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Rajcsanyi LS, Zheng Y, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Seitz J, de Zwaan M, Herzog W, Ehrlich S, Zipfel S, Giel K, Egberts K, Burghardt R, Föcker M, Antel J, Fischer-Posovszky P, Hebebrand J, Hinney A. Unexpected identification of obesity-associated mutations in LEP and MC4R genes in patients with anorexia nervosa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7067. [PMID: 38528040 PMCID: PMC10963783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations leading to a reduced or loss of function in genes of the leptin-melanocortin system confer a risk for monogenic forms of obesity. Yet, gain of function variants in the melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4R) gene predispose to a lower BMI. In individuals with reduced body weight, we thus expected mutations leading to an enhanced function in the respective genes, like leptin (LEP) and MC4R. Therefore, we have Sanger sequenced the coding regions of LEP and MC4R in 462 female patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), and 445 healthy-lean controls. In total, we have observed four and eight variants in LEP and MC4R, respectively. Previous studies showed different functional in vitro effects for the detected frameshift and non-synonymous variants: (1) LEP: reduced/loss of function (p.Val94Met), (2) MC4R: gain of function (p.Val103Ile, p.Ile251Leu), reduced or loss of function (p.Thr112Met, p.Ser127Leu, p.Leu211fsX) and without functional in vitro data (p.Val50Leut). In LEP, the variant p.Val94Met was detected in one patient with AN. For MC4R variants, one patient with AN carried the frameshift variant p.Leu211fsX. One patient with AN was heterozygous for two variants at the MC4R (p.Val103Ile and p.Ser127Leu). All other functionally relevant variants were detected in similar frequencies in patients with AN and lean individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Sophie Rajcsanyi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany.
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Section for Molecular Genetics of Mental Disorders, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Institute of Sex- and Gender-Sensitive Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Yiran Zheng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Seitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of Internal Medicine II, General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center of Excellence in Eating Disorders KOMET, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center of Excellence in Eating Disorders KOMET, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Egberts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Burghardt
- Oberberg Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Fasanenkiez, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Föcker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Münster, Munster, Germany
- LWL-University Hospital Hamm for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
| | - Jochen Antel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Section for Molecular Genetics of Mental Disorders, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute of Sex- and Gender-Sensitive Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Metzger PJ, Zhang A, Carlson BA, Sun H, Cui Z, Li Y, Jahnke MT, Layton DR, Gupta MB, Liu N, Kostenis E, Gavrilova O, Chen M, Weinstein LS. A human obesity-associated MC4R mutation with defective Gq/11α signaling leads to hyperphagia in mice. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e165418. [PMID: 38175730 PMCID: PMC10869179 DOI: 10.1172/jci165418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) mutations are the most common cause of human monogenic obesity and are associated with hyperphagia and increased linear growth. While MC4R is known to activate Gsα/cAMP signaling, a substantial proportion of obesity-associated MC4R mutations do not affect MC4R/Gsα signaling. To further explore the role of specific MC4R signaling pathways in the regulation of energy balance, we examined the signaling properties of one such mutant, MC4R (F51L), as well as the metabolic consequences of MC4RF51L mutation in mice. The MC4RF51L mutation produced a specific defect in MC4R/Gq/11α signaling and led to obesity, hyperphagia, and increased linear growth in mice. The ability of a melanocortin agonist to acutely inhibit food intake when delivered to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was lost in MC4RF51L mice, as well as in WT mice in which a specific Gq/11α inhibitor was delivered to the PVN; this provided evidence that a Gsα-independent signaling pathway, namely Gq/11α, significantly contributes to the actions of MC4R on food intake and linear growth. These results suggest that a biased MC4R agonist that primarily activates Gq/11α may be a potential agent to treat obesity with limited untoward cardiovascular and other side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui Sun
- Metabolic Diseases Branch and
| | - Zhenzhong Cui
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Naili Liu
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular, and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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3
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ElhamKia M, Setayesh L, Yarizadeh H, Pooyan S, Veisy Z, Aghamohammadi V, Casazza K, Mirzaei K. The Interaction Between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity and MC4R Gene and HOMA-IR in Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Overweight and Obese Women. Nutr Metab Insights 2022; 15:11786388221105984. [PMID: 35734030 PMCID: PMC9208029 DOI: 10.1177/11786388221105984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The current prevalence of the metabolically healthy obesity is about 3%. Genetic and nutrition are influencers of such phenotypes. The main goal of this study was to assess the interaction between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity (DTAC) and the genotypes of MC4R and Insulin resistance in metabolically healthy/unhealthy overweight and obese women in Iran. Material And Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 237 overweight-obese women with a mean age of 36. The value of Dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) was calculated using the following indices: Total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). The Metabolic health status was evaluated using the Karelis criteria. Melanocortin 4 receptor single nucleotide polymorphisms were determined by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Also, insulin resistance was evaluated through homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Result: Our data noted that 72.96% of participants presented Unhealthy Metabolically and 26.94% Healthy Metabolically including 33.5% of the total had T/T genotype, 23.8% had the C/T genotype, and 42.5% had the C/C genotype (P = .05). A linear regression model test showed that the probability of metabolically healthy obesity was significantly higher in patients with the T/C genotype. The test value was statistically significant (95% CI: 0.000-0.001; P = .056, β = 0). No statistically significant relation was observed between study parameters and DTAC values. HOMA-Index was higher in all unhealthy subjects significantly. Conclusions: The findings indicated that there are significant associations between genotypes of rs1333048 SNP and DTAC. The C/C genotype subjects with higher DTAC had a better lipid profile and were metabolically healthier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam ElhamKia
- Nutrition and Diet Therapy, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Setayesh
- Nutrition and Diet Therapy, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib Yarizadeh
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Pooyan
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Veisy
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Vajihe Aghamohammadi
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Krista Casazza
- Marieb College of Health & Human Services, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL, USA
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Piper NBC, Whitfield EA, Stewart GD, Xu X, Furness SGB. Targeting appetite and satiety in diabetes and obesity, via G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115115. [PMID: 35671790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity have reached pandemic proportions throughout the world, so much so that the World Health Organisation coined the term "Globesity" to help encapsulate the magnitude of the problem. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly tractable drug targets due to their wide involvement in all aspects of physiology and pathophysiology, indeed, GPCRs are the targets of approximately 30% of the currently approved drugs. GPCRs are also broadly involved in key physiologies that underlie type 2 diabetes and obesity including feeding reward, appetite and satiety, regulation of blood glucose levels, energy homeostasis and adipose function. Despite this, only two GPCRs are the target of approved pharmaceuticals for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this review we discuss the role of these, and select other candidate GPCRs, involved in various facets of type 2 diabetic or obese pathophysiology, how they might be targeted and the potential reasons why pharmaceuticals against these targets have not progressed to clinical use. Finally, we provide a perspective on the current development pipeline of anti-obesity drugs that target GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B C Piper
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Emily A Whitfield
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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5
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Tao YX. Mutations in melanocortin-4 receptor: From fish to men. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 189:215-257. [PMID: 35595350 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), expressed abundantly in the hypothalamus, is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis, including both food intake and energy expenditure. Shortly after the publication in 1997 of the Mc4r knockout phenotypes in mice, including increased food intake and severe obesity, the first mutations in MC4R were reported in humans in 1998. Studies in the subsequent two decades have established MC4R mutation as the most common monogenic form of obesity, especially in early-onset severe obesity. Studies in animals, from fish to mammals, have established the conserved physiological roles of MC4R in all vertebrates in regulating energy balance. Drug targeting MC4R has been recently approved for treating morbid genetic obesity. How the MC4R can be exploited for animal production is highly worthy of active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
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6
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Szalanczy AM, Key CCC, Woods LCS. Genetic variation in satiety signaling and hypothalamic inflammation: merging fields for the study of obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 101:108928. [PMID: 34936921 PMCID: PMC8959400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although obesity has been a longstanding health crisis, the genetic architecture of the disease remains poorly understood. Genome-wide association studies have identified many genomic loci associated with obesity, with genes being enriched in the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus. This points to the role of the central nervous system (CNS) in predisposition to obesity, and we emphasize here several key genes along the satiety signaling pathway involved in genetic susceptibility. Interest has also risen regarding the chronic, low-grade obesity-associated inflammation, with a growing concern toward inflammation in the hypothalamus as a precursor to obesity. Recent studies have found that genetic variation in inflammatory genes play a role in obesity susceptibility, and we highlight here several key genes. Despite the interest in the genetic variants of these pathways individually, there is a lack of research that investigates the relationship between the two. Understanding the interplay between genetic variation in obesity genes enriched in the CNS and inflammation genes will advance our understanding of obesity etiology and heterogeneity, improve genetic risk prediction analyses, and highlight new drug targets for the treatment of obesity. Additionally, this increased knowledge will assist in physician's ability to develop personalized nutrition and medication strategies for combating the obesity epidemic. Though it often seems to present universally, obesity is a highly individual disease, and there remains a need in the field to develop methods to treat at the individual level.
