sample was divided into five groups: (a) healthy people (n = 190); (b) people with untreated hypertension (n = 232); (c) people using antihypertensive medication (n = 158); (d) people using antihypertensive medication with uncontrolled hypertension (n = 179); and (e) people suffering from both hypertension and heart diseases (N = 192). Coping strategies were evaluated with the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. One-way ANCOVAs, considering Group as the independent variable and the coping strategies (task-focused, emotion-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping) as dependent variables, showed that individuals affected by both hypertension and heart diseases made less use of task-focused coping strategies than the other groups. These findings confirm the relationship between coping style and hypertension and highlight that patients with hypertension and heart diseases make less use of appropriate coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica e Clinica, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Mingarelli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica e Clinica, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Favieri
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Germanò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Respiratorie, Nefrologiche e Geriatriche, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Germanò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Respiratorie, Nefrologiche e Geriatriche, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Guarino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica e Clinica, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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Dey R, Bishayi B. Dexamethasone exhibits its anti-inflammatory effects in S. aureus induced microglial inflammation via modulating TLR-2 and glucocorticoid receptor expression. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105806. [PMID: 31401378 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microglial inflammation plays crucial role in the pathogenesis of CNS infections including brain abscesses. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is considered as one of the major causative agents of brain abscesses. Due to the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria the available treatment options including conventional antibiotics and steroid therapy become ineffective in terms of inflammation regulation which warrants further investigation to resolve this health issue. Microglial TLR-2 plays important roles in the bacterial recognition as well as induction of inflammation whereas glucocorticoid receptor (GR) triggers anti-inflammatory pathways in presence of glucocorticoids (GCs). The main objective of this study was to figure out the interdependency between TLR-2 and GR in presence of exogenous dexamethasone during microglial inflammation as an alternative therapeutic approach. Experiments were done either in TLR-2 neutralized condition or GR blocked condition in presence of dexamethasone. Free radicals production, arginase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase enzyme activities and corticosterone concentration were measured along with Western blot analysis of TLR-2, GR and other inflammatory molecules. The results suggested that dexamethasone pre-treatment in TLR-2 neutralized condition efficiently reduces the inflammatory consequences of S. aureus induced microglial inflammation through up regulating GR expression. During TLR-2 blocking dexamethasone exerted its potent anti-inflammatory activities via suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS), NO production and up regulating arginase, SOD and catalase activities at the time point of 90 min. Further in-vivo experiments are needed to conclude that dexamethasone could resolve brain inflammation possibly through microglial phenotypic switching from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajen Dey
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University College of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University College of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India.
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Nonlinear analysis of heart rate variability for evaluating the growing pig stress response to an acute heat episode. Animal 2019; 14:379-387. [PMID: 31298203 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a proxy measure of autonomic function and can be used as an indicator of swine stress. While traditional linear measures are used to distinguish between stressed and unstressed treatments, inclusion of nonlinear HRV measures that evaluate data structure and organization shows promise for improving HRV interpretation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of nonlinear HRV measures in response to an acute heat episode. Twenty 12- to 14-week-old growing pigs were individually housed for 7 days and acclimated to thermoneutral conditions (20.35°C ± 0.01°C; 67.6% ± 0.2% RH) before undergoing one of the two treatments: (1) thermoneutral control (TN; n = 10 pigs) or (2) acute heat stress (HS; n = 10 pigs; 32.6°C ± 0.1°C; 26.2% ± 0.1% RH). In Phase 1 of the experimental procedure (P1; 60 min), pigs underwent a baseline HRV measurement period in thermoneutral conditions before treatment [Phase 2; P2; 60 min once gastrointestinal temperature (Tg) reached 40.6°C], where HS pigs were exposed to heated conditions and TN pigs remained in thermoneutral conditions. After P2, all pigs were moved back to thermoneutral conditions (Phase 3; P3; 60 min). During each phase, Tg data were collected every 5 min and behavioural data were collected to evaluate the amount of time each pig spent in an active posture. Additionally, linear (time and frequency domain) and nonlinear [sample entropy (SampEn), de-trended fluctuation analysis, percentage recurrence, percentage determinism (%DET), mean diagonal line length in a recurrence plot] HRV measures were quantified. Heat stressed pigs exhibited greater Tg (P = 0.002) and spent less time in an active posture compared to TN pigs during P2 (P = 0.0003). Additionally, low frequency to high frequency ratio was greater in HS pigs during P3 compared to TN pigs (P = 0.02). SampEn was reduced in HS pigs during P2 (P = 0.01) and P3 (P = 0.03) compared to TN pigs. Heat stressed pigs exhibited greater %DET during P3 (P = 0.03) and tended to have greater %DET (P = 0.09) during P2 than TN pigs. No differences between treatments were detected for the remaining HRV measures. In conclusion, linear HRV measures were largely unchanged during P2. However, changes to SampEn and %DET suggest increased heat stress as a result of the acute heat episode. Future work should continue to evaluate the benefits of including nonlinear HRV measures in HRV analysis of swine heat stress.