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7
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Brener A, Waksman Y, Rosenfeld T, Levy S, Peleg I, Raviv A, Interator H, Lebenthal Y. The heritability of body composition. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:225. [PMID: 33964919 PMCID: PMC8105919 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical growth during childhood and adolescence is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Heritability, the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by genetic factors, has been demonstrated for stature and weight status. The aim of this study was to explore the heritability of body composition. METHODS A real-life, observational study of the children and adolescents referred to the Endocrine Unit in a tertiary medical center. In January 2018, body composition by means of bioimpedance analysis (BIA) was implemented as part of the standard intake assessment of subjects referred for endocrine consultation. The clinic BIA database was searched for subjects with the term "observation of growth" as the sole reason for referral. BIA of 114 triads of healthy subjects aged 5-18 years and their parents were analyzed. The BIA report included the following data: fat mass, fat percentage, truncal fat percentage and muscle mass. Calculated variables included: appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM = the sum of muscle mass of four limbs), muscle-to-fat ratio [MFR = ASMM (kg)/fat mass (kg)] and sarcopenic index [(SI = ASMM(kg)/height (meter)²]. Data collection from medical files included pubertal stage and home address for socioeconomic position grading. RESULTS There were sex differences in body composition parameters in both the prepubertal and pubertal subjects. The boys among the prepubertal subjects had a lower fat percentage on average than girls (p = 0.020). Among the adolescents, boys on average had lower fat percentage (p = 0.011), higher sarcopenic index (p = 0.021), and higher muscle-to-fat ratio (p < 0.001), than adolescent girls. Correlation analyses between body composition parameters of all participants revealed significant correlations in the sarcopenic index of prepubertal children and their parents (boys-fathers: r = 0.380, p = 0.050; boys-mothers: r = 0.435, p = 0.026; girls-fathers: r = 0.462, p = 0.012; girls-mothers: r = 0.365, p = 0.050) and adiposity indices (fat percentage, truncal fat percentage and muscle-to-fat ratio) of prepubertal boys and their mothers (r = 0.438, p = 0.025; r = 0.420, p = 0.033, and r = 0.478, p = 0.014, respectively). There were no associations between body composition parameters of adolescents and their parents. Socioeconomic position adversely affected fat percentage in adolescent girls and mothers. CONCLUSIONS Heritable body composition traits were demonstrated in childhood but not in adolescence, suggesting that environmental influence has a more telling effect during teenage years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avivit Brener
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Yarden Waksman
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Talya Rosenfeld
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Nutrition & Dietetics Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sigal Levy
- Statistical Education Unit, The Academic College of Tel Aviv Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Itai Peleg
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Raviv
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hagar Interator
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Nutrition & Dietetics Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Lebenthal
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Brouwers B, de Oliveira EM, Marti-Solano M, Monteiro FBF, Laurin SA, Keogh JM, Henning E, Bounds R, Daly CA, Houston S, Ayinampudi V, Wasiluk N, Clarke D, Plouffe B, Bouvier M, Babu MM, Farooqi IS, Mokrosiński J. Human MC4R variants affect endocytosis, trafficking and dimerization revealing multiple cellular mechanisms involved in weight regulation. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108862. [PMID: 33761344 PMCID: PMC7994375 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) plays a pivotal role in energy homeostasis. We used human MC4R mutations associated with an increased or decreased risk of obesity to dissect mechanisms that regulate MC4R function. Most obesity-associated mutations impair trafficking to the plasma membrane (PM), whereas obesity-protecting mutations either accelerate recycling to the PM or decrease internalization, resulting in enhanced signaling. MC4R mutations that do not affect canonical Gαs protein-mediated signaling, previously considered to be non-pathogenic, nonetheless disrupt agonist-induced internalization, β-arrestin recruitment, and/or coupling to Gαs, establishing their causal role in severe obesity. Structural mapping reveals ligand-accessible sites by which MC4R couples to effectors and residues involved in the homodimerization of MC4R, which is disrupted by multiple obesity-associated mutations. Human genetic studies reveal that endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, and homodimerization regulate MC4R function to a level that is physiologically relevant, supporting the development of chaperones, agonists, and allosteric modulators of MC4R for weight loss therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Brouwers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Fabiola B F Monteiro
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Suli-Anne Laurin
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Julia M Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Bounds
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carole A Daly
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Shane Houston
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Vikram Ayinampudi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Natalia Wasiluk
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David Clarke
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bianca Plouffe
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - M Madan Babu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Department of Structural Biology and Center for Data Driven Discovery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Jacek Mokrosiński
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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9
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Rojo D, McCarthy C, Raingo J, Rubinstein M. Mouse models for V103I and I251L gain of function variants of the human MC4R display decreased adiposity but are not protected against a hypercaloric diet. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101077. [PMID: 32916307 PMCID: PMC7559519 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays major roles in the central control of energy balance. Loss-of-function mutations of MC4R constitute the most common monogenic cause of early-onset extreme obesity in humans, whereas gain-of-function mutations appear to be protective. In particular, two relatively frequent alleles carrying the non-synonymous coding mutations V103I or I251L are associated with lower risks of obesity and type-2 diabetes. Although V103I and I251L MC4Rs showed more efficient signalling in transfected cells, their specific effects in live animals remain unexplored. Here, we investigated whether the introduction of V103I and I251L mutations into the mouse MC4R leads to a lean phenotype and provides protection against an obesogenic diet. METHODS Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated two novel strains of mice carrying single-nucleotide mutations into the mouse Mc4r which are identical to those present in V103I and I251L MCR4 human alleles, and studied their phenotypic outcomes in mice fed with normal chow or a high-fat diet. In particular, we measured body weight progression, food intake and adiposity. In addition, we analysed glucose homeostasis through glucose and insulin tolerance tests. RESULTS We found that homozygous V103I females displayed shorter longitudinal length and decreased abdominal white fat, whereas homozygous I251L females were also shorter and leaner due to decreased weight in all white fat pads examined. Homozygous Mc4rV103I/V103I and Mc4rI251L/I251L mice of both sexes showed improved glucose homeostasis when challenged in a glucose tolerance test, whereas Mc4rI251L/I251L females showed improved responses to insulin. Despite being leaner and metabolically more efficient, V103I and I251L mutants fed with a hypercaloric diet increased their fasting glucose levels and adiposity similar to their wild-type littermates. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that mice carrying V103I and I251L MC4R mutations displayed gain-of-function phenotypes that were more evident in females. However, hypermorphic MC4R mutants were as susceptible as their control littermates to the obesogenic and diabetogenic effects elicited by a long-term hypercaloric diet, highlighting the importance of healthy feeding habits even under favourable genetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rojo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara McCarthy
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de La Plata and Comisión de Investigaciones de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica Raingo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de La Plata and Comisión de Investigaciones de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Rubinstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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10
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Hainer V, Aldhoon Hainerová I, Kunešová M, Taxová Braunerová R, Zamrazilová H, Bendlová B. Melanocortin pathways: suppressed and stimulated melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R). Physiol Res 2020; 69:S245-S254. [PMID: 33094623 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin-melanocortin pathway plays an essential role in the body weight regulation. Enhanced melanocortin signaling in the hypothalamus results in both decreased food intake and increased energy expenditure. The discovery of monogenic obesities with dysfunction of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) greatly contributed to understanding of energy balance regulation. This review presents phenotypical characterization and prevalence of the MC4R gene mutations. Genome-wide association studies revealed that MC4R gene is significantly related not only to monogenic obesities but also to common obesity. An interaction of variants in the MC4R gene with fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene significantly increases the risk for obesity, particularly in adolescence. On the other hand, about 15 % of the MC4R gene variants result in a gain of function that protects against obesity and is associated with favorable metabolic profile. Long-term attempts to activate the MC4R have recently been finalized by a discovery of setmelanotide, a novel specific MC4R agonist that is devoid of untoward cardiovascular side-effects. The employment of specific MC4R agonists may open new horizons not only in the treatment of rare monogenic obesities but also in some common obesities where stimulation of MC4R could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hainer
- Obesity Management Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Evaluation of the MC4R gene across eMERGE network identifies many unreported obesity-associated variants. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 45:155-169. [PMID: 32952152 PMCID: PMC7752751 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays an essential role in food intake and energy homeostasis. More than 170 MC4R variants have been described over the past two decades, with conflicting reports regarding the prevalence and phenotypic effects of these variants in diverse cohorts. To determine the frequency of MC4R variants in large cohort of different ancestries, we evaluated the MC4R coding region for 20,537 eMERGE participants with sequencing data plus additional 77,454 independent individuals with genome-wide genotyping data at this locus. Subjects/Methods The sequencing data were obtained from the eMERGE phase III study, in which multisample variant call format calls have been generated, curated, and annotated. In addition to penetrance estimation using body mass index (BMI) as a binary outcome, GWAS and PheWAS were performed using median BMI in linear regression analyses. All results were adjusted for principal components, age, sex, and sites of genotyping. Results Targeted sequencing data of MC4R revealed 125 coding variants in 1839 eMERGE participants including 30 unreported coding variants that were predicted to be functionally damaging. Highly penetrant unreported variants included (L325I, E308K, D298N, S270F, F261L, T248A, D111V, and Y80F) in which seven participants had obesity class III defined as BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2. In GWAS analysis, in addition to known risk haplotype upstream of MC4R (best variant rs6567160 (P = 5.36 × 10−25, Beta = 0.37), a novel rare haplotype was detected which was protective against obesity and encompassed the V103I variant with known gain-of-function properties (P = 6.23 × 10−08, Beta = −0.62). PheWAS analyses extended this protective effect of V103I to type 2 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic renal failure independent of BMI. Conclusions MC4R screening in a large eMERGE cohort confirmed many previous findings, extend the MC4R pleotropic effects, and discovered additional MC4R rare alleles that probably contribute to obesity.
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12
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Interaction of the CMTM7 rs347134 Polymorphism with Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Obesity in Han Chinese Male Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051515. [PMID: 32111069 PMCID: PMC7084264 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) in the Han Chinese population had found that single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on the CMTM7 gene rs347134 was significantly associated with Body Mass Index (BMI). In the present study, the association of the rs347134 SNP with obesity and its interaction with dietary patterns (DPs) were explored in Han Chinese children. This cross-sectional study group included 1292 children, in whom obesity-related indicators were evaluated, the rs347134 SNP was genotyped by improved Multiple Ligase Detection Reaction (iMLDR), and the DPs were identified by principal component factor analysis. The GG genotype exhibited higher odds of general overweight/obesity (P = 0.038) and central obesity (P = 0.039) than AA + GA genotypes in boys. Four DPs of boys were identified: healthy balanced (HBDP), nuts and sweets-based (NSDP), animal food-based (AFDP), and wheaten and dairy-based (WDDP). Boys with the GG genotype were significantly more inclined to AFDP (P = 0.028) and had a shorter sleep duration (P = 0.031). Significant interactions were observed; boys with the GG genotype displayed a higher LDL in AFDP (P = 0.031) and higher FBG in NSDP (P = 0.038), respectively. Our findings indicate for the first time that the GG genotype of CMTM7 rs347134 is potentially a novel obesity risk factor for Han Chinese male children and is associated with dietary patterns more or less.
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13
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Differential Signaling Profiles of MC4R Mutations with Three Different Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041224. [PMID: 32059383 PMCID: PMC7072973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is a key player in hypothalamic weight regulation and energy expenditure as part of the leptin–melanocortin pathway. Mutations in this G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) are the most common cause for monogenetic obesity, which appears to be mediated by changes in the anorectic action of MC4R via GS-dependent cyclic adenosine-monophosphate (cAMP) signaling as well as other signaling pathways. To study potential bias in the effects of MC4R mutations between the different signaling pathways, we investigated three major MC4R mutations: a GS loss-of-function (S127L) and a GS gain-of-function mutant (H158R), as well as the most common European single nucleotide polymorphism (V103I). We tested signaling of all four major G protein families plus extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and β-arrestin2 recruitment, using the two endogenous agonists, α- and β-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), along with a synthetic peptide agonist (NDP-α-MSH). The S127L mutation led to a full loss-of-function in all investigated pathways, whereas V103I and H158R were clearly biased towards the Gq/11 pathway when challenged with the endogenous ligands. These results show that MC4R mutations can cause vastly different changes in the various MC4R signaling pathways and highlight the importance of a comprehensive characterization of receptor mutations.
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14
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Morell-Azanza L, Ojeda-Rodríguez A, Giuranna J, Azcona-SanJulián MC, Hebebrand J, Marti A, Hinney A. Melanocortin-4 Receptor and Lipocalin 2 Gene Variants in Spanish Children with Abdominal Obesity: Effects on BMI-SDS After a Lifestyle Intervention. Nutrients 2019; 11:E960. [PMID: 31035493 PMCID: PMC6566731 DOI: 10.3390/nu11050960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations leading to a reduced function of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) exert a major gene effect on extreme obesity. Recently it was shown that the bone derived hormone lipocalin 2 (LCN2) binds to the MC4R and activates a MC4R dependent anorexigenic pathway. We identified mutations in both genes and screened the effects of MC4R and LCN2 mutations on eating behavior and weight change after a lifestyle intervention. One hundred and twelve children (11.24 ± 2.6 years, BMI-SDS 2.91 ± 1.07) with abdominal obesity participated in a lifestyle intervention. MC4R and LCN2 coding regions were screened by Sanger sequencing. Eating behavior was assessed at baseline with the Children Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). We detected three previously described non-synonymous MC4R variants (Glu42Lys, Thr150Ile, and Arg305Gln) and one non-synonymous polymorphism (Ile251Leu). Regarding LCN2, one known non-synonymous variant (Thr124Met) was detected. Eating behavior was described in carriers of the MC4R and LCN2 mutation and in non-carriers. MC4R and LCN2 mutations were detected in 2.42% and 0.84%, respectively, of Spanish children with abdominal obesity. A number of subjects with functional mutation variants in MC4R and LCN2 were able to achieve a reduction in BMI-SDS after a lifestyle intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Morell-Azanza
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea, 1. 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea, 3. 31008, Pamplona , Spain.
| | - Ana Ojeda-Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea, 1. 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea, 3. 31008, Pamplona , Spain.
| | - Johanna Giuranna
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, D-45147, Essen,Germany.
| | - Mª Cristina Azcona-SanJulián
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea, 3. 31008, Pamplona , Spain.
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra,c/ Pío XII, 36. 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, D-45147, Essen,Germany.
| | - Amelia Marti
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea, 1. 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea, 3. 31008, Pamplona , Spain.
- Biomedical Research Centre Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, D-45147, Essen,Germany.
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15
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Lotta LA, Mokrosiński J, Mendes de Oliveira E, Li C, Sharp SJ, Luan J, Brouwers B, Ayinampudi V, Bowker N, Kerrison N, Kaimakis V, Hoult D, Stewart ID, Wheeler E, Day FR, Perry JRB, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Farooqi IS. Human Gain-of-Function MC4R Variants Show Signaling Bias and Protect against Obesity. Cell 2019; 177:597-607.e9. [PMID: 31002796 PMCID: PMC6476272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is a G protein-coupled receptor whose disruption causes obesity. We functionally characterized 61 MC4R variants identified in 0.5 million people from UK Biobank and examined their associations with body mass index (BMI) and obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases. We found that the maximal efficacy of β-arrestin recruitment to MC4R, rather than canonical Gαs-mediated cyclic adenosine-monophosphate production, explained 88% of the variance in the association of MC4R variants with BMI. While most MC4R variants caused loss of function, a subset caused gain of function; these variants were associated with significantly lower BMI and lower odds of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and coronary artery disease. Protective associations were driven by MC4R variants exhibiting signaling bias toward β-arrestin recruitment and increased mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation. Harnessing β-arrestin-biased MC4R signaling may represent an effective strategy for weight loss and the treatment of obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Body Mass Index
- Coronary Artery Disease/complications
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Databases, Factual
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- Gain of Function Mutation/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genotype
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/chemistry
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- beta-Arrestins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca A Lotta
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Jacek Mokrosiński
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Chen Li
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jian'an Luan
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bas Brouwers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vikram Ayinampudi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas Bowker
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicola Kerrison
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vasileios Kaimakis
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Diana Hoult
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Isobel D Stewart
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Felix R Day
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- University of Cambridge MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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16
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Drabkin M, Birk OS, Birk R. Heterozygous versus homozygous phenotype caused by the same MC4R mutation: novel mutation affecting a large consanguineous kindred. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:135. [PMID: 30068297 PMCID: PMC6090656 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamic G-protein-coupled-receptor melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a key player in the central circuit regulating energy expenditure and appetite. Heterozygous loss-of-function MC4R mutations are the most common known genetic cause of monogenic human obesity, with more than 200 mutations described to date, affecting 2-3% of the population in various cohorts tested. Homozygous or compound heterozygous MC4R mutations are much less frequent, and only few families have been described in which heterozygotes and homozygotes of the same mutation are found. METHODS We performed exome sequencing in a consanguineous Bedouin family with morbid obesity to identify the genetic cause of the disease. Clinical examination and biochemical assays were done to delineate the phenotype. RESULTS We report the frequency of MC4R mutations in the large inbred Bedouin Israeli population. Furthermore, we describe consanguineous inbred Bedouin kindred with multiple individuals that are either homozygous or heterozygous carries of the same novel MC4R mutation (c.124G > T, p.E42*). All family members with the homozygous mutation exhibited morbid early-onset obesity, while heterozygote individuals had either a milder overweight phenotype or no discernable phenotype compared to wild type family members. While elder individuals homozygous or heterozygous for the MC4R mutation had abnormally high triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose and HbA1C levels, most did not. CONCLUSIONS MC4R mutation homozygotes exhibited morbid early-onset obesity, while heterozygotes had a significantly milder overweight phenotype. Whereas obesity due to MC4R mutations is evident as of early age - most notably in homozygotes, the metabolic consequences emerge only later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Drabkin
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ohad S Birk
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. .,Genetics Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Ruth Birk
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
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17
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Almeida SM, Furtado JM, Mascarenhas P, Ferraz ME, Ferreira JC, Monteiro MP, Vilanova M, Ferraz FP. Association between LEPR, FTO, MC4R, and PPARG-2 polymorphisms with obesity traits and metabolic phenotypes in school-aged children. Endocrine 2018; 60:466-478. [PMID: 29679223 PMCID: PMC5937906 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the relationship of leptin receptor (LEPR) rs1137101, fat mass obesity-associated (FTO) receptors 9939609, melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R) rs2229616 and rs17782313, and proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG) rs1801282 with clinical and metabolic phenotypes in prepubertal children. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the effect of polymorphisms on clinical and metabolic phenotypes in prepubertal children? METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed to evaluate anthropometric features, percentage body fat (%BF), biochemical parameters, and genotype in 773 prepubertal children. RESULTS FTO rs9939609 was associated with an increase in body mass index (BMI) and BMI z-score (zBMI). MC4R rs17782313 was associated with a decrease in BMI and +0.06 units in zBMI. LEPR, and PPARG-2 polymorphisms were associated with decreases in BMI and an increase and decrease units in zBMI, respectively. The homozygous SNPs demonstrated increases (FTO rs993609 and MC4R rs17782313) and decreases (LEPR rs1137101, PPARG rs1801282) in zBMI than the homozygous form of the major allele. In the overweight/obese group, the MC4R rs17782313 CC genotype showed higher average weight, zBMI, waist circumference, waist-circumference-to-height ratio, and waist-hip ratio, and lower BMI, mid-upper arm circumference, calf circumference, and %BF (P< 0.05). FTO rs9939609 AT and AA genotypes were associated with lower triglycerides (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We showed that MC4R rs17782313 and FTO rs9939609 were positively associated with zBMI, with weak and very weak effects, respectively, suggesting a very scarce contribution to childhood obesity. LEPR rs1137101 and PPARG-2 rs1801282 had weak and medium negative effects on zBMI, respectively, and may slightly protect against childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia M Almeida
- Centro de Genética Médica e Nutrição Pediátrica Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Monte da Caparica, Portugal.