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Colpoys J, Van Sambeek D, Bruns C, Johnson A, Dekkers J, Dunshea F, Gabler N. Responsiveness of swine divergently selected for feed efficiency to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone and glucose challenges. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 68:32-38. [PMID: 30784946 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the feed efficiency of lean tissue gains is an important goal for improving sustainable pork production and profitability for swine producers. To study feed efficiency, genetic selection based on residual feed intake (RFI) was used to create two divergent lines. Low-RFI pigs consume less feed for equal weight gain compared with their less-efficient, high-RFI counterparts. As cortisol and insulin are important energy control and growth regulators, our objective was to evaluate the role of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-cortisol and the glucose-insulin axes in pigs divergently selected for RFI. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (0.2 IU/kg BW)-stimulated cortisol and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations and intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT; 0.25 g/kg BW)-stimulated glucose, insulin, and NEFA concentrations were assessed in six low-RFI and six high-RFI gilts (68 ± 5.2 kg). Before the ACTH challenge, low-RFI gilts tended to have less baseline plasma cortisol (P = 0.08) but no difference in NEFA concentrations (P = 0.63) compared with high-RFI gilts. After the ACTH challenge, low-RFI gilts had less cortisol (P = 0.04) and NEFA concentrations (P = 0.05) compared with high-RFI gilts. Glucose, insulin, and NEFA concentrations did not differ between genetic lines before the IVGTT. After glucose infusion, low-RFI gilts had greater insulin concentrations (P = 0.003) but did not differ in glucose or NEFA concentrations compared with high-RFI gilts. These results indicate that genetic selection for reduced RFI (improved feed efficiency) resulted in less stress responsiveness and an increase in insulin after glucose infusion. These data have implications for identifying and selecting more feed efficient pigs and for understanding the physiological mechanisms underlying feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colpoys
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - D Van Sambeek
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - C Bruns
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - A Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - J Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - F Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - N Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Profiling withanolide A for therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative diseases. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2508-2520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Application of ELISA Technique and Human Microsomes in the Search for 11 β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Inhibitors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5747436. [PMID: 31214617 PMCID: PMC6535869 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5747436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is defined by impaired carbohydrate metabolism and lipid disorders and often accompanied by hypertension, all of which will lead to obesity and insulin resistance. Glucocorticoids play a regulatory role in the metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. There is growing evidence for a role of glucocorticoids in the development of the metabolic syndrome. The most important factor that regulates the access of endogenous glucocorticoids to receptors after release of glucocorticoids and their diffusion into the cytoplasm of target cells is the steroid metabolism involving a microsomal enzyme, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD). The changes in intracellular glucocorticoid metabolism in the pathogenesis of obesity indicate the participation of modulation by 11β-HSD1, which may represent a new therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, visceral obesity, or atherosclerosis. The aim of our study was to determine the fast and effective method to assess inhibition activity of compounds in relation with 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The material for this study was human liver and kidney microsomes. In this study we used ELISA technique using 96-well microplates coated with antibodies which were specific for analyzed enzymes. The method can quickly and efficiently measure the inhibition of both 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2. This method can be used to search for and determine inhibitors of this enzyme. Cortisone and cortisol were used as the substrates for corresponding enzyme assays. Furthermore, 3-N-allyl-2-thiouracil derivatives were used by us for comparison purposes in developing the method, although, due to their structure, those derivatives have not previously been considered as potential inhibitors of 11β-HSD1. 3-N-Allyl-2-thiouracil derivatives are a group worth considering, because by modifying their structure (e.g., by introducing other substituents into the pyrimidine ring) it will be possible to obtain an increase in the activity of compounds in this regard. In conclusion, this study shows an efficient and fast method of determining inhibition activity of compounds in relation with 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
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van Zuiden M, Savas M, Koch SB, Nawijn L, Staufenbiel SM, Frijling JL, Veltman DJ, van Rossum EF, Olff M. Associations Among Hair Cortisol Concentrations, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Status, and Amygdala Reactivity to Negative Affective Stimuli in Female Police Officers. J Trauma Stress 2019; 32:238-248. [PMID: 30883913 PMCID: PMC6593697 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. Measurement of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) allows retrospective assessment of HPA axis regulation over prolonged periods of time. Currently, research investigating HCC in PTSD remains sparse. Previous cross-sectional studies have included only civilian populations, although it is known that trauma type moderates associations between PTSD status and HPA axis function. We investigated differences in HCC between trauma-exposed female police officers with current PTSD (n = 13) and without current and lifetime PTSD (n = 15). To investigate whether HCC was associated with neural correlates of PTSD, we additionally performed exploratory correlational analyses between HCC and amygdala reactivity to negative affective stimuli. We observed significantly lower HCC in participants with PTSD than in participants without PTSD, d = 0.89. Additionally, within participants with PTSD, we observed positive correlations between HCC and right amygdala reactivity to negative affective (vs. happy/neutral) faces, r = .806 (n = 11) and left amygdala reactivity to negative affective (vs. neutral) pictures, r = .663 (n = 10). Additionally, left amygdala reactivity to negative faces was positively correlated with HCC in trauma-exposed controls, r = .582 (n = 13). This indicates that lower HCC is associated with diminished amygdala differentiation between negative affective and neutral stimuli. Thus, we observed lower HCC in trauma-exposed noncivilian women with PTSD compared to those without PTSD, which likely reflects prolonged HPA axis dysregulation. Additionally, HCC was associated with hallmark neurobiological correlates of PTSD, providing additional insights into pathophysiological processes in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam van Zuiden
- Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Mesut Savas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical CenterUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Saskia B.J. Koch
- Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud University–NijmegenNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Laura Nawijn
- Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Sabine M. Staufenbiel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical CenterUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Jessie L. Frijling
- Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Dick J. Veltman
- Department of PsychiatryAmsterdam University Medical Centers–VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F.C. van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical CenterUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Miranda Olff
- Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Arq Psychotrauma Expert GroupDiementhe Netherlands
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Deng J, Chalhoub NE, Sherwin CM, Li C, Brunner HI. Glucocorticoids pharmacology and their application in the treatment of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2019; 49:251-259. [PMID: 30987856 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant medications and remain the mainstay of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) therapy. The potency of a specific glucocorticoid, i.e., the dose of glucocorticoid that is required to produce a specific effect, is dependent on its pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties. In this review, we summarize the PK/PD properties of commonly used glucocorticoids in an attempt to better delineate their role in the management of children with childhood-onset SLE (cSLE). We also address glucocorticoid side effects as these play a major role when deciding on the dose, frequency, and duration of use. A better understanding of the pharmacology of glucocorticoids appears useful to achieve improved outcomes in the management of cSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Deng
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, No. 56 Nanlishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100045, China; Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC 4010, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nathalie E Chalhoub
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Catherine M Sherwin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Caifeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, No. 56 Nanlishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100045, China.