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Monte da Caparica, Portugal.
| | - José M Furtado
- Centro de Genética Médica e Nutrição Pediátrica Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paulo Mascarenhas
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria E Ferraz
- Centro de Genética Médica e Nutrição Pediátrica Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - José C Ferreira
- Centro de Genética Médica e Nutrição Pediátrica Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology Group, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine UMIB, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando P Ferraz
- Centro de Genética Médica e Nutrição Pediátrica Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
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18
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Novoselova TV, Chan LF, Clark AJL. Pathophysiology of melanocortin receptors and their accessory proteins. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:93-106. [PMID: 29678289 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors (MCRs) and their accessory proteins (MRAPs) are involved in regulation of a diverse range of endocrine pathways. Genetic variants of these components result in phenotypic variation and disease. The MC1R is expressed in skin and variants in the MC1R gene are associated with ginger hair color. The MC2R mediates the action of ACTH in the adrenal gland to stimulate glucocorticoid production and MC2R mutations result in familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD). MC3R and MC4R are involved in metabolic regulation and their gene variants are associated with severe pediatric obesity, whereas the function of MC5R remains to be fully elucidated. MRAPs have been shown to modulate the function of MCRs and genetic variants in MRAPs are associated with diseases including FGD type 2 and potentially early onset obesity. This review provides an insight into recent advances in MCRs and MRAPs physiology, focusing on the disorders associated with their dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Novoselova
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Chartehouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
| | - L F Chan
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Chartehouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - A J L Clark
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Chartehouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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Al-Najim W, le Roux CW, Docherty NG. Integrated insights into the role of alpha-melanocyte stimulatory hormone in the control of food intake and glycaemia. Peptides 2018; 100:243-248. [PMID: 29412826 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Identifying peptide hormones with multipotent actions on both weight and glycaemia can have a significant impact on therapeutic options in the treatment of obesity and diabetes. This has been exemplified by recent advances involving pharmacological exploitation of glucagon-like peptide 1 biology. Herein, we summarise evidence supporting the potential candidacy in this light of alpha-melanocyte stimulatory hormone, an endogenous peptide hormone and a breakdown product of the neuropeptide pro-opiomelanocortin. We reference its well described central actions in the control of food intake and moreover highlight new data pointing to an important role for this peptide hormone in the periphery, in relation to glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werd Al-Najim
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland; Investigative Science, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Investigative Science, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Neil G Docherty
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Giuranna J, Diebels I, Hinney A. Polygene Varianten und Epigenetik bei Adipositas. MED GENET-BERLIN 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-017-0156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Durch molekulargenetische Analysen wurde eine kleine Anzahl von Hauptgenen identifiziert, die Übergewicht (Body Mass Index, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) und Adipositas (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) bei Menschen mit bedingen können. Die zugrunde liegenden Mutationen sind selten. Die genetische Prädisposition zur Entwicklung einer Adipositas ist meist polygener Natur.
Ziel der Arbeit
Darstellung der polygenen Formen der Adipositas und epigenetischer Befunde.
Material und Methoden
Literaturübersicht.
Ergebnisse und Diskussion
Metaanalysen genomweiter Assoziationsstudien (GWAMA) haben bisher mehr als 100 Polygene oder polygene Loci identifiziert, die genomweit mit dem BMI assoziiert sind. Jedes einzelne Polygen leistet nur einen kleinen Beitrag zur Entwicklung einer Adipositas. Effektstärken liegen im Bereich von ca. 100 g bis 1,5 kg. Eine Reihe solcher prädisponierenden Genvarianten (Allele) findet sich bei adipösen Probanden. Allerdings tragen auch normalgewichtige und schlanke Individuen diese Allele, wenn auch in geringerer Frequenz. Diese Allele können durch statistische Analysen als Adipositas-Risikoallele identifiziert und validiert werden. Vor Kurzem haben sogenannte Cross-Disorder- und Cross-Phänotyp-Analysen zur Identifizierung von Genen geführt, die nicht allein durch Analysen der einzelnen Erkrankungen/Phänotypen nachgewiesen werden konnten. Funktionelle in-vitro- und in-vivo-Studien der GWAS-abgeleiteten Polygene könnten zu einem besseren Verständnis der molekulargenetischen Mechanismen der Körpergewichtsregulation führen. Erste genomweite Methylierungsmusteranalysen und Studien zu metastabilen Epiallelen tragen zudem zu einem besseren Verständnis der Pathomechanismen der Adipositas bei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Giuranna
- Aff1 0000 0001 2187 5445 grid.5718.b Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR) Universität Duisburg-Essen Virchowstr. 171 45147 Essen Deutschland
| | - Inga Diebels
- Aff1 0000 0001 2187 5445 grid.5718.b Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR) Universität Duisburg-Essen Virchowstr. 171 45147 Essen Deutschland
| | - Anke Hinney
- Aff1 0000 0001 2187 5445 grid.5718.b Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR) Universität Duisburg-Essen Virchowstr. 171 45147 Essen Deutschland
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21
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Peña-Romero AC, Navas-Carrillo D, Marín F, Orenes-Piñero E. The future of nutrition: Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:3030-3041. [PMID: 28678615 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1349731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over time, the relationship between diet and health has aroused great interest, since nutrition can prevent and treat several diseases. It has been demonstrated that general recommendations on macronutrients and micronutrients do not affect to every individual in the same way because diet is an important environmental factor that interacts with genes. Thus, there is a growing necessity of improving a personalized nutrition to treat obesity and associated medical conditions, taking into account the interactions between diet, genes and health. Therefore, the knowledge of the interactions between the genome and nutrients at the molecular level, has led to the advent of nutritional genomics, which involves the sciences of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics. In this review, we will comprehensively analyze the role of the most important genes associated with two interrelated chronic medical conditions, such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Navas-Carrillo
- b Department of Surgery, Hospital de la Vega Lorenzo Guirao , University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Francisco Marín
- c Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) , Universidad de Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Esteban Orenes-Piñero
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A , University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
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22
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Huang T, Zheng Y, Hruby A, Williamson DA, Bray GA, Shen Y, Sacks FM, Qi L. Dietary Protein Modifies the Effect of the MC4R Genotype on 2-Year Changes in Appetite and Food Craving: The POUNDS Lost Trial. J Nutr 2017; 147:439-444. [PMID: 28148682 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.242958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of appetite and eating behavior. Variants in the MC4R gene have been related to appetite and obesity.Objective: We aimed to examine whether weight-loss diets modified the effect of the "obesity-predisposing" MC4R genotype on appetite-related measures in a randomized controlled trial.Methods: A total of 811 overweight and obese subjects [25 ≤ body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) ≤ 40] aged 30-70 y were included in the 2-y POUNDS Lost (Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies) trial. We genotyped MC4R rs7227255 in 735 overweight adults and assessed appetite-related characteristics, including craving, fullness, hunger, and prospective consumption, as well as a composite appetite score. We examined the effects of the genotype-by-weight-loss diet intervention interaction on appetite variables by using general linear models in both the whole population and in white participants only.Results: We found that dietary protein intake (low compared with high: 15% of energy compared with 25% of energy, respectively) significantly modified MC4R genetic effects on changes in appetite score and craving (P-interaction = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively) at 2 y, after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, baseline BMI, weight change, and baseline perspective phenotype. The obesity-predisposing A allele was associated with a greater increase in overall appetite score (β = 0.10, P = 0.05) and craving (β = 0.13, P = 0.008) compared with the non-A allele among participants who consumed a high-protein diet. MC4R genotype did not modify the effects of fat or carbohydrate intakes on appetite measures. Similar interaction patterns were observed in whites.Conclusion: Our data suggest that individuals with the MC4R rs7227255 A allele rather than the non-A allele might experience greater increases in appetite and food craving when consuming a high-protein weight-loss diet. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00072995.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Epidemiology Domain, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, and.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Adela Hruby
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Donald A Williamson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Yiru Shen
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; .,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA; and.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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23
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Tumour biology of obesity-related cancers: understanding the molecular concept for better diagnosis and treatment. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14363-14380. [PMID: 27623943 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity continues to be a major global problem. Various cancers are related to obesity and proper understanding of their aetiology, especially their molecular tumour biology is important for early diagnosis and better treatment. Genes play an important role in the development of obesity. Few genes such as leptin, leptin receptor encoded by the db (diabetes), pro-opiomelanocortin, AgRP and NPY and melanocortin-4 receptors and insulin-induced gene 2 were linked to obesity. MicroRNAs control gene expression via mRNA degradation and protein translation inhibition and influence cell differentiation, cell growth and cell death. Overexpression of miR-143 inhibits tumour growth by suppressing B cell lymphoma 2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5 activities and KRAS oncogene. Cancers of the breast, uterus, renal, thyroid and liver are also related to obesity. Any disturbance in the production of sex hormones and insulin, leads to distortion in the balance between cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The possible mechanism linking obesity to cancer involves alteration in the level of adipokines and sex hormones. These mediators act as biomarkers for cancer progression and act as targets for cancer therapy and prevention. Interestingly, many anti-cancerous drugs are also beneficial in treating obesity and vice versa. We also reviewed the possible link in the mechanism of few drugs which act both on cancer and obesity. The present review may be important for molecular biologists, oncologists and clinicians treating cancers and also pave the way for better therapeutic options.