| | - Hermine I Brunner
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC 4010, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Delgado ME, Brunner T. The many faces of tumor necrosis factor signaling in the intestinal epithelium. Genes Immun 2019; 20:609-626. [DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Harno E, Gali Ramamoorthy T, Coll AP, White A. POMC: The Physiological Power of Hormone Processing. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:2381-2430. [PMID: 30156493 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is the archetypal polypeptide precursor of hormones and neuropeptides. In this review, we examine the variability in the individual peptides produced in different tissues and the impact of the simultaneous presence of their precursors or fragments. We also discuss the problems inherent in accurately measuring which of the precursors and their derived peptides are present in biological samples. We address how not being able to measure all the combinations of precursors and fragments quantitatively has affected our understanding of the pathophysiology associated with POMC processing. To understand how different ratios of peptides arise, we describe the role of the pro-hormone convertases (PCs) and their tissue specificities and consider the cellular processing pathways which enable regulated secretion of different peptides that play crucial roles in integrating a range of vital physiological functions. In the pituitary, correct processing of POMC peptides is essential to maintain the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and this processing can be disrupted in POMC-expressing tumors. In hypothalamic neurons expressing POMC, abnormalities in processing critically impact on the regulation of appetite, energy homeostasis, and body composition. More work is needed to understand whether expression of the POMC gene in a tissue equates to release of bioactive peptides. We suggest that this comprehensive view of POMC processing, with a focus on gaining a better understanding of the combination of peptides produced and their relative bioactivity, is a necessity for all involved in studying this fascinating physiological regulatory phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Harno
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Thanuja Gali Ramamoorthy
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Coll
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Anne White
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science , Cambridge , United Kingdom
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Itoi K, Motoike I, Liu Y, Clokie S, Iwasaki Y, Uchida K, Sato T, Aguilera G. Genome-Wide Analysis of Glucocorticoid-Responsive Transcripts in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Region of Male Rats. Endocrinology 2019; 160:38-54. [PMID: 30364965 PMCID: PMC6302960 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are essential for stress adaptation, acting centrally and in the periphery. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a major regulator of adrenal GC synthesis, is produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), which contains multiple neuroendocrine and preautonomic neurons. GCs may be involved in diverse regulatory mechanisms in the PVH, but the target genes of GCs are largely unexplored except for the CRF gene (Crh), a well-known target for GC negative feedback. Using a genome-wide RNA-sequencing analysis, we identified transcripts that changed in response to either high-dose corticosterone (Cort) exposure for 12 days (12-day high Cort), corticoid deprivation for 7 days (7-day ADX), or acute Cort administration. Among others, canonical GC target genes were upregulated prominently by 12-day high Cort. Crh was upregulated or downregulated most prominently by either 7-day ADX or 12-day high Cort, emphasizing the recognized feedback effects of GC on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Concomitant changes in vasopressin and apelin receptor gene expression are likely to contribute to HPA repression. In keeping with the pleotropic cellular actions of GCs, 7-day ADX downregulated numerous genes of a broad functional spectrum. The transcriptome response signature differed markedly between acute Cort injection and 12-day high Cort. Remarkably, six immediate early genes were upregulated 1 hour after Cort injection, which was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and semiquantitative in situ hybridization. This study may provide a useful database for studying the regulatory mechanisms of GC-dependent gene expression and repression in the PVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Itoi
- Laboratory of Information Biology, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Correspondence: Keiichi Itoi, MD, PhD, Graduate School of Information Biology, Tohoku University, 6-3-09, Aramaki-aza Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Ikuko Motoike
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ying Liu
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sam Clokie
- Section of Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Katsuya Uchida
- Laboratory of Information Biology, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Laboratory of Information Biology, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Greti Aguilera
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Abstract
The increase in global lifespan has in turn increased the prevalence of osteoarthritis which is now the most common type of arthritis. Cartilage tissue located on articular joints erodes during osteoarthritis which causes pain and may lead to a crippling loss of function in patients. The pathophysiology of osteoarthritis has been understudied and currently no disease modifying treatments exist. The only current end-point treatment remains joint replacement surgery. The primary risk factor for osteoarthritis is age. Clinical and basic research is now focused on understanding the ageing process of cartilage and its role in osteoarthritis. This chapter will outline the physiology of cartilage tissue, the clinical presentation and treatment options for the disease and the cellular ageing processes which are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Kozłowska A, Wojtacha P, Równiak M, Kolenkiewicz M, Tsai ML. Differences in serum steroid hormones concentrations