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24
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Logan M, Van der Merwe MT, Dodgen TM, Myburgh R, Eloff A, Alessandrini M, Pepper MS. Allelic variants of the Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene in a South African study group. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 4:68-76. [PMID: 26788538 PMCID: PMC4707032 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene, which codes for a G-protein-coupled receptor responsible for postprandial satiety signaling, have been associated with monogenic obesity. The prevalence of obesity is on the increase in South Africa, and it is hypothesized that mutations in MC4R are a contributing factor. The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective assessment of the relationship between allelic variants of MC4R and BMI in a South African study cohort. DNA was isolated from a demographically representative cohort of 297 individuals and the entire MC4R gene sequenced by Sanger sequencing. Eight previously reported MC4R variants were identified in 42 of the 297 (14.1%) study participants. The most frequently observed MC4R alleles were V103I (4.0%), I170V (1.5%), and I198I (1.2%), while the remaining five variants together constituted 1.18%. Five compound heterozygotes were also detected. Although MC4R variants were rare, the majority of variation was observed in individuals of Black African ancestry. No statistically significant associations with BMI were reported. Given that lifestyle interventions have limited success in decreasing obesity, there is an urgent need to perform large-scale population studies to further elucidate the molecular underpinnings of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray Logan
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa; Faculty of Health SciencesInstitute for Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | | | - Tyren M Dodgen
- Faculty of Health SciencesInstitute for Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa; Department of PharmacologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Renier Myburgh
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa; Faculty of Health SciencesInstitute for Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Arinda Eloff
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa; Faculty of Health SciencesInstitute for Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Marco Alessandrini
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa; Faculty of Health SciencesInstitute for Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Michael S Pepper
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa; Faculty of Health SciencesInstitute for Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa; Department of Genetic Medicine and DevelopmentFaculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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25
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Curtis D. Practical Experience of the Application of a Weighted Burden Test to Whole Exome Sequence Data for Obesity and Schizophrenia. Ann Hum Genet 2015; 80:38-49. [PMID: 26474449 PMCID: PMC4833177 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
For biological and statistical reasons it makes sense to combine information from variants at the level of the gene. One may wish to give more weight to variants which are rare and those that are more likely to affect function. A combined weighting scheme, implemented in the SCOREASSOC program, was applied to whole exome sequence data for 1392 subjects with schizophrenia and 982 with obesity from the UK10K project. Results conformed fairly well with null hypothesis expectations and no individual gene was strongly implicated. However, a number of the higher ranked genes appear plausible candidates as being involved in one or other phenotype and may warrant further investigation. These include MC4R, NLGN2, CRP, DONSON, GTF3A, IL36B, ADCYAP1R1, ARSA, DLG1, SIK2, SLAIN1, UBE2Q2, ZNF507, CRHR1, MUSK, NSF, SNORD115, GDF3 and HIBADH. Some individual variants in these genes have different frequencies between cohorts and could be genotyped in additional subjects. For other genes, there is a general excess of variants at many different sites so attempts at replication would be more difficult. Overall, the weighted burden test provides a convenient method for using sequence data to highlight genes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, UCL, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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26
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Karaderi T, Drong AW, Lindgren CM. Insights into the Genetic Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes from Genome-Wide Association Studies of Obesity-Related Traits. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15:83. [PMID: 26363598 PMCID: PMC4568008 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are common and complex metabolic diseases, which are caused by an interchange between environmental and genetic factors. Recently, a number of large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved our knowledge of the genetic architecture and biological mechanisms of these diseases. Currently, more than ~250 genetic loci have been found for monogenic, syndromic, or common forms of T2D and/or obesity-related traits. In this review, we discuss the implications of these GWAS for obesity and T2D, and investigate the overlap of loci for obesity-related traits and T2D, highlighting potential mechanisms that affect T2D susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Karaderi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alexander W Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK.
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Saeed S, Bonnefond A, Manzoor J, Shabbir F, Ayesha H, Philippe J, Durand E, Crouch H, Sand O, Ali M, Butt T, Rathore AW, Falchi M, Arslan M, Froguel P. Genetic variants in LEP, LEPR, and MC4R explain 30% of severe obesity in children from a consanguineous population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1687-95. [PMID: 26179253 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Single gene mutations leading to severe obesity have so far been identified in 3-5% cases in European populations. However, prevalence of these pathogenic mutations has not systematically been examined in specific consanguineous populations. Here we describe the incidence of obesity-associated mutations through a step-wise sequence analysis, in a cohort of 73 Pakistani children with severe obesity from consanguineous families. METHODS Initially, all subjects were screened for mutations in coding regions of leptin (LEP) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) genes by direct sequencing. Subjects negative for mutation in these genes were screened using microdroplet PCR enrichment and NGS. Genomic structural variation was assessed by genotyping. Serum leptin, insulin, and cortisol were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Among 73 children with severe obesity (BMI SDS > 3.0), we identified 22 probands and 5 relatives, carrying 10 different loss-of-function homozygous mutations in LEP, leptin receptor (LEPR), and MC4R genes, including 4 novel variants. Hypercortisolemia was significantly emphasized in LEP mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of pathogenic mutations in genes known to directly influence leptin-melanocortin signaling is 30% in our cohort. The results of this study emphasize the desirability of undertaking systematic and in-depth genetic analysis of cases with severe obesity in specific consanguineous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Saeed
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CNRS-Umr8199, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
- Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Jaida Manzoor
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Shabbir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hina Ayesha
- Department of Paediatrics, Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Julien Philippe
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CNRS-Umr8199, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
- Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Durand
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CNRS-Umr8199, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
- Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Hutokshi Crouch
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Olivier Sand
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CNRS-Umr8199, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
- Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Paediatrics, Mayo Hospital, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Taeed Butt
- Department of Paediatrics, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan W Rathore
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan
- Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CNRS-Umr8199, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
- Lille University, Lille, France
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da Silva AA, do Carmo JM, Dubinion JH, Bassi M, Mokhtarpouriani K, Hamza SM, Hall JE. Chronic central nervous system MC3/4R blockade attenuates hypertension induced by nitric oxide synthase inhibition but not by angiotensin II infusion. Hypertension 2014; 65:171-7. [PMID: 25287400 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether central melanocortin 3 and 4 receptor (MC3/4R) blockade attenuates the blood pressure (BP) responses to chronic L-NAME or angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion in Sprague-Dawley rats implanted with telemetry transmitters, venous catheters, and intracerebroventricular cannula into the lateral ventricle. After 5 days of control measurements, L-NAME (10 μg/kg/min IV, groups 1 and 2) or Ang II (10 ng/kg/min IV, groups 3 and 4) were infused for 24 days, and starting on day 7 of L-NAME or Ang II infusion, the MC3/4R antagonist SHU-9119 (24 nmol/d, n=6/group; groups 1 and 3) or vehicle (saline 0.5 μL/h, n=6/group; groups 2 and 4) was infused intracerebroventricularly for 10 days. A control normotensive group also received SHU-9119 for 10 days (n=5). L-NAME and Ang II increased BP by 40±3 and 56±5 mm Hg, respectively, although heart rate was slightly reduced. MC3/4R blockade doubled food intake and reduced heart rate (≈40 to ≈50 bpm) in all groups. MC3/4R blockade caused only a small reduction in BP in normotensive group (4 mm Hg) and no change in rats receiving Ang II, although markedly reducing BP by 21±4 mm Hg in L-NAME-treated rats. After SHU-9119 infusion was stopped, food intake, heart rate, and BP gradually returned to values observed before SHU-9119 infusion was started. Ganglionic blockade at the end of L-NAME or Ang II infusion caused similar BP reduction in both groups. These results suggest that the brain MC3/4R contributes, at least in part, to the hypertension induced by chronic L-NAME infusion but not by Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A da Silva
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - John H Dubinion
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Mirian Bassi
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Kasra Mokhtarpouriani
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Shereen M Hamza
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - John E Hall
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
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29
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Can merely learning about obesity genes affect eating behavior? Appetite 2014; 81:269-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Heritability of obesity and body weight variation is high. Molecular genetic studies have led to the identification of mutations in a few genes, with a major effect on obesity (major genes and monogenic forms). Analyses of these genes have helped to unravel important pathways and have created a more profound understanding of body weight regulation. For most individuals, a polygenic basis is relevant for the genetic predisposition to obesity. Small effect sizes are conveyed by the polygenic variants. Hence, only if a number of these variants is harboured, a sizeable phenotypic effect is detectable. Most, if not all, of the genes relevant to weight regulation are expressed in the hypothalamus. This underscores the major role of this region of the brain in body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Anna-Lena Volckmar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Jochen Antel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Evans DS, Calton MA, Kim MJ, Kwok PY, Miljkovic I, Harris T, Koster A, Liu Y, Tranah GJ, Ahituv N, Hsueh WC, Vaisse C. Genetic association study of adiposity and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) common variants: replication and functional characterization of non-coding regions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96805. [PMID: 24820477 PMCID: PMC4018404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Common genetic variants 3' of MC4R within two large linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks spanning 288 kb have been associated with common and rare forms of obesity. This large association region has not been refined and the relevant DNA segments within the association region have not been identified. In this study, we investigated whether common variants in the MC4R gene region were associated with adiposity-related traits in a biracial population-based study. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MC4R region were genotyped with a custom array and a genome-wide array and associations between SNPs and five adiposity-related traits were determined using race-stratified linear regression. Previously reported associations between lower BMI and the minor alleles of rs2229616/Val103Ile and rs52820871/Ile251Leu were replicated in white female participants. Among white participants, rs11152221 in a proximal 3' LD block (closer to MC4R) was significantly associated with multiple adiposity traits, but SNPs in a distal 3' LD block (farther from MC4R) were not. In a case-control study of severe obesity, rs11152221 was significantly associated. The association results directed our follow-up studies to the proximal LD block downstream of MC4R. By considering nucleotide conservation, the significance of association, and proximity to the MC4R gene, we identified a candidate MC4R regulatory region. This candidate region was sequenced in 20 individuals from a study of severe obesity in an attempt to identify additional variants, and the candidate region was tested for enhancer activity using in vivo enhancer assays in zebrafish and mice. Novel variants were not identified by sequencing and the candidate region did not drive reporter gene expression in zebrafish or mice. The identification of a putative insulator in this region could help to explain the challenges faced in this study and others to link SNPs associated with adiposity to altered MC4R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Calton
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mee J. Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute for Human Genetics, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Iva Miljkovic
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tamara Harris
- National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Annemarie Koster
- National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wen-Chi Hsueh
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christian Vaisse
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Malzahn D, Müller-Nurasyid M, Heid IM, Wichmann HE, Bickeböller H. Controversial association results for INSIG2 on body mass index may be explained by interactions with age and with MC4R. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 22:1217-24. [PMID: 24518831 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously reported to be associated with body mass index (BMI) and obesity, we focus on a common risk variant rs7566605 upstream of the insulin-induced gene 2 (INSIG2) gene and a rare protective variant rs2229616 on the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene. INSIG2 is involved in adipogenesis and MC4R effects hormonal appetite control in response to the amount of adipose tissue. The influence of rs2229616 (MC4R) on BMI and obesity has been confirmed repeatedly and insight into the underlying mechanism provided. However, a main effect of rs7566605 (INSIG2) is under debate because of inconsistent replications of association. Interaction of rs7566605 with age may offer an explanation. SNP-age and SNP-SNP interaction models were tested on independent individuals from three population-based longitudinal cohorts, restricting the analysis to an observed age of 25-74 years. KORA S3/F3, KORA S4/F4 (Augsburg, Germany, 1994-2005, 1999-2008), and Framingham-Offspring data (Framingham, USA, 1971-2001) were analysed, with a total sample size of N=6926 in the joint analysis. The effect of interaction between rs7566605 and age on BMI and obesity status is significant and consistent across studies. This new evidence for rs7566605 (INSIG2) complements previous research. In addition, the interaction effect of rs7566605 with the MC4R variant rs2229616 on BMI was observed. This effect size was three times larger than that in a previously reported single-locus main effect of rs2229616. This leads to the conclusion that SNP-age or SNP-SNP interactions can mask genetic effects for complex diseases if left unaccounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Malzahn
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- 1] Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany [2] Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology and Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Neuherberg, Germany [3] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Iris M Heid
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany [2] Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - H-Erich Wichmann
- 1] Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany [2] Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany [3] Klinikum Großhadern, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Heike Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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Rovite V, Petrovska R, Vaivade I, Kalnina I, Fridmanis D, Zaharenko L, Peculis R, Pirags V, Schioth HB, Klovins J. The role of common and rare MC4R variants and FTO polymorphisms in extreme form of obesity. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1491-500. [PMID: 24385306 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is an important regulator of food intake and number of studies report genetic variations influencing the risk of obesity. Here we explored the role of common genetic variation from MC4R locus comparing with SNPs from gene FTO locus, as well as the frequency and functionality of rare MC4R mutations in cohort of 380 severely obese individuals (BMI > 39 kg/m(2)) and 380 lean subjects from the Genome Database of Latvian Population (LGDB). We found correlation for two SNPs--rs11642015 and rs62048402 in the fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) with obesity but no association was detected for rs17782313 located in the MC4R locus in these severely obese individuals. We sequenced the whole gene MC4R coding region in all study subjects and found five previously known heterozygous non-synonymous substitutions V103I, I121T, S127L, V166I and I251L. Expression in mammalian cells showed that the S127L, V166I and double V103I/S127L mutant receptors had significantly decreased quantity at the cell surface compared to the wild type MC4R. We carried out detailed functional analysis of V166I that demonstrated that, despite low abundance in plasma membrane, the V166I variant has lower EC50 value upon αMSH activation than the wild type receptor, while the level of AGRP inhibition was decreased, implying that V166I cause hyperactive satiety signalling. Overall, this study suggest that S127L may be the most frequent functional MC4R mutation leading to the severe obesity in general population and provides new insight into the functionality of population based variants of the MC4R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Rovite
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, 1067, Riga, Latvia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Common obesity is widely regarded as a complex, multifactorial trait influenced by the 'obesogenic' environment, sedentary behavior, and genetic susceptibility contributed by common and rare genetic variants. This review describes the recent advances in understanding the role of genetics in obesity. RECENT FINDINGS New susceptibility loci and genetic variants are being uncovered, but the collective effect is relatively small and could not explain most of the BMI heritability. Yet-to-be identified common and rare variants, epistasis, and heritable epigenetic changes may account for part of the 'missing heritability'. Evidence is emerging about the role of epigenetics in determining obesity susceptibility, mediating developmental plasticity, which confers obesity risk from early life experiences. Genetic prediction scores derived from selected genetic variants, and also differential DNA methylation levels and methylation scores, have been shown to correlate with measures of obesity and response to weight loss intervention. Genetic variants, which confer susceptibility to obesity-related morbidities like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, were also discovered recently. SUMMARY We can expect discovery of more rare genetic variants with the advent of whole exome and genome sequencing, and also greater understanding of epigenetic mechanisms by which environment influences genetic expression and which mediate the gene-environment interaction.
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Martínez-García F, Mansego ML, Rojo-Martínez G, De Marco-Solar G, Morcillo S, Soriguer F, Redón J, Pineda Alonso M, Martín-Escudero JC, Cooper RS, Chaves FJ. Impact of obesity-related genes in Spanish population. BMC Genet 2013; 14:111. [PMID: 24267414 PMCID: PMC4222487 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective was to investigate the association between BMI and single nucleotide polymorphisms previously identified of obesity-related genes in two Spanish populations. Forty SNPs in 23 obesity-related genes were evaluated in a rural population characterized by a high prevalence of obesity (869 subjects, mean age 46 yr, 62% women, 36% obese) and in an urban population (1425 subjects, mean age 54 yr, 50% women, 19% obese). Genotyping was assessed by using SNPlex and PLINK for the association analysis. Results Polymorphisms of the FTO were significantly associated with BMI, in the rural population (beta 0.87, p-value <0.001). None of the other SNPs showed significant association after Bonferroni correction in the two populations or in the pooled analysis. A weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) was constructed using the risk alleles of the Tag-SNPs with a positive Beta parameter in both populations. From the first to the fifth quintile of the score, the BMI increased 0.45 kg/m2 in Hortega and 2.0 kg/m2 in Pizarra. Overall, the obesity predictive value was low (less than 1%). Conclusion The risk associated with polymorphisms is low and the overall effect on BMI or obesity prediction is minimal. A weighted genetic risk score based on genes mainly acting through central nervous system mechanisms was associated with BMI but it yields minimal clinical prediction for the obesity risk in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josep Redón
- Hypertension Clinic, Hospital Clínico Universitario and INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain.