in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) - an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Physiol Res 2018; 68:25-36. [PMID: 30433797 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneously hypertensive rats are the most common animal model used to study attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study investigated the levels of steroid hormones in the bloodstream of hypertensive rats and its normotensive control strain, Wistar-Kyoto rats, to check if there are any hormonal differences between both strains at the onset of ADHD. Plasma samples were collected from young (5-week-old) and mature (10-week-old) male hypertensive and normotensive rats to determine the serum level of testosterone, 17beta-estradiol, free estriol, progesterone, corticosterone and cortisol using ELISA kits. The results showed statistically significant increases in serum levels of testosterone and free estriol in 10-week-old hypertensive and normotensive rats when compared to 5-week-old animals. Moreover, the concentrations of progesterone, corticosterone and cortisol were significantly elevated in 10-week-old hypertensive rats when compared to 5-week-old animals of both strains as well as 10-week-old normotensive rats. Hormonal differences observed between 10-week-old hypertensive and normotensive rats were also accompanied by differences in the volumes of lateral ventricles as well as the third ventricle and cerebral aqueduct. In conclusion, elevated contents of progesterone, corticosterone and cortisol in hypertensive rats may be associated not only with ADHD but also with developing hypertension. This question needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kozłowska
- Department of Human Physiology, School Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Michels N, Matthys D, Thumann B, Marild S, De Henauw S. Children's stress-related reports and stress biomarkers interact in their association with metabolic syndrome risk. Stress Health 2018; 34:523-533. [PMID: 29733496 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose was to examine the cross-sectional associations of stress-related reports and stress biomarkers with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk in children while also testing the interaction between stress biomarkers and stress reports. In 353 children (5-10 years old, 7.9% overweight/obese), MetS risk was measured by blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose homeostasis, triglycerides, and high-density cholesterol. Stress was measured by stress-related reports (events, emotions, and internalizing/externalizing problems) and two biomarkers: salivary cortisol (total-day and morning output) and heart rate variability (percentage of consecutive normal RR intervals differing more than 50 ms and low-to-high-frequency ratio). Cross-sectional regression analyses with z scored total MetS risk as outcome were adjusted for age, sex, and socio-economic status. Only internalizing problems were directly related to a higher MetS risk score (β = 0.236). Cortisol and heart rate variability were significant moderators: High cortisol morning output resulted in a positive (unfavourable) report-MetS relationship (β = 0.259-0.552), whereas low percentage of consecutive normal RR intervals differing more than 50 ms resulted in a negative (favourable) report-MetS relationship (β = -0.298) and low low-to-high-frequency ratio in a positive (unfavourable) report-MetS relationship (β = 0.478). In conclusion, stress can sometimes be a disadvantageous factor in metabolic health of otherwise healthy children. The cortisol biomarker seems relevant because metabolic risk was highest when stress-related reports were accompanied by high morning cortisol output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dante Matthys
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara Thumann
- Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiologic Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Staffan Marild
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Son GH, Cha HK, Chung S, Kim K. Multimodal Regulation of Circadian Glucocorticoid Rhythm by Central and Adrenal Clocks. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:444-459. [PMID: 29713692 PMCID: PMC5915959 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenal glucocorticoids (GCs) control a wide range of physiological processes, including metabolism, cardiovascular and pulmonary activities, immune and inflammatory responses, and various brain functions. During stress responses, GCs are secreted through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, whereas circulating GC levels in unstressed states follow a robust circadian oscillation with a peak around the onset of the active period of a day. A recent advance in chronobiological research has revealed that multiple regulatory mechanisms, along with classical neuroendocrine regulation, underlie this GC circadian rhythm. The hierarchically organized circadian system, with a central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and local oscillators in peripheral tissues, including the adrenal gland, mediates periodicities in physiological processes in mammals. In this review, we primarily focus on our understanding of the circadian regulation of adrenal GC rhythm, with particular attention to the cooperative actions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus central and adrenal local clocks, and the clinical implications of this rhythm in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Kyeong Cha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea.,Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