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Pan Q, Delahanty LM, Jablonski KA, Knowler WC, Kahn SE, Florez JC, Franks PW. Variation at the melanocortin 4 receptor gene and response to weight-loss interventions in the diabetes prevention program. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:E520-6. [PMID: 23512951 PMCID: PMC4023472 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess associations and genotype × treatment interactions for melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) locus variants and obesity-related traits. DESIGN AND METHODS Diabetes prevention program (DPP) participants (N = 3,819, of whom 3,356 were genotyped for baseline and 3,234 for longitudinal analyses) were randomized into intensive lifestyle modification (diet, exercise, weight loss), metformin or placebo control. Adiposity was assessed in a subgroup (n = 909) using computed tomography. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity and treatment. RESULTS The rs1943218 minor allele was nominally associated with short-term (6 month; P = 0.032) and long-term (2 year; P = 0.038) weight change. Eight SNPs modified response to treatment on short-term (rs17066856, rs9966412, rs17066859, rs8091237, rs17066866, rs7240064) or long-term (rs12970134, rs17066866) reduction in body weight, or diabetes incidence (rs17066829) (all Pinteraction < 0.05). CONCLUSION This is the first study to comprehensively assess the role of MC4R variants and weight regulation in a weight loss intervention trial. One MC4R variant was directly associated with obesity-related traits or diabetes; numerous other variants appear to influence body weight and diabetes risk by modifying the protective effects of the DPP interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Pan
- The Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Linda M. Delahanty
- Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - William C. Knowler
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Steven E. Kahn
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Abstract
Obesity is a disorder characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat resulting from a mismatch between energy intake and expenditure. Incidence of obesity has increased dramatically in the past few years, almost certainly fuelled by a shift in dietary habits owing to the widespread availability of low-cost, hypercaloric foods. However, clear differences exist in obesity susceptibility among individuals exposed to the same obesogenic environment, implicating genetic risk factors. Numerous genes have been shown to be involved in the development of monofactorial forms of obesity. In genome-wide association studies, a large number of common variants have been associated with adiposity levels, each accounting for only a small proportion of the predicted heritability. Although the small effect sizes of obesity variants identified in genome-wide association studies currently preclude their utility in clinical settings, screening for a number of monogenic obesity variants is now possible. Such regular screening will provide more informed prognoses and help in the identification of at-risk individuals who could benefit from early intervention, in evaluation of the outcomes of current obesity treatments, and in personalization of the clinical management of obesity. This Review summarizes current advances in obesity genetics and discusses the future of research in this field and the potential relevance to personalized obesity therapy.
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Goldsworthy M, Absalom NL, Schröter D, Matthews HC, Bogani D, Moir L, Long A, Church C, Hugill A, Anstee QM, Goldin R, Thursz M, Hollfelder F, Cox RD. Mutations in Mll2, an H3K4 methyltransferase, result in insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61870. [PMID: 23826075 PMCID: PMC3691224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We employed a random mutagenesis approach to identify novel monogenic determinants of type 2 diabetes. Here we show that haplo-insufficiency of the histone methyltransferase myeloid-lineage leukemia (Mll2/Wbp7) gene causes type 2 diabetes in the mouse. We have shown that mice heterozygous for two separate mutations in the SET domain of Mll2 or heterozygous Mll2 knockout mice were hyperglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic and developed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Consistent with previous Mll2 knockout studies, mice homozygous for either ENU mutation (or compound heterozygotes) died during embryonic development at 9.5–14.5 days post coitum. Heterozygous deletion of Mll2 induced in the adult mouse results in a normal phenotype suggesting that changes in chromatin methylation during development result in the adult phenotype. Mll2 has been shown to regulate a small subset of genes, a number of which Neurod1, Enpp1, Slc27a2, and Plcxd1 are downregulated in adult mutant mice. Our results demonstrate that histone H3K4 methyltransferase Mll2 is a component of the genetic regulation necessary for glucose homeostasis, resulting in a specific disease pattern linking chromatin modification with causes and progression of type 2 diabetes, providing a basis for its further understanding at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Goldsworthy
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Diabetes Group, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
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Hebebrand J, Hinney A, Knoll N, Volckmar AL, Scherag A. Molecular genetic aspects of weight regulation. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 110:338-44. [PMID: 23762205 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family and twin studies have empirically revealed a 40% to 70% heritability of body-mass index, yet only a few hereditary factors have been identified to date that increase the risk of being overweight. METHODS We present the current state of molecular genetic research on obesity with a selective review of the literature. RESULTS A number of monogenic recessive mutations causing obesity have been identified, but these are rare. Various dominant mutations of the melanocortin-4 receptor gene are found in about 1% to 4% of all markedly obese persons. Current molecular genetic research focuses on the identification of common DNA variants affecting body weight; the genetic material of hundreds of thousands of people from around the world has now been investigated in genome-wide association studies. More than 30 variants conferring an increased risk have been identified, most of which are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of no immediately clear functional significance. On average, these variants raise body weight by 500 g (range, 180 to 1400 g). Aside from SNPs, variations in the number of copies of specific DNA sequences have also been linked to obesity, as well as to subnormal weight. All the hereditary factors that have been identified to date account for about 5% of the variability of BMI. Extrapolation yields figures ranging from 10% to 15%. CONCLUSIONS The amount of genetic variability seen to date at the DNA level accounts only for a small fraction of the inter-individual variability of BMI. Obesity is thought to be a largely hereditary condition; the fact that its genetic basis has not yet been demonstrated may be due to various genetic or experimental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstrasse 21, Essen, Germany.
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Melanocortin-4 Receptor in Energy Homeostasis and Obesity Pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:147-91. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Guo Y, Lanktree MB, Taylor KC, Hakonarson H, Lange LA, Keating BJ. Gene-centric meta-analyses of 108 912 individuals confirm known body mass index loci and reveal three novel signals. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:184-201. [PMID: 23001569 PMCID: PMC3522401 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic association studies have made progress in uncovering components of the genetic architecture of the body mass index (BMI). We used the ITMAT-Broad-Candidate Gene Association Resource (CARe) (IBC) array comprising up to 49 320 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across ~2100 metabolic and cardiovascular-related loci to genotype up to 108 912 individuals of European ancestry (EA), African-Americans, Hispanics and East Asians, from 46 studies, to provide additional insight into SNPs underpinning BMI. We used a five-phase study design: Phase I focused on meta-analysis of EA studies providing individual level genotype data; Phase II performed a replication of cohorts providing summary level EA data; Phase III meta-analyzed results from the first two phases; associated SNPs from Phase III were used for replication in Phase IV; finally in Phase V, a multi-ethnic meta-analysis of all samples from four ethnicities was performed. At an array-wide significance (P < 2.40E-06), we identify novel BMI associations in loci translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast) - apolipoprotein E - apolipoprotein C-I (TOMM40-APOE-APOC1) (rs2075650, P = 2.95E-10), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 (SREBF2, rs5996074, P = 9.43E-07) and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2 [NTRK2, a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptor gene, rs1211166, P = 1.04E-06] in the Phase IV meta-analysis. Of 10 loci with previous evidence for BMI association represented on the IBC array, eight were replicated, with the remaining two showing nominal significance. Conditional analyses revealed two independent BMI-associated signals in BDNF and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) regions. Of the 11 array-wide significant SNPs, three are associated with gene expression levels in both primary B-cells and monocytes; with rs4788099 in SH2B adaptor protein 1 (SH2B1) notably being associated with the expression of multiple genes in cis. These multi-ethnic meta-analyses expand our knowledge of BMI genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Guo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Suite 1014H, Philadelphia 19104, PA, USA
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Matthew B. Lanktree
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kira C. Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA and
- Epidemiology and
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Suite 1014H, Philadelphia 19104, PA, USA
| | - Leslie A. Lange
- Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brendan J. Keating
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Suite 1014H, Philadelphia 19104, PA, USA
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Lee YS. Melanocortin 3 receptor gene and melanocortin 4 receptor gene mutations: the Asian Perspective. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012; 28 Suppl 2:26-31. [PMID: 23280863 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency resulting from disruption of one or both MC4R alleles represents the commonest monogenic form of human obesity to date. Human MC4R deficiency was reported to affect 4 and 5.8% of severely obese French and British populations respectively. However, studies elsewhere reported low incidence of MC4R mutations in their obese populations. The significance of MC4R mutations in Asian obese populations has not been adequately examined, though small studies in Japan, China, and Singapore reported few or no pathogenic mutations, suggesting a low prevalence in this part of the world. There were also few common mutations described across populations, suggesting a relative lack of founder effect. The pathogenic role of melanocortin 3 receptor gene (MC3R) mutations in human obesity is not as well described and accepted as MC4R mutations, though it is gradually gaining ground. Two common single nucleotide polymorphisms Thr6Lys and Val81Ile within the coding region were associated with higher body fat and leptin levels in obese children, supported by impaired signaling activity in vitro. There were also reports of missense mutations enriched in obese populations. While MC3R mutations are unlikely to result in an autosomal dominant form of monogenic obesity given the lack of strong co-segregation in family studies, the studies so far provided evidence that MC3R can be one of the genes which contributes to increased adiposity, and exert an effect on the human phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Seng Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore.