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Falcón D, González-Montelongo R, Sánchez de Rojas-de Pedro E, Ordóñez A, Ureña J, Castellano A. Dexamethasone-induced upregulation of Ca V3.2 T-type Ca 2+ channels in rat cardiac myocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:193-202. [PMID: 29262379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat acute and chronic diseases. Unfortunately, their therapeutic use is associated with severe side effects. Glucocorticoids are known to regulate several ion channels in cardiac myocytes, including voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Low-voltage-activated T-type Ca2+ channels are expressed in ventricular myocytes during the fetal and perinatal period, but are practically absent in the adult. However, these channels can be re-expressed in adult cardiomyocytes under some pathological conditions. We have investigated the glucocorticoid regulation of T-type Ca2+ channels in rat cardiomyocytes. Molecular studies revealed that dexamethasone induces the upregulation of CaV3.2 mRNA in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, whereas CaV3.1 mRNA is only slightly affected. Patch-clamp recordings confirmed that T-type Ca2+ channel currents were upregulated in dexamethasone treated cardiomyocytes, and the addition of 50 μmol/L NiCl2 demonstrated that the CaV3.2 channel is responsible for this upregulation. The effect of dexamethasone on CaV3.2 is mediated by the activation and translocation to the cell nucleus of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We have isolated the upstream promoter of the Cacna1h gene and tested its activity in transfected ventricular myocytes. The initial in silico analysis of Cacna1h promoter revealed putative glucocorticoid response elements (GREs). Transcriptional activity assays combined with deletion analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that GR binds to a region a GRE located in -1006/-985 bp of Cacna1h promoter. Importantly, upregulation of the CaV3.2 channel is also observed in vitro in adult rat ventricular myocytes, and in vivo in a rat model of excess of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Falcón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/ Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - R González-Montelongo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/ Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Sánchez de Rojas-de Pedro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/ Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Ordóñez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/ Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Ureña
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/ Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Castellano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/ Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
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Niu L, Chen Q, Hua C, Geng Y, Cai L, Tao S, Ni Y, Zhao R. Effects of chronic dexamethasone administration on hyperglycemia and insulin release in goats. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:26. [PMID: 29568520 PMCID: PMC5855938 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid, is among the most commonly used drugs worldwide in animals and humans as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent. GC has profound effects on plasma glucose level and other metabolic conditions. However, the effect of prolonged use of Dex on glucose metabolism in ruminants is still unclear. Results Ten goats were randomly assigned to two groups: the control goats were injected with saline, and the Dex-treated goats were intramuscularly injected daily for 21 d with 0.2 mg/kg Dex. The results showed that plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly increased after Dex administration (P < 0.05). Additionally, the content of hepatic glycogen was also markedly increased in Dex-treated goats (P < 0.01), while the content of glycogen in dorsal longissimus was unchanged by Dex (P > 0.05). The expression of several key genes, involved in blood glucose regulation, was detected by real-time PCR in the small intestine, skeletal muscle and liver. The expression of glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2), sodium-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and sodium-potassium ATPase (Na-K/ATPase) in the small intestine were generally increased by Dex, and GLUT2 mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05). In liver, the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis including glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC), cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC), were significantly down-regulated by Dex. However, the protein expression levels of PCK1 & PCK2 were significantly increased by Dex, suggesting a post-transcriptional regulation. In dorsal longissimus, the mRNA expression of genes associated with gluconeogenesis and the insulin signaling pathway were generally up-regulated by Dex, but the mRNA expression of two markers of muscle atrophy, namely F-box protein 32 (FBXO32/Atrogin1) and muscle RING-finger protein 1 (MuRF1), was not altered by Dex. Conclusions Taken together, these results indicate that chronic administration of a low dosage of Dex induces hyperglycemia mainly through gluconeogenesis activation in the goat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Qu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Canfeng Hua
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Geng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Liuping Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Yingdong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
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Al Sorkhy M, Fahl Z, Ritchie J. Cortisol and Breast Cancer: A review of clinical and molecular evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4993/acrt.26.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Sorkhy
- Faculty of pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Zina Fahl
- Faculty of pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Jenna Ritchie
- Humber College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, Toronto, Canada
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Wu T, Yang L, Jiang J, Ni Y, Zhu J, Zheng X, Wang Q, Lu X, Fu Z. Chronic glucocorticoid treatment induced circadian clock disorder leads to lipid metabolism and gut microbiota alterations in rats. Life Sci 2017; 192:173-182. [PMID: 29196049 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Glucocorticoids (GCs), steroid hormones synthetized by the adrenal gland, are regulated by circadian cycles, and dysregulation of GC signaling can lead to the development of metabolic syndrome. The effects and potential mechanism of GCs in physiology were investigated in the present study. MAIN METHODS Male Wistar rats were orally administered dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DEX, 0.01 and 0.05mg/kg body weight per day) for 7weeks. KEY FINDING DEX treatment attenuated body weight gain and reduced food intake, whereas it induced the accumulation of fat. Administration of DEX induced dysregulation of the expression of lipogenic genes in both fat and liver. Moreover, the mRNA levels of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and function were significantly downregulated in the liver and fat of DEX-treated rats. Furthermore, DEX treatment caused a significant reduction in the richness and diversity of the microbiota in the colon, as assessed using high-throughput sequencing of the 16s rRNA gene V3-V4 region, an increase in inflammatory cell infiltration, and a decrease in mucus secretion in the colon. Additionally, DEX administration induced phase shift or loss of circadian rhythmicity of clock-related genes in peripheral tissues. These results were associated with higher serum corticosterone levels and upregulation of GC receptor (GR) expression in peripheral tissues. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicate that long-term administration of GC caused lipid accumulation, changes in the structure of the intestinal flora, and reduced colonic mucus secretion in vivo. The mechanism of these physiological changes may involve a circadian rhythm disorder and dysregulation of GR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, China
| | - Luna Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, China
| | - Jianguo Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, China
| | - Yinhua Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, China
| | - Jiawei Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, China
| | - Xiaojun Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, China
| | - Xin Lu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, China.
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Kubin ME, Hellberg L, Palatsi R. Glucocorticoids: The mode of action in bullous pemphigoid. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:1253-1260. [PMID: 28771827 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common of pemphigoid diseases caused by autoantibodies against the structures of dermoepidermal junction followed by complement activation, innate immune cell infiltration, neutrophil proteinase secretion and subepidermal blister formation. The first-line treatment of BP is topical and systemic glucocorticoids (GC). Regulation of the immune system and inflammatory cells is the main target of GC actions. GCs act through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. The human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediates most of the biologic effects of GC: cytosolic GR binds GCs and is capable to bind to glucocorticoid response elements in DNA and either transactivate or transrepress genes depending on the tissue and cell type. In addition, GR exerts rapid, non-genomic effects possibly mediated by membrane-localized receptors or by translocation to mitochondria. GCs can also interact directly with several enzymes and cytokines. As a target treatment for BP, the production of autoantibodies should be discontinued. GCs, in spite of their wide immunosuppressive actions, are weak to stop immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibody formation. However, both systemic and topical GCs are able to reduce the clinical symptoms of BP. GCs are used to inhibit the secondary inflammation and symptoms, such as blistering and pruritus, and it is shown that GC treatment will gradually decrease also the autoantibody formation. Our review article analyses the mode of action of GC treatment in BP, as far it is possible due to paucity of modern immunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna E Kubin
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Department of Dermatology and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lars Hellberg
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Riitta Palatsi
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Department of Dermatology and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Souza A, Carraro Detanico B, Fernandes Medeiros L, Oliveira CD, Leal Scarabelot V, Giotti Cioato S, Caumo W, Torres ILS. Acute stress disrupts temporal patterns of behavioral and biochemical parameters of rats. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1386267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Souza
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences – Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researchs, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Human Development, Universidade La Salle, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Carraro Detanico
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences – Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researchs, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Human Development, Universidade La Salle, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Liciane Fernandes Medeiros
- Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researchs, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Human Development, Universidade La Salle, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Carla de Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences – Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researchs, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Human Development, Universidade La Salle, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Leal Scarabelot
- Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researchs, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Human Development, Universidade La Salle, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Stefania Giotti Cioato
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences – Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researchs, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Human Development, Universidade La Salle, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences – Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Human Development, Universidade La Salle, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Iraci LS Torres
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences – Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Pre-clinical Researchs, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ICBS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Human Development, Universidade La Salle, Canoas, Brazil
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