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Valette M, Bellisle F, Carette C, Poitou C, Dubern B, Paradis G, Hercberg S, Muzard L, Clément K, Czernichow S. Eating behaviour in obese patients with melanocortin-4 receptor mutations: a literature review. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:1027-35. [PMID: 23147118 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) mutations are the most common known cause of monogenic obesity and an important contributor to polygenic obesity. MC4R mutations with partial or total loss of function, as well as the variant rs17782313 mapped near MC4R, are positively associated with obesity. MC4R is involved in the leptin-melanocortin signalling system, located in hypothalamic nuclei, that controls food intake via both anorexigenic or orexigenic signals. Impairment in this receptor might affect eating behaviours. Thus, in the case of MC4R mutation carriers, obesity could be related, at least partly, to inadequate control over eating behaviours. Many published studies address eating behaviours in MC4R mutation carriers. Most studies focus on binge eating disorder, whereas others examine various aspects of intake and motivation. Up to now, no evaluation of this literature has been performed. In this review, we examine the available literature on eating behaviours in carriers of MC4R mutations and variant rs17782313 near MC4R gene. We address binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, mealtime hyperphagia, snacking, psychological factors, satiety responsiveness and intake of energy and macro/micronutrient. In a small number of studies, MC4R mutations seem to impair eating behaviours or motivation, but no clear causal effects can be found in the balance of the evidence presented. Improvements in methodologies will be necessary to clarify the behavioural effects of MC4R mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valette
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Unit-UMR U557 INSERM, Paris 13 University, CRNH-IdF, Bobigny, France
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Apalasamy YD, Ming MF, Rampal S, Bulgiba A, Mohamed Z. Association of melanocortin-4 receptor gene polymorphisms with obesity-related parameters in Malaysian Malays. Ann Hum Biol 2012; 40:102-6. [PMID: 22989167 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2012.720709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is an important regulator of body weight and energy intake. Genetic polymorphisms of the MC4R gene have been found to be linked to obesity in many recent studies across the globe. AIM This study aimed to examine the effects of MC4R polymorphisms on obesity parameters, Linkage disequilibrium (LD) pattern and haplotypes in Malaysian Malays. METHODS The study subjects were 652 Malaysian Malays. Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal swabs. Genotyping was performed using Sequenom MassARRAY® iPLEX platform. Anthropometric and blood lipid profiles were measured. RESULTS MC4R rs571312 SNP was associated with logBMI (p = 0.008) and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.005), while MC4R rs2229616 SNP was associated with total cholesterol (TC) levels (p = 0.016). The MC4R rs7227255 SNP did not show any association with obesity parameters. CONCLUSIONS The strength of LD of the MC4R gene region is low and the haplotypes were not associated with obesity in Malaysian Malays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamunah Devi Apalasamy
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Bhatia S. Role of genetic susceptibility in development of treatment-related adverse outcomes in cancer survivors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 20:2048-67. [PMID: 21980013 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear and unambiguous associations have been established between therapeutic exposures and specific complications. However, considerable interindividual variability is observed in the risk of developing an outcome for a given therapeutic exposure. Genetic predisposition and especially its interaction with therapeutic exposures can potentially exacerbate the toxic effect of treatment on normal tissues and organ systems, and can possibly explain the interindividual variability. This article provides a brief overview of the current knowledge about the role of genomic variation in the development of therapy-related complications. Relatively common outcomes with strong associations with therapeutic exposures, including cardiomyopathy, obesity, osteonecrosis, ototoxicity, and subsequent malignancies are discussed here. To develop a deeper understanding of the molecular underpinnings of therapy-related complications, comprehensive and near-complete collection of clinically annotated samples is critical. Methodologic issues such as study design, definition of the endpoints or phenotypes, identification of appropriate and adequately sized study population together with a reliable plan for collecting and maintaining high-quality DNA, and selection of an appropriate approach or platform for genotyping are also discussed. Understanding the etiopathogenetic pathways that lead to the morbidity is critical to developing targeted prevention and intervention strategies, optimizing risk-based health care of cancer survivors, thus minimizing chronic morbidities and improving quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Bhatia
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.
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Freitag CM, Asherson P, Hebebrand J. Behavioural genetics of childhood disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012; 12:395-428. [PMID: 22382729 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
After a general introduction into genetic risk factors for child psychiatric disorders, four specific child psychiatric disorders with a strong genetic component, namely, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder, Nocturnal Enuresis, and obesity, are discussed in detail. Recent evidence of linkage, candidate gene, and genome-wide association studies are presented. This chapter ends with a prospectus on further research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
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Delahanty RJ, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Xiang YB, Long J, Cai Q, Wen W, Xu WH, Cai H, He J, Gao YT, Zheng W, Shu XO. Association of obesity-related genetic variants with endometrial cancer risk: a report from the Shanghai Endometrial Cancer Genetics Study. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174:1115-26. [PMID: 21976109 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a well-established risk factor for endometrial cancer, the most common gynecologic malignancy. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple genetic markers for obesity. The authors evaluated the association of obesity-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with endometrial cancer using GWAS data from their recently completed study, the Shanghai Endometrial Cancer Genetics Study, which comprised 832 endometrial cancer cases and 2,049 controls (1996-2005). Thirty-five SNPs previously associated with obesity or body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) at a minimum significance level of ≤5 × 10(-7) in the US National Human Genome Research Institute's GWAS catalog (http://genome.gov/gwastudies) and representing 26 unique loci were evaluated by either direct genotyping or imputation. The authors found that for 22 of the 26 unique loci tested (84.6%), the BMI-associated risk variants were present at a higher frequency in cases than in population controls (P = 0.0003). Multiple regression analysis showed that 9 of 35 BMI-associated variants, representing 7 loci, were significantly associated (P ≤ 0.05) with the risk of endometrial cancer; for all but 1 SNP, the direction of association was consistent with that found for BMI. For consistent SNPs, the allelic odds ratios ranged from 1.15 to 1.29. These 7 loci are in the SEC16B/RASAL, TMEM18, MSRA, SOX6, MTCH2, FTO, and MC4R genes. The associations persisted after adjustment for BMI, suggesting that genetic markers of obesity provide value in addition to BMI in predicting endometrial cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Delahanty
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37203-1738, USA
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Angeli CB, Kimura L, Auricchio MT, Vicente JP, Mattevi VS, Zembrzuski VM, Hutz MH, Pereira AC, Pereira TV, Mingroni-Netto RC. Multilocus analyses of seven candidate genes suggest interacting pathways for obesity-related traits in Brazilian populations. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1244-51. [PMID: 21233811 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether variants in major candidate genes for food intake and body weight regulation contribute to obesity-related traits under a multilocus perspective. We studied 375 Brazilian subjects from partially isolated African-derived populations (quilombos). Seven variants displaying conflicting results in previous reports and supposedly implicated in the susceptibility of obesity-related phenotypes were investigated: β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) (Arg16Gly), insulin induced gene 2 (INSIG2) (rs7566605), leptin (LEP) (A19G), LEP receptor (LEPR) (Gln223Arg), perilipin (PLIN) (6209T > C), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARG) (Pro12Ala), and resistin (RETN) (-420 C > G). Regression models as well as generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) were employed to test the contribution of individual effects and higher-order interactions to BMI and waist-hip ratio (WHR) variation and risk of overweight/obesity. The best multilocus association signal identified in the quilombos was further examined in an independent sample of 334 Brazilian subjects of European ancestry. In quilombos, only the PPARG polymorphism displayed significant individual effects (WHR variation, P = 0.028). No association was observed either with the risk of overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), risk of obesity alone (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) or BMI variation. However, GMDR analyses revealed an interaction between the LEPR and ADRB2 polymorphisms (P = 0.009) as well as a third-order effect involving the latter two variants plus INSIG2 (P = 0.034) with overweight/obesity. Assessment of the LEPR-ADRB2 interaction in the second sample indicated a marginally significant association (P = 0.0724), which was further verified to be limited to men (P = 0.0118). Together, our findings suggest evidence for a two-locus interaction between the LEPR Gln223Arg and ADRB2 Arg16Gly variants in the risk of overweight/obesity, and highlight further the importance of multilocus effects in the genetic component of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia B Angeli
- Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano, Departamento de Genética e Biologia; Